Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet

493: 645:, shifted some of Johnson's men and resources to his own campaign against the French post. Tensions escalated as the two generals worked against each other in recruiting Native allies. The dispute was complicated by the unusual command structure: as Braddock's second-in-command, General Shirley was Johnson's superior officer, but when it came to Indian affairs, Johnson was theoretically in charge. In time, Shirley would blame the failure of his expedition on Johnson's refusal to provide him with adequate Indian support. According to the Johnson biographer Milton Hamilton, historians usually portrayed Johnson as acting unreasonably in the controversy with Shirley, but Hamilton argued that Johnson was reacting to Shirley's clumsy Indian diplomacy, which harmed the British relationship with the Six Nations. 689: 1076: 135: 116: 1267: 322: 914: 1174: 1091:, but had run away, perhaps with the help of friends or relatives. According to tradition, she was working for another family near Warrensburgh when Johnson purchased the remainder of her indenture contract, perhaps initially to have her serve as his housekeeper. While there is no record that the couple ever formally married, New York did not require civil marriage licenses or certificates to be filed at that time, and Weisenberg was Johnson's 721:

most knowledgeable about, and most closely connected to, the Iroquois Six Nations, especially the Mohawk. As superintendent, he would make the Iroquois the focus of British diplomacy, promoting and even exaggerating the power of the Iroquois Confederacy. Johnson also began a long process of trying to control Iroquois diplomacy, attempting "nothing less than the refurbishment of the Iroquois confederacy with himself as to its centre".

330: 535:, although he realized this encouraged the scalping of non-combatants of all ages and both sexes. In June 1748, Johnson was appointed as "Colonel of the New York levies", a position that gave him additional responsibility for the colonial militias at Albany. In July 1748, word was received of a peace settlement. The Mohawk had suffered heavy casualties in the war, which lessened Johnson's prestige among them for a while. 673: 453:. Johnson soon discovered that the trade routes were to the north, on the opposite side of the river from Warrensburgh. Acting on his own initiative, in 1739 Johnson bought a house and small farm on the north side of the river, where he built a store and a sawmill. From this location, which he called "Mount Johnson", Johnson was able to cut into Albany's Indian trade. He supplied goods to traders who were headed to 902: 4579: 976: 49: 1453: 758: 925:, where he lived until his death. He recruited numerous Irish immigrant tenant farmers for his extensive lands, and lived essentially as a feudal landlord. He also purchased enslaved Africans to work as labourers, especially in his lumber operations. Johnson had some 60 slaves working for him, making him the largest slaveholder in the county and likely in the province, comparable to major 1068: 1157:, who joined the household when he was young. Johnson's relationship with Molly gave him additional influence with the Mohawk. The couple had eight children together, all of whom received land from Johnson by his will. A grandson of William Johnson and Molly Brant was William Johnson Kerr, who married Elizabeth Brant, a daughter of 869:

lobbying, Johnson finally gained royal approval for the grant. This was one of several large tracts of land that Johnson acquired from the Mohawk and Iroquois using his position as a royal Indian agent. By the time of his death, Johnson had accumulated about 170,000 acres (690 km) and was one of the largest land owners in

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spent much time negotiating with the former Indian allies of the French. In 1761, Johnson made a 1,000-mile (1,600 km) round trip to Detroit to hold a conference with the regional American Indians. Johnson confronted the assembled chiefs about the anti-British rumours that were circulating among

1227:

Johnson's most important legacy is the comparatively peaceful co-existence of Anglo-Americans and Indians during his tenure as Indian Agent for British North America. As an adopted Mohawk chief and husband of Mohawk Mary (Molly) Brant, according to Iroquois law, he was a trusted counselor and member

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of 1768. Against instructions from London, Johnson pushed the boundary 400 miles (640 km) to the west, enabling him and other land speculators to acquire much more land than originally authorised by the British government. Johnson was strongly criticised for exceeding his instructions, but many

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gave Johnson a tract of about 80,000 acres (320 km) north of the Mohawk River. This grant proved to be controversial because other land speculators had already obtained licenses to purchase lands that the Mohawk released for sale, but Sir William had not. In 1769, after years of manoeuvring and

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decided against sending a relief force from Fort Edward to Fort William Henry. The British were compelled to surrender Fort William Henry, after which many were killed in an infamous massacre. Stories circulated that Johnson was enraged by Webb's decision not to send help, and that he stripped naked

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In his lifetime, Johnson gained a reputation as a man who had numerous children with several European and Native American women. At the time, men were not ostracised for having illegitimate children, as long as they could afford it and supported them. One 20th-century scholar estimated that Johnson

967:. In 1771, Johnson built St. John's Episcopal Church in Johnstown, but soon complained that it was "small and very ill built." Within five years, he arranged for a larger church of stone to be constructed to accommodate the growing congregation in Johnstown. The historic church is still operating. 720:

for the northern colonies. This position gave him great influence and power, since he would report directly to the government in London and would not be controlled by provincial governments, as the Indian Department was a military one. Of all the Indian nations in the northern colonies, Johnson was

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A 1911 fire at the New York State Library damaged or destroyed a collection of about 6550 pieces of Johnson's papers. A 1921 publication of the papers collected from salvaged documents, other archives, and from an early printer's proof of his works exists for historians interested in studying Sir

806:

argued that Johnson was not present at the battle, and that he exaggerated his role in official dispatches. The conquest of Niagara drove the French line back from the Great Lakes. Once more, Johnson was celebrated as a hero, although some professional soldiers expressed doubts about his military

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at Lake George to strengthen British defences. In December, tired of army life, Johnson resigned his commission as a major general. General Shirley, who had become the commander-in-chief upon Braddock's death, sought to have Johnson's commission as Indian agent modified so that Johnson would be

704:

Although the Battle of Lake George was hardly a decisive victory, the British needed a military hero in a year of major setbacks, and Johnson became that man. Claims that Johnson had been disabled by his wound early in the battle, and thus did not participate in the victory, did not reduce the

438:. Warren convinced Johnson to lead an effort to establish a settlement there, to be known as Warrensburgh, with the implied understanding that Johnson would inherit much of the land. Johnson arrived in about 1738 with twelve Irish Protestant families and began to clear the land. He purchased 995:

to observe Iroquois diplomatic practices, for instance, awarding gifts to Native leaders, a practice they considered an important cultural symbol of respect and significant to maintaining good relations. Amherst, who rejected Johnson's advice, was recalled to London and replaced by General

569:

An exasperated Johnson resigned as New York's Indian commissioner in 1751. When Warren died in July 1752, he left nothing to Johnson in his will. Although Warren died a very wealthy man, in his will he required that Johnson repay the expenses incurred while settling Warren's land.

