348:
in that (a) our lands have been expropriated by your
Majesty's Government in the Commonwealth, (b) legal status is denied to us by your Majesty's Government in the Commonwealth; and whereas all petitions made in our behalf to your Majesty's Government in the Commonwealth have failed: your petitioners therefore humbly pray that your Majesty will intervene in our behalf and through the instrument of your Majesty's Government in the Commonwealth grant to our people representation in~ the Federal Parliament, either in the person of one of our own blood or by a white man known to have studied our needs and to be in sympathy with our race.
432:
570:
412:, Victoria; having been made an honorary life member and president of the Australian Aborigines League. Cooper continued protesting the injustice of the Australian treatment of its Indigenous people until his death at Mooroopna Base Hospital on 29 March 1941. His funeral was held at the church in Cummeragunja, the service conducted by his nephew Edward Atkinson, and he was buried at the nearby mission cemetery.
284:...should be granted sections of land not less than 100 acres per family in fee simple or else at a small nominal rental annually with the option of purchase at such prices as shall be deemed reasonable for them under the circumstances, always bearing in mind that the Aborigines were the former occupiers of the land. Such a provision would enable them to earn their own livelihood ...
191:
on 18 December 1860 or 1861. His family was a small remnant of what Cooper recalled as a large tribal group, "As a lad I can remember 500 men of my tribe, the Moiras, gathered on one occasion. Now my family is the only relic of the tribe." From there Cooper appears to have been forced by necessity to
347:
Whereas it was not only a moral duty, but also a strict injunction included in the commission issued to those who came to people
Australia that the original occupants and we, their heirs and successors, should be adequately cared for; and whereas the terms of the commission have not been adhered to,
237:
The faith community seems to have nourished Cooper for a life of activism. "Matthews' evangelical work provided Cooper and other Yorta Yorta with powerful way of understanding and protesting against their plight, and so helped equip them to fight for equality." Some academics, such as Bain
Attwood,
228:
I often cast my mind back to them, and the dear old place, and at times it brings tears in my eyes when thinking of the glorious hours, days and months, we spent together; the beautiful singing, the picnics, the games. — Your father’s voice still rings in my ears: We never ever had singing like we
450:
Cooper married Annie
Clarendon Murri on 17 June 1884 at the Maloga schoolhouse, the mission report stating that "The schoolhouse was filled with Blacks and visitors, and all looked charming and delighted, not less so the bride and bridegroom." She died in 1889, as did the first of their children,
861:
In a letter to Mrs W A Norman in August 1940, Cooper wrote, "I will be 80 years of age on 18th
December" – see Document 98 in Attwood and Markus. He died in 1941. On his death certificate, Cooper's date of birth is recorded as 18 December 1861. It is up to the historians to decide which is more
785:
In 2012 Cooper's grandson, Uncle Alf (Boydie) Turner, led a re-enactment of the march by Cooper and his friends. The German consul-general in
Melbourne finally accepted a copy of Cooper's protest letter. Also a cantata is being composed to commemorate both "William Cooper’s courage and the 1938
556:
in
Australia, which are "unremembered and unremarked by the Australian Jewish community today" compared with Cooper's actions. Rubenstein also states that accolades for Cooper's protest have been pushed by "leftist inverse racism" but this subjective view does not take into consideration the
223:
However, Cooper kept a connection with the missionary Daniel
Matthews and, in his 20s, he returned to Maloga, which appears to represent very happy years. In a letter he wrote towards the end of his life to the missionary's youngest daughter, Alma, he recalled Daniel and Janet and the Maloga
233:
It was at this time that Cooper took a stronger interest in the message of the Bible. In his early 20s, following a church service in
January, 1884, Cooper approached Daniel Matthews and said "I must give my heart to God…." He was the last of his brothers and sisters to become a Christian.
557:
disenfranchisement of
Indigenous Australians who at the time were not even able to vote, making this protest even more impressive. The German Consulate did not accept the petition, but Alf Turner, Cooper's grandson, presented the consulate with a replica letter 79 years later.
216:, a pastoralist, Victorian Member of Parliament and one-time Premier of Victoria who owned several stations, including the Moira run (on Cooper's own mother's country). Through these pastoral networks, he travelled much of Australia as a teenager, even seeing "the remains of the
238:
have argued that the Jewish scriptures were particularly influential for Cooper, as it gave a "predictive view of history that promised salvation for the Yorta Yorta, just as the Bible, especially the Book of Exodus, had promised to the persecuted and suffering Israelites."
