427:
orientation. Baldaccini also performed an experiment in which he reared pigeons in a loft in which the wind was deflected by 45 degrees. Baldaccini's results showed that a deflection in the wind while the pigeons were young proved to have an effect on their initial orientation after being released. Keeton replicated this experiment but found that there was a smaller deflection than the results in
Baldaccini's experiment in Italy. Keeton speculated that there may be an effect on initial orientation based on an olfactory map, but the experiment was too general for proving that this was indeed what was occurring in this experiment.
414:
Previous scientists had shown that pigeons were not relying entirely on the sun to navigate home as many scientists had speculated, when they found that many pigeons were able to navigate successfully under completely overcast skies. This notion led Keeton to question whether the pigeons were using the Earth's magnetic field to orient themselves and navigate home successfully. Keeton's experiments with magnets showed that there was a combination of processes being used by the pigeons to navigate home, but the use of the Earth's magnetic field was very important for pigeon orientation and navigation.
418:
to the loft. Keeton speculated that this was occurring because the birds without magnets were able to use the Earth's magnetic fields to orient themselves in the correct direction, whereas the birds with magnets attached to their backs were unable to use the Sun, familiar landmarks, or the Earth's magnetic fields to find their way home. This discovery was extremely useful in explaining one of the most interesting questions of bird navigation.
723:
390:
773:) published in 1960, that garnered praise as bringing order and clarity to "a chaos of unrelated genera replete with poorly-known species". He split the family into two subfamilies and reduced the number of species through synonymy - determining that various named species actually belonged to previously described species. He made many field excursions to the
417:
Under clear skies with the Sun visible, both the birds with magnets and the birds without magnets had little trouble navigating back to the loft, yet at unfamiliar locations with overcast skies the birds with magnets glued to their backs were unable to successfully orient themselves and navigate back
336:
in 1967. It took Keeton approximately five years to write the first edition of the textbook. It went through three editions before his death in 1980. After Keeton's death the textbook was revised for editions 4, 5, and 6 by James L. Gould (and Carol Gould). The textbook was a combination of both
324:
and visual cues involved in the process that pigeons use to find their way home. Cornell
University built Keeton a loft large enough to house two thousand pigeons that were the subjects of Keeton's experiments on the behaviors and processes involved in pigeon homing. Both students and faculty at
426:
Many scientists hypothesized that pigeons were using olfactory information as part of the process in finding their way back to the loft. In Italy, a study by N.E. Baldaccini, in which the bills of pigeons were applied with a strong odor, showed results that the pigeons had less accurate initial
370:
William Keeton had always had a fascination with pigeon homing techniques from the time he was a child. When he was nine years old he received his first homing pigeons which he raced and trained with his friends. Many scientists held speculative ideas about the techniques that pigeons might be
413:
Keeton's results showed that when the Sun was visible, the magnets would not usually prevent the birds from finding their way home, but when the sky was overcast the birds with magnets on their back were much more unsuccessful and slower at finding their way back home than the control birds.
300:
Keeton was a noted and well-known
Biological Science 101 professor beginning in 1958, so much so that his popularity as a professor earned his class the nickname of the "Keeton course". In addition to his teaching Keeton is known for his work with
401:
paper, William Keeton proved that pigeons were affected by changes in the magnetic field surrounding them, and that pigeons were using the Earth's magnetic field as one way of finding their way home. In this experiment, William Keeton attached
410:(in what direction they had flown out of sight) and the time it took to find their way home for both the experimental birds and with the control birds (control birds had a piece of brass glued to their back of the same weight as the magnet).
345:. This combination of sciences turned out to be extremely successful in teaching many aspects of biology. The textbook was one of the first that integrated zoology and botany and sought common themes, guided by the process of evolution.
