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which demonstrate the exercise of stupendous
Intelligence and Power. They further show that these extinct forms of Organic Life were so closely allied, by Unity in the principles of their construction, to Classes, Orders, and Families, which make up the existing Animal and Vegetable Kingdoms, that they not only afford an argument of surpassing force, against the doctrines of the Atheist and Polytheist; but supply a chain of connected evidence, amounting to demonstration, of the continuous Being, and of many of the highest Attributes of the One Living and True God.
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animal bodies whose remains are found mixed indiscriminately with their own: this conjecture is rendered almost certain by the discovery I made, of many small balls of the solid calcareous excrement of an animal that had fed on bones... It was at first sight recognised by the keeper of the
Menagerie at Exeter Change, as resembling, in both form and appearance, the faeces of the spotted or cape hyaena, which he stated to be greedy of bones beyond all other beasts in his care.
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1112:(Ogasawara-Jima), was named after him by Captain Beechey on 9 June 1827. In 1846, William Buckland was rector of St. Nicholas in Islip and is commemorated on a plaque in the south aisle of the church and the "East Window" was dedicated to the memory of Buckland and his wife in 1861. A plaque is dedicated to him near his summer home by the Old Rectory, The Walk, Islip (10 August 2008). There is also a bust by
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Around the end of 1850, William
Buckland contracted a disorder of the neck and brain, and died of it in 1856. Frank Buckland reported that an autopsy showed "the portion of the base of the skull upon which the brain rested, together with the two upper vertebrae of the neck, to be in an advanced state
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While
Buckland's analysis convinced him that the bones found in Kirkdale Cave had not been washed into the cave by a global flood, he still believed the thin layer of mud that covered the remains of the hyaena den had been deposited in the subsequent 'Universal Deluge'. He developed these ideas into
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Buckland, William (1822). "Account of an assemblage of fossil teeth and bones of elephants, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, bear, tiger, and hyaena, and sixteen other animals, discovered in a cave at
Kirkdale, Yorkshire, in the year 1821: with a comparative view of five similar caverns in various parts of
1059:. His lectures were notable for their dramatic delivery. When he lectured indoors he would bring his presentations to life by imitating the movements of the dinosaurs under discussion. Buckland's passion for scientific observation and experiment extended to his home, where he had a table inlaid with
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meeting of the
British Association, in 1840, they went on an extended tour of Scotland and found evidence there of former glaciation. In that year Buckland had become president of the Geological Society again and, despite their hostile reaction to his presentation of the theory, he was now satisfied
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The myriads of petrified
Remains which are disclosed by the researches of Geology all tend to prove that our Planet has been occupied in times preceding the Creation of the Human Race, by extinct species of Animals and Vegetables, made up, like living Organic Bodies, of 'Clusters of Contrivances,'
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which was published in 1823 and became a best seller. However, over the next decade as geology continued to progress
Buckland changed his mind. In his famous Bridgewater Treatise, published in 1836, he acknowledged that the biblical account of Noah's flood could not be confirmed using geological
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It must already appear probable, from the facts above described, particularly from the comminuted state and apparently gnawed condition of the bones, that the cave in
Kirkdale was, during a long succession of years, inhabited as a den of hyaenas, and that they dragged into its recesses the other
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In all these various formations our
Coprolites form records of warfare, waged by successive generations of inhabitants of our planet on one another: the imperishable phosphate of lime, derived from their digested skeletons, has become embalmed in the substance and foundations of the everlasting
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in antediluvian times, and that the fossils were the remains of these hyaenas and the animals they had eaten, rather than being remains of animals that had perished in the Flood and then carried from the tropics by the surging waters, as he and others had at first thought. In 1822 he wrote:
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evidence. By 1840 he was very actively promoting the view that what had been interpreted as evidence of the 'Universal Deluge' two decades earlier, and subsequently of deep submergence by a new generation of geologists such as Charles Lyell, was in fact evidence of a major glaciation.
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by these inquiries, a distinct epoch has, as it were, been established in the history of the revolutions of our globe: a point fixed from which our researches may be pursued through the immensity of ages, and the records of animate nature, as it were, carried back to the time of the
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for publication, praising it as "a new & important theory to explain Phenomena of universal occurrence on the surface of the Earth—in fact a new Geological Power", while rightly rejecting Darwin's suggestion that chalkland could have been formed in a similar way.
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that no humans had coexisted with any extinct animals, and he attributed the skeleton's presence there to a grave having been dug in historical times, possibly by the same people who had constructed some nearby pre-Roman fortifications, into the older layers.
950:, he travelled to Switzerland, in 1838, to meet Agassiz and see for himself. He was convinced and was reminded of what he had seen in Scotland, Wales and northern England but had previously attributed to the Flood. When Agassiz came to Britain for the
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as two widely separated episodes of creation. It had emerged as a way to reconcile the scriptural account with discoveries in geology suggesting the earth was very old. Early in his career Buckland believed he had found evidence of the
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meant an undefined period between the origin of the earth and the creation of its current inhabitants, during which a long series of extinctions and successive creations of new kinds of plants and animals had occurred. Thus, his
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While criticised by some, Buckland's analysis of Kirkland Cave and other bone caves was widely seen as a model for how careful analysis could be used to reconstruct the Earth's past, and the Royal Society awarded Buckland the
784:, Buckland kept a supply of the prints on hand to circulate at his lectures. He also discussed other similar objects found in other formations, including the fossilised hyena dung he had found in Kirkdale Cave. He concluded:
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of caries, or decay. The irritation...was quite sufficient cause to give rise to all symptoms." Frank Buckland attributed the cause of death of both his parents to a severe accident years earlier.