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With the war going badly for the British, Johnson found it difficult to enlist the support of the Six Nations, who were not eager to join a losing cause. In July 1758, he managed to raise 450 warriors to take part in a massive expedition led by the new British commander, General

1305: 677: 531:, Johnson recruited Mohawk warriors to fight on the side of the British. Johnson organized small raiding parties, which were sent against the settlements of the French and their Indian allies. In accordance with New York's Scalp Act of 1747, Johnson paid bounties for 1134:, by a Mohawk woman, possibly Margaret Brant, Elizabeth's younger sister. Johnson may have also been intimate with the sisters Susannah and Elizabeth Wormwood, and an Irish woman named Mary McGrath by whom he appeared to have had a daughter named Mary. Mary, 787:, the war's momentum began to shift in favour of the British. Johnson was able to recruit more Iroquois warriors. In the summer of 1759, he led nearly 1,000 Iroquois warriors—practically the entire military strength of the Six Nations—as part of General 1228:

of the Mohawk nation. Through that affiliation, he was considered a member of the Six Nations of the Iroquois. That position gave him standing not only to lead Iroquois into battle on the side of the English, but also to negotiate two treaties of

457:, and bought furs from them when they returned downriver. He dealt directly with New York City merchants, thus avoiding the middlemen at Albany. The Albany merchants were irate, and Warren was not pleased that his nephew was becoming independent. 885:

In all this he acted no differently from dozens of other speculators in Indian lands. He was distinguished only by the great advantages he possessed through his office and his long intimacy with the Indians. He was indeed one of their principal

1060:

had perhaps 100 illegitimate children, but the historian Francis Jennings argued that "there is no truth in wild stories that he slept with innumerable Mohawk women." In his will, Johnson acknowledged children by Catherine Weisenberg and

1196:, William's nephew and son-in-law (he had married Mary/Polly), reported that Johnson died when he was "seized of a suffocation." His funeral in Johnstown was attended by more than 2,000 people. His pallbearers included Governor 944:

Johnson was a strong supporter of the Anglican Church in the colony. To counter the influence of French Catholic missionaries in western New York, in 1769 he paid for the construction of an Anglican church for the Mohawk of

519:

The newly created "Colonel of the Warriors of the Six Nations" was instructed to enlist and equip colonists and Indians for a campaign against the French. Recruiting Iroquois warriors was difficult: ever since the so-called

566:, who was connected to the Albany Indian commissioners whom Johnson had supplanted. De Lancey was also the brother-in-law of Admiral Peter Warren, which added to the strain in the relationship between Johnson and Warren. 1236:). While the treaties deprived many Indians of land without their knowledge, they gave favorable terms to the Iroquois, and resulted in decades of comparative peace between traditional Indian residents and new settlers. 898:, New York, north of the Mohawk River. He named the new settlement, originally called John's Town, after his son John. There, at the Crown expense, he established a free school for both white and Mohawk children. 394:

Some early biographers portrayed William Johnson as living in poverty in Ireland, but modern studies reveal that his family lived a comfortable, if modest, lifestyle. Although the Johnson family had a history of

3190:

Bell, Whitfield J., and Charles Greifenstein, Jr. Patriot-Improvers: Biographical Sketches of Members of the American Philosophical Society. 3 vols. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1997, 3:580–586.

851:

for the northern district, serving from 1756 until his death in 1774. In this role, Johnson worked to keep American Indians attached to the British interest. Johnson's counterpart for the southern colonies was

516:. Because of his close relationship with the Mohawk, in 1746 Johnson was appointed by the British colonial government as New York's agent to the Iroquois, replacing the Albany-based Indian commissioners. 4638: 312:

Throughout his career as a British official among the Iroquois, Johnson combined personal business with official diplomacy, acquiring tens of thousands of acres of Native land and becoming very wealthy.

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alliance. Johnson convinced the Iroquois to send a war party against the Seneca involved in the uprising, but otherwise the Iroquois did not contribute to the war effort as much as Johnson had desired.

1239:

Co-existence was part of Johnson's other major historical legacy: the protection of British sovereignty and Anglo-American settlement as a bulwark against French control of northern New York and the

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and Mary (Polly), and a son John, first christened only under the surname Weisenberg at Fort Hunter. The senior Johnson later arranged for his son John to inherit his title and estates as

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Native American discontent continued to grow in the west in the 1770s. Johnson spent his final years attempting to prevent another uprising like Pontiac's War. Pursuing a policy of

618:, sent to North America to direct the British war effort, appointed Johnson as his agent to the Iroquois. Although Johnson had little military experience, he was commissioned as a 1000:. Amherst's recall strengthened Johnson's position, because a policy of compromise was required with the Indians, and this was Johnson's domain. Johnson negotiated a treaty with 293:

and Iroquois customs, and was appointed the British agent to the Iroquois. Johnson commanded Iroquois and colonial militia forces against the French and their allies during the

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before 1763. After Britain assumed control of former French territories east of the Mississippi River, Johnson eventually won a political dispute over Indian policy with

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resulted from Native American discontent with British policy following the French and Indian War. For several years prior to the uprising, Johnson had advised General

573:

In 1755, Johnson shifted the primary meeting place for diplomatic councils between the British and the Iroquois from Albany to Fort Johnson. He also bought houses in

562:

to repay Johnson's outstanding wartime expenses, which amounted to £2,000. Repayment was blocked by Clinton's political rivals, a faction led by Lieutenant Governor

3794:, recording purchases of daily goods made by Johnson's household between the years 1768–1773. A transcription (by Dr. Michael D. Elliot) of Hamilton's 1962 edition. 3524: 4618: 4688: 603:

of 1754 to repair the Covenant Chain. At the Congress, the Mohawk insisted that the alliance would be restored only if Johnson were reinstated as their agent.

4643: 3444: 4673: 3632: 1032:

of the land speculators were well-connected in the government, and the expanded boundary was allowed to stand. During this time he became a member of the

669:, the French commander, was captured. Johnson prevented the Mohawk from killing the wounded Dieskau, an act memorialized in later paintings of the event. 476:. The Mohawk thought an alliance with Johnson could advance their interests in the British imperial system. Around 1742, they adopted him as an honorary 1330:

mascot is the "Sir Bill" in Johnson's honor (or "Lady Bill" for all-female teams). The teams' sportswear often depicts Johnson's silhouette, wearing a

1286:. It is now used by the Montgomery County Historical Society, which operates a museum and gift shop there, as well as allowing it to be an event venue. 1027:, which called for tighter imperial control and restraint of westward colonial expansion. Johnson negotiated the details of the boundary defined in the 3702: 807:

abilities and the value of the Iroquois in the victory. Johnson commanded the "largest Native American force ever assembled under the British flag."

4648: 747: 4401: 4391: 1064:, German and Mohawk, respectively, with whom he had long-term relationships. He implicitly acknowledged several other children by unnamed mothers. 729:

Although Johnson was no longer a British general, he continued to lead Iroquois and frontier militia. In August 1757, after the French began their

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from the French. Johnson and his Indian auxiliaries could do little as British forces stormed the French positions in fruitless frontal assaults.

4396: 4196: 4141: 3858: 1103:. A grandson of Sir William Johnson was the 3rd Baronet Sir Adam Gordon Johnson who was, through his grandmother Ann Watts, a descendant of the 4613: 4386: 4019: 1083:

In 1739, shortly after arriving in America, Johnson began a relationship with Catherine Weisenberg (c. 1723–1759), a German immigrant from the

3777: 3236: 3045: 3018: 2282: 2027: 1997: 1439:. Eckert bases his novel on historical documents but also creates imagined events and dialogs that make it accessible to the average reader. 960: 847:

Because of his knowledge of Iroquois language and customs and his success in business and governance, he was appointed the newly established

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After the French and Indian War, Johnson hoped to concentrate on expanding and improving his land holdings. In December 1760, the Mohawk of

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with about 2,000 American Indians in attendance, primarily Iroquois. Although most Iroquois had stayed out of the war, the Seneca from the

586: 435: 3155: 4181: 3900: 3814: 1247:, which consolidated both Iroquois and British territorial and commercial interests against the rival Algonquin and French interests in 551: 524:, the Iroquois nations had maintained a policy of neutrality in colonial wars between France and Great Britain. Working with the Mohawk 701:

placed under his command. But Shirley was soon replaced both as governor and commander-in-chief, while Johnson's star was on the rise.

