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the flow of pamphlets against silver, and set loose a flood of material favoring McKinley's tariff policies. Events favored the
Republicans: wheat prices rose considerably in the final weeks of the campaign, lessening the enthusiasm of farmers for free silver. The Democrats alleged that Republicans were coercing workers into voting for McKinley on threat of losing their jobs; Hanna denied it, and offered a reward for evidence, that was not claimed. To Bryan's outrage, Hanna called for a "Flag Day" for the final Saturday, October 31, as the campaign again sought to link support for McKinley to patriotism, a theme echoed by the candidate as he addressed his final delegations. Hundreds of thousands marched through the streets of the nation's cities in honor of the flag; New York City saw its largest parade since 1865. Election day was November 3; on its eve Hanna and Dawes predicted overwhelming victory.
1643:, often spoke of the parallels he saw between McKinley and his 1896 campaign, and the 2000 election, going so far as to fax copies of books on McKinley. The media took the parallels further than Rove intended, making comparisons between him and Hanna, hinting that Rove controlled Bush like it was said Hanna controlled McKinley. Williams also saw the lasting effect of McKinley's 1896 campaign, "a new approach to campaigning, the educational or merchandising style, continues to mold campaigns today, as does McKinley's focus on message, Hanna's use of money, and Dawes's reliance on efficiency and education ... more than a century later, Americans and their political leaders can still learn from the events of the 1890s, whose lessons echo down the years today."
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executive committee and was responsible for distributing much of the money that Hanna raised. Payne was nominally in charge of the
Chicago office, but Dawes, a member of the McKinley inner circle, had more influence. Pamphlets were sent from Chicago in carload lots across the country. The campaign spent almost $ 500,000 on printing alone, which Stanley Jones, in his account of the 1896 campaign, estimated paid for hundreds of millions of pamphlets. The campaign paid for hundreds of speakers to stump on McKinley's behalf. Efforts were made to keep expenses down; Dawes insisted on competitive bidding, and most of his top-level hires were business associates, not political operatives. Others prominent in the Chicago office included
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following the campaign, and the
Republican efforts had their effect. In September, polls showed the midwestern states leaning Republican, though silver-supporting Iowa was still close. McKinley's running mate, Hobart, continued to look after his law practice and business interests, and was apparently a major contributor to the Republican campaign. He helped to run the New York office, gave some speeches from his own front porch in Paterson, and in October went on a short campaign tour of New Jersey, though he was a reluctant public speaker. Hobart was much stronger for the gold standard than was McKinley, and made clear his views in his speeches.
1509:, and large numbers of voters followed the returns all night. McKinley cast his ballot early, going with his brother Abner to the polling place, and met Hanna for lunch. That evening, McKinley sat in his library as the returns came in by telegraph. It was quickly apparent that McKinley was leading, and by midnight he had pencilled the figure "241" on a pad, the number of electoral votes of states that were certain, enough for victory. Hanna wired from Cleveland to Canton, "The feeling here beggars description ... I will not attempt bulletins. You are elected to the highest office of the land by a people who always loved and trusted you."
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operations, and began them on a huge scale, money was short. Hanna initially spent much of his time in New York, where many financiers were based. He faced resistance at first, both because he was not yet widely known on the national scene, and because some moneymen, although appalled at the
Democratic position on the currency issue, felt Bryan was so extreme that McKinley was sure to win. Others were disappointed New York Governor Morton was not the presidential nominee, but their support became warmer as they came to know McKinley and Hanna. Reports of Bryan support in the crucial Midwest, and intervention by Hanna's old schoolmate,
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midwestern
Republicans who supported silver considered protection the major issue of the campaign, and would stay with the party if it promoted tariffs. These issues were given different emphases sectionally: in the East and South, the money issue was stressed most strongly, while tariffs were given more attention in the Midwest. McKinley had little support in the mining-dominated Rocky Mountain states, where even most Republicans were for silver and Bryan. On the Pacific coast, where there was strong silver sentiment, but where McKinley had some hope of winning, the tariff was made the major issue.
638:
1405:, recalled seeing boxcars full of paper being dispatched when he visited the Chicago headquarters in August. For the benefit of those who did not read English, there were pamphlets in French, Spanish, Portuguese, Yiddish, German, Polish, Norwegian, Italian, Danish, and Dutch. Pre-written articles were sent to periodicals, and the campaign paid for friendly newspapers to be sent to thousands of citizens across the country for the duration. Five million families received McKinley campaign materials on a weekly basis. Among the surrogates sent out on McKinley's behalf was newspaper editor
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McKinley and Hanna hosted many southern
Republican leaders in Thomasville, subsidizing those who did not have the money to come, and made many converts. The governor also traveled in the South; in Savannah at the end of March 1895, he became the first presidential hopeful in American history to address an audience of blacks when he spoke at an African American church. By the time he left Thomasville, he had gained the support of the majority of likely southern delegates; Platt wrote mournfully in his autobiography that Hanna "had the South practically solid before some of us awakened".