38:
879:
Eisner, Thomas; Hurst, J. J.; Keeton, W. T.; Meinwald, Y. (1965): Defense mechanisms of arthropods. XVI. Para-benzoquinones in the secretion of spirostreptoid millipedes. – Annals of the
Entomological Society of America 58 (2):
851:
Hoffman, Richard
Lawrence; Keeton, William Tinsley (1960): A list of the generic names proposed in the Diplopod order Spirobolida, with their type species. – Transactions of the American Entomological Society 86:
968:, a residential house of Cornell University that opened in 2008. He is also the namesake of the Keeton Prize, established in 1991 and awarded by faculty to outstanding Cornell undergraduate students.
316:
Department to the newly created
Neurobiology and Behavior Department. It was here where he first started his research on pigeon homing, which led him to the discoveries of the effects of the
842:
Keeton, William
Tinsley (1960): A new family of millipeds of the order Spirobolida, with notes on an established family. – Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 73: 131-140.
855:
Berns, M. W.; Keeton, William
Tinsley (1963): Regulation of segment-building during the post-embryonic development of a common milliped. – Science (Washington DC) 161: 590-592.
1188:
848:
Keeton, William
Tinsley (1960): A taxonomic study of the milliped family Spirobolidae (Diplopoda: Spirobolida). – Memoirs of the American Entomological Society 17: 1-146.
706:
Keeton, William & Waldvogel, J. A., Phillips, J.B. & McCorkle, D.R. (1980). Short-term residence in deflector lofts alters initial orientation of homing pigeons.
939:
633:
Keeton, William. (1977). Biological sensitivity to magnetic fields in orientational responses. In Brain interactions with weak electric and magnetic fields,
1153:
Waldvogel, Jerry A.; Benvenuti, Silvano; Keeton, William T.; Papi, Floriano (1978). "Homing pigeon orientation influenced by deflected winds at home loft".
845:
Keeton, William
Tinsley (1960): A new genus and species of Xystodesmid milliped from Tennessee. – Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 55: 42-45.
1312:
890:
Berns, M. W.; Keeton, William Tinsley (1968): Effects of semi-starvation on growth and morphogenesis during the larval stages of a common milliped,
1342:
591:
Keeton, William & Larkin, T.S. & Windsor, D. M. (1974). Normal fluctuations in the Earth's magnetic field influence pigeon orientation.
876:, with notes on established species (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae). – Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 78: 225-240.
312:
During his early work at Cornell University the Biological Science Departments were reorganized, and as a result William Keeton moved from the
375:, landmark recognition and olfactory navigation. William Keeton tested these various speculations throughout his time at Cornell University.
1347:
671:
Keeton, William, Waldvogel, J.A., Benvenuti, S. & Papi, F. (1979). Homing pigeon orientation influenced by deflected winds at home loft.
785:
of Veracruz, Mexico. He published a total of 13 works on millipedes, in which he named 19 new species, two new genera, and the new families
619:
Keeton, William, Wiltschko, W. & Wiltschko, R. (1976). Effects of a "permanent" clock-shift on the orientation of young homing pigeons.
1327:
1256:
678:
Keeton, William, Papi, F., Brown, A.I. & Benvenuti, S. (1979). Do American and Italian pigeons rely on different homing mechanisms?
1322:
1357:
914:
325:
Cornell University, as well as other scientists from around the world came and worked alongside William Keeton in his pigeon loft.
1317:
563:
Keeton, William & Kreithen, M.L. (1974). Detection of changes in atmospheric pressure by the homing pigeon, Columba livia.
612:
Keeton, William & Brown, A. I. (1976). Homing behavior of pigeons not disturbed by application of an olfactory stimulus.
268:
626:
Keeton, William & Larkin, T. (1976). Bar magnets mask the effect of normal magnetic disturbances on pigeon orientation.
988:
1352:
664:
Keeton, William, Kreithen, M.L. & Hermayer, K.L. (1977). Orientation by pigeons deprived of olfaction by nasal tubes.