582:
1640:
364:. The government of the day rejected his requests, or, perhaps more accurately, ignored them. By the late 1930s his activities were actively monitored. In December 1937, Cooper received a visit from a detective acting on behalf of the Commonwealth Investigation Branch.
537:
argued that it was "probable that the ironies of the deputation’s visit to the German Consulate were part of the group’s strategy to draw attention to the similarities between what was happening in Germany and how Aboriginal people were being dealt with in Australia."
2054:
208:
From there, Cooper's education on the mission was sporadic; there was no requirement for Cooper to attend any school, and he moved to and from the mission freely. In an interview Cooper gave when he was 76, he said he had just seven months' regular schooling.
698:
638:, may also be attributed to the work of Cooper. The Maloga Petition which Cooper had signed and supported in his early years resulted in the Government allocating 1,800 acres (730 ha) of land for Aboriginal use. This land was just upstream from
33:
403:
Now is our chance to have things altered. We must fight our very hardest in this cause. I know we could proudly hold our own with others if given the chance. We should all work in cooperation for the progress of Aborigines throughout the
560:
In 2018 members of the Victorian Jewish community organised a walk on 6 December "in remembrance and appreciation of William Cooper and to reciprocate the march that he led on the German Consulate in Melbourne on the 6th December 1938."
611:
598:
In his own lifetime, Cooper achieved few of the goals he had set for himself. The one exception was the creation of Aborigines Sunday, which was observed in Churches across Australia from 1940. It is still commemorated today, but as
871:
Letter from William Cooper, Secretary, Australian Aborigines' League, to Isaac Selby, 1 February 1937 qutoted by Attwood, Bain. Thinking Black: William Cooper and the Australian Aborigines' League. Aboriginal Studies Press. Kindle
352:
The petition was received by the Commonwealth Government in August 1937. However, by February 1938, it was clear that the Cabinet led by Joseph Lyons had decided that it should not be submitted to the King, who, by this time, was
666:
in honour of "the Aboriginal people for their actions protesting against the persecution of Jews by the Nazi Government of Germany in 1938". The story of the protest is featured in the Jewish Holocaust Centre's permanent museum.
481:
At age 65, William married Sarah Nelson, née McCrae, of Wahgunyah and Coranderrk. She supported him in his most prolific years as a community leader, helping to raise his many grandchildren, though they had no children together.
1644:
749:
Cooper was honoured in Israel by the creation of an academic chair in his honour to support resistance and research of World Holocaust Studies. A professorship attached to this Academic Chair is valued at $ 1,000,000. The
974:
Herald, 7 August 1937, Clive Turnbull, 'Aborigines Petition the King' quoted in Attwood, Bain. Thinking Black: William Cooper and the Australian Aborigines' League . Aboriginal Studies Press. Kindle Edition.
203:
6 Aug. Maloga. The boy, Billy Cooper, shows great aptitude for learning. He has acquired a knowledge of the Alphabet, capital and small letters, in three days and then taught Bobby – capitals only – in one
585:
589:
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and state governments of the day. He appears to have been helped in his cause by some missionaries, such as Rev E. R. B. Gribble in 1933. The text of the distributed petition, which was also published in
590:
360:
Cooper was also effective in securing face-to-face meetings with governments. In 1935 he was part of the first aboriginal deputation to a Commonwealth minister and in 1938, the first deputation to the
1788:
626:, in which 90.77% of Australians voted to support the inclusion of Aboriginal Australians in census counts and to enable the federal government to make laws relating to Indigenous Australians.
2046:
1990:
199:, an Aboriginal mission on the Murray, run by Daniel and Janet Matthews. Three days later, Matthews was struck by William's quick progress in literacy, and noted the following in his diary:
983:
William Cooper to Mrs W. A. Norman, 30 July 1940 quoted in Attwood, Bain. Thinking Black: William Cooper and the Australian Aborigines' League. Aboriginal Studies Press. Kindle Edition.
757:
A Tribute was held at Yad Vashem World Holocaust Memorial, with the family as invited guests. The Australian/Israel Leadership Forum hosted an associated Gala Dinner to be attended by
587:
288:
For most of his adult life, Cooper lived and worked in missions such as Maloga and Warangesda. He also found work as a "shearer, drover, horse-breaker and general rural labourer in
1015:
541:
Cooper has been widely associated with the AAL's petition, although there is no evidence that he was present when the league attempted to hand over the petition. According to
712:
at a ceremony in Israel attended by Turner and about 12 members of William Cooper's extended family as well as a number of Jewish leaders. On the same day, a ceremony at the
548:
The protest has been referred to as "the only private protest against the Germans following Kristallnacht." However, this characterisation has been disputed by historian
1448:
842:
782:
In 2012, Cooper was inducted into the Victorian Aboriginal Honour Roll in recognition of his role as a mobilizing force in the early struggle for Indigenous rights.