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as chairman was his responsibility. McKinley oversaw the activities of Hanna and other key managers, and addressed delegations of workers who came to visit him. He met with Hobart, who came to Canton on a brief visit on June 30, 1896, and who joined his running mate in speaking to a crowd of visitors. In his speeches, McKinley concentrated on tariffs, which he expected to dominate the campaign, and gave short shrift to the currency question. As McKinley awaited his opponent, he privately commented on the nationwide debate over silver, stating to his Canton crony, Judge
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senator-elect, who feared blame if anything went wrong, Foraker agreed. McKinley was waiting with family and friends at his house in Canton, being kept up to date by telegraph and telephone. He was able to listen to part of
Foraker's speech, and the tremendous reception that met it, over the phone line. McKinley was easily nominated on the first ballot, with Reed his nearest competitor. Canton erupted in celebration, with McKinley making speech after speech to the townsfolk and to those who poured in that day by rail from across Ohio, even from his birthplace of Niles.
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March and April 1896, state conventions in Ohio, Michigan, California, Indiana, and other states elected delegates to the national convention, instructed to vote for McKinley. In New
England, McKinley made inroads into Reed's regional support, as New Hampshire proclaimed no preference between the Speaker and McKinley, and the Vermont convention expressed support for McKinley. The Ohioan was not successful everywhere; Iowa remained loyally behind Allison, Morton won a majority of the New York delegation, and the bosses were successful in denying McKinley in
743:, where he served as permanent chairman, but some delegates voted for him anyway, and he finished third behind Harrison (who won a first ballot victory) and Blaine. Hanna had sought support from delegates, but his and McKinley's strategy is uncertain, due to lack of surviving documents. According to Hanna biographer William T. Horner, "McKinley's behavior at the convention supports the idea that he liked the attention but was not ready for a campaign". According to McKinley biographer H. Wayne Morgan, many delegates "saw in their nominee for 1896".
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1336:-draped streets, escorted by a mounted troop known as the McKinley Home Guards, who saw to it that groups arrived at the McKinley residence on a prearranged schedule. There, the group leader would deliver his remarks, and McKinley would deliver a reply often prepared in advance. Afterwards, there might be refreshments or the opportunity to shake hands with McKinley, before the delegation was escorted off for their return journey to the railroad station. If it rained, the meetings took place in one of several indoor venues.
632:
31:
1062:, who drafted a plank promoting free silver, only to see it voted down in the drafting committee, and in the full Platform Committee. Teller was determined to have the full convention vote on his language, although it was certain he would lose as most Republican delegates favored the gold standard. The debate was held on June 18. After Teller's minority report was voted down and the gold plank adopted by an overwhelming majority, 23 delegates, including Teller and his Senate colleagues
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before the age of television and radio, the most effective way of reaching the electorate was through the written word, and through public speakers who would address meetings on behalf of the candidate. This would take money, and Hanna undertook to secure it from his corporate connections. As Hanna began his fundraising efforts in late July, the
Populists met in St. Louis. Faced with splitting the silver vote, they chose to endorse Bryan, beginning their dissolution as a party.
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1286:
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strings, and Hanna, though noting that this made his task much harder, undertook to get it. McKinley decided on a theme for his nomination campaign, "The People
Against the Bosses". With Hanna's aid, McKinley found talented men to run the state organizations, who would in turn find locals to ensure McKinley triumphed at the series of conventions that would elect delegates to the June 1896 Republican convention in St. Louis. Notable among these appointments was
861:
711:
848:, McKinley spoke to large, enthusiastic crowds as often as 23 times in a day. According to his biographer Margaret Leech, "McKinley's fervor was irresistible to his audiences. He was better than a spellbinder. He was a vote-getter. The whirlwind campaign of the Governor of Ohio was a sensation of the autumn." The 1894 elections saw the Democrats suffer the greatest losses by a majority party in congressional history, as the Republicans again
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1575:
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persuade the national voting public ... There was something folksy about campaigning so casually from a modest, middle-class home. When the throngs of voters stepped off the train in Canton, they discovered that McKinley was to all appearances one of them. It was in large part this quality, the ability to project warm personality through these groups to the press, that led to the success of the Front Porch campaign.
1453:'s cartoons for the Hearst papers were especially effective in molding public opinion about Hanna, who was often depicted as "Dollar Mark", in a suit decorated with dollar signs (a term for which "dollar mark" was a common alternative). McKinley's 1893 personal financial crisis allowed him to be convincingly depicted as a child, helpless in the hands of businessmen and their mere tool in the 1896 campaign. Hearst and the
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1513:
1340:
1024:
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them, and they came from towns small and large. If possible, the group's leader was brought to Canton in advance to confer with McKinley on what each would say; if not, the group would be met at the Canton railroad station by a McKinley representative, who would discuss what would be said with the group's leader. There were parades every day in Canton that campaign season, as the groups marched through the
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1615:, when there is a major shift in voting patterns, upsetting the political balance. McKinley was supported by middle-class and wealthy voters, urban laborers, and prosperous farmers; this coalition would keep the Republicans mostly in power until the 1930s. McKinley's wooing of the Midwest would pay ample dividends in the years to come, as it remained solidly Republican in most years until 1932.