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to endow an additional Readership, this time in Geology and he became the first holder of the new appointment, delivering his inaugural address on 15 May 1819. This was published in 1820 as
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666:, as he at first supposed it to be the remains of a local prostitute. Although Buckland found the skeleton in Paviland Cave in the same strata as the bones of extinct mammals (including
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The Life and Correspondence of William Buckland, D.D., F.R.S.: Sometime Dean of Westminster, Twice President of the Geological Society, and First President of the British Association
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of Corpus Christi in 1809, and was ordained as a priest. He continued to make frequent geological excursions, on horseback, to various parts of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales.
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Geology and mineralogy as exhibiting the power, wisdom, and goodness of God. with additions by Professor Owen, Professor Phillips [and] Robert Brown, vol. 1, fourth edition
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Not only was William Buckland's home filled with specimens – animal as well as mineral, live as well as dead – but he claimed to have eaten his way through the animal kingdom:
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drew this cartoon of Buckland poking his head into a prehistoric hyaena den in 1822 to celebrate Buckland's ground breaking analysis of the fossils found in Kirkdale Cave.
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hills; and the general law of Nature which bids all to eat and be eaten in their turn, is shown to have been co-extensive with animal existence on our globe; the
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and in preaching suitable sermons to the rural population of Islip, while continuing to lecture on geology at Oxford. In 1847, he was appointed a trustee in the
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Buckland also concluded that the spiral markings on the fossils indicated that ichthyosaurs had spiral ridges in their intestines similar to those of modern
846:, "On the Power, Wisdom and Goodness of God, as manifested in the Creation". This took him almost five years' work and was published in 1836 with the title
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Burke, Peter (18 April 2013). A Social History of Knowledge II: From the Encyclopaedia to Knowledge (XXG): 2 (Kindle Location 2276). Wiley. Kindle Edition.
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limestone lay just below ground level and explosives had to be used for excavation. This may have been a last jest by the noted geologist, reminiscent of
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in each period of the world's history fulfilling their destined office, – to check excess in the progress of life, and maintain the balance of creation.
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On one occasion, Mary helped him decipher footmarks found in a slab of sandstone by covering the kitchen table with paste, while he fetched their pet
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of her father that included appendices of positions held by Buckland, his membership in professional societies, and an index of his publications.
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780:, the first pictorial representation of a scene from the distant past. After De le Beche had a lithographic print made based on his original
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743:. She also noted that if such stones were broken open they often contained fossilised fish bones and scales, and sometimes bones from small
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and confirmed his intuition, that tortoise footprints matched the fossil marks. His daughter, author Elizabeth Oke Buckland Gordon, wrote a
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and geological sites. She continued to assist him in his work, as well as having nine children, five of whom survived to adulthood. His son
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277:. It was praised as an example of how scientific analysis could reconstruct events in the distant past. He pioneered the use of fossilised
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1422:"Out of Africa: modern human origins special feature: isotopic evidence for the diets of European Neanderthals and early modern humans"
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970:, near Oxford, a preferment attached to the deanery. As Dean and head of Chapter, Buckland was involved in repair and maintenance of
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The plot for William's grave had been reserved, but when the gravedigger set to work, it was found that an outcrop of solid
1085:; panther, crocodile and mouse were among the other dishes noted by guests. Buckland was followed in this hobby by his son
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747:. These observations by Anning led Buckland to propose in 1829 that the stones were fossilised faeces. He coined the name
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as he believed that only a small amount of the strata could have been formed in the single year occupied by the deluge.
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in mineralogy, in succession to John Kidd, giving lively and popular lectures with increasing emphasis on geology and
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1780:. The Bridgewater treatises on the power, wisdom, and goodness of God. VI. London: Bell & Daldy. p. lxii.
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1577:"Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 404 – Buckland, William to Geological Society of London, 9 Mar 1838"
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770:. He wrote a vivid description of the Liassic food chain based on these observations, which would inspire
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Harry Hogger "19th century table created out of fossil poo recreated for descendants of original owner"
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Report and Transactions - The Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature and Art
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2150:. A number of high-resolution images of the maps and other illustrations from this book are available
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Reliquiæ Diluvianæ, or, Observations on the Organic Remains attesting the Action of a Universal Deluge
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Reliquiæ Diluvianæ, or, Observations on the Organic Remains attesting the Action of a Universal Deluge
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The Dinosaur Hunters: A True Story of Scientific Rivalry and the Discovery of the Prehistoric World
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1556:"Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 359 – Darwin, C. R. to Buckland, William, (15 June 1837)"
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By this time Buckland was a prominent and influential scientific celebrity and a friend of the
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for Murchison's researches into the rocks beneath the secondary strata associated with the
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481:. Buckland believed in a global deluge during the time of Noah but was not a supporter of
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441:, both justifying the new science of geology and reconciling geological evidence with the
401:, he built up collections, touring Europe and coming into contact with scholars including
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The Great Chain of History: William Buckland and the English School of Geology 1814–1850
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Issue no 50,404 dated 10 June 2017 p33 > "The Abbey dean who ate the heart of a king"
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Bursting The Limits of Time: The Reconstruction of Geohistory in the Age of Revolution
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that glaciation had been the origin of much of the surface deposits covering Britain.