465:
in Belgium, in late 1917. His loss devastated Cooper. When war loomed again, Cooper argued that his people should not fight until they had "something to fight for".
2113:
1865:
754:
Holocaust museum in Israel named the Chair of Resistance Studies at its research arm in Cooper's honour, and a plaque attesting to this is mounted at the museum.
1823:
1792:
594:
The commemoration of NAIDOC Week – seen here at Gosnells Football Club in July 2019 – have their origins in a national day of prayer, initiated by Cooper.
458:
Mission. Six children were born to them, Daniel, Amy, Gillison, Jessie, Sarah and Lynch. Cooper's experience of loss continued, with Agnes dying in 1910.
1694:
326:. As its secretary, Cooper circulated a petition seeking direct representation in parliament, enfranchisement, and land rights, on the basis that all
586:
623:
461:
Daniel, who was named for his father's mentor, Daniel Matthews, served with the 24th Australian Infantry Battalion and was killed in action at the
1998:
992:
Cato, Nancy (1976) "Mister Maloga, Daniel Matthews and his Mission, Murray River, 1864–1902" St Lucia, Qld: University of Queensland Press P167
1942:
1500:
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Cooper's goal to see Aboriginal affairs made a Commonwealth responsibility was not achieved until 1967, thanks in part to his protege,
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888:
372:
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Cooper's great-grandson, Kevin Russell re-enacted the walk from Cooper's home, meeting up with Cooper's grandson Uncle Boydie at
44:
1916:
810:
545:
professor of history Bain Attwood, "it is quite likely that he was not, as his health had declined considerably by this time".
431:
1593:
1052:
893:
462:
713:
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323:
167:
political activist and community leader; the first to lead a national movement recognised by the Australian Government.
276:, began with the Maloga Petition in 1887. He was one of eleven signatories to the petition, which was addressed to the
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675:
490:
376:
361:
277:
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On 4 August 1874, William Cooper, along with his mother, Kitty, his brother Bobby and other relatives arrived at
184:
766:
522:
388:
1824:"Research Projects: The Chair for the Study of Resistance During the Holocaust - In Tribute to William Cooper"
468:
His daughter, Amy Charles, became the matron of the first Aboriginal hostel established in Melbourne in 1959.
1527:
1016:"William Cooper: the Indigenous leader who petitioned the king, demanding a Voice to Parliament in the 1930s"
439:, who was mentored by his uncle, William Cooper, and his wife Lady Gladys, in Parliament Gardens, Victoria
212:
Instead of school, Cooper said he spent much of his childhood into his teens working in the household of Sir
659:
615:
335:
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as a "falsehood" and "not accurate". Rubinstein states there were in fact several other protests against
2103:
705:
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242:
164:
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Seeing the failure of using democratic means, Cooper's Australian Aborigines League joined forces with
1116:
Bain Attwood, "The Struggle for Aboriginal Rights: A Documentary History" Allen & Unwin (1999) p18
2108:
1505:
1473:
1269:
Cato, Nancy, Mister Maloga : Daniel Matthews and his mission, Murray River, 1864–1902 (1976) p86
691:
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His influence extended to the next generation of Aboriginal activists through his nephew and protégé
549:
526:
444:
334:. Over several years, he and his team collected 1814 signatures, despite active obstruction from the
301:
687:
312:
188:
119:
1968:
818:
814:
770:
447:; and to James Cooper, a white labourer. His early years were spent in and around Moira Station.
319:
in 1933. Here he found his calling as an activist, an organiser, and a relentless letter-writer.
308:
176:
99:
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257:
256:, who had moved to Maloga to become the resident teacher. Cooper read widely, learning of the
95:
2020:
1887:
307:
Well into his 70s, when he discovered he was ineligible for the pension if he remained on an
1294:
1127:
716:
in Melbourne was held to honour Cooper's "brave stance against the oppression of the Jews".