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president who first gained his office by election (that is, rather than succeeding on the death of his predecessor) was born in Ohio. Deadlocked Republican conventions in 1876, 1880, and 1888 turned to men born in Ohio, and in each case the nominee won the presidency. Thus, any successful Ohio Republican was a plausible president. One of McKinley's rivals among the Ohio contenders was Governor
1385:
1207:
764:
1364:, a major backer, came to Canton reluctantly, not relishing the crowds, but wrote "he met me at the station, gave me meat & took me upstairs and talked for two hours as calmly & serenely as if we were summer boarders in Bethlehem, at a loss for means to kill time. I was more struck than ever with his mask. It is a genuine Italian ecclesiastical face of the XVth Century."
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enthusiastically, and restaurants and souvenir venders expanded their operations. A popular source of keepsakes was the wood of McKinley's front porch or fence, whittled as supporters listened, and the blades of his lawn, when not trampled underfoot, made later appearances in scrapbooks. In between delegations, McKinley entertained visitors; future Secretary of State
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1097:, near to New York City. He was a businessman, lawyer, and former state legislator, and was acceptable to Hanna and other Republican backers while being popular among party activists. Several days before the convention, McKinley chose him as running mate, though no announcement was made. At the convention, Hobart expressed surprise in a letter to
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did not begin in earnest until September, Hanna had planned a vacation while McKinley anticipated a quiet summer. The Republicans were caught by surprise by the wave of enthusiasm that Bryan's speech and nomination caused, and scuttled these plans; as Hanna wrote to McKinley on July 16, "the Chicago convention has changed everything".
1000:(RNC), which would make initial rulings on which delegates would be seated; there were contested seats or rival delegations in several states, and rulings against McKinley could still deprive him of a first-ballot majority. When the RNC met in mid-June, just prior to the convention, McKinley was easily victorious in almost all cases.
703:, who was Ohio-born and went on to be elected. McKinley had received some delegate votes, and his action in refusing to consider a candidacy while pledged to support Sherman impressed Mark Hanna. The industrialist was outraged at Foraker and abandoned him. McKinley and Hanna shared similar political views, including support for a
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average for presidential elections in the late 19th century, but then dropped substantially and remained at lower levels as voters, who once participated in rallies and torchlight processions for candidates, were distracted by radio and by professional sports. Nevertheless, later campaigns tried to recapture the magic of 1896;
813:. Doing so would likely be inflationary, permitting holders of silver to deposit bullion at the mints, and receive payment for about twice the silver's 1896 market value. Many farmers, faced with the long decline in agricultural prices that persisted through the first half of the 1890s, felt that bimetallism would expand the
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They were printed and distributed by the million, enough to provide several copies for every man, woman, and child in the country; but the people clamored for more. Favorite pamphlets became dog-eared, grimy, fell apart as their owners laboriously restudied their arguments and quoted from them in public and private debate.
785:, a Democrat, who returned to the White House in March 1893. President Harrison left office proclaiming the nation's prosperity, but in May, amid economic uncertainty that caused many people to convert assets into gold, the stock market crashed, and many firms went bankrupt. The depression that ensued became known as the
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1058:, took credit for including an explicit mention of the gold standard in the platform's currency plank (for they deemed it vital to the Republican victory in November), but it was not inserted in the draft until Hanna consulted with McKinley by telephone. The silver Republicans from the West were led by Colorado Senator
891:. If former president Harrison entered the race, he would immediately become a major contender, and uncertainty over his status hung over the race in 1895. At the time, unless there was an incumbent elected Republican president, the nomination was generally not decided until the convention, with state
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For the people it was a campaign of study and analysis, of exhortation and conviction—a campaign of search for economic and political truth. Pamphlets tumbled from the presses, to be snatched up eagerly, to be read, reread, studied, debated, to become guides to economic thought and political action.
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in early 1895. The location was a plausibly nonpolitical vacation spot for McKinley, and also permitted him to meet many southern Republicans, including blacks. Although southern Republicans rarely had local electoral success, they elected a substantial number of delegates to the national convention.