699:
Keeton, William & Hermayer, K. L. (1979). Homing behavior of pigeons subjected to bilateral olfactory nerve section.
647:
Keeton, William, Yodlowskia, M.L. & Kreithen, M.L. (1977). Detection of atmospheric infrasound by the homing pigeon.
297:. He received his doctorate in 1958 and joined the biology faculty at Cornell University as a biology professor in 1958.
661:
Keeton, William. (1977). Migratory behavior. In Encyclopedia of science and technology, 2nd Ed. New York, McGraw-Hill.
640:
Keeton, William & Schmidt-Koenig, K. (1977). Sun compass utilization by pigeons wearing frosted contact lenses.
549:
Keeton, William & Alexander, J.R. (1972). The effect of directional training on initial orientation in pigeons.
285:
in 1956 in order to continue his research with millipede systematics for his doctorate, where he studied under Dr.
1076:
1337:
372:
317:
1042:
570:
Keeton, William & Kreithen, M.L. (1974). Detection of polarized light by the homing pigeon, Columba livia.
507:
Keeton, William. (1970). Comparative orientational and homing performances of single pigeons and small flocks.
333:
1284:
887:(Diplopoda: Spirobolida). A re-examination. – Transactions of the American Entomological Society 92: 17-28.
946:
353:
1216:"Defense mechanisms of arthropods. XVI. Para-benzoquinones in the secretion of spirostreptoid millipedes"
448:
Keeton, William. (1974). The orientational and navigational basis of homing in birds. pp. 47–132 in
794:
774:
556:
Keeton, William. (1973). Release-site bias as a possible guide to the "map" component in pigeon homing.
260:
95:
584:
Keeton, William & Alexander, J.R. (1974). Clock-shifting effect on initial orientation of pigeons.
577:
Keeton, William & Kreithen, M.L. (1974). Attempts to condition homing pigeons to magnetic stimuli.
654:
Keeton, William & Edrich, W. (1977). A comparison of homing behavior in feral and homing pigeons.
1332:
1307:
1302:
1107:
321:
1014:
281:. During his time at Virginia Tech, Keeton met Barbara Orcutt, whom he married in 1958. He moved to
180:
965:
919:
256:
839:(Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae). – Proceedings of the United States National Museum 109 (3411): 1-58.
1170:
1057:
778:
740:
728:
282:
232:
228:
167:
113:
605:
Keeton, William. (1974). Pigeon homing: no influence of outward-journey on initial orientation.
514:
Keeton, William. (1970). Do pigeons determine latitudinal displacement from the sun's altitude?
1237:
1135:
782:
365:
306:
264:
263:
and received both his Bachelor of Arts and the Bachelor of Science degrees, working under Dr.
252:
128:
58:
20:
500:
Keeton, William & Gobeft, A. (1970). Orientation by untrained pigeons requires the sun.
1227:
1162:
1125:
1115:
236:
192:
76:
542:
Keeton, William. (1971). The development and evolution of orientation: a panel discussion.
786:
407:
286:
197:
1111:
806:
790:
384:
221:
1130:
1095:
832:(Spirobolida, Spirobolidea). – Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 54: 1-7.
1296:
906:
Keeton's work was recognized by many honors and distinguished positions, including:
802:
798:
535:
Keeton, William. (1971). Unconventional theories of orientation: a panel discussion.
104:
1174:
766:
349:
294:
952:
Plenary speaker at the XVII International Ornithological Congress in Berlin (1978)
722:
441:
Keeton, William. (1972). Effects of magnets on pigeon homing. pp. 579–594 in
521:
Keeton, William. (1970). "Distance effect" in pigeon orientation: an evaluation.
932:
770:
758:
754:
736:
328:
William Keeton is also known for his work in writing the biology textbook named
1195:. Centre International de Myriapodologie, Senckenberg Museum of Natural History
313:
181:
A taxonomic study of the milliped family Spirobolidae (Diplopoda; Spirobolida)
692:
Keeton, William. (1979). Avian orientation and navigation: a brief overview.