704:, lawmakers, diplomats and Jewish leaders. On 28 April 2009, five trees were planted at the
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67:
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to deliver a petition which condemned the "cruel persecution of the Jewish people by the
322:
At first this was in an individual capacity, but by 1935 Cooper had helped establish the
614:, whose greatest achievement was successfully lobbying to change racist elements of the
569:
1218:
883:
674:, Cooper's grandson, Alfred "Boydie" Turner, was presented with a certificate from the
196:
103:
1583:
1413:
2097:
2047:"'World-class' Holocaust museum, Jewish community hub on the cards for Perth's north"
1579:
701:
671:
510:
494:
380:
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Cooper had many prominent relatives in his wider family, including his protege, the
1321:
798:
762:
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On 6 December 2008, in connection with the 70th anniversary of the protest against
643:
635:
631:
475:
471:
180:
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Four years after his loss, Cooper married Agnes Hamilton, who had grown up at the
1667:
603:. However, many of his initiatives have gained recognition long after his death.
443:
William was born to Kitty Cooper, who identified as a Wollithica woman and spoke
694:
634:, which is still an Aboriginal community today under the stewardship of a local
600:
368:
1316:
1244:
1166:
758:
751:
619:
534:
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289:
1611:
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Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders
1943:"William Cooper — the Aboriginal elder who led an anti-Nazi protest in 1938"
1619:
1559:"Walking Together - Remembering William Cooper - Recommitting to His Legacy"
1558:
1528:"Walking Together - Remembering William Cooper - Recommitting to His Legacy"
1501:"William Cooper — the Aboriginal elder who led an anti-Nazi protest in 1938"
1192:
1078:
919:
709:
690:, was attended by several dozen members of the Yorta Yorta tribe as well as
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383:, 1938. The event, which was watched by journalists and police, was held in
354:
316:
253:
32:
2021:"Names and boundaries of federal electoral divisions in Victoria decided"
331:
246:
417:
Blood from a Stone – William Cooper and the Australian Aborigines League
408:
Cooper retired in November 1940 to reside with his wife at Barmah, near
793:
The William Cooper Cup is an annual trophy awarded to the winner of an
514:
1917:"Kristallnacht and the Righteous Australian aboriginal William Cooper"
829:
In December 2019, plans for the construction of a Holocaust museum in
787:
679:
639:
409:
392:
249:
2081:
Thinking Black: William Cooper and the Australian Aborigines' League
478:
and in 1929 the world professional sprint championship competition.
1437:, "Holocaust museum to honour William Cooper", 5 August 2010, p. 5.
280:. The petition Cooper supported held that local Aboriginal people:
1535:
830:
580:
568:
430:
1702:. New South Wales Department of Community Services. p. 351.
862:
accurate, Cooper himself or the author of the death certificate.
1325:. No. 3205. Victoria, Australia. 2 March 1929. p. 66
957:, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University
797:
match between the Aboriginal All-Stars and Victoria Police at
1643:. Victorian Department of Premier and Cabinet. Archived from
654:
In recent years, Cooper's legacy has been appreciated by the
330:
were British subjects. He made up his mind to petition King
220:
Expedition at Cooper’s Creek" in the remote Lake Eyre Basin.
833:, which would include a memorial to Cooper, were announced.
192:
work for a variety of pastoral employers, even as a child.
415:
Cooper's life and work are the subject of a book entitled
1763:"Indigenous studies student helps bridge cultural divide"
738:
In December 2010, there were three commemorative events:
622:. This campaign was a complete success, resulting in the
272:
Cooper's long campaign for Aboriginal rights, especially
2090:, University of Queensland Press, St. Lucia, Queensland.
1941:
Dobson, Mahalia; Tuffield, Rhiannon (10 November 2018).
1499:
Dobson, Mahalia; Tuffield, Rhiannon (10 November 2018).
1449:"Kristallnacht: The first step on the road to Auschwitz"
1051:. Vol. 14. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
1592:. Vol. 8. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
892:. Vol. 5. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
682:
in honour of William Cooper. The ceremony, held at the
678:
stating that 70 Australian trees were to be planted in
379:
to commemorate the sesquicentenary of colonisation, on
1666:
Lewis, Wendy; Balderstone, Simon; Bowan, John (2006).
1000:
998:
1910:
1908:
1478:"Kristallnacht: "White Australia Stood Silent" (Not)"
451:
Bartlett; fortunately, their daughter Emma survived.
1813:, J-Wire, 28 November 2010, accessed 3 December 2010
395:, and was the first combined interstate protest by
163:(18 December 1860 or 1861 – 29 March 1941) was an
134:
126:
109:
82:
77:
61:
43:
23:
1888:"William Cooper | First Peoples - State Relations"
1385:"Australia and the Holocaust: A Koori Perspective"
1152:William Cooper, on the Day of Mourning, quoted in
343:(Melbourne) on 15 September 1933, was as follows:
1351:, Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA), 28 April 2009.