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By early in August, the McKinley campaign had decided upon a strategy: appeal to labor and established farmers. McKinley, on the urgent advice of his advisers, by the middle of that month had decided that the currency question must be addressed immediately, and the campaign machine began the process
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Bryan's nomination caused defections and divisions in the Republican party; many farmers in the Midwest, even in McKinley's Ohio, found the inflation it was expected free silver would cause to be attractive, as it would make it easier to repay debts. Polls in battleground midwestern states, and word
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opened in Chicago on July 7, with the silverites in full control; they drafted a platform supporting free silver. The final speaker during the debate on the platform was former congressman Bryan, who with Dawes in the gallery delivered a speech decrying the gold standard that to Democrats, according
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convened at the Wigwam, a temporary structure in St. Louis, on June 16. With most credentials battles settled in McKinley's favor, the roll of delegates drawn up by the RNC heavily favored the Ohioan, though Reed, Allison, Morton and Quay remained in the race. The credentials report served as a test
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McKinley soothed ruffled feathers of party bigwigs by mail and in person. Though former president Harrison refused to tour, he gave a speech in New York where he railed against free silver, stating, "the first dirty errand that a dirty dollar does is to cheat the workingman". The public was closely
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Bicycling was the latest craze in the United States in 1896, and among those who came to salute McKinley was a brigade of bicyclists, who pulled images of McKinley and Hobart behind their vehicles, and performed tricks as they went to see their presidential candidate. The people of Canton joined in
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From the moment he was nominated, McKinley was beset by supporters coming to Canton to hail him, hoping to hear him give a political speech. McKinley remained in Canton, available to the public every day but Sunday, continuously from his June nomination until Election Day in November, excepting one
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telephoned McKinley from Chicago to inform him that Bryan would be nominated, he responded dismissively and hung up the phone. Bryan's nomination briefly gratified the Republicans, believing that his selection would lead to an easy victory for McKinley. In those days when the presidential campaign
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In the days after the Republican convention, McKinley remained in Canton. Hanna had been elected chairman of the RNC during the convention; he established campaign headquarters in Chicago, in the electorally-crucial Midwest, appointed an executive committee and began to organize the campaign, which
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issue; his surrogates had presented him as firmly for the gold standard in the East, where support for that policy was strong. Western supporters, who often favored silver, were told he was sympathetic to the bimetallic cause. In the following years, several McKinley associates, including publisher
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McKinley left office as governor in January 1896. In February, Harrison made it clear that he would not seek a third nomination. Hanna's operatives immediately organized Harrison's home state of Indiana for McKinley with a haste that the former president privately found unseemly. By early 1896, the
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to succeed McKinley as governor. McKinley realized that it would be risky to have a faction hostile to the presidential candidate within his home state, and sought an alliance, campaigning for Bushnell and for a Republican legislature that would send Foraker to Washington. The voters chose Bushnell
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The outcome of the 1894 elections made it increasingly likely that a Republican would be the next president. At the time, the presidential nominating process started much later than it subsequently would, and McKinley, in quietly organizing his campaign with Hanna's aid in the early months of 1895,
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for Walker, and thought the total to be $ 17,000. Walker had deceived McKinley, telling the governor that fresh loans were renewals of old ones, and the total indebtedness, for which McKinley had made himself liable, was over $ 130,000. That sum was beyond McKinley's means, and he planned to resign
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Revenue from tariffs was then a major source of income for the federal government. There was no federal income tax, and tariff debates were passionate; the 1888 presidential election had them as a major issue. Many Democrats supported a tariff for revenue only—that is, the purpose of tariffs should
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to win Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and West Virginia. He won North Dakota, and came close in South Dakota, Kansas, and in Bryan's Nebraska. McKinley was also successful in California and Oregon. McKinley won with 7.1 million votes to Bryan's 6.5 million, 51% to 47%. The electoral vote was not as
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The Midwest was the crucial battleground, and both parties poured in their resources, with Bryan spending most of his time there, as did Hanna. McKinley and Hanna began to sense that the flood of materials and speakers on the silver question had had their effect in the Midwest. Dawes began to slow
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ill-financed, Bryan was his own greatest asset, and traveled to 27 of the 45 states, logging 18,000 miles (29,000 km), and in his estimated 600 speeches reached some 5,000,000 listeners. McKinley did not match those numbers, speaking 300 times to 750,000 visitors, but in remaining at home, he
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We know what partial free trade has done for the labor of the United States. It has diminished its employment and earnings. We do not propose now to inaugurate a currency system that will cheat labor in its pay. The laboring men of this country whenever they give one day's work to their employers,
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in Illinois, a young banker and entrepreneur who had recently moved to Chicago from Nebraska, where he had known Congressman Bryan. In trying to organize Illinois for McKinley, Dawes faced the enmity of the local Republican bosses, who preferred to take a delegation to St. Louis that would support
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of New York. He returned to report that the bosses were willing to assure McKinley's nomination in exchange for a pledge to give them control over patronage in their states and a promise in writing that Platt would be Treasury Secretary. McKinley was unwilling to deal, seeking a nomination without
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William D. Harpine, studying McKinley's rhetoric during the front porch campaign, argued that McKinley's campaign was in some ways ahead of its time, "even in the age of broadcasting, most candidates for nationwide office embark on a campaign tour. In 1896, long before the advent of broadcasting,
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Karl Rove saw several reasons for McKinley's triumph. McKinley campaigned on big issues, the tariff and sound money. The candidate went after Bryan's strongest issue, silver, arguing that bimetallism would harm Americans and hit the working class hardest. McKinley's theme was that it was morally
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that McKinley decided on was a natural extension of the pilgrimages to Canton by McKinley devotees that were already occurring. After a few initial stumbles, things settled into routine by mid-September. While any group could visit McKinley by writing in advance, his campaign arranged for many of
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Bryan's announcement, after gaining the Democratic nomination, that he would undertake a nationwide tour by rail, something then unusual for presidential candidates, put pressure on McKinley to match him. Hanna especially urged his candidate to hit the road. McKinley decided against this, feeling