1232:
1215:
762:
749:
744:
290:
277:
272:
225:
213:
132:
37:
466:. ( A.M. Granda and J. H. Maxwell, Eds.). New York, Plenum Publishing Corp.
389:
1241:
1139:
1120:
406:
to the back of pigeons just before they were released and measured their
217:
1257:"Fourth West Campus house named in honor of biologist William T. Keeton"
1166:
1061:
805:
on characterizing the defensive secretions of six species of the order
486:
Keeton, William. (1969). Orientation by pigeons: is the sun necessary?
403:
342:
302:
157:
989:"Dr. William Keeton, 47; Professor of Biology and Authority on Birds"
910:
338:
174:
955:"Professor of Merit" award from the Cornell graduating class of 1966
872:
Keeton, William Tinsley (1965): Description of three new species of
828:
Keeton, William Tinsley (1959): A new family for the diplopod genus
747:. His Master's thesis at Virginia Tech was a revision of the genus
925:
Chairman of the Department of Neurobiology and Behavior at Cornell
883:
Keeton, William Tinsley (1966): The species of the milliped genus
721:
388:
835:
Keeton, William Tinsley (1959): A revision of the milliped genus
726:
Keeton brought nine previously named species under synonymy with
309:, as he studied pigeon homing behaviors for well over a decade.
108:
99:
528:
Keeton, William. (1971). Magnets interfere with pigeon homing.
117:
462:
Keeton, William. (1979). Pigeon navigation. pp. 5–20 in
735:
Prior to his work on animal navigation, Keeton studied the
685:
Keeton, William. (1979). Avian orientation and navigation.
493:
Keeton, William. (1970). Orientation by pigeons: a reply.
455:
Keeton, William. (1977). Magnetic reception (biology). In
371:
using, including the use of the position of the Sun, the
894:(Raf.). – Biological Bulletin (Woods Hole) 135: 454-465.
598:
Keeton, William. (1974). The mystery of pigeon homing.
1214:
Eisner, T; Hurst, JJ; Keeton, WT; Meinwald, Y (1965).
393:
Homing pigeons were a central subject of Keeton's work
212:(February 3, 1933 – August 17, 1980) was an American
781:, and also made an extended collecting trip to the
239:and author of a widely used introductory textbook,
191:
173:
163:
153:
138:
124:
91:
83:
65:
44:
28:
928:Member of the Cornell University Board of Trustees
793:, both of the order Spirobolida. He also studied
761:. His doctoral research at Cornell resulted in a
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1100:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1220:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
940:Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology
231:. He was a well-liked professor of biology at
539:188: 331-333, 338-340, 348-349, 351, 353-354.
271:(Virginia Tech), during which he revised the
251:William Keeton was born February 3, 1933, in
16:American ethologist and professor (1933–1980)
8:
1077:"An Appreciation of Prof. William T. Keeton"
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
464:Neural mechanisms of behavior in the pigeon
869:species nov. – Pilot register of zoology 6
352:on August 17, 1980, due to a failure of a
36:
25:
1231:
1129:
1119:
983:
981:
19:For the Idaho Supreme Court justice, see
862:genus nov. – Pilot register of zoology 5
431:Bibliography of orientation publications
289:. His doctoral research culminated in a
977:
931:Honorary Doctor of Science degree from
824:
482:
1096:"Magnets Interfere with Pigeon Homing"
1019:Centre International de Myriapodologie
457:Encyclopedia of science and technology
320:, the position of the Sun, as well as
267:. Keeton earned a master's degree at
216:known internationally for his work on
7:
1015:"William Tinsley Keeton (1933-1980)"
399:Magnets Interfere with Pigeon Homing
814:Bibliography of millipede research
621:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
452:, Vol. 5. New York, Academic Press.