1297:. National Archives of Australia. 23 October 2013
474:enjoyed a career as an athlete, winning the 1928
843:List of Indigenous Australian historical figures
1811:WIlliam Cooper's great-grandson walks the walk
1789:"Victoria Opens William Cooper Justice Centre"
45:Secretary of the Australian Aborigines' League
731:On 5 October 2010, a court complex named the
328:Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders
130:Annie Clarendon, Agnes Hamilton, Sarah MacRae
8:
1791:. GovMonitor. 5 October 2010. Archived from
1363:"The Aboriginal hero who stood up to Hitler"
419:, written by Andrew Markus and published by
2045:Juanola, Marta Pascual (17 December 2019).
1866:"Indigenous anti-Nazi protests recognised"
1333:– via National Library of Australia.
1156:, Hetti Perkins, 2008, six-part TV series.
1126:Dictionary of Sydney staff writer (2008).
375:to shame white Australia. They arranged a
31:
20:
1693:Thinee, Kristee; Bradford, Tracy (1998).
1279:Matthews, Daniel (1885). "Tenth Report".
179:territory around the intersection of the
1970:Kristallnacht Cantata promo Full Version
1806:
1804:
1802:
658:. In 2002, a plaque was unveiled at the
533:of Germany." In a 1997 essay, historian
509:On 6 December 1938, several weeks after
1361:Busby-Andrews, Matt (9 November 2018).
1344:
1342:
1340:
854:
765:and another 17 Ministers including the
57:September 1933 – February 1941
2114:Australian indigenous rights activists
1915:Jontof-Hutter, Ron (9 November 2018).
1557:Australian Jewish Democratic Society.
2083:, Aboriginal Studies Press: Canberra.
2057:from the original on 22 December 2019
1004:"Introduction" in Attwood and Markus.
724:On 20 May 2010 the new footbridge at
7:
2079:Attwood, B. & Markus, A. (2004)
1892:www.firstpeoplesrelations.vic.gov.au
1167:"Aborigines' League Founder Retires"
1043:"James, Thomas Shadrach (1859–1946)"
1447:Shindler, Colin (8 November 2018).
1349:Aboriginal leader honored in Israel
699:Federal Indigenous Affairs Minister
1997:. Western Bulldogs. Archived from
1589:Australian Dictionary of Biography
1048:Australian Dictionary of Biography
955:Australian Dictionary of Biography
951:"O'Shanassy, Sir John (1818–1883)"
889:Australian Dictionary of Biography
373:Aborigines Progressive Association
241:From 1881, Cooper was educated by
14:
1991:"Bulldogs share in NAIDOC spirit"
1845:Miskin, Maayana (2 August 2010).
2025:Australian Electoral Commission
1864:Waters, Luke (26 August 2010).
1847:"Yad Vashem to Honor Aborigine"
1729:Cumeroogunya (also Cumeragunja)
811:Australian Electoral Commission
260:movements in North America and
1767:Victoria University, Australia
1594:Australian National University
1251:. 19 November 1988. p. 24
1053:Australian National University
894:Australian National University
884:"Matthews, Daniel (1837–1902)"
728:was named for William Cooper.
521:(AAL) led a delegation to the
463:Battle of the Menin Road Ridge
371:and William Ferguson from the
268:Campaign for Aboriginal rights
1:
1967:Alon Trigger (20 June 2018),
1584:"Cooper, William (1861–1941)"
1412:Attwood, Bain (29 May 2023).
1199:. 21 February 1941. p. 4
1173:. 29 November 1940. p. 8
733:William Cooper Justice Centre
714:Aborigines Advancement League
505:Protest against Kristallnacht
224:community in very warm terms:
16:Political Activist and Leader
2119:People from Victoria (state)
1742:"Melbourne Holocaust Museum"
1669:Events That Shaped Australia
1641:"William Cooper (1861–1941)"
1134:. Dictionary of Sydney Trust
1098:Attwood & Markus, p. 27.
519:Australian Aboriginal League
324:Australian Aborigines League
1107:Attwood & Markus, p. 3.
491:Governor of South Australia
278:Governor of New South Wales
175:William Cooper was born in
2140:
1672:. New Holland Publishers.
1041:Nelson, George E. (1996).
624:1967 Australian referendum
1435:National Indigenous Times
1414:"The evolution of a myth"
1392:The Koori History Website
1317:"WORLD'S SPRINT CHAMPION"
795:Australian rules football
735:was opened in Melbourne.