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At the time McKinley was nominated, it was not clear who his Democratic rival would be. Cleveland's opponents within his party had mobilized into an organized effort to take over the Democratic Party and pass a platform supporting free silver. The platform was deemed of highest priority, and only
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This left the question of the vice presidential candidate. McKinley had offered the second place on the ticket to Reed, who had refused it. Platt wanted Morton, who had been vice president under Harrison; the New York governor did not want it, and McKinley did not want him. It was usual at that
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Although Platt desired a recess, Hanna refused, wanting the convention to complete its work that day, and the delegates proceeded to the presidential nomination. McKinley had insisted that Foraker nominate him to demonstrate the unity of the Ohio Republican Party, and after some reluctance by the
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According to historian Stanley Jones in his account of the 1896 campaign, "another feature common to the Reed and Allison campaigns was their failure to make headway against the tide which was running toward McKinley. In fact, both campaigns from the moment they were launched were in retreat." In
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of 1890. This act, passed by the Republican-dominated Congress, raised rates on imports to protect American industry. McKinley's tariff proved unpopular among many people who had to pay the increased prices, and was seen as a reason not only for his defeat for re-election to Congress in 1890, but
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McKinley created the impression that he was, in the fashion of pre-Civil War candidates, waiting casually at home for the people to elect him. Yet, McKinley during the summer of 1896 initiated a vigorous, carefully crafted campaign that employed all of the resources available to him to reach and
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Williams suggested that McKinley's campaign of education of the voter through speakers and literature brought him victory, but with a cost to the close identification between voters and the political parties that was typical in the 19th century. Voter turnout was almost 80 percent in 1896, about
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for vice president meant Bryan would have to overcome an electoral split in his party. Hanna applauded the selection, and predicted it would get large numbers of votes. There was no chance Palmer would win the election, and Hanna saw to it that the Gold Democrats were aided with quietly-provided
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On his front porch, McKinley urged sound money, though he never ceased to promote protectionism to support American industry. Horner noted, "the campaign effectively linked both gold and protectionism with patriotism." McKinley felt that he could not campaign entirely on the money issue, as many
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From his house on North Market Street in Canton, McKinley ran his campaign, with telephone and telegraph at his disposal. Hanna was busy meeting with executives to extract funds, and delegated much of the day-to-day policymaking to others, most prominently Dawes, who was a member of the campaign
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Large sums had to be spent quickly, and Hanna energetically built a businesslike campaign. Bryan's surge contributed to a sense of crisis that enabled Hanna to make peace in his party, eventually uniting all behind McKinley with the exception of some Silver Republicans. But as the campaign began
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Hanna quickly realized that the currency issue struck an emotional chord in many Americans, and decided on a campaign to persuade the voter that "sound money", the gold standard unless modified by international agreement, was much preferable to bimetallism. Such propaganda would not be cheap, as
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and delegates exacting a price for their support. A candidate's efforts to gain the nomination did not begin until shortly before the state delegate conventions in the spring of the election year, where fights over the makeup of the delegation often focused on who would be on it, rather than who
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Sometime between 1888 and 1890, McKinley decided to run for president, but to have a realistic chance of attaining that goal, he needed to regain office. Foraker's ambition then was the Senate—he planned to challenge Sherman in the legislative election to be held in January 1892—and he agreed to
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Many westerners, including Republicans, were supporters of free silver. McKinley's advisors had anticipated there would be strong feelings about the currency question, and pressed the candidate for a decision on what the party platform should say on the subject. McKinley had hoped to avoid this
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accused Hanna of acting on behalf of a syndicate, controlling McKinley. During the general election campaign, the Democratic newspapers, especially the papers owned by Hearst, attacked Hanna for his supposed role as McKinley's political master. These articles and cartoons have contributed to a
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gave $ 250,000. Dawes recorded an official figure for fundraising of $ 3,570,397.13, twice what the Republicans had raised in 1892, and as much as ten times what Bryan may have had to spend. Dawes' figure did not include fundraising by state and local committees, nor in-kind donations such as
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that McKinley used to get his speeches into the newspapers. In speaking from his front porch, McKinley was not principally addressing the delegations, but the many Americans who would not visit Canton, and who would read the speeches in newspapers. Williams agreed, "the remarkable Front Porch
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Irish immigrants generally remained loyal to the Democratic Party, but McKinley's promises of sound money attracted German-Americans who were appalled by Bryan's inflationary proposals. German-Americans had long been Democratic; efforts by that party to rebut McKinley, including circulating a
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avoided the fatigue of Bryan's exhausting tour. The Republican was better able to provide fresh material for the next day's newspapers without making gaffes; Bryan made several. According to R. Hal Williams in his book on the 1896 campaign, "The Front Porch Campaign was a remarkable success."
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In the latter part of the 19th century, Ohio was deemed a crucial battleground state; taking its electoral votes was thought essential for a Republican to win the White House. One way of, hopefully, assuring victory there was to nominate a son of Ohio. Between 1865 and 1929, every Republican
844:(or Populists), which had emerged from the agricultural discontent. There were more demands for McKinley to speak than he could possibly fulfill. Campaigning throughout the eastern half of the country on behalf of Republican candidates, and venturing even to New Orleans in the Democratic
1266:. He also took one weekend of rest in late August. The need to greet and speak to supporters made it difficult for McKinley to get campaign work done; one political club interrupted his conference with Hobart in late June. McKinley complained that his time was not being well managed.
989:. The contest was still undetermined going into the April 29 Illinois state convention, with the McKinley forces led by Dawes against the local bosses. McKinley gained most of Illinois' delegates, giving him a sizable lead, and influencing remaining state conventions to jump on his
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Reed and Allison campaigns were beginning to form themselves, but they had little luck in Indiana. McKinley challenged his rivals everywhere except in states, such as Iowa, that he deemed had serious candidates like Senator Allison. The favorite son candidacies of Minnesota Senator
1607:. He reached out to immigrants and urban factory workers, recognizing their importance in a changing America. And to implement these strategies, McKinley, with Hanna's aid, created a larger, more organized campaign structure than had previously been seen in presidential campaigns.
