20:
492:, at the Institute of Physics in Hamburg. An agreement was made to ship three centrifuges for uranium enrichment, along with supporting equipment, to Brazil. The shipment was to include components from 14 German companies. Initially, the shipment was thwarted by orders of
1043:
789:
The
Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Volume 6. The Completion of Quantum Mechanics 1926-1941. Part 2. The Conceptual Completion and Extension of Quantum Mechanics 1932-1941. Epilogue: Aspects of the Further Development of Quantum Theory
46:, he worked on the German nuclear energy project, also known as the Uranium Club; his main activity was the development of centrifuges for the enrichment of uranium. After the war, he was a professor of physical chemistry at the
176:(RKM, Reich Ministry of War) to alert them to the potential of military applications of nuclear chain reactions and point out its political significance. Two days earlier, on 22 April 1939, after hearing a colloquium paper by
757:
Hentschel and
Hentschel, 1996, 363-364 and Appendix F; see the entries for Esau, Harteck and Joos. See also the entry for the KWIP in Appendix A and the entry for the HWA in Appendix B.
1033:
810:
Hentschel and
Hentschel, 1996, 363-364 and Appendix F; see the entries for Diebner and Döpel. See also the entry for the KWIP in Appendix A and the entry for the HWA in Appendix B.
569:
134:
1023:
1013:
544:. The reports were classified Top Secret, they had very limited distribution, and the authors were not allowed to keep copies. The reports were confiscated under the Allied
205:(REM, Reich Ministry of Education), of potential military applications of nuclear energy. The communication was given to Abraham Esau, head of the physics section of the
1018:
1028:
515:
587:
359:, Harteck brought many of his colleagues at Hamburg into the project's activities; this included Groth. At the end of 1939, Groth tested simultaneously with
969:
1038:
1003:
426:(supernumerary professor) of physical chemistry at Hamburg University, with permission of the British occupation government; from 1948, he was an
549:
75:
1048:
286:
was formed on 1 September 1939, the day World War II began, and it had its first meeting on 16 September 1939. The meeting was organized by
530:
350:, was placed under HWA authority, with Diebner as the administrative director, and the military control of the nuclear research commenced.
211:(RFR, Reich Research Council) at the REM. On 29 April, a group, organized by Esau, met at the REM to discuss the potential of a sustained
998:
668:
411:
corporation told Groth that for mass production they would require many more mechanics and engineers. In 1945 Groth was captured by
595:
Trennung der
Uranisotope nach dem Ultrazentrifugenverfahren. I. Anreichereung der Xenonisotope in einer einstufigen Ultrazentrifuge
1008:
343:
335:
172:(HWA, Army Ordnance Office). On 24 April 1939, along with his teaching assistant Wilhelm Groth, Harteck made contact with the
67:
557:
540:
149:
428:
311:
240:
553:
278:
201:
107:
497:
248:
552:
for evaluation. In 1971, the reports were declassified and returned to
Germany. The reports are available at the
251:
by Joos, Hanle, and their colleague
Reinhold Mannfopff; the group of physicists was known informally as the first
462:
83:
496:, U.S. High Commissioner to Germany. The shipment, however, was finally made in 1956, under the auspices of the
450:(Institute for Physical Chemistry), and when it was completed at the end of 1954 he became its director. He was
375:, with negative results. In the autumn of 1941, Groth, Harteck, and Albert Suhr began the construction of an
633:Ăśber Gaszentrifugen: Anreicherung der Xenon-, Krypton- und der Selen-Isotope nach dem Zentrifugenverfahren
438:
212:
129:
at
Hamburg at the end of 1938, following complicated negotiations with Hamburg district leadership of the
907:
742:
Werner
Heisenberg and the German Uranium Project / Otto Hahn and the Declarations of Mainau and Göttingen
165:
47:
993:
988:
372:
259:. The group's work was discontinued in August 1939, when the three were called to military training.
493:
295:
272:
207:
415:, a British Army unit established to locate German scientists. The officer who captured Groth was
360:
54:. He was a principal in the 1956 shipment of three centrifuges for uranium enrichment to Brazil.
51:
785:
664:
629:
331:
919:
404:
228:
39:
545:
443:
436:(chair of physical chemistry), he was head of the Department of Physical Chemistry and an
376:
347:
192:
184:
154:
141:
91:
407:
to 5% was achieved, however, technical difficulties hindered large-scale production. The
327:
282:
and started the formal German nuclear energy project under military auspices. The second
220:
19:
621:
416:
400:
368:
315:
379:
for the enrichment of uranium-235. The construction was done under the auspices of an
982:
781:
364:
323:
319:
291:
236:
232:
216:
177:
745:
645:
Hentschel, Klaus (Editor) and Ann M. Hentschel (Editorial
Assistant and Translator)
842:
625:
489:
384:
307:
287:
161:
126:
118:
94:
at TĂĽbingen. His thesis was on the determination of electromechanical equivalents.