726:Footscray railway station
154:
73:
50:
39:
30:
1225:. Victoria. 1 April 1941
767:Prime Minister of Israel
650:21st century recognition
1245:"White myths shattered"
660:Jewish Holocaust Centre
616:Australian Constitution
610:, a founding member of
1995:westernbulldogs.com.au
1281:Maloga Mission Station
1128:"Day of Mourning 1938"
642:, and became known as
595:
578:
440:
406:
397:Aboriginal Australians
350:
286:
231:
206:
1872:. SBS. Archived from
1154:The First Australians
1014:Attwood, Bain Munro.
706:Forest of the Martyrs
593:
572:
499:Thomas Shadrach James
434:
401:
345:
282:
243:Thomas Shadrach James
226:
201:
165:Aboriginal Australian
122:, Victoria, Australia
1870:World News Australia
1851:Israel National News
1476:(19 December 2018).
1474:Hilary L. Rubinstein
1132:Dictionary of Sydney
882:Cato, Nancy (1974).
821:in Cooper's honour.
813:renamed the federal
550:Hilary L. Rubinstein
1719:on 20 February 2020
497:, and the educator
189:Victoria, Australia
2001:on 21 October 2012
1876:on 27 August 2010.
1795:on 6 October 2010.
1249:The Canberra Times
819:Division of Cooper
815:Division of Batman
809:In June 2018, the
771:Benjamin Netanyahu
676:Israeli Ambassador
596:
579:
441:
311:, Cooper moved to
309:Aboriginal reserve
100:Colony of Victoria
1834:on 22 April 2012.
1603:978-0-522-84459-7
1062:978-0-522-84459-7
903:978-0-522-84459-7
744:Federation Square
692:Victorian Premier
630:The existence of
591:
543:Monash University
421:Allen & Unwin
258:indigenous rights
158:
157:
2131:
2086:Cato, N. (1993)
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1830:. Archived from
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1712:. Archived from
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1647:on 10 March 2014
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1576:
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1534:. Archived from
1532:Walking Together
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1335:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1223:Nurmurkah Leader
1215:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1163:
1157:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1020:The Conversation
1011:
1005:
1002:
993:
990:
984:
981:
975:
972:
966:
965:
964:
962:
946:
940:
937:
931:
930:
928:
926:
879:
873:
869:
863:
859:
684:State Parliament
656:Jewish community
608:Douglas Nicholls
592:
575:Douglas Nicholls
523:German Consulate
437:Douglas Nicholls
389:Elizabeth Street
116:
93:18 December 1860
92:
90:
78:Personal details
68:Douglas Nicholls
64:
55:
35:
21:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2094:
2093:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2060:
2058:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2027:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2004:
2002:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1975:
1973:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1923:
1914:
1913:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1809:
1800:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1770:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1699:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1622:
1604:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1563:
1561:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1541:
1539:
1538:on 1 March 2019
1526:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1483:
1481:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1457:
1455:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1367:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1338:
1328:
1326:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1300:
1298:
1295:"Daniel Cooper"
1293:
1292:
1288:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1254:
1252:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1228:
1226:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1200:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1135:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1063:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1024:
1022:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1003:
996:
991:
987:
982:
978:
973:
969:
960:
958:
949:Ingham, S. M.,
948:
947:
943:
938:
934:
924:
922:
904:
881:
880:
876:
870:
866:
860:
856:
851:
839:
827:
807:
780:
722:
652:
629:
581:
567:
531:Nazi government
507:
429:
385:Australian Hall
377:Day of Mourning
298:New South Wales
294:South Australia
270:
218:Burke and Wills
214:John O'Shanassy
173:
150:
118:
114:
94:
88:
86:
62:
56:
51:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2137:
2135:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2084:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2037:
2012:
1982:
1959:
1933:
1904:
1879:
1856:
1837:
1815:
1798:
1780:
1754:
1733:
1708:
1696:Connecting Kin
1685:
1678:
1658:
1632:
1602:
1580:Barwick, Diane
1571:
1549:
1519:
1491:
1465:
1439:
1427:
1416:. Inside Story
1404:
1375:
1353:
1336:
1308:
1286:
1271:
1262:
1236:
1210:
1184:
1158:
1145:
1118:
1109:
1100:
1091:
1061:
1032:
1006:
994:
985:
976:
967:
941:
932:
902:
874:
864:
853:
852:
850:
847:
846:
845:
838:
835:
826:
823:
806:
803:
801:in Footscray.
779:
776:
775:
774:
755:
747:
721:
718:
651:
648:
566:
563:
506:
503:
487:church planter
435:Statue of Sir
428:
425:
362:Prime Minister
269:
266:
229:did at Maloga.