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Jones noted, "The Republican Party, under the skillful leadership of McKinley and Hanna, produced a combination of votes which gave it the victory in 1896 and which promised Republican ascendency for many years in the future." The 1896 presidential race is often considered a
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Dawes had known Bryan in Nebraska, and predicted that if the former congressman got to address the convention, he would use his skills as a speaker to stampede it to a nomination. McKinley and Hanna mocked Dawes, telling him that Bland would be the Democratic choice. The
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district. By this time he was considered a likely presidential candidate, especially after being elected governor in 1891 and 1893. McKinley had incautiously co-signed the loans of a friend, and demands for repayment were made on him when his friend went bankrupt in the
695:, and Governor Foraker, whom Hanna had to that point strongly supported. After repeated balloting, Sherman did not get close to the number of delegate votes needed to nominate, and when rumors swept the convention that the party's 1884 nominee, former Maine senator
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and gave the state Republicans a large majority in the legislature. In January 1896, Foraker was overwhelmingly elected (to take office in March 1897), and McKinley gained Foraker's agreement to support him for president, assuring party political peace at home.
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magnificent, though with "pitiably weak" logic, but it won Bryan the presidential nomination, and Phillips noted that the address "unnerved Midwestern Republicans, mindful of their own distrust of the East, and threw a weighty stone into the quiet pool of June
269:. Hanna raised millions for a campaign of education with trainloads of pamphlets to convince the voters that free silver would be harmful, and once that had its effect, even more were printed on protectionism. McKinley stayed at home in Canton, running a
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September saw Maine and Vermont go heavily Republican in their state elections, meaning the Northeast was likely safe for McKinley. Early in that month, dissident Democrats, who favored the gold standard and President Cleveland's policies, formed the
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of generating millions of publications and sending hundreds of speakers into the field. The pamphlets contained quotes or articles from McKinley, members of Congress, and financial experts on why a bimetallic standard would be ruinous to the country.
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time for major-party tickets to have one candidate from Ohio or Indiana, and the other from New York, but with that state having supported Morton for the nomination, putting a New Yorker on the ticket would be an unmerited reward. RNC vice chairman
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when I speak." Furthermore, no matter how McKinley traveled, Bryan would upstage him by choosing a less comfortable manner. McKinley was unwilling to compete with Bryan on the Democrat's terms, and sought to find his own way to reach the people.
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There was also a New York headquarters, run by McKinley's cousin William M. Osborne, along with Hobart and Quay. It was responsible for sending literature to the East and South, which were not expected to be important in the election. See
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railroad fare discounts, which were heavily subsidized for Republican political travelers, including the delegations going to see McKinley. Estimates of what Republicans may have raised in total have ranged as high as $ 16.5 million.
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as well. He lost only one city with a population of over 45,000 in the Midwest, and won many rural counties in crucial states. Although Bryan won all states south of Kentucky and from Texas east, McKinley won most urban centers there.
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also for the Republicans losing control of both House and Senate in that year's midterm elections. Nevertheless, McKinley's defeat did not, in the end, damage his political prospects, as the Democrats were blamed for
699:, might enter the race, Foraker expressed willingness to support Blaine. This dealt a serious blow to Sherman's candidacy by showing division in his home state, and the nomination went to former Indiana senator
281:. McKinley's systemized approach to gaining the presidency laid the groundwork for modern campaigns, and he forged an electoral coalition that would keep the Republicans in power most of the time until 1932.
1600:
wrong to debase the currency; he linked his stand for sound money with the tariff and with patriotism, appealing to crucial voter blocs who gave McKinley the biggest victory in a presidential election since
4733:
1528:
Bryan had hoped to sweep the rural vote and make inroads on urban labor, but he was not successful. McKinley became the first Republican candidate to win in New York City, and won in its rival city of
739:
Harrison had proven unpopular even in his own party, and by the start of 1892, McKinley was talked about as a potential presidential candidate. McKinley's name was not offered in nomination at the
1141:
once that fight was won was a candidate for president to be considered. Despite this resolution, several Democrats sought the nomination, with the foremost being former Missouri representative
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from activists there, showed that Bryan had made deep inroads into Republican support. One survey in August showed that of the midwestern states, only Wisconsin was safe for the Republicans.
801:
The public sympathized with McKinley for his financial trouble, and he was easily re-elected as governor in late 1893. At that time, the United States, for all practical purposes, was on the
1627:
McKinley accomplished the same purpose as a modem candidate, and did so without making a campaign tour." The visits of the delegations to the McKinley home in Canton constituted a series of
1070:
of Idaho, walked out of the convention and thus left the Republican Party. Amid a tumultuous scene, an angry Hanna was seen standing on a chair, shouting at the departing men, "Go! Go! Go!"
1304:
218:. Personal insolvency would have removed McKinley as a factor in the 1896 campaign, but he was rescued from this by businessmen who supported him, led by his friend and political manager,
1101:, but his selection had been strongly rumored and buttons with his name and McKinley's seen in St. Louis. Delegates ratified the selection of Hobart, nominating him on the first ballot.