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or Brant (born in 1742), Thomas (1744) and Christian (1745); the latter two boys died in infancy. About 1750, Johnson had a son named

992: 811: 738: 4658: 3431: 2084: 1500: 599:—the diplomatic relationship between the British and the Iroquois—was broken. The British government ordered Clinton to convene the 269: 4311: 4201: 1290:

Manor, built in 1773, for Sir William's daughter Mary (Polly) and her husband, his nephew Guy Johnson, is also open to the public.

3653: 2725: 1352:

He is instructed by the Templars to seize and control Native American lands and in retaliation he is killed by the game's Mohawk

1298: 1255:. He had disdained the Iroquois alliance which Johnson had so devoted himself to nurturing and defending. It was to Johnson that 1150: 922: 906: 354: 688: 4623: 4206: 3952: 3064:

Johnson of the Mohawks: A Biography of Sir William Johnson, Irish Immigrant, Mohawk War Chief, American Soldier, Empire Builder

3037:

Long hammering: essays on the forging of an African American presence in the Hudson River Valley to the early twentieth century

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the Natives, and managed, for the time being, to forestall outright resistance to the British military occupation of the West.

734: 4105: 3490: 3289: 1478: 1033: 505: 158: 4216: 3332:

Watts (Watt), in New York and in Edinburgh, Scotland. Also Watts, Wattes, Wattys, Wathes, de Wath, Le Fleming, (in England.)

951:, a village the British called the "Upper Castle". The building, later used by European-American congregations and known as 4477: 4446: 3828: 3501: 1100: 3681: 2361: 4441: 4406: 4381: 4271: 4256: 4146: 1084: 1075: 1043:, he worked to block the emergence of intertribal Native American alliances. His final success was his isolation of the 654: 414:. Never particularly religious, Johnson converted to Protestantism when offered an opportunity to work for his uncle in 4034: 1122:

At the same time, Johnson had a relationship with Elizabeth Brant, a Mohawk woman by whom he had three known children:

550:

After King George's War, Johnson was caught between rival New York political factions. One faction was led by Governor

4693: 4678: 3643: 3596: 2730: 2367: 730: 4582: 4436: 4356: 4346: 4276: 4044: 3851: 4306: 4301: 4261: 4221: 4211: 4004: 3906: 3801: 1294: 1024: 964: 891: 799: 776: 767: 706: 666: 555: 93: 4156: 4366: 4341: 4331: 4246: 4120: 4100: 4085: 3670: 3452: 1421: 1362: 848: 162: 4431: 3920: 3114: 1463: 1425:(2006). Monahan studied contemporary physical deportment and speaking in a northern Irish accent for the role. 1402: 1389: 835:

met Johnson at this conference and returned with him to New York. Macleod was later appointed as commander of

780: 121: 4426: 4361: 4316: 4251: 380:. William Johnson's paternal grandfather was originally known as William MacShane, but changed his surname to 373: 4668: 4336: 4241: 4236: 4226: 4186: 4115: 4014: 3978: 3931: 3891: 3717: 1482: 1467: 1347: 1256: 1001: 878: 788: 784: 623: 521: 4166: 4151: 4136: 634:, which meant that he had to deal with six different colonial governments while organizing the expedition. 4451: 4326: 4321: 3983: 3745: 3687: 1384: 1008: 930: 853: 215: 3844: 449:, largely the Mohawk and other of the Six Nations of the Iroquois, tribes who dominated the area west of 4603: 4161: 3564: 1327: 1116: 895: 792: 737:

with 180 Indians and 1,500 militia. Greatly overestimating the size of the French army, British General

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and a delegation of Mohawk traveled to New York City, where they announced to Governor Clinton that the

574: 361: 306: 298: 294: 205: 199: 173: 4009: 3963: 713:. "Never was such an insignificant encounter so generously rewarded", wrote the historian Julian Gwyn. 3664: 1266: 4608: 4529: 4351: 4095: 3988: 3958: 3791: 3781: 3680: 3586: 1983: 1185: 1112: 952: 662: 592: 528: 513: 431: 261: 192: 97: 3626: 2091:. The first of what was intended to be a two-volume biography; Hamilton never completed the second. 410:

As a Catholic, William Johnson had limited opportunities for advancement in the institutions of the

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church, the church he founded in Johnstown. The next day chiefs of the Six Nations performed the

1200:

of New Jersey and the justices of the New York Supreme Court. He was buried beneath the altar in

1088: 751: 697: 661:. Johnson was wounded by a ball that was to remain in his hip or thigh for the rest of his life. 469: 342: 254: 210: 81: 4416: 4411: 4176: 4171: 3867: 3556: 1357: 630:. His troops were provincial soldiers paid for by the colonies, and not regular soldiers of the 2274: 1215:, the rebel New York legislature seized all of Johnson's lands and property, as his heirs were 1173: 802:. Johnson is usually credited with leading or at least planning this ambush, but the historian 653:

Marching north into French territory, in August 1755 Johnson renamed Lac du Saint-Sacrement to

472:

unwittingly introduced by Europeans and warfare with competing tribes related to the lucrative

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more generally. Johnson was instrumental in sustaining British-Iroquois alliance through the

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valley had taken up arms against the British, and Johnson worked to bring them back into the

468:. By the time Johnson arrived, their population had collapsed to 580 persons, due to chronic 4559: 4544: 4534: 4080: 4064: 4029: 3466: 3226: 3222: 3086: 3008: 2017: 1987: 1412: 1279: 1260: 1197: 1048: 988: 956: 803: 710: 705:

recognition given to him. As a reward for his services, Parliament voted Johnson £5,000 and

678:

General Johnson Saving a Wounded French Officer from the Tomahawk of a North American Indian

539: 450: 400: 302: 223: 54: 17: 1304: 538:

In 1748, Johnson built a new stone house upriver from Mount Johnson, which became known as

4508: 3911: 3758: 1432: 1342: 1108: 1104: 1040: 870: 832: 638: 615: 600: 563: 554:, who had appointed Johnson as New York's Indian agent and, in 1750, appointed him to the 465: 442:

to do the heavy labor of clearance; they were the first of many slaves bought by Johnson.

415: 329: 290: 4054: 2720: 426:

Peter Warren had purchased a large tract of undeveloped land along the south side of the

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Johnson died from a stroke at Johnson Hall on 11 July 1774 during an Indian conference.