172:
169:
161:William Cooper
156:
155:
152:
151:
149:
148:
145:
142:
138:
136:
132:
131:
128:
124:
123:
117:(aged 80)
111:
107:
106:
104:British Empire
84:
80:
79:
75:
74:
71:
70:
65:
59:
58:
48:
47:
41:
40:
37:
36:
28:
27:
25:William Cooper
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2136:
2125:
2124:Kristallnacht
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2089:
2088:Mister Maloga
2085:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2038:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1972:
1971:
1963:
1960:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1934:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1769:. 24 May 2010
1768:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1715:
1711:
1709:0-7310-4262-X
1705:
1698:
1697:
1689:
1686:
1681:
1679:9781741104929
1675:
1671:
1670:
1662:
1659:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1560:
1553:
1550:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1495:
1492:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1454:
1453:www.thejc.com
1450:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1428:
1415:
1408:
1405:
1393:
1386:
1383:Foley, Gary.
1379:
1376:
1364:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1282:
1275:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1036:
1033:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1007:
1001:
999:
995:
989:
986:
980:
977:
971:
968:
956:
952:
945:
942:
936:
933:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
899:
895:
891:
890:
885:
878:
875:
868:
865:
858:
855:
848:
844:
841:
840:
836:
834:
832:
824:
822:
820:
816:
812:
804:
802:
800:
796:
791:
789:
783:
777:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
753:
748:
745:
741:
740:
739:
736:
734:
729:
727:
719:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
702:Jenny Macklin
700:
696:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
672:Kristallnacht
668:
665:
661:
657:
649:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
604:
602:
576:
571:
564:
562:
558:
555:
554:Kristallnacht
551:
546:
544:
539:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
511:Kristallnacht
504:
502:
500:
496:
495:Doug Nicholls
493:, Pastor Sir
492:
488:
483:
479:
477:
473:
469:
466:
464:
459:
457:
452:
448:
446:
438:
433:
426:
424:
422:
418:
413:
411:
405:
404:Commonwealth.
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
381:Australia Day
378:
374:
370:
365:
363:
358:
356:
349:
344:
342:
337:
333:
329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
310:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
285:
281:
279:
275:
267:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
248:
244:
239:
235:
230:
225:
221:
219:
215:
210:
205:
200:
198:
193:
190:
186:
182:
178:
170:
168:
166:
162:
153:
146:
143:
140:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
113:29 March 1941
112:
108:
105:
101:
97:
85:
81:
76:
72:
69:
66:
60:
54:
49:
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
2104:1860s births
2087:
2080:
2059:. Retrieved
2050:
2040:
2028:. Retrieved
2024:
2015:
2003:. Retrieved
1999:the original
1994:
1985:
1974:, retrieved
1969:
1962:
1950:. Retrieved
1946:
1936:
1924:. Retrieved
1920:
1895:. Retrieved
1891:
1882:
1874:the original
1869:
1859:
1850:
1840:
1832:the original
1827:
1818:
1793:the original
1783:
1773:23 September
1771:. Retrieved
1766:
1757:
1745:. Retrieved
1736:
1728:
1721:. Retrieved
1714:the original
1695:
1688:
1668:
1661:
1649:. Retrieved
1645:the original
1635:
1623:. Retrieved
1587:
1574:
1564:30 September
1562:. Retrieved
1552:
1542:30 September
1540:. Retrieved
1536:the original
1531:
1522:
1510:. Retrieved
1504:
1494:
1482:. Retrieved
1468:
1456:. Retrieved
1452:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1418:. Retrieved
1407:
1397:15 September
1395:. Retrieved
1391:
1378:
1366:. Retrieved
1356:
1327:. Retrieved
1322:Weekly Times
1320:
1311:
1299:. Retrieved
1289:
1280:
1274:
1265:
1253:. Retrieved
1248:
1239:
1227:. Retrieved
1222:
1213:
1201:. Retrieved
1196:
1187:
1175:. Retrieved
1170:
1161:
1153:
1148:
1136:. Retrieved
1131:
1121:
1112:
1103:
1094:
1082:. Retrieved
1046:
1035:
1023:. Retrieved
1019:
1009:
988:
979:
970:
959:, retrieved
954:
944:
939:Cato, p. 51.