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became a well known practical naturalist, author, and Inspector of Salmon Fisheries.
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in 1822 for his paper on Kirkdale Cave. At the presentation the society's president,
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1814:(in German). Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin.
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creations that prepared the earth for humans. In the introduction he expressed the
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Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature and Art (1933).
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576:('great lizard') and wrote the first full account of what would later be called a
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1790:'The Abbey Scientists' Hall, A.R. p53: London; Roger & Robert Nicholson; 1966
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Buckland preferred to do his field palaeontology and geological work wearing an
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366:, matriculating in 1801 and graduating BA in 1805. He also attended lectures of
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The Life and Correspondence of William Buckland... By his daughter, Mrs. Gordon
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Scenes from Deep Time: Early Pictorial Representations of the Prehistoric World
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during his vacations. He went on to obtain his MA degree in 1808, became a
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for them; the name came to be the general name for all fossilised faeces.
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gave a better explanation, and played a significant role in promoting it.
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2003:
Worlds Before Adam: The Reconstruction of Geohistory in the Age of Reform
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Worlds Before Adam: The Reconstruction of Geohistory in the Age of Reform
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Worlds Before Adam: The Reconstruction of Geohistory in the Age of Reform
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Worlds Before Adam: The Reconstruction of Geohistory in the Age of Reform
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Worlds Before Adam: The Reconstruction of Geohistory in the Age of Reform
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for some years, and in 1831 was able to suggest a good starting point in
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He continued to live in Corpus Christi College and, in 1824, he became
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revealed by the fossil record was explained by a series of successive
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Vindiciæ Geologiæ; or the Connexion of Geology with Religion explained
233:(12 March 1784 – 14 August 1856) was an English theologian who became
2134:, (London : J. Murray, 1894) – digital facsimile available from
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Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886
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Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference to Natural Theology
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in Devon and, as a child, would accompany his father, the Rector of
464:, Buckland developed a new hypothesis that the word "beginning" in
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Bones and ochre: the curious afterlife of the Red Lady of Paviland
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Bones and ochre: the curious afterlife of the Red Lady of Paviland
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in south Wales, where he discovered a skeleton which he named the
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At a time when others were coming under the opposing influence of
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Haile, Neville (October 2007) . "Buckland, William (1784–1856)".
1136:, which was named in his honour. Buckland Peaks in New Zealand's
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Buckland was commissioned to contribute one of the set of eight
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In 1825, Buckland was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the
1674:"Learning More... William Buckland" Oxford University Museum
587:. That year he resigned his college fellowship: he planned to
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The Life and Correspondence of William Buckland, D.D., F.R.S.
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The life and correspondence of William Buckland, D.D., F.R.S.
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The life and correspondence of William Buckland, D.D., F.R.S.
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Butler-Gallie, F. p. 94: London, Oneworld Publications, 2018
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takes its English name from William Buckland, being named by
935:, he prepared the report leading to the establishment of the
902:. He subsequently recommended Darwin's paper on the role of
623:, Oxfordshire, an accomplished illustrator and collector of
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but, before he could take up the appointment, he was made a
496:, he concluded that the cave had actually been inhabited by
4146:(Canon Steward and Archdeacon, and Speaker's Chaplain)
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Buckland at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History
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History of the Collapse of Flood Geology and a Young Earth
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In 1845 he was appointed by Sir Robert Peel to the vacant
1694:"William Buckland's Coprolite Table" Lyme Regis Museum
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on mineralogy and chemistry, developed an interest in
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Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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stones" were often found in the abdominal region of
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682:, now known to be male as from circa 33,000
631:was a year touring Europe, with visits to famous
16:English geologist and palaeontologist (1784–1856)
1420:Richards, M. P.; Trinkaus, E. (September 2009).
966:). Soon after, he was inducted to the living of
762:were black because the ichthyosaur had ingested
1803:Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen
1279:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
1244:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 38–42.
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281:in reconstructing ecosystems, coining the term
4313:Presidents of the Geological Society of London
2864:Presidents of the Geological Society of London
429:In 1818, Buckland was elected a fellow of the
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2146:(English) – digital facsimile available from
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1066:. The original table top is exhibited at the
560:president of the Geological Society of London
19:For other people named William Buckland, see
8:
2061:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1959:(Online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1865:. Rosedale, North Shore: Raupo. p. 62.
414:Rejection of flood geology and Kirkdale Cave
4443:People associated with the Ashmolean Museum
4398:Fellows of the Geological Society of London
4218:Surveyor of the Fabric of Westminster Abbey
2711:Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom
874:of biology were "clusters of contrivance":
488:From his investigations of fossil bones at
323:Oxford University Museum of Natural History
248:Buckland wrote the first full account of a
3882:
3861:
3847:
3839:
3444:
3430:
3422:
2854:
2840:
2832:
2201:
2180:
2166:
2158:
1021:For he's quite in his element underground
942:Having become interested in the theory of
797:Buckland had been helping and encouraging
154:
57:
27:
1455:
1445:
1019:And examine each stratum that lies around
4353:Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Oxford
2362:Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes
1011:Where shall we our great Professor inter
658:On 18 January 1823 Buckland walked into
316:
292:in interpreting the biblical account of
4152:Robert Latham (Minor Canon and Sacrist)
1956:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1950:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1930:by his grandson, the Rev. Richard Owen"
1542:
1519:
1356:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1351:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B"
1277:England, and others on the Continent".