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in honour of his king. On 8 September 1755, Johnson's forces held their ground in the

4597: 4503: 4110: 3716:(2). Manchester, VT: American Museum of Fly Fishing: 2–6. Spring 1984. Archived from 3621: 1397: 1012: 926: 762: 682: 619: 461: 377: 282: 273: 3663: 4549: 4059: 3772: 3297: 1331: 1229: 1158: 1154: 975: 874: 642: 631: 525: 427: 350: 346: 338: 250: 178: 140: 77: 48: 2933:. Detroit: Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Free Library, 1778, pp. viii–xiii 1067: 641:, the governor of Massachusetts commissioned to lead a simultaneous expedition to 3228:

Empire of Fortune: Crowns, Colonies, and Tribes in the Seven Years War in America

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The Great Law and the Longhouse: A Political History of the Iroquois Confederacy

1452: 1353: 1193: 1146: 1131: 1061: 997: 947: 938: 934: 865: 836: 798:

He captured the fort after ambushing and defeating a French relief force at the

757: 454: 369: 4288: 3926: 3768: 3741: 3648: 3080: 1338: 1248: 823: 404: 396: 265: 606:

Johnson's reinstatement as Indian agent came the following year, just as the

4539: 4513: 3881: 3529: 1375: 1216: 1096: 980: 473: 3836: 3625: 750:. The campaign ended ingloriously with Abercrombie's disastrous attempt to 403:

was raised as a Protestant to enable him to pursue a career in the British

345:. He was the eldest son of Christopher Johnson (1687–1764) of Smithstown, 4564: 4554: 1287: 637:

Johnson initially had nearly 5,000 colonials at his command, but General

532: 277: 257:

known for his military and governance work in British colonial America.

3636:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 472. 2889:"Nomination of Johnson Hall to the National Register of Historic Places" 1095:

wife. The couple had three known children together, including daughters

3534: 1380: 1044: 39: 3013:. Images of America. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia. p. 27. 368:

family who had, in previous generations, lost much of their status to

477: 365: 3118: 937:

lodge, at Johnson Hall, and was installed as its master. His nephew

696:

The battle ended the expedition against Crown Point. Johnson built

3787:

References to Sir William Johnson in Haldimand Collection (Papers)

3157:

Revealing the Light: Mezzotint Engravings at Georgetown University

1303: 1265: 1172: 974: 912: 900: 756: 687: 671: 491: 407:. He achieved considerable success, gaining wealth along the way. 328: 320: 1419:

Johnson was portrayed by actor Jeff Monahan in the PBS docudrama

542:. The home was strongly fortified when the next war approached. 3763: 3742:

Sir William Johnson, 1715-1774 - Papers, 1738-1808 (finding aid)

3840: 3525:"Open-world mission design learnings from Assassin's Creed III" 3657:. Vol. 30. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 50–52. 3296:. Cataraqui Archaeological Research Foundation. Archived from 1446: 1360:. He also makes an appearance in the 2014 video game prequel 577:

and Albany to stop at on his business trips to New York Town.

484:

which he translated as "A Man who undertakes great Things".

349:

and Anne Warren, daughter of Michael Warren of Warrenstown,

3418:, p. 324; For more on Johnson's Iroquois funeral, see 2079:. Port Washington, New York: Kennikat. pp. xi–xii, 5. 933:. In 1766, Johnson organised St. Patrick's Lodge, No. 4, a 445:

Warren intended Johnson to become involved in trading with

3451:. National Park Service. 15 September 2007. Archived from 2019:

White Savage: William Johnson and the Invention of America

1149:, a Mohawk woman who lived with Johnson as his consort at 716:

In January 1756, the British government made Johnson sole

1366:

where he allies and helps mentor the game's protagonist,

53:

Sir William Johnson in 1763, based on a lost portrait by

1153:

for the rest of his life. Molly was the older sister of

309:

from the French in 1759 brought him additional renown.

4639:

British military personnel of the French and Indian War

3215:

Conrad Weiser, 1696-1760, Friend of Colonist and Mohawk

1208:

and recognized Guy Johnson as Sir William's successor.

665:, Johnson's Mohawk ally, was killed in the battle, and 434:

then known as Warrensberg (or Warrensbush) present day

1259:

finally surrendered after the eventual failure of the

1145:

In 1759, Johnson began a common-law relationship with

297:(1754–1763). His role in the British victory at the 4522: 4496: 4463: 4285: 4129: 4073: 3997: 3874: 3471:. Albany : University of the State of New York 1142:(William) received inheritances in Johnson's will. 983:

of William Johnson was published in London in 1756.