935:
923:. Retrieved
887:
877:
867:
857:
828:
808:
799:Whitten Oval
792:
784:
781:
763:Julie Bishop
737:
730:
723:
669:
653:
644:Cummeragunja
636:land council
632:Cummeragunja
628:
605:
597:
559:
553:
547:
540:
508:
484:
480:
476:Stawell Gift
472:Lynch Cooper
470:
467:
460:
453:
449:
442:
416:
414:
407:
402:
366:
359:
351:
346:
340:
321:
306:
287:
283:
271:
240:
236:
232:
227:
222:
211:
207:
202:
194:
174:
160:
159:
115:(1941-03-29)
63:Succeeded by
52:
18:
2109:1941 deaths
2061:22 December
1976:10 November
1952:10 November
1926:10 November
1747:14 November
1512:10 November
1458:10 November
1368:10 November
1255:30 November
1203:30 November
1177:30 November
961:30 November
695:John Brumby
601:NAIDOC Week
445:Yorta Yorta
399:. He said:
369:Jack Patten
315:in western
274:land rights
262:New Zealand
177:Yorta Yorta
2098:Categories
1897:15 October
1828:Yad Vesham
1625:10 January
1484:16 January
1219:"Nathalia"
1193:"PERSONAL"
849:References
759:Kevin Rudd
752:Yad VaShem
620:plebiscite
535:Gary Foley
456:Coranderrk
341:The Herald
290:Queensland
187:Rivers in
171:Early life
144:Fishmonger
135:Profession
89:1860-12-18
1612:1833-7538
1329:11 August
1197:The Argus
1071:1833-7538
912:1833-7538
710:Jerusalem
688:Melbourne
664:Melbourne
577:(centre).
527:Melbourne
423:in 1988.
355:George VI
317:Melbourne
313:Footscray
254:Mauritius
127:Spouse(s)
120:Mooroopna
53:In office
2055:Archived
1947:ABC News
1651:29 March
1620:70677943
1582:(1981).
1506:ABC News
1480:. J-Wire
1301:29 March
1229:29 March
1138:29 March
1084:29 March
1079:70677943
1025:12 April
925:29 March
920:70677943
872:Edition.
837:See also
336:national
332:George V
302:Victoria
247:polymath
185:Goulburn
147:Activist
2074:Sources
2051:WAtoday
2030:20 June
2005:11 July
1171:The Age
515:Germany
141:Shearer
1921:J-Wire
1723:8 June
1706:
1676:
1618:
1610:
1600:
1420:9 July
1077:
1069:
1059:
918:
910:
900:
788:pogrom
680:Israel
640:Maloga
565:Legacy
517:, the
427:Family
410:Echuca
393:Sydney
197:Maloga
181:Murray
1717:(PDF)
1700:(PDF)
1388:(PDF)
1283:: 12.
1039:See:
831:Perth
708:near
252:from
250:Tamil
96:Moira
2063:2019
2032:2018
2007:2012
1978:2018
1954:2018
1928:2018
1899:2023
1775:2022
1749:2023
1725:2022
1704:ISBN
1674:ISBN
1653:2020
1627:2018
1616:OCLC
1608:ISSN
1598:ISBN
1566:2019
1544:2019
1514:2018
1486:2019
1460:2018
1422:2023
1399:2019
1370:2018
1331:2016
1303:2020
1257:2015
1231:2020
1205:2015
1179:2015
1140:2020
1086:2020
1075:OCLC
1067:ISSN
1057:ISBN
1027:2021
963:2019
927:2020
916:OCLC
908:ISSN
898:ISBN
825:2019
805:2018
778:2012
720:2010
618:via
489:and
300:and
245:, a
204:day.
183:and
110:Died
83:Born
817:to
790:".
686:in
662:in
525:in
513:in
387:in
304:."
2100::
2053:.
2049:.
2023:.
1993:.
1945:.
1919:.
1907:^
1890:.
1868:.
1849:.
1826:.
1801:^
1765:.
1727:.
1614:.
1606:.
1596:.
1586:.
1530:.
1503:.
1451:.
1390:.
1339:^
1319:.
1247:.
1221:.
1195:.
1169:.
1130:.
1073:.
1065:.
1055:.
1045:.
1018:.
997:^
953:,
914:.
906:.
896:.
886:.
769:,
761:,
697:,
646:.
501:.
391:,
357:.
296:,
292:,
264:.
102:,
98:,
2065:.
2034:.
2009:.
1956:.
1930:.
1901:.
1853:.
1777:.
1751:.
1682:.
1655:.
1629:.
1568:.
1546:.
1516:.
1488:.
1462:.
1424:.
1401:.
1372:.
1305:.
1259:.
1233:.
1207:.
1181:.
1142:.
1088:.
1029:.
929:.
773:.
746:.
91:)
87:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