1075:Taylor, Jay (September 30, 2008).
1013:Hoffman, Richard L. (April 1981).
332:, that was first published by the
14:
1155:Journal of Comparative Physiology
530:Proc. National Academy of Science
502:Proc. National Academy of Science
450:Advances in the study of behavior
443:Animal Orientation and Navigation
1313:20th-century American zoologists
1043:"In Memoriam: William T. Keeton"
865:Keeton, William Tinsley (1964):
858:Keeton, William Tinsley (1964):
544:Ann. New York Academy of Science
537:Ann. New York Academy of Science
459:, 2nd Ed. New York, McGraw-Hill.
445:. NASA SP-262. Washington, D.C.
1343:Writers from Roanoke, Virginia
1255:Aloi, Daniel (June 29, 2007).
945:Visiting professorship at the
938:Visiting professorship at the
915:American Ornithologists' Union
635:Neurosci. Research Prog. Bull.
269:Virginia Polytechnic Institute
1:
777:with fellow millipede expert
1348:University of Chicago alumni
1189:"Works by William T. Keeton"
708:Behav. Ecol. and Sociobiol.
1374:
1328:Cornell University faculty
1041:Emlen, Stephen T. (1981).
964:Keeton is the namesake of
382:
363:
18:
1323:Cornell University alumni
1285:Keeton's 1967 preface to
397:In William Keeton's 1970
334:W.W. Norton & Company
305:and bird orientation and
203:
146:
35:
1358:Scientists from Virginia
1318:American ornithologists
356:. He was 47 years old.
1094:Keeton, W. T. (1971).
947:University of Konstanz
801:, and worked with Dr.
732:
422:Olfactory interference
394:
373:Earth's magnetic field
354:mechanical heart valve
318:Earth's magnetic field
259:. Keeton attended the
224:, and for his work on
210:William Tinsley Keeton
1233:10.1093/aesa/58.2.247
1121:10.1073/pnas.68.1.102
1081:The Cornell Daily Sun
775:Appalachian Mountains
725:
392:
383:Further information:
379:Magnetic interference
364:Further information:
261:University of Chicago
142:Barbara Orcutt Keeton
96:University of Chicago
1353:Virginia Tech alumni
966:William Keeton House
718:Work with millipedes
701:Monitore Zool. Ital.
607:Monitore Zool. Ital.
322:olfactory navigation
1112:1971PNAS...68..102K
922:chair professorship
920:Liberty Hyde Bailey
703:(N.S.) 13: 303-313.
687:Annu. Rev. Physiol.
1287:Biological Science
1167:10.1007/BF00657604
995:. August 21, 1980.
993:The New York Times
779:Richard L. Hoffman
733:
729:Narceus americanus
609:(N.S.) 8: 227-234.
546:188: 410-402, 405.
436:Books and chapters
395:
330:Biological Science
283:Cornell University
241:Biological Science
233:Cornell University
168:Cornell University
133:millipede taxonomy
114:Cornell University
1261:Cornell Chronicle
1193:MyriaLit Database
902:Awards and honors
892:Narceus annularis
821:
783:Vulcan San Martin
680:J. Comp. Physiol.
673:J. Comp. Physiol.
666:J. Comp. Physiol.
628:J. Comp. Physiol.
614:J. Comp. Physiol.
593:J. Comp. Physiol.
579:J. Comp. Physiol.
572:J. Comp. Physiol.
565:J. Comp. Physiol.
558:J. Comp. Physiol.