43:
125:(Institute for Physical Chemistry) at the University of Hamburg. He completed his
602:
Die
Trennung der Uranisotope nach dem Trennohr- und dem Ultrazentrifugenverfahren
877:
299:
244:
224:
355:
196:
114:
485:
303:
152:, had an initial start in April before being formed a second time under the
50:. In 1950, he became director of the Institute of Physical Chemistry at the
1044:
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
247:
was invited, but he did not attend. After this, informal work began at the
432:(extraordinarius professor) there. From 1950, occupying the new created
473:) of its Scientific Council. Between 1961 and 1969, he established the
412:
181:
31:
446:. He was a motivating force behind the building and the design of the
924:
Brazilian Nuclear Debate Highlights Parallels and Contrasts with Iran
481:
720:
Eine neue Methode zur Bestimmung des elektromechanischen Ă„quivalents
342:(KWIP, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, after World War II the
709:
Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entry for Groth.
661:
German National Socialism and the Quest for Nuclear Power 1939–1949
18:
744:, Preprint 203 (Max-Planck Institut fĂĽr Wissenschaftsgeschichte,
392:
290:, advisor to the HWA, and held in Berlin. The invitees included
35:
647:
Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources
403:
was in charge of centrifuge research and development. In 1943,
457:
Founded in 1956, Groth was one of the founding fathers of the
935:
Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix E; see the entry for
584:
Stand der Arbeiten zur Trennung der Isotope des Präparats 38
654:
Surviving the Swastika: Scientific Research in Nazi Germany
609:
Trennung der Uranisotope nach dem Ultrazentrifugenverfahren
718:
The title of Wilhelm Groth’s thesis for his doctorate is:
765:
763:
566:
Stand der Arbeiten zur Trennung der Isotope 235U und 238U
322:. A second meeting was held soon thereafter and included
164:
was director of the physical chemistry department at the
821:
Stand der Arbeiten zur Herstellung einer Ultrazentrifuge
777:
775:
679:
577:
Stand der Arbeiten zur Herstellung einer Ultrazentrifuge
480:
In 1953, Admiral Alvaro Alberto, the first president of
845:. Published by Constable & Robinson, September 2009
135:
National Socialist German University Lecturers League
722:, as cited in Warneck and von Weyssenhoff, 2004, 36.
862:
860:
519:(Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany)
484:National Research Council, met with Wilhelm Groth,
199:, along with Hanle, notified Wilhelm Dames, at the
900:Non-proliferation: Brazil's secret nuclear program
102:In 1927, Groth became a teaching assistant at the
841:T Force, The Race for Nazi War Secrets, 1945 by
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
454:(Rector) of the University from 1956 to 1966.
444:Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
131:Nationalsozialistischer Deutscher Dozentenbund
1034:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
516:Verdienstorden der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
8:
968:were the cover names for uranium oxide; see
90:). He received his doctorate in 1927 under
1024:Academic staff of the University of Hanover
1014:Academic staff of the University of Hamburg
635:(Chemie, 1950); cited in Walker, 1993, 278.
673:Warneck, Peter and Hanns von Weyssenhoff
477:(Institute for Physical Chemistry) there.
158:(HWA, Army Ordnance Office) in September.
854:Warneck and von Weyssenhoff, 2004, 36-37.
538:), an internal publication of the German
1019:Academic staff of the University of Bonn
528:The following reports were published in
62:From 1922 to 1927, Groth studied at the
693:
395:, was a participant in the project; at
866:Warneck and von Weyssenhoff, 2004, 37.
550:United States Atomic Energy Commission
113:In 1932, Groth became an assistant to
80:Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
76:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
1029:Technical University of Munich alumni
675:Zum 100. Geburtstag von Wilhelm Groth
215:. The group included the physicists
7:
937:Kernphysikalische Forschungsberichte
531:Kernphysikalische Forschungsberichte
249:Georg-August University of Göttingen
536:Research Reports in Nuclear Physics
469:), and he was the second chairman (
144:in December 1938/January 1939, the
88:Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen
23:Wilhelm Groth, in a trip to Brazil.
16:German physical chemist (1904–1977)
434:Lehrstuhl fĂĽr physikalische Chemie
340:Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut fĂĽr Physik
257:Arbeitsgemeinschaft fĂĽr Kernphysik
14:
887:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
878:Atoms for Brazil, dangers for all
554:Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Center
475:Institut fĂĽr Physikalische Chemie
448:Institut fĂĽr Physikalische Chemie
123:Institut fĂĽr Physikalische Chemie
792:(Springer, 2001), pp. 1011-1011.