1190:
678:Carbon-data tests have since dated the
4149:Mark Birch (Minor Canon and Precentor)
562:. Here he announced the discovery, at
4418:People educated at Winchester College
1662:
1004:Elegy intended for Professor Buckland
982:by the Geological Society of London.
727:noticed that stony objects known as "
694:Coprolites and the Liassic food chain
585:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
362:, from where he won a scholarship to
7:
4438:Authors of the Bridgewater Treatises
4348:People educated at Blundell's School
4277:
1808:Encyclopedia of eponymic plant names
1225:. Oxford: Parker and Co – via
1196:
1194:
374:, and carried out field research on
2589:The Naturalist on the River Amazons
2005:, The University of Chicago Press,
1987:, The University of Chicago Press,
1375:A Field Guide to the English Clergy
1123:In 1972, botanist Heikki Roivainen
870:by asserting that the families and
4433:Writers about religion and science
1077:. The most distasteful items were
937:Geological Survey of Great Britain
894:, Buckland discussed with him the
273:den, for which he was awarded the
14:
4170:Coronation of the British monarch
4155:Minor Canon and Chaplain (vacant)
1013:That in peace may rest his bones?
978:and, in 1848, he was awarded the
821:, which was then held at Oxford.
715:, based on Buckland's account of
473:theory incorporated a version of
351:rocks exposed in local quarries.
21:William Buckland (disambiguation)
4378:Fellows of Christ Church, Oxford
4328:Christian Old Earth creationists
4276:
4267:
4266:
4106:
2779:
2035:
1132:, a genus of moss in the family
385:In 1813, Buckland was appointed
4403:19th-century English scientists
4207:St Margaret's, Westminster
2821:List of natural history dealers
2489:The Natural History of Selborne
2120:Buckland's blue plaque in Islip
1644:International Plant Names Index
1017:He'll rise and break the stones
1015:If we hew him a rocky sepulchre
670:), Buckland shared the view of
358:, Tiverton, Devon, and then at
126:
4388:Recipients of the Copley Medal
4333:British Christian creationists
4244:Westminster Abbey Choir School
4140:(Canon Theologian and Almoner)
4134:(Rector of St Margaret's)
4128:(Sub-Dean and Canon Treasurer)
3746:Jacques Charles François Sturm
2723:Adaptive Coloration in Animals
2125:William Buckland in Retrospect
1926:by his daughter, Mrs. Gordon;
1910:Gordon, Elizabeth Oke (1894),
1626:Gordon, Elizabeth Oke (1894).
364:Corpus Christi College, Oxford
148:Corpus Christi College, Oxford
1:
3682:Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana
2073:McGowan, Christopher (2001).
2001:Rudwick, Martin J.S. (2008),
1861:(2010). Peter Dowling (ed.).
690:found in the United Kingdom.
566:, of fossil bones of a giant
4373:Fellows of the Royal Society
1973:UK public library membership
1426:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
615:In December 1825 he married
409:Career, work and discoveries
4413:19th-century English people
4408:18th-century English people
4229:Westminster Abbey Muniments
2479:Bernard Germain de Lacépède
1714:Bridport News" 30 July 2013
4459:
2501:A History of British Birds
2103:. Oxford University Press.
1863:Place Names of New Zealand
1774:Buckland, William (1869).
554:Buckland family silhouette
543:
529:his great scientific work
18:
4262:
4104:
3460:
3024:Warington Wilkinson Smyth
2816:Natural History Societies
2777:
2684:The Royal Natural History
2536:Ornithological Dictionary
2445:Johan Christian Fabricius
2019:Sommer, Marianne (2007),
1896:, Fourth Estate, London,
1800:Burkhardt, Lotte (2022).
1699:12 September 2015 at the
1216:"Buckland, William"
1168:Frederick William Beechey
1104:, a wrinkle ridge on the
758:, and that some of these
688:anatomically modern human
684:years before present (BP)
433:. That year he persuaded
354:He was educated first at
301:, but later saw that the
213:
196:
153:
56:
49:
4423:Enlightenment scientists
4363:English palaeontologists
4234:Westminster Abbey Museum
4039:George Granville Bradley
2662:The Naturalist's Library
2565:On the Origin of Species
2140:William Buckland (1823)
1928:The Life of Richard Owen
1532:Retrieved 2 August 2018.
1335:Rudwick, Martin (2008).
1240:Rudwick, Martin (1992).
1180:History of palaeontology
1160:Northwest Arctic Borough
654:The Red Lady of Paviland
321:Bust of Buckland in the
92:14 August 1856 (aged 72)
4393:Wollaston Medal winners
4029:Richard Chenevix Trench
3710:Antoine César Becquerel
3538:Benjamin Collins Brodie
3039:George Douglas Campbell
2999:Joseph Ellison Portlock
2939:George Bellas Greenough
2899:George Bellas Greenough
2879:George Bellas Greenough
2796:Natural history museums
2398:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
2058:Encyclopædia Britannica
1447:10.1073/pnas.0903821106
1312:(2005) pp. 622–638, 631
1143:The Iñupiat village of
927:. In co-operation with
856:progressive creationism
735:skeletons found in the
269:had been a prehistoric
261:. His work proved that
4223:Diocese of Westminster
4034:Arthur Penrhyn Stanley
3474:William Hyde Wollaston
3305:William Alexander Deer
3225:Herbert Leader Hawkins
2648:William Jackson Hooker
2596:Alexander von Humboldt
2513:Philosophie zoologique
2296:Pinax theatri botanici
1940:: 381–405. April 1895.