464:, the easternmost nation of the Six Nations of the 184: 168: 154: 146: 128: 108: 103: 87: 66: 61: 34: 3079: 2360: 2266: 2072: 1989:Mohawk Baronet: A Biography of Sir William Johnson 894:on his grant, about 25 miles (40 km) west of 795:. When Prideaux was killed, Johnson took command. 3674:. New York: P. F. Collier & Son Company. 2269:Iroquois Diplomacy on the Early American Frontier 2075:Sir William Johnson: Colonial American, 1715–1763 622:and instructed to lead an expedition against the 496:William Johnson negotiating with a Mohawk chief. 1007:From July to August 1764, Johnson negotiated a 941:succeeded him as master of this lodge in 1770. 4654:Converts to Anglicanism from Roman Catholicism 2729:. Vol. IV (1771–1800) (online ed.). 1435:, tells Johnson's story through the device of 881:families. According to historian Julian Gwyn: 692:Escutcheon of the Johnson baronets of New York 3852: 3426:(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998; 1517:Ancestors of Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet 1373:He is a prominent character in the 2007 book 372:colonists. His father was descended from the 8: 1087:. She originally came to the colonies as an 1036:through his election to membership in 1768. 814:in the final North American campaign of the 264:to manage an estate purchased by his uncle, 4629:Baronets in the Baronetage of Great Britain 3498:The Caesar Rodney School District Quarterly 3415: 3403: 3391: 3379: 3367: 3355: 3343: 3263: 3199: 2994: 2958: 2917: 2901: 2859: 2843: 2819: 2783: 2771: 2755: 2743: 2701: 2689: 2653: 2637: 2625: 2613: 2593: 2557: 2529: 2517: 2473: 2449: 2437: 2425: 2413: 2385: 2337: 2325: 2309: 2248: 2236: 2224: 2212: 2200: 2188: 2176: 2164: 2148: 2136: 2124: 2112: 2100: 2066: 2054: 2042: 1481:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 771:, although he was not present at the event. 460:Johnson became closely associated with the 3859: 3845: 3837: 3797: 3449:National Historic Landmark summary listing 3061:Pound, Arthur; Day, Richard Edwin (1930). 3040:. Africa World Press. pp. 24, 29–30. 1992:. Syracuse University Press. p. 292. 1522: 1513: 1282:, his first home built in 1749, is on the 905:Johnson hosting an Iroquois conference at 47: 31: 4684:Members of the New York Executive Council 3160:, from the Georgetown University Library. 2891:. National Park Service. 15 October 1984. 2022:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 19. 1865:14. Sir Christopher Aylmer, Baron Balrath 1501:Learn how and when to remove this message 742:in front of Webb to express his disgust. 614:, was escalating. In 1755, Major General 4664:Irish emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies 3557:"Assassin's Creed Rogue - Faces of Shay" 3318: 3275: 3251: 3100: 2982: 2970: 2954: 2942: 2913: 2875: 2831: 2807: 2795: 2767: 2677: 2665: 2649: 2609: 2581: 2569: 2553: 2541: 2461: 2401: 2389: 2313: 2252: 2160: 1074: 1066: 849:British Superintendent of Indian Affairs 843:British Superintendent of Indian Affairs 480:, or civil chief, and gave him the name 353:and Catherine Aylmer, sister of Admiral 337:William Johnson was born around 1715 in 272:, which was located in territory of the 253:officer and colonial administrator from 3139: 2871: 2855: 2605: 2513: 2501: 2489: 2477: 2297: 1975: 909:in 1772 (painting by E. L. Henry, 1903) 826:to the British, Johnson and his deputy 3288:Bazely, Susan M. (17 September 1996). 2714: 2712: 2710: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 1846: 1738: 1734: 1724: 1629: 1531: 1527: 1004:in 1766, which finally ended the war. 4619:18th-century Irish military personnel 3218:. Russell & Russell. p. 247. 3034:Williams-Myers, Albert James (1994). 1916: 1906: 1902: 1890: 1887: 1877: 1864: 1854: 1850: 1834: 1831: 1821: 1808: 1798: 1794: 1782: 1779: 1769: 1756: 1746: 1742: 1721: 1711: 1699: 1689: 1685: 1673: 1670: 1660: 1647: 1637: 1633: 1617: 1614: 1604: 1591: 1581: 1577: 1565: 1562: 1552: 1539: 1535: 961:Mohawk Upper Castle Historic District 890:In 1762, Johnson founded the city of 260:As a young man, Johnson moved to the 7: 4689:Military personnel from County Meath 3644:"Johnson, William (1715-1774)" 3113:Snow, Dean R.; Guldenzopf, David B. 2931:Detroit to Fort Sackville, 1778–1779 2371:. New York: Oxford University Press. 1479:adding citations to reliable sources 610:, the North American theater of the 587:Great Britain in the Seven Years War 3523:Costiuc, Stanislav (28 July 2016). 3169:For Niagara treaty, see McConnell, 3067:. New York: Macmillan. p. 447. 2359:Jennings, Francis (February 2000). 1563:4. General William MacShane Johnson 970: 921:Outside the town, in 1763 he built 399:, William Johnson's maternal uncle 4674:Irish officers in the British Army 3662:Reynolds, Francis J., ed. (1921). 3641:Chichester, Henry Manners (1892). 3078:Taylor, Alan (10 September 2006). 1284:Historic American Buildings Survey 761:Johnson, in green, is depicted in 25: 3792:Robert Adems's 'Daybok' 1768—1773 3679:Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). 3468:The papers of Sir William Johnson 2723:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). 1293:In 1960 Johnson Hall was named a 333:Admiral Sir Peter Warren, c. 1751 4578: 4577: 3769:Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet 3752:Johnson Hall State Historic Site 3654:Dictionary of National Biography 3585:Voros, Drew (12 December 1993). 3231:. Norton. pp. 77: note 13. 2726:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 1451: 1184:shows Johnson (right) alongside 718:Superintendent of Indian Affairs 355:Matthew Aylmer, 1st Baron Aylmer 276:, one of the Six Nations of the 240:Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet 163:Superintendent of Indian Affairs 133: 114: 4649:Colonial American Indian agents 4644:British people of Pontiac's War 3555:Lewis, Anne (13 October 2014). 3154:, vol. 2, v–xii, 160. See also 1232:(which developed as modern-day 1023:Johnson was a proponent of the 498:History of the City of New York 325:Coat of Arms of William Johnson 27:Anglo-Irish government official 4312:Muirchertach Ceannfada O'Neill 3953:An sluagh sidhe so i nEamhuin? 3764:Fort Johnson Historic Landmark 2265:Shannon, Timothy John (2008). 1034:American Philosophical Society 506:War of the Austrian Succession 1: 4614:18th-century Irish landowners 3703:"More on Sir William Johnson" 3502:Caesar Rodney School District 1410:in the 1993 television movie 1071:Sir John Johnson, 2nd Baronet 971:Pontiac's War and final years 775:In 1758, with the capture of 558:. Governor Clinton urged the 360:His mother Anne was from an " 243: 70: 4157:Niall Mór mac Aodha Reamhair 4040:Máel Dúin mac Máele Fithrich 3682:"Johnson, Sir William" 3665:"Johnson, Sir William" 3627:"Johnson, Sir William" 3212:Wallace, Paul A. W. (1971). 2071:Hamilton, Milton W. (1976). 1400:in the 1990 television film 1085:Electorate of the Palatinate 810:Johnson accompanied General 18:William Johnson, 1st Baronet 3802:Baronetage of Great Britain 3778:Sir William Johnson Letters 3597:Penske Business Media, LLC. 3294:Kingston Historical Society 2731:University of Toronto Press 2368:American National Biography 1917:15. Margaret, Lady Plunkett 731:siege of Fort William Henry 422:Immigration to the colonies 384:, the Anglicization of the 4710: 4020:Muirchertach mac Muiredaig 4005:Niall of the Nine Hostages 3907:Gaelic nobility of Ireland 3671:Collier's New Encyclopedia 1840: 1736: 1623: 1529: 1341:as a secret member of the 1295:National Historic Landmark 1025:Royal Proclamation of 1763 965:National Historic Landmark 822:in 1760. With the fall of 800:Battle of La Belle-Famille 768:The Death of General Wolfe 584: 4634:British Indian Department 4573: 4442:Jorge Torlades O'Neill II 4272:Turlough Luineach O'Neill 4257:Turlough MacShane O'Neill 3825: 3812: 3807: 3800: 3007:Decker, Lewis G. (1999). 