1227:
gave $ 250,000), made executives more willing to listen. After a gloomy August for the campaign's fundraising, in September, corporate moguls "opened their purse strings to Hanna".
335:
331:
1274:, and that he would be foolish to try. "I might as well put up a trapeze on my front lawn and compete against some professional athlete as go out speaking against Bryan. I have to
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group angered that as governor he had appointed to office members of that faith. Their wide pamphleting caused Hanna to act against falsehoods that his candidate was a Catholic.
873:
736:
nominate McKinley for governor at the state convention in Columbus. McKinley was elected, and Sherman narrowly turned back Foraker's challenge with considerable help from Hanna.
833:, significantly lowering many rates from the McKinley Tariff of 1890. The economy did not improve in 1894, and other Cleveland actions, such as federal intervention to halt the
1525:
close: 271 for McKinley to 176 for Bryan. McKinley increased the Republican vote by 2,000,000 from Harrison's defeat in 1892, though Bryan also increased the Democratic total.
521:
817:
and make it easier to pay their debts. Cleveland was a firm supporter of the gold standard, and believed the massive amounts of silver-backed currency issued pursuant to the
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in support of bimetallism, were ineffective. Many Catholics and recent immigrants favored McKinley because of the dislike the American Protective Association had for him.
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To devote himself full-time to McKinley's presidential campaign, Hanna in 1895 turned over management of his companies to his brother Leonard, and rented a house in
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and reaching millions through newspaper coverage of the speeches he gave to organized groups of people. This contrasted with Bryan, who toured the nation by rail in
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4707:
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Voters cast their ballots on November 3, and that evening gathered in cities and around telegraph offices. In places like New York, the results were projected by
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in January 1896. That convention endorsed McKinley for president and Foraker for Senate, and nominated Foraker supporters for state and party offices, including
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and earn the money as a lawyer. He was rescued by Hanna and other wealthy supporters, who raised the money to pay the loans. According to McKinley biographer
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delegates would support. McKinley and Hanna decided on a systematic nationwide effort to gain the nomination, employing what onetime presidential adviser
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1310:
Historic recording of William McKinley. The final 1:08 of this sound file (starting at 5:40) contains an excerpt from one of his 1896 campaign speeches.
798:, the governor's backers "paid off the cosigned notes so that McKinley—by now, the probable next president—did not need to go back to practicing law".
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246:. Their efforts were in vain, as the large, efficient McKinley organization swept him to a first ballot victory at the convention, with New Jersey's
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1392:, before the McKinley home. Although women could not vote in most states, they might influence male relatives and were encouraged to visit Canton.
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277:. Supported by the well-to-do, urban dwellers, and prosperous farmers, McKinley won a majority of the popular vote and an easy victory in the
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222:. With that obstacle removed, Hanna built McKinley's campaign organization through 1895 and 1896. McKinley refused to deal with the eastern
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of 1890 had helped crash the economy. In 1893 he forced through the act's repeal, outraging western Democrats such as Nebraska Congressman
1037:, June 24, 1896, shows McKinley about to crown himself with the Republican nomination. The "priests" are Hanna (in green) and Congressman
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gave $ 41,000 to Bryan's campaign, one of the largest the Democrats received, but that amount was dwarfed by the sums raised by Hanna.
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In giving attention to national affairs, McKinley neglected his home front in Ohio, and when the Republican state convention met in
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want to be paid in full dollars good anywhere in the world ... We want in this country good work, good wages, and good money.
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209:. In 1876 he was elected to Congress, and he remained there most of the time until 1890, when he was defeated for re-election in a
175:
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was alone among the candidates in acting so early. Other potential Republican candidates were former president Harrison, incoming
691:, for president. This was Sherman's third attempt at the Republican nomination; among his supporters were Cleveland industrialist
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lasting popular belief that McKinley was not his own man, but that he was effectively owned by the corporations, through Hanna.
1409:, paid to make speeches across Ohio. The future president made a positive impression and three years later was elected to the
970:
969:
fell victim to the McKinley forces, well-financed by Hanna, who took their states away from them. McKinley was disliked by the
471:
1133:, "This money matter is unduly prominent. In thirty days you won't hear anything about it." The future Secretary of State and
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to protect and encourage American industry, and in the years following 1888, Hanna became a strong supporter of McKinley.
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830:
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Campaign used modern technology to bring 750,000 visitors to his small hometown and dispatched his message nationwide."
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vote, which the McKinley forces won easily. Hanna, who was a delegate from Ohio, was in full control of the convention.
339:
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491:
4209:
4026:"'I Make Politics My Recreation': Vice President Garret A. Hobart and Nineteenth Century Republican Business Politics"
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be to finance government, not to encourage American manufacturers. McKinley disagreed with that and sponsored the
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in May 1895, it proved to be controlled by the resurgent Foraker, who sought the Senate seat to be filled by the
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1516:
Map showing the results of the 1896 campaign, with electoral votes won noted; states won by McKinley are in red.
486:
4763:
4214:
4053:"Playing to the Press in McKinley's Front Porch Campaign: The Early Weeks of a Nineteenth-Century Pseudo-Event"
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1623:
conducted his own front porch campaign in 1920, even borrowing the flagpole from McKinley's old front yard.