1738:gives Augustus Hare's
1152:
1116:in the south aisle at
1024:
960:Deanery of Westminster
896:Galapagos land iguanas
881:
837:
795:
720:
711:, 1830 watercolour by
555:
526:
508:
426:
325:
288:Buckland followed the
4318:People from Axminster
4192:Burials and Memorials
4054:William Foxley Norris
3714:John Frederic Daniell
3586:Hans Christian Ørsted
3546:William Thomas Brande
3265:Walter Campbell Smith
3215:Henry Hurd Swinnerton
3155:Arthur Smith Woodward
3014:Andrew Crombie Ramsay
2734:The Study of Instinct
2673:Kunstformen der Natur
2577:The Malay Archipelago
2572:Alfred Russel Wallace
2508:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
2081:. Persus Publishing.
1965:10.1093/ref:odnb/3859
1916:, John Murray, London
1726:Ruskin, John (1908),
1242:Scenes from Deep Time
1140:was named after him.
876:
843:Bridgewater Treatises
832:
786:
701:
553:
521:
503:
475:Old Earth creationism
421:
328:Buckland was born at
320:
4383:Deans of Westminster
4182:Edward the Confessor
3826:Peter Andreas Hansen
3722:Carl Friedrich Gauss
3698:Jöns Jacob Berzelius
3674:Siméon Denis Poisson
3506:Thomas Andrew Knight
2653:Joseph Dalton Hooker
2606:The Birds of America
1981:Rudwick, Martin J.S.
1934:The Quarterly Review
1740:The Story of My Life
1732:, Allen, p. 205
1051:Known eccentricities
923:prime minister, Sir
868:argument from design
825:Bridgewater Treatise
664:Red Lady of Paviland
4338:Doctors of Divinity
4049:Herbert Edward Ryle
3770:Jean-Baptiste Dumas
3690:William Snow Harris
3662:George Biddell Airy
3280:Sydney Hollingworth
3240:Herbert Harold Read
3064:John Whitaker Hulke
3054:Henry Clifton Sorby
3049:Peter Martin Duncan
3029:Thomas Henry Huxley
2701:Martinus Beijerinck
2244:De Natura Animalium
1820:10.3372/epolist2022
1755:. Westminster Abbey
1438:2009PNAS..10616034R
1029:author abbreviation
887:'s return from the
819:British Association
686:. It is the oldest
393:. As an unofficial
235:Dean of Westminster
51:Dean of Westminster
4428:Parson-naturalists
4358:English geologists
4239:Westminster School
4059:Paul de Labilliere
4019:Samuel Wilberforce
3818:Roderick Murchison
3275:James Stubblefield
3230:William Fearnsides
2959:Roderick Murchison
2934:Roderick Murchison
2806:Parson-naturalists
2638:Philip Henry Gosse
2601:John James Audubon
2584:Henry Walter Bates
2472:Histoire Naturelle
2460:Historia Plantarum
2348:Avium Praecipuarum
2332:Historia animalium
2233:Historia Plantarum
2221:History of Animals
2148:Linda Hall Library
2143:Reliquiæ Diluvianæ
2136:Linda Hall Library
2077:The Dragon Seekers
1753:"William Buckland"
1545:, pp. 190–196
1522:, pp. 192–193
1497:(1894) pp. 116–118
964:Samuel Wilberforce
838:
799:Roderick Murchison
723:The fossil hunter
721:
589:take up the living
556:
427:
360:Winchester College
326:
143:Winchester College
95:Islip, Oxfordshire
4343:English Anglicans
4290:
4289:
4254:Jerusalem Chamber
4102:
4101:
4044:Armitage Robinson
3963:Francis Atterbury
3918:Lancelot Andrewes
3870:Westminster Abbey
3836:
3835:
3794:Urbain Le Verrier
3742:Justus von Liebig
3453:Copley Medallists
3419:
3418:
3396:Mark Moody-Stuart
3290:Frederick Shotton
3250:Owen Thomas Jones
3210:Owen Thomas Jones
3089:Wilfred Hudleston
2974:Henry De la Beche
2909:William Babington
2884:Henry Grey Bennet
2829:
2828:
2775:
2774:
2393:Marcello Malpighi
2287:Ulisse Aldrovandi
2267:De Materia Medica
2053:Buckland, William
2012:978-0-226-73128-5
1971:(Subscription or
1829:978-3-946292-41-8
1734:. As his source,
1393:Sommer, Marianne
1118:Westminster Abbey
1068:Lyme Regis Museum
1006:written in 1820:
986:Illness and death
972:Westminster Abbey
915:Glaciation theory
860:faunal succession
772:Henry De la Beche
713:Henry De la Beche
706:– A more Ancient
462:uniformitarianism
435:the Prince Regent
423:William Conybeare
356:Blundell's School
303:glaciation theory
255:, which he named
221:
220:
217:
216:
198:Scientific career
33:The Very Reverend
4450:
4280:
4279:
4270:
4269:
4202:Henry VII Chapel
4110:
4074:Edward Carpenter
4024:William Buckland
3928:George Montaigne
3883:
3863:
3856:
3849:
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3829:
3821:
3813:
3810:John Couch Adams
3805:
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3762:James MacCullagh
3757:
3749:
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3717:
3705:
3693:
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3645:
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3617:
3609:
3606:William Buckland
3601:
3589:
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3557:
3549:
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3530:Edward Troughton
3525:
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3490:Smithson Tennant
3485:
3482:Richard Chenevix
3477:
3469:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3423:
3135:Archibald Geikie
3125:Charles Lapworth
3104:William Whitaker
3084:Archibald Geikie
3079:William Blanford
3074:John Wesley Judd
3059:Robert Etheridge
3034:Joseph Prestwich
3019:William Hamilton
2989:William Hamilton
2954:William Buckland