1904: 1896: 1871: 1852: 1848: 1815: 1796: 1788: 1763: 1744: 1740: 1705: 1687: 1679: 1654: 1635: 1631: 1598: 1579: 1571: 1546: 1533: 1422:The War that Made America 1396:Johnson was portrayed by 1178:The Battle of Lake George 1130:also known as William of 233: 91:11 July 1774 (aged 58–59) 46: 4659:Irish colonial officials 4437:Jorge Torlades O'Neill I 4357:Murtagh Dulenagh O'Neill 4347:Brian Ballagh II O'Neill 3748:, accessed May 18, 2016. 2957:, pp. 299, 376n18; 2704:, pp. 149, 154–155. 1390:The Master of Ballantrae 1301:and open to the public. 1165:and their Mohawk wives. 873:, surpassed only by the 522:Grand Settlement of 1701 512:, where it was known as 4447:Hugo José Jorge O'Neill 4262:Phelim MacShane O'Neill 4222:Cormac MacBaron O'Neill 3979:Irish Rebellion of 1641 3757:5 November 2011 at the 3710:The American Fly Fisher 3633:Encyclopædia Britannica 2480:, pp. 103–105, 123 2375:(subscription required) 1383:. He also features in 1345:in the 2012 video game 725:Capture of Fort Niagara 307:capture of Fort Niagara 249:– 11 July 1774), was a 4624:American city founders 4367:Brian McPhelim O'Neill 4247:Henry MacShane O'Neill 4121:Niall Culanach O'Neill 4106:Áed in Macáem Tóinlesc 4101:Flaithbertach Ua Néill 4086:Muirchertach mac Néill 4035:Máel Fithrich mac Áedo 3984:Irish Confederate Wars 3746:New York State Library 3688:Encyclopedia Americana 3319:Pound & Day (1930) 3290:"Who Was Molly Brant?" 3115:"Indian Castle Church" 3101:Pound & Day (1930) 2721:"Johnson, Sir William" 2584:, ch. 14, and 328–329. 2362:"Johnson, Sir William" 1722:1. Sir William Johnson 1615:2. Christopher Johnson 1385:Robert Louis Stevenson 1363:Assassin's Creed Rogue 1337:Johnson appears as an 1309: 1271: 1189: 1080: 1072: 1009:treaty at Fort Niagara 984: 918: 910: 888: 772: 693: 685: 649:Crown Point expedition 501: 334: 326: 216:Battle of Fort Niagara 4456:Charles Henry O'Neill 4362:Phelim Bacagh O'Neill 4317:Brian Ballagh O'Neill 4252:Conn MacShane O'Neill 4167:Brian Óg mac Néill Óg 4045:Fergal mac Máele Dúin 3565:Ubisoft Entertainment 3177:, 219–20, 228; Dowd, 2719:Gwyn, Julian (1979). 1984:Flexner, James Thomas 1328:Johnstown High School 1307: 1297:. It is a designated 1269: 1176: 1161:and granddaughter of 1117:British North America 1078: 1070: 978: 916: 904: 883: 760: 733:, Johnson arrived at 691: 675: 659:Battle of Lake George 608:French and Indian War 585:Further information: 581:French and Indian War 495: 332: 324: 317:Early life and career 303:baronetcy of New York 301:in 1755 earned him a 299:Battle of Lake George 295:French and Indian War 206:Battle of Lake George 200:French and Indian War 147:Years of service 4242:Hugh McShane O'Neill 4237:Brian MacArt O'Neill 4227:Art MacBaron O'Neill 4187:Phelim Caoch O'Neill 4096:Domnall Ua Lochlainn 4015:Muiredach mac Eógain 3959:High King of Ireland 3782:the Newberry Library 3491:"Back to School '16" 3382:, pp. 106, 108. 3300:on 28 September 2011 2916:, pp. 283–296; 2640:, pp. 146, 151. 1648:10. James FitzSimons 1475:improve this section 1348:Assassin's Creed III 1253:Lord Jeffery Amherst 1202:St. John's Episcopal 1186:Hendrick Theyanoguin 959:. It is part of the 955:, still stands near 953:Indian Castle Church 793:capture Fort Niagara 663:Hendrick Theyanoguin 593:Hendrick Theyanoguin 529:Hendrick Theyanoguin 432:province of New York 289:Johnson learned the 262:Province of New York 4452:Jorge Maria O'Neill 4432:José Carlos O'Neill 4327:Hugh Boy II O'Neill 4322:Murtagh Roe O'Neill 3974:Flight of the Earls 3969:Treaty of Mellifont 3723:on 29 November 2014 3370:, pp. 106–108. 3175:Never Come to Peace 2997:, pp. 281–282. 2822:, pp. 239–240. 2786:, pp. 189–190. 2758:, pp. 158–165. 2746:, pp. 153–154. 2680:, pp. 194–195. 2628:, pp. 142–143. 2556:, pp. 120–21; 2504:, pp. 139–140. 1888:7. Catherine Aylmer 1368:Shay Patrick Cormac 1299:State Historic Site 1213:American Revolution 1206:condolence ceremony 1055:Marriage and family 1029:Fort Stanwix Treaty 860:Postwar development 839:, on Lake Ontario. 820:capture of Montreal 765:'s iconic painting 546:New York Government 487: 470:infectious diseases 374:O'Neill of the Fews 36:Sir William Johnson 4679:Irish slave owners 4427:José Maria O'Neill 4402:John Bruce O'Neill 4162:Niall Óg mac Néill 4116:Donnell Óg O'Neill 4025:Domnall Ilchelgach 3989:O'Neill's Regiment 3964:Tyrone's Rebellion 3615:General References 3587:"The Broken Chain" 3081:"The Collaborator" 2961:, pp. 176–177 2929:Macleod, Normand. 2920:, pp. 226–228 2878:, pp. 261–262 2862:, pp. 205–206 2532:, p. 112-113. 2273:. Viking. p. 1671:5. Anna FitzSimons 1540:8. Thomas MacShane 1437:historical fiction 1322:In popular culture 1310: 1272: 1241:Great Lakes region 1190: 1089:indentured servant 1081: 1073: 985: 919: 911: 773: 752:take Fort Carillon 698:Fort William Henry 694: 686: 556:Governor's Council 502: 370:Protestant English 343:Kingdom of Ireland 335: 327: 211:Battle of Carillon 4591: 4590: 4352:Niall Oge O'Neill 4337:Niall Mór O'Neill 4152:Áed Remar O'Neill 4137:Niall Roe O'Neill 3998:Early progenitors 3892:Northern Uí Néill 3835: 3834: 3826:Succeeded by 3420:William N. Fenton 3266:, pp. 44–46. 3254:, pp. 33–34. 3238:978-0-393-30640-8 3223:Jennings, Francis 3173:, 197–99; Dixon, 3171:A Country Between 3047:978-0-86543-302-1 3020:978-0-7385-0174-1 2428:, pp. 90–95. 2404:, pp. 69–70. 2328:, pp. 80–81. 2284:978-0-670-01897-0 2179:, pp. 41–42. 2139:, pp. 37–38. 2045:, pp. 19–20. 2029:978-1-4668-9269-9 1999:978-0-8156-0239-2 1961: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1809:13. Christina Roe 1780:6. Michael Warren 1757:12. Oliver Warren 1511: 1510: 1503: 1429:Wilderness Empire 1403:Divided Loyalties 917:Johnson Hall 2006 791:'s expedition to 748:James Abercrombie 560:New York Assembly 514:King George's War 488:King George's War 440:enslaved Africans 237: 236: 193:King George's War 16:(Redirected from 4701: 4581: 4580: 4372:Hugh Oge O'Neill 4297:Hugh Boy O'Neill 4232:Owen Roe O'Neill 4091:Domnall ua Néill 3947:O'Neill baronets 3942:Viscount O'Neill 3861: 3854: 3847: 3838: 3798: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3722: 3707: 3692: 3684: 3675: 3667: 3658: 3646: 3637: 3629: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3495: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3441: 3435: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3219: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3188: 3182: 3179:War under Heaven 3167: 3161: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3117:. Archived from 3110: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3087:The New Republic 3083: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2927: 2921: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2885: 2879: 2869: 2863: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2716: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2551: 2545: 2539: 2533: 2527: 2521: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2399: 2393: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2372: 2364: 2356: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2307: 2301: 2295: 2289: 2288: 2272: 2262: 2256: 2246: 2240: 2234: 2228: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2204: 2198: 2192: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2168: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2110: 2104: 2098: 2092: 2090: 2078: 2064: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2010: 2004: 2003: 1980: 1523: 1514: 1506: 1499: 1495: 1492: 1486: 1455: 