479:
472:Journal articles
366:Animal navigation
360:Work with pigeons
348:Keeton died from
265:Alfred E. Emerson
255:, and grew up in
253:Roanoke, Virginia
207:
206:
148:Scientific career
129:Animal navigation
59:Roanoke, Virginia
30:William T. Keeton
21:William D. Keeton
1365:
1338:Myriapodologists
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1235:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1133:
1123:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1047:
1038:
1023:
1022:
1010:
997:
996:
985:
867:Amblybolus mitis
820:at right to see)
815:
478:at right to see)
473:
237:Ithaca, New York
193:Doctoral advisor
187:
77:Ithaca, New York
72:
55:February 3, 1933
54:
52:
40:
26:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1293:
1292:
1281:
1276:
1275:
1265:
1263:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1026:
1012:
1011:
1000:
987:
986:
979:
974:
962:
904:
899:
823:
822:
787:Allopocockiidae
720:
715:
656:Z. Tierpsychol.
481:
480:
433:
424:
408:vanishing point
387:
381:
368:
362:
287:Howard E. Evans
249:
218:animal behavior
198:Howard E. Evans
185:
112:
103:
92:Alma mater
79:
74:
70:
69:August 17, 1980
61:
56:
50:
48:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1371:
1369:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1280:
1279:External links
1277:
1274:
1273:
1247:
1206:
1180:
1161:(4): 297–301.
1145:
1106:(1): 102–106.
1086:
1067:
1056:(1): 167–172.
1024:
998:
976:
975:
973:
970:
961:
958:
957:
956:
953:
950:
943:
936:
929:
926:
923:
917:
903:
900:
898:
897:
896:
895:
888:
881:
877:
870:
863:
856:
853:
849:
846:
843:
840:
833:
813:
812:
811:
807:Spirostreptida
791:Floridobolidae
765:of the family
719:
716:
714:
713:
712:
711:
704:
697:
690:
683:
676:
669:
662:
659:
652:
645:
638:
631:
624:
617:
610:
603:
596:
589:
582:
575:
568:
561:
554:
547:
540:
533:
526:
519:
512:
505:
498:
491:
471:
470:
469:
468:
467:
460:
453:
446:
432:
429:
423:
420:
385:Magnetoception
380:
377:
361:
358:
293:on the family
248:
245:
222:bird migration
205:
204:
201:
200:
195:
189:
188:
177:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
144:
143:
140:
136:
135:
126:
125:Known for
122:
121:
93:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
75:
73:(aged 47)
67:
63:
62:
57:
46:
42:
41:
33:
32:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1370:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1207:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
999:
994:
990:
984:
982:
978:
971:
969:
967:
959:
954:
951:
948:
944:
941:
937:
934:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
916:
912:
909:
908:
907:
901:
893:
889:
886:
882:
878:
875:
871:
868:
864:
861:
857:
854:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
834:
831:
827:
826:
825:
819:
810:
808:
804:
803:Thomas Eisner
800:
799:morphogenesis
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
757:of the order
756:
752:
751:
746:
742:
738:
731:
730:
724:
717:
709:
705:
702:
698:
696:, 17: 451-470
695:
691:
688:
684:
682:128: 303-317.
681:
677:
674:
670:
668:114: 289-299.
667:
663:
660:
657:
653:
651:265: 725-726.
650:
646:
643:
639:
636:
632:
630:110: 227-232.
629:
625:
622:
618:
616:105: 259-266.
615:
611:
608:
604:
601:
600:Science Amer.
597:
594:
590:
587:
583:
580:
576:
573:
569:
566:
562:
559:
555:
552:
548:
545:
541:
538:
534:
531:
527:
525:139: 510-527.
524:
520:
518:227: 626-627.
517:
513:
510:
506:
503:
499:
496:
492:
490:165: 922-928.
489:
485:
484:
483:
477:
465:
461:
458:
454:
451:
447:
444:
440:
439:
438:
437:
430:
428:
421:
419:
415:
411:
409:
405:
400:
391:
386:
378:
376:
374:
367:
359:
357:
355:
351:
346:
344:
340:
335:
331:
326:
323:
319:
315:
310:
308:
304:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
279:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
246:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
227:
223:
220:, especially
219:
215:
211:
202:
199:
196:
194:
190:
183:
182:
178:
176:
172:
169:
166:
162:
159:
156:
152:
149:
145:
141:
137:
134:
130:
127:
123:
119:
115:
110:
106:
105:Virginia Tech
101:
97:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
68:
64:
60:
47:
43:
39:
34:
27:
22:
1286:
1264:. Retrieved
1260:
1250:
1226:(2): 247–8.