2914:William Buckland
2865:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2833:
2783:
2756:The Dancing Bees
2680:Richard Lydekker
2628:Jean-Henri Fabre
2613:William Buckland
2418:Regnier de Graaf
2312:Andrea Cesalpino
2202:
2182:
2175:
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2159:
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2015:
1997:
1976:
1968:
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1917:
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1890:Cadbury, Deborah
1877:
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1742:, vol. 5, p. 358
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1506:Rudwick, Martin
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1478:Rudwick, Martin
1476:
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1410:(2008) pp. 77–79
1406:Rudwick, Martin
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399:Ashmolean Museum
237:. He was also a
224:William Buckland
159:William Buckland
155:
130:
128:
83:, Devon, England
69:Personal details
63:Buckland in 1833
61:
38:William Buckland
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3968:Samuel Bradford
3943:Richard Steward
3913:Gabriel Goodman
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3808:
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3786:Theodor Schwann
3784:
3778:Carlo Matteucci
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3726:Michael Faraday
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3702:Francis Kiernan
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3670:Michael Faraday
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3370:Richard Hardman
3365:R. S. J. Sparks
3340:Charles Holland
3320:Wallace Pitcher
3295:Kingsley Dunham
3165:George Lamplugh
3108:
2979:William Hopkins
2964:Henry Warburton
2949:William Whewell
2894:John MacCulloch
2867:
2863:
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2830:
2825:
2784:
2771:
2752:Karl von Frisch
2689:
2658:William Jardine
2548:Le Règne Animal
2519:
2467:Comte de Buffon
2428:Systema Naturae
2367:
2339:Frederik Ruysch
2317:Valerius Cordus
2307:Hieronymus Bock
2273:
2255:Natural History
2250:Pliny the Elder
2207:
2197:
2191:
2189:Natural history
2186:
2111:
2097:Rupke, Nicolaas
2095:
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2067:Further reading
2051:, ed. (1911). "
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835:Richard Ansdell
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807:age of reptiles
777:Duria Antiquior
704:Duria Antiquior
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570:which he named
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3277:
3272:
3270:Leonard Hawkes
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3235:Arthur Trueman
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3200:Thomas Holland
3197:
3195:Edmund Garwood
3192:
3187:
3185:Francis Bather
3182:
3177:
3172:
3170:Richard Oldham
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3150:Aubrey Strahan
3147:
3142:
3140:William Sollas
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3094:Henry Woodward
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3009:Leonard Horner
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2969:Leonard Horner
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2924:William Fitton
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2836:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2803:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2762:Ronald Lockley
2759:
2749:
2737:
2730:Niko Tinbergen
2727:
2715:
2703:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2677:
2665:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2598:
2593:
2581:
2569:
2560:Charles Darwin
2557:
2552:
2543:Georges Cuvier
2540:
2531:George Montagu
2527:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2505:
2493:
2481:
2476:
2464:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2420:
2415:
2413:Jan Swammerdam
2410:
2405:
2403:William Derham
2400:
2395:
2390:
2377:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2355:
2344:William Turner
2341:
2336:
2327:Conrad Gessner
2324:
2322:Leonhart Fuchs
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2292:Gaspard Bauhin
2289:
2283:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2259:
2247:
2237:
2225:
2212:
2210:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2138:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2110:
2109:External links
2107:
2106:
2105:
2093:
2087:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2049:Chisholm, Hugh
2031:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2016:
2011:
1998:
1993:
1977:
1944:
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1942:
1907:
1902:
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1766:
1744:
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1704:
1686:
1677:
1666:
1655:
1649: Buckland
1635:
1618:
1615:. p. 409.
1601:
1589:
1568:
1547:
1535:
1524:
1512:
1499:
1484:
1471:
1412:
1399:
1386:
1367:
1342:
1339:. p. 427.