683:Volume 6, Number 2, 36-37 (2004)
422:After 1945, Groth was appointed
344:Max Planck Institute for Physics
1004:Nuclear program of Nazi Germany
255:(Uranium Club) and formally as
140:Shortly after the discovery of
607:Wilhelm Groth and Albert Suhr
513:(Great Cross of Merit) of the
371:isotope separation process on
104:Technische Hochschule Hannover
72:Technische Universität München
68:Technical University of Munich
1:
1039:University of TĂĽbingen alumni
558:American Institute of Physics
336:Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker
150:German nuclear energy project
64:Technische Hochschule MĂĽnchen
1049:20th-century German chemists
429:ausserordentlicher Professor
459:Kernforschungsanlage JĂĽlich
389:AnschĂĽtz & Co. G.m.b.H.
279:Reichserziehungsministerium
202:Reichserziehungsministerium
108:Leibniz University Hannover
1065:
832:Walker, 1993, 33, 82, 148.
442:(ordinarius professor) at
424:nichtplanmäßiger Professor
338:. Also at this time, the
999:German physical chemists
769:Macrakis, 1993, 164-169.
467:Forschungszentrum JĂĽlich
191:(uranium machine, i.e.,
1009:Scientists from Hamburg
881:. Published jointly by
823:G-82 (14 December 1941)
579:G-82 (14 December 1941)
498:University of SĂŁo Paulo
174:Reichskriegsministerium
948:Walker, 1993, 268-274.
748:) footnote #8 on p. 3.
611:G-149 (17 August 1942)
463:JĂĽlich Research Centre
439:ordentlicher Professor
391:, a gyroscope firm in
353:As a principal in the
213:nuclear chain reaction
168:and an advisor to the
84:University of TĂĽbingen
34:– 20 February 1977 in
24:
604:G-147 (23 March 1942)
511:GroĂźes Verdienstkreuz
166:University of Hamburg
48:University of Hamburg
22:
922:– July/August 2006:
801:Walker, 1993, 17-18.
597:G-146 (27 June 1942)
373:uranium hexafluoride
273:Reichsforschungsrat
208:Reichsforschungsrat
30:(9 January 1904 in
731:Walker, 1993, 196.
663:(Cambridge, 1993)
652:Macrakis, Kristie
649:(Birkhäuser, 1996)
361:Rudolf Fleischmann
243:, and Georg Joos;
231:(probably sent by
52:University of Bonn
25:
786:Helmut Rechenberg
624:, Wilhelm Groth,
332:Werner Heisenberg
270:squeezed out the
1056:
973:
970:Deutsches Museum
955:
949:
946:
940:
933:
927:
917:
911:
896:
890:
873:
867:
864:
855:
852:
846:
839:
833:
830:
824:
817:
811:
808:
802:
799:
793:
779:
770:
767:
758:
755:
749:
738:
732:
729:
723:
716:
710:
707:
548:and sent to the
524:Internal reports
383:contract let by
312:Gerhard Hoffmann
296:Siegfried FlĂĽgge
266:began after the
241:Gerhard Hoffmann
229:Wolfgang Gentner
40:physical chemist
1064:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1053:
979:
978:
977:
976:
956:
952:
947:
943:
934:
930:
918:
914:
897:
893:
874:
870:
865:
858:
853:
849:
840:
836:
831:
827:
818:
814:
809:
805:
800:
796:
780:
773:
768:
761:
756:
752:
739:
735:
730:
726:
717:
713:
708:
695:
690:
642:
630:Johannes Jensen
618:
546:Operation Alsos
526:
506:
381:Heereswaffenamt
377:ultracentrifuge
268:Heereswaffenamt
193:nuclear reactor
170:Heereswaffenamt
155:Heereswaffenamt
142:nuclear fission
100:
92:Walther Gerlach
60:
38:) was a German
17:
12:
11:
5:
1062:
1060:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
981:
980:
975:
974:
950:
941:
928:
912:
891:
883:Foreign Policy
868:
856:
847:
834:
825:
819:Wilhelm Groth
812:
803:
794:
771:
759:
750:
733:
724:
711:
692:
691:
689:
686:
685:
684:
680:Bunsen-Magazin
671:
657:
656:(Oxford, 1993)
650:
641:
638:
637:
636:
622:Konrad Beyerle
617:
616:Books by Groth
614:
613:
612:
605:
600:Wilhelm Groth
598:
593:Wilhelm Groth
591:
582:Wilhelm Groth
580:
575:Wilhelm Groth
573:
564:Wilhelm Groth
525:
522:
521:
520:
505:
502:
417:Brian Urquhart
401:Konrad Beyerle
316:Josef Mattauch
180:on the use of
99:
96:
59:
56:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1061:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
986:
984:
971:
967:
963:
959:
954:
951:
945:
942:
938:
932:
929:
925:
921:
916:
913:
909:
905:
901:
895:
892:
888:
884:
880:
879:
872:
869:
863:
861:
857:
851:
848:
844:
838:
835:
829:
826:
822:
816:
813:
807:
804:
798:
795:
791:
787:
783:
782:Jagdish Mehra
778:
776:
772:
766:
764:
760:
754:
751:
747:
743:
737:
734:
728:
725:
721:
715:
712:
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
694:
687:
682:
681:
676:
672:
670:
669:0-521-43804-7
666:
662:
659:Walker, Mark
658:
655:
651:
648:
644:
643:
639:
634:
631:
627:
623:
620:
619:
615:
610:
606:
603:
599:
596:
592:
589:
588:December 1941
585:
581:
578:
574:
571:
567:
563:
562:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
542:
537:
533:
532:
523:
518:
517:
512:
508:
507:
503:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
440:
435:
431:
430:
425:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
357:
351:
349:
348:Berlin-Dahlem
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
324:Klaus Clusius
321:
320:Georg Stetter
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
292:Walther Bothe
289:
285:
281:
280:
275:
274:
269:
265:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
237:Wilhelm Hanle
234:
233:Walther Bothe
230:
226:
222:
218:
217:Walther Bothe
214:
210:
209:
204:
203:
198:
194:
190:
186:
183:
179:
178:Wilhelm Hanle
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
157:
156:
151:
147:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
111:
109:
105:
97:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
57:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
28:Wilhelm Groth
21:
965:
961:
957:
953:
944:
936:
931:
923:
920:WMD Insights
915:
903:
899:
898:Jean Krasno
894:
889:(June 1976).
886:
882:
876:
875:Norman Gall
871:
850:
843:Sean Longden
837:
828:
820:
815:
806:
797:
788:
753:
741:
736:
727:
719:
714:
678:
674:
660:
653:
646:
640:Bibliography
632:
626:Paul Harteck
608:
601:
594:
583:
576:
565:
539:
535:
529:
527:
514:
510:
494:James Conant
490:Paul Harteck
479:
474:
471:Vorsitzender
470:
466:
461:(today, the
458:
456:
451:
447:
437:
433:
427:
423:
421:
408:
396:
388:
385:Kurt Diebner
380:
354:
352:
339:
328:Robert Döpel
308:Paul Harteck
288:Kurt Diebner
283:
277:
271:
267:
263:
261:
256:
252:
221:Robert Döpel
206:
200:
189:Uranmaschine
188:
173:
169:
162:Paul Harteck
160:
153:
148:, i.e., the
145:
139:
130:
127:Habilitation
122:
119:Paul Harteck
112:
103:
101:
87:
79:
71:
66:(today, the
63:
61:
44:World War II
27:
26:
994:1977 deaths
989:1904 births
958:Präparat 38
906:, Summer,
740:Horst Kant
570:5 June 1940
500:in Brazil.
300:Hans Geiger
262:The second
245:Peter Debye
225:Hans Geiger
82:), and the
983:Categories
790:1942-1999.
541:Uranverein
405:enrichment
356:Uranverein
284:Uranverein
264:Uranverein
253:Uranverein
197:Georg Joos
146:Uranverein
115:Otto Stern
885:(23) and
486:Otto Hahn
304:Otto Hahn
58:Education
42:. During
556:and the
482:Brazil's
409:AnschĂĽtz
397:AnschĂĽtz
133:(NSDDB,
106:, today
962:38-Oxyd
509:1970 –
413:T-Force
365:Clusius
276:of the
185:fission
182:uranium
121:at the
74:), the
32:Hamburg
964:, and
667:
628:, and
586:G-83 (
568:G-33 (
504:Honors
488:, and
452:Rektor
387:. The
369:Dickel
346:), in
334:, and
318:, and
98:Career
904:ORBIS
688:Notes
187:in a
908:1994
784:and
746:2002
665:ISBN
393:Kiel
363:the
117:and
36:Bonn
235:),
195:),
137:).
985::
966:38
960:,
902:,
859:^
774:^
762:^
696:^
677:,
560:.
419:.
399:,
330:,
326:,
314:,
310:,
306:,
302:,
298:,
294:,
239:,
227:,
223:,
219:,
110:.
972:.
939:.
926:.
910:.
590:)
572:)
534:(
465:(
367:-
86:(
78:(
70:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