1447: 1413:The Broken Chain 1308:Old Fort Johnson 1280:Old Fort Johnson 1223:Indian Relations 1198:William Franklin 1169:Death and legacy 957:Danube, New York 816:Seven Years' War 804:Francis Jennings 612:Seven Years' War 510:colonial America 447:American Indians 248: 245: 139: 137: 136: 124: 120: 118: 117: 104:Military service 75: 72: 62:Personal details 55:Thomas McIlworth 51: 32: 21: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4699: 4698: 4694:O'Neill dynasty 4594: 4593: 4592: 4587: 4569: 4518: 4509:Tullyhogue Fort 4492: 4473:William Johnson 4465: 4459: 4397:Charles O'Neill 4287: 4281: 4197:Matthew O'Neill 4177:Art Oge O'Neill 4172:Donnell O'Neill 4147:Donnell O'Neill 4125: 4069: 4010:Eógan mac Néill 3993: 3932:Kings of Ulster 3912:Kings of Ailech 3870: 3868:O'Neill dynasty 3865: 3831: 3822: 3817: 3759:Wayback Machine 3738: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3705: 3701: 3699: 3697:Further reading 3678: 3661: 3640: 3620: 3617: 3612: 3611: 3601: 3599: 3584: 3583: 3579: 3569: 3567: 3554: 3553: 3549: 3539: 3537: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3507: 3505: 3493: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3474: 3472: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3455:on 5 June 2011. 3443: 3442: 3438: 3414: 3410: 3402: 3398: 3390: 3386: 3378: 3374: 3366: 3362: 3354: 3350: 3342: 3338: 3330:Wells, Albert. 3329: 3325: 3317: 3313: 3303: 3301: 3287: 3286: 3282: 3276:Hamilton (1976) 3274: 3270: 3262: 3258: 3252:Hamilton (1976) 3250: 3246: 3239: 3221: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3168: 3164: 3150: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3124: 3122: 3121:on 22 June 2006 3112: 3111: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3060: 3059: 3055: 3048: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3021: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2993: 2989: 2983:Hamilton (1976) 2981: 2977: 2971:Hamilton (1976) 2969: 2965: 2955:Hamilton (1976) 2953: 2949: 2943:Hamilton (1976) 2941: 2937: 2928: 2924: 2914:Hamilton (1976) 2912: 2908: 2900: 2896: 2887: 2886: 2882: 2876:Hamilton (1976) 2874:, p. 215; 2870: 2866: 2858:, p. 207; 2854: 2850: 2842: 2838: 2832:Hamilton (1976) 2830: 2826: 2818: 2814: 2808:Hamilton (1976) 2806: 2802: 2796:Hamilton (1976) 2794: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2770:, p. 225; 2768:Hamilton (1976) 2766: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2742: 2738: 2718: 2717: 2708: 2700: 2696: 2688: 2684: 2678:Hamilton (1976) 2676: 2672: 2666:Hamilton (1976) 2664: 2660: 2652:, p. 186; 2650:Hamilton (1976) 2648: 2644: 2636: 2632: 2624: 2620: 2612:, p. 165; 2610:Hamilton (1976) 2608:, p. 124; 2604: 2600: 2592: 2588: 2582:Hamilton (1976) 2580: 2576: 2570:Hamilton (1976) 2568: 2564: 2554:Hamilton (1976) 2552: 2548: 2542:Hamilton (1976) 2540: 2536: 2528: 2524: 2516:, p. 143; 2512: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2472: 2468: 2462:Hamilton (1976) 2460: 2456: 2448: 2444: 2436: 2432: 2424: 2420: 2412: 2408: 2402:Hamilton (1976) 2400: 2396: 2390:Hamilton (1976) 2388:, p. 110; 2384: 2380: 2374: 2358: 2357: 2344: 2336: 2332: 2324: 2320: 2314:Hamilton (1976) 2308: 2304: 2296: 2292: 2285: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2253:Hamilton (1976) 2247: 2243: 2235: 2231: 2223: 2219: 2211: 2207: 2199: 2195: 2187: 2183: 2175: 2171: 2161:Hamilton (1976) 2159: 2155: 2147: 2143: 2135: 2131: 2123: 2119: 2111: 2107: 2099: 2095: 2087: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2053: 2049: 2041: 2037: 2030: 2014:O'Toole, Fintan 2012: 2011: 2007: 2000: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1507: 1496: 1490: 1487: 1472: 1456: 1445: 1358:Ratonhnhaké:ton 1324: 1315: 1277: 1225: 1171: 1057: 1041:divide and rule 993:Jeffery Amherst 973: 871:British America 862: 845: 833:Normand Macleod 812:Jeffery Amherst 727: 651: 639:William Shirley 616:Edward Braddock 601:Albany Congress 589: 583: 564:James De Lancey 548: 490: 466:Iroquois League 424: 416:British America 319: 291:Mohawk language 278:Iroquois League 246: 229: 176: 161: 134: 132: 115: 113: 112: 92: 76: 73: 57: 42: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4707: 4705: 4697: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4669:Irish generals 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4596: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4585: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4500: 4498: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4490: 4488:Arturo O'Neill 4485: 4480: 4475: 4469: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4457: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4422:Carlos O'Neill 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4382:Daniel O'Neill 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4293: 4291: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4279: 4277:Arthur O'Neill 4274: 4269: 4267:Gordon O'Neill 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4133: 4131: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4050:Niall Frossach 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4001: 3999: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3937:Earl of Tyrone 3934: 3929: 3924: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3878: 3876: 3872: 3871: 3866: 3864: 3863: 3856: 3849: 3841: 3833: 3832: 3827: 3824: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3796: 3795: 3789: 3784: 3775: 3766: 3761: 3749: 3737: 3736:External links 3734: 3698: 3695: 3694: 3693: 3676: 3659: 3638: 3624:, ed. (1911). 3622:Chisholm, Hugh 3616: 3613: 3610: 3609: 3577: 3547: 3515: 3482: 3458: 3445:"Fort Johnson" 3436: 3416:O'Toole (2005) 3408: 3406:, p. 323. 3404:O'Toole (2005) 3396: 3394:, p. 174. 3392:O'Toole (2005) 3384: 3380:O'Toole (2005) 3372: 3368:O'Toole (2005) 3360: 3358:, p. 106. 3356:O'Toole (2005) 3348: 3346:, p. 105. 3344:O'Toole (2005) 3336: 3323: 3311: 3280: 3268: 3264:O'Toole (2005) 3256: 3244: 3237: 3204: 3202:, p. 104. 3200:O'Toole (2005) 3192: 3183: 3162: 3152:Johnson Papers 3144: 3142:, p. 301. 3140:Flexner (1959) 3132: 3105: 3103:, p. 446. 3093: 3070: 3053: 3046: 3026: 3019: 2999: 2995:O'Toole (2005) 2987: 2985:, p. 301. 2975: 2973:, p. 300. 2963: 2959:O'Toole (2005) 2947: 2945:, p. 297. 2935: 2922: 2918:O'Toole (2005) 2906: 2904:, p. 221. 2902:O'Toole (2005) 2894: 2880: 2872:Flexner (1959) 2864: 2860:O'Toole (2005) 2856:Flexner (1959) 2848: 2846:, p. 203. 2844:O'Toole (2005) 2836: 2834:, p. 241. 2824: 2820:O'Toole (2005) 2812: 2810:, p. 236. 2800: 2798:, p. 233. 2788: 2784:O'Toole (2005) 2776: 2772:O'Toole (2005) 2760: 2756:O'Toole (2005) 2748: 2744:O'Toole (2005) 2736: 2706: 2702:O'Toole (2005) 2694: 2692:, p. 152. 2690:O'Toole (2005) 2682: 2670: 2668:, p. 190. 2658: 2654:O'Toole (2005) 2642: 2638:O'Toole (2005) 2630: 2626:O'Toole (2005) 2618: 2614:O'Toole (2005) 2606:Flexner (1959) 2598: 2596:, p. 135. 2594:O'Toole (2005) 2586: 2574: 2572:, p. 132. 2562: 2558:O'Toole (2005) 2546: 2544:, p. 120. 2534: 2530:O'Toole (2005) 2522: 2518:O'Toole (2005) 2514:Shannon (2008) 2506: 2502:Shannon (2008) 2494: 2492:, p. 138. 2490:Shannon (2008) 2482: 2478:Shannon (2008) 2476:, p. 96; 2474:O'Toole (2005) 2466: 2454: 2452:, p. 161. 2450:O'Toole (2005) 2442: 2440:, p. 123. 2438:O'Toole (2005) 2430: 2426:O'Toole (2005) 2418: 2414:O'Toole (2005) 2406: 2394: 2386:O'Toole (2005) 2378: 2342: 2338:O'Toole (2005) 2330: 2326:O'Toole (2005) 2318: 2312:, p. 79; 2310:O'Toole (2005) 2302: 2300:, p. 122. 