1327:
1314:
1296:
1268:
1257:
1251:978-0226731056
1250:
1232:
1211:Foster, Joseph
1202:
1200:Chisholm, 1911
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1175:
1172:
1098:
1095:
1083:bluebottle fly
1052:
1049:
1044:botanical name
1025:
1009:
987:
984:
976:British Museum
962:(he succeeded
916:
913:
908:soil formation
900:Marine iguanas
885:Charles Darwin
854:and a form of
826:
823:
719:'s discoveries
695:
692:
672:Georges Cuvier
655:
652:
637:Frank Buckland
612:
609:
544:Main article:
541:
536:
415:
412:
410:
407:
403:Georges Cuvier
346:Early Jurassic
314:
311:
299:biblical flood
219:
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165:Known for
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4323:Catastrophism
4321:
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4197:Poets' Corner
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4176:Liber Regalis
4173:
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4154:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4144:Tricia Hillas
4142:
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4130:
4127:
4126:David Stanton
4124:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4109:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4079:Michael Mayne
4077:
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4060:
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4035:
4032:
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4027:
4025:
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4020:
4017:
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4014:Thomas Turton
4012:
4010:
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3999:
3995:
3989:
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3966:
3964:
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3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3938:John Williams
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3923:Richard Neile
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
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3859:
3857:
3852:
3850:
3845:
3844:
3841:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3802:John Herschel
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3650:William Prout
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3622:John Brinkley
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3598:John Herschel
3595:
3594:Edward Sabine
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3522:William Henry
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3466:Astley Cooper
3463:
3462:
3459:
3454:
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3371:
3368:
3366:
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3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3345:Bernard Leake
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3330:Howel Francis
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
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3311:
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3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3285:Oliver Bulman
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
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3266:
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3261:
3258:
3256:
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3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3220:Percy Boswell
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3175:Albert Seward
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3160:Alfred Harker
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3145:William Watts
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3069:Thomas Bonney
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3004:John Phillips
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2994:Daniel Sharpe
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2984:Edward Forbes
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2944:Charles Lyell
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2929:Adam Sedgwick
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2889:William Blake
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
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2874:
2870:
2866:
2857:
2852:
2850:
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2807:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2745:On Aggression
2741:
2740:Konrad Lorenz
2738:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2706:Abbott Thayer
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2668:Ernst Haeckel
2666:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2633:Louis Agassiz
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2618:Charles Lyell
2616:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2555:William Smith
2553:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2496:Thomas Bewick
2494:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2484:Gilbert White
2482:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2435:Georg Steller
2433:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2423:Carl Linnaeus
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2373:Enlightenment
2370:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2302:Otto Brunfels
2300:
2297:
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2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2276:
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2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2194:
2190:
2183:
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2176:
2171:
2169:
2164:
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2160:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2088:0-7382-0282-7
2084:
2079:
2078:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2044:public domain
2033:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2014:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1996:
1994:0-226-73105-7
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
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1951:
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1939:
1935:
1931:
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1925:
1919:
1918:
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1908:
1905:
1903:9781857029635
1899:
1895:
1891:
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1886:
1882:
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1872:9780143204107
1868:
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1533:
1528:
1525:
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1513:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1491:Gordon, Mrs
1488:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1467:
1463:
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1387:
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1383:9781786074416
1380:
1376:
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1224:
1223:
1217:
1213:(1888–1892).
1212:
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1173:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1138:Paparoa Range
1135:
1131:
1130:
1129:Bucklandiella
1126:
1125:circumscribed
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1110:Bonin Islands
1107:
1103:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1057:academic gown
1050:
1045:
1041:
1030:
1027:The standard
1022:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
992:
985:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
956:
953:
949:
945:
944:Louis Agassiz
940:
938:
934:
933:Charles Lyell
930:
929:Adam Sedgwick
926:
922:
914:
912:
909:
905:
901:
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873:
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783:
779:
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773:
769:
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761:
757:
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750:
746:
742:
739:formation at
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734:
730:
726:
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714:
710:
709:
705:
700:
693:
691:
689:
685:
681:
676:
673:
669:
665:
661:
660:Paviland Cave
653:
651:
649:
645:
640:
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634:
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467:
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460:'s theory of
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22:
4212:Henry Yevele
4186:patron saint
4174:
4138:Jamie Hawkey
4132:Anthony Ball
4023:
4009:John Ireland
3958:Thomas Sprat
3908:William Bill
3886:Early modern
3734:Robert Brown
3654:Henry Foster
3634:Peter Barlow
3605:
3514:Everard Home
3498:Humphry Davy
3401:Peter Styles
3384:21st century
3335:Janet Watson
3260:William King
3245:Cecil Tilley
3190:John Gregory
3120:Jethro Teall
3113:20th century
2953:
2919:John Bostock
2913:
2904:Earl Compton
2872:19th century
2765:
2755:
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2721:
2718:Hugh B. Cott
2709:
2694:20th century
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2524:19th century
2511:
2499:
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2470:
2458:
2450:James Hutton
2440:Joseph Banks
2426:
2386:Micrographia
2384:
2381:Robert Hooke
2361:
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2228:Theophrastus
2219:
2142:
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2020:
2002:
1984:
1954:
1948:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1923:
1912:
1893:
1862:
1853:
1841:. Retrieved
1807:
1802:
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1786:
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1769:
1757:. Retrieved
1747:
1739:
1728:
1721:
1713:
1707:
1689:
1680:
1669:
1658:
1648:
1638:
1632:. J. Murray.
1628:
1621:
1611:
1604:
1592:
1580:. Retrieved
1571:
1559:. Retrieved
1550:
1543:Cadbury 2001
1538:
1527:
1520:Cadbury 2001
1515:
1507:
1502:
1493:
1487:
1482:pp. 154–155.