1223:
1219:
1209:
1197:. Retrieved
1192:
1183:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1103:
1099:
1089:
1080:
1070:
1053:
1049:
1018:
992:
963:
905:
891:
884:
873:
866:
859:
836:
830:Floridobolus
829:
817:
767:Spirobolidae
748:
734:
727:
707:
700:
693:
689:41: 353-366.
686:
679:
675:128:297-301.
672:
665:
658:44: 389-401.
655:
648:
644:94: 143-145.
641:
634:
627:
620:
613:
606:
602:231: 96-107.
599:
592:
588:91: 370-374.
585:
581:91: 355-362.
578:
571:
564:
557:
553:89: 280-298.
550:
543:
536:
532:68: 102-106.
529:
522:
515:
511:87: 797 799.
508:
504:65: 853-856.
501:
494:
487:
475:
463:
456:
449:
442:
435:
434:
425:
416:
412:
398:
396:
369:
350:heart attack
347:
329:
327:
311:
299:
295:Spirobolidae
276:
250:
240:
209:
208:
179:
164:Institutions
147:
71:(1980-08-17)
1333:Ethologists
1308:1980 deaths
1303:1933 births
933:Coe College
795:development
771:Spirobolida
759:Polydesmida
755:Xystodesmid
737:systematics
694:Brit. Birds
623:1: 229-243.
595:95: 95-103.
523:Biol. Bull.
84:Nationality
1297:Categories
972:References
860:Amblybolus
745:millipedes
710:7:207-211.
637:15: 22-27.
574:89: 83-92.
567:89: 73 82.
314:Entomology
307:navigation
51:1933-02-03
949:, Germany
942:, Germany
885:Tylobolus
874:Brachoria
837:Brachoria
763:monograph
750:Brachoria
560:86: 1-16.
497:168: 153.
291:monograph
278:Brachoria
273:millipede
257:Lynchburg
247:Biography
226:millipede
214:zoologist
1175:35242090
880:247-248.
741:taxonomy
229:taxonomy
87:American
1242:5836469
1140:5276278
1108:Bibcode
1062:4085619
1050:The Auk
913:of the
816:(click
769:(order
495:Science
488:Science
474:(click
404:magnets
343:zoology
303:pigeons
158:Zoology
1266:6 June
1240:
1199:6 June
1173:
1138:
1131:391171
1128:
1060:
960:Legacy
935:, Iowa
911:Fellow
649:Nature
516:Nature
339:botany
275:genus
186:(1960)
184:
175:Thesis
154:Fields
139:Spouse
1171:S2CID
1058:JSTOR
1046:(PDF)
852:1-26.
1268:2014
1238:PMID
1201:2014
1136:PMID
818:Show
797:and
789:and
753:, a
739:and
476:Show
341:and
109:M.S.
100:B.S.
66:Died
45:Born
1228:doi
1163:doi
1159:128
1126:PMC
1116:doi
743:of
642:Auk
586:Auk
551:Auk
509:Auk
235:in
118:PhD
1299::
1259:.
1236:.
1224:58
1222:.
1218:.
1191:.
1169:.
1157:.
1134:.
1124:.
1114:.
1104:68
1102:.
1098:.
1079:.
1054:98
1052:.
1048:.
1027:^
1017:.
1001:^
991:.
980:^
809:.
243:.
131:,
1270:.
1244:.
1230::
1203:.
1177:.
1165::
1142:.
1118::
1110::
1083:.
1064:.
1021:.
120:)
116:(
111:)
107:(
102:)
98:(
53:)
49:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