2298:Shannon (2008) 2290: 2283: 2257: 2251:, p. 73; 2249:O'Toole (2005) 2241: 2237:O'Toole (2005) 2229: 2225:O'Toole (2005) 2217: 2213:O'Toole (2005) 2205: 2201:O'Toole (2005) 2193: 2189:O'Toole (2005) 2181: 2177:O'Toole (2005) 2169: 2165:O'Toole (2005) 2163:, p. 36; 2153: 2149:O'Toole (2005) 2141: 2137:O'Toole (2005) 2129: 2125:O'Toole (2005) 2117: 2113:O'Toole (2005) 2105: 2101:O'Toole (2005) 2093: 2085: 2067:O'Toole (2005) 2059: 2055:O'Toole (2005) 2047: 2043:O'Toole (2005) 2035: 2028: 2005: 1998: 1974: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1959: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1833: 1832:3. Anne Warren 1830: 1827: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1726: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1691: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1592:9. Frances Fay 1590: 1587: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1519: 1518: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1459: 1457: 1450: 1444: 1441: 1433:Allan W Eckert 1408:Pierce Brosnan 1323: 1320: 1314: 1311: 1276: 1273: 1270:Guy Park manor 1263:named for him. 1245:Covenant Chain 1234:Rome, New York 1224: 1221: 1182:Albert Weinert 1170: 1167: 1163:George Croghan 1056: 1053: 1017:Covenant Chain 972: 969: 931:American South 886:exploiters.... 879:van Rensselaer 861: 858: 844: 841: 828:George Croghan 781:Fort Frontenac 726: 723: 650: 647: 597:Covenant Chain 591:In June 1753, 582: 579: 552:George Clinton 547: 544: 489: 486: 482:Warraghiyagey, 423: 420: 412:British Empire 318: 315: 235: 234: 231: 230: 228: 227: 220: 219: 218: 213: 208: 196: 188: 186: 182: 181: 177:Expedition to 172:Expedition to 170: 166: 165: 156: 152: 151: 148: 144: 143: 130: 129:Branch/service 126: 125: 110: 106: 105: 101: 100: 89: 85: 84: 68: 64: 63: 59: 58: 52: 44: 43: 38: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4706: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4584: 4576: 4575: 4572: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4521: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4504:County Tyrone 4502: 4501: 4499: 4495: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4462: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4407:Felix O'Neill 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4307:Henry O'Neill 4305: 4303: 4302:Brian O'Neill 4300: 4298: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4284: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4217:Shane O'Neill 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4202:Brian O'Neill 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4192:Shane O'Neill 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4142:Brian O'Neill 4140: 4138: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4081:Niall Glúndub 4079: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4066: 4065:Áed Findliath 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4030:Áed Uaridnach 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3954: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3898: 3897:Cenél nEógain 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3862: 3857: 3855: 3850: 3848: 3843: 3842: 3839: 3830: 3821: 3819:(of New York) 3818: 3816: 3810: 3806: 3803: 3799: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3733: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3704: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3673: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3656: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3639: 3635: 3634: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3598: 3594: 3593: 3588: 3581: 3578: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3551: 3548: 3536: 3532: 3531: 3526: 3519: 3516: 3503: 3499: 3492: 3486: 3483: 3470: 3469: 3462: 3459: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3440: 3437: 3433: 3432:0-8061-3003-2 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3412: 3409: 3405: 3400: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3337: 3333: 3327: 3324: 3321:, p. 48. 3320: 3315: 3312: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3284: 3281: 3278:, p. 34. 3277: 3272: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3245: 3240: 3234: 3230: 3229: 3224: 3217: 3216: 3208: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3193: 3187: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3166: 3163: 3159: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3133: 3120: 3116: 3109: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3094: 3089: 3088: 3082: 3074: 3071: 3066: 3065: 3057: 3054: 3049: 3043: 3039: 3038: 3030: 3027: 3022: 3016: 3012: 3011: 3003: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2936: 2932: 2926: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2910: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2895: 2890: 2884: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2777: 2774:, p. 188 2773: 2769: 2764: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2737: 2732: 2728: 2727: 2722: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2659: 2656:, p. 152 2655: 2651: 2646: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2619: 2616:, p. 142 2615: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2587: 2583: 2578: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2563: 2560:, p. 129 2559: 2555: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2523: 2520:, p. 112 2519: 2515: 2510: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2467: 2464:, p. 41. 2463: 2458: 2455: 2451: 2446: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2431: 2427: 2422: 2419: 2416:, p. 89. 2415: 2410: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2379: 2370: 2369: 2363: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2340:, p. 86. 2339: 2334: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2291: 2286: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2270: 2261: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2242: 2239:, p. 72. 2238: 2233: 2230: 2227:, p. 69. 2226: 2221: 2218: 2215:, p. 65. 2214: 2209: 2206: 2203:, p. 43. 2202: 2197: 2194: 2191:, p. 68. 2190: 2185: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2170: 2167:, p. 291 2166: 2162: 2157: 2154: 2151:, p. 41. 2150: 2145: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2130: 2127:, p. 38. 2126: 2121: 2118: 2115:, p. 36. 2114: 2109: 2106: 2103:, p. 25. 2102: 2097: 2094: 2088: 2086:0-8046-9134-7 2082: 2077: 2076: 2068: 2063: 2060: 2057:, p. 21. 2056: 2051: 2048: 2044: 2039: 2036: 2031: 2025: 2021: 2020: 2015: 2009: 2006: 2001: 1995: 1991: 1990: 1985: 1979: 1976: 1969: 1964: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1920: 1914: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1900: 1899: 1894: 1893: 1885: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1875: 1874: 1869: 1868: 1862: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1844: 1843: 1838: 1837: 1829: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1819: 1818: 1813: 1812: 1806: 1805: 1802: 1801: 1792: 1791: 1786: 1785: 1777: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1766: 1761: 1760: 1754: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1732: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1719: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1709: 1708: 1703: 1702: 1697: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1683: 1682: 1677: 1676: 1668: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1658: 1657: 1652: 1651: 1645: 1644: 1641: 1640: 1627: 1626: 1621: 1620: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1602: 1601: 1596: 1595: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1575: 1574: 1569: 1568: 1560: 1559: 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Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet

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