1479:
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1415:
1407:
1402:
1394:
1389:
1374:
1370:
1358:. Retrieved
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839:
833:Portrait by
813:fossils, as
811:invertebrate
796:
787:
775:
753:
745:ichthyosaurs
722:
702:
677:
657:
641:
617:Mary Morland
614:
582:
573:Megalosaurus
571:
557:
546:Megalosaurus
539:Megalosaurus
538:
530:
527:
522:
517:Humphry Davy
513:Copley Medal
509:
504:
487:
458:James Hutton
455:
451:Noah's Flood
445:accounts of
438:
428:
384:
353:
327:
293:
287:
275:Copley Medal
258:Megalosaurus
256:
247:
223:
222:
197:
185:Copley Medal
170:Megalosaurus
168:
118:Mary Morland
102:Denomination
25:
4308:1856 deaths
4303:1784 births
4249:Dean's Yard
4225:(1540–1550)
4214:(architect)
4094:David Hoyle
4084:Wesley Carr
4069:Eric Abbott
3997:Late modern
3983:John Thomas
3953:John Dolben
3903:Hugh Weston
3898:Richard Cox
3642:James South
3570:Henry Kater
3554:James Ivory
3455:(1801–1850)
3375:Robin Cocks
3255:George Lees
3099:Henry Hicks
2766:Shearwaters
2623:Mary Anning
2408:Hans Sloane
2358:John Gerard
2352:New Herball
2279:Renaissance
2262:Dioscorides
2198:naturalists
2029:Attribution
2023:, p. 1
1922:"Review of
1859:Reed, A. W.
1582:23 December
1561:23 December
1397:(2007) p. 1
1360:9 September
1285:: 171–236.
1134:Grimmiaceae
925:Robert Peel
803:South Wales
782:watercolour
733:ichthyosaur
725:Mary Anning
717:Mary Anning
564:Stonesfield
344:, from the
4297:Categories
3948:John Earle
3315:Percy Kent
3205:John Green
3180:John Evans
3044:John Evans
2196:Pioneering
1975:required.)
1883:References
1843:27 January
1759:17 January
1663:Haile 2007
1227:Wikisource
1164:Royal Navy
1153:Nunatchiaq
1064:coprolites
904:earthworms
883:Following
852:gap theory
768:belemnites
760:coprolites
741:Lyme Regis
633:geologists
313:Early life
290:Gap Theory
283:coprolites
175:coprolites
138:Alma mater
4119:(current)
4089:John Hall
3754:Georg Ohm
3614:John Pond
3130:John Marr
2216:Aristotle
2208:antiquity
2206:Classical
1838:246307410
1170:in 1826.
1091:Louis XIV
791:Carnivora
774:to paint
749:coprolite
648:biography
629:honeymoon
597:Hampshire
524:creation.
494:Yorkshire
368:John Kidd
342:ammonites
334:Templeton
330:Axminster
239:geologist
97:, England
81:Axminster
4272:Category
4064:Alan Don
2643:Asa Gray
2455:John Ray
2099:(1983).
1983:(1992),
1892:(2001),
1697:Archived
1466:19706482
1174:See also
1166:officer
1157:Alaska's
1145:Buckland
1075:zoophagy
1061:dinosaur
1034:Buckland
996:Jurassic
948:glaciers
815:Silurian
764:ink sacs
680:skeleton
644:tortoise
627:. Their
621:Abingdon
611:Marriage
578:dinosaur
519:, said:
447:creation
443:biblical
253:dinosaur
106:Anglican
4282:Commons
2046::
1510:p. 155.
1457:2752538
1434:Bibcode
1149:Inupiaq
952:Glasgow
668:mammoth
625:fossils
568:reptile
498:hyaenas
466:Genesis
397:of the
395:curator
372:geology
338:Trusham
294:Genesis
131:
123:
4163:Topics
4117:Canons
3828:(1850)
3820:(1849)
3812:(1848)
3804:(1847)
3796:(1846)
3788:(1845)
3780:(1844)
3772:(1843)
3764:(1842)
3756:(1841)
3748:(1840)
3736:(1839)
3728:(1838)
3716:(1837)
3704:(1836)
3692:(1835)
3684:(1834)
3676:(1832)
3664:(1831)
3656:(1827)
3644:(1826)
3636:(1825)
3624:(1824)
3616:(1823)
3608:(1822)
3600:(1821)
3588:(1820)
3580:(1818)
3572:(1817)
3564:(1815)
3556:(1814)
3548:(1813)
3540:(1811)
3532:(1809)
3524:(1808)
3516:(1807)
3508:(1806)
3500:(1805)
3492:(1804)
3484:(1803)
3476:(1802)
3468:(1801)
2789:Topics
2240:Aelian
2085:
2040:
2009:
1991:
1969:
1900:
1869:
1836:
1826:
1810:]
1736:Ruskin
1464:
1454:
1381:
1291:107680
1289:
1248:
1097:Legacy
1040:citing
892:voyage
890:Beagle
864:divine
858:where
756:sharks
729:bezoar
708:Dorset
387:Reader
380:Fellow
376:strata
279:faeces
250:fossil
204:Fields
192:(1848)
187:(1822)
181:Awards
112:Spouse
3878:Deans
1834:S2CID
1812:(pdf)
1806:[
1729:Works
1354:(PDF)
1287:JSTOR
1186:Notes
1155:) in
1087:Frank
968:Islip
872:phyla
766:from
601:Canon
492:, in
271:hyena
125:(
121:
2810:List
2800:List
2152:here
2083:ISBN
2007:ISBN
1989:ISBN
1898:ISBN
1867:ISBN
1845:2022
1824:ISBN
1761:2016
1584:2008
1563:2008
1462:PMID
1379:ISBN
1362:2016
1246:ISBN
1106:Moon
1081:and
1079:mole
931:and
921:Tory
898:and
737:Lias
449:and
349:Lias
336:and
241:and
89:Died
74:Born
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1961:doi
1938:180
1816:doi
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1283:112
1002:'s
906:in
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