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1164:
631:
537:
805:. Many Democrats, and some Republicans, felt that the gold standard limited economic growth, and supported
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4303:
1940:
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1389:
1168:
1158:
943:
During 1895, Hanna journeyed east to meet with the political bosses there, including Pennsylvania Senator
822:
179:
683:
There were strong factional conflicts within the Ohio Republican party; one source of bitterness was the
4025:
1839:
1470:
996:
McKinley remained well ahead when the state conventions concluded, leaving his opponents' only hope the
920:
860:
789:. Among those who became insolvent in 1893 was a McKinley friend, Robert Walker. McKinley had co-signed
466:
4477:
4249:
4131:
1802:
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1182:
1115:
1098:
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1038:
982:
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876:
757:
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270:
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1388:
William and Ida McKinley (to her husband's left) pose with members of the "Flower Delegation" from
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715:
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onto the sides of newspaper buildings. The election was considered by many to be the most crucial
840:
The 1894 election campaign saw the Democrats divided, and the electorate further split by the new
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1445:
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that became the issue of the day, with Bryan capturing the Democratic nomination as a foe of the
202:
187:
182:, as well as minor-party candidates. McKinley's decisive victory in what is sometimes seen as a
773:
magazine cartoon shows the Republicans following the path of the gold standard which President
4773:
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3723:
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1946:
1862:
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1333:
700:
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72:
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990:
962:
953:
916:
782:
774:
603:
547:
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419:
400:
395:
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368:
303:
290:
167:
155:
127:
58:
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4229:
4119:
1964:
1856:
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1428:
1256:
William McKinley, address to a delegation of Pennsylvania ironworkers, September 19, 1896.
1187:
1063:
1059:
1031:
1027:
948:
790:
769:
724:
696:
511:
506:
405:
227:
1343:
A delegation at the front porch of Republican presidential candidate William McKinley in
3517:
1578:
1149:. Others either seeking or spoken of for the nomination included South Carolina Senator
238:
candidates to run and prevent McKinley from getting a majority of delegate votes at the
3814:
1970:
1636:
1339:
1194:
1130:
1055:
1051:
1042:
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892:
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729:
223:
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4722:
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3766:
3713:
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1444:
was hostile to McKinley throughout the campaign; prior to the Republican convention,
1090:
1081:
888:
802:
786:
777:(right) has blazed. McKinley, wearing a large black hat, walks behind Hanna (in red).
680:, but Foraker's light dimmed when he was defeated for a third two-year term in 1889.
266:
247:
243:
215:
108:
67:
4525:
3896:
1512:
900:—author of a 2015 book on the 1896 race—called "the first modern primary campaign".
1882:
1502:
1344:
1262:
trip in July to give previously arranged nonpolitical speeches in Cleveland and at
1228:
1224:
1146:
1137:
justice responded: "In my opinion in thirty days you won't hear of anything else."
944:
908:
907:, expressing a dislike for Cleveland's winters. He was joined there by William and
884:
814:
688:
327:
251:
235:
231:
206:
4259:
1077:
710:
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1465:, or Gold Democrats, meeting in Indianapolis. The nomination of Illinois Senator
1302:
1008:
For further information on the procedures of American political conventions, see
4328:
1628:
1586:
1384:
1210:
McKinley, (lower right) running his campaign from the library of his Canton home
1206:
1067:
845:
806:
763:
461:
307:
262:
210:
198:
261:, and was confident of winning an election fought on that question. But it was
4348:
4333:
4068:
1929:
1738:
1319:
931:
865:
718:
considered him a presidential possibility that year and issued a card for him.
692:
311:
219:
121:
4042:
2086:
Formally, the Committee on Resolutions, and chaired by Senator-elect Foraker.
3938:
3742:
897:
756:
For a fuller explanation of the currency question in the 19th century, see
3990:
3930:
3846:
3825:
3727:
2077:
Although at the time, no state conducted a primary election for president.
1867:
1845:
1824:
1764:
1361:
1424:
1181:
to Phillips, was "messianic—a call to arms". Dawes deemed his friend's
781:
Harrison was defeated in the November 1892 election by former president
4076:
4000:
Realigning America: McKinley, Bryan and the Remarkable Election of 1896
3943:
The Triumph of William McKinley: Why the Election of 1896 Still Matters
1581:
The Triumph of William McKinley: Why the Election of 1896 Still Matters
104:
809:, making silver legal tender, as it had been until the passage of the
326:
in New York state, and was admitted to the bar in Ohio. He settled in
3963:
All the Great Prizes: The Life of John Hay, from Lincoln to Roosevelt
3513:
1646:
Harpine saw McKinley's personal touch as key to his successful race:
1591:
704:
4137:
310:
in 1843. He left college to work as a teacher, and enlisted in the
1785:
1520:
McKinley won the entire Northeast and Midwest, and broke into the
1511:
1423:
1383:
1350:
1338:
1205:
1163:
1022:
930:
859:
762:
709:
294:
3877:(revised ed.). Kent, Ohio: The Kent State University Press.
1717:
1347:, October 1896; McKinley, just right of center, holds a top hat.
939:
was a contender for the 1896 Republican presidential nomination.
413:
318:
broke out in 1861. He served throughout the war, ending it as a
4529:
4141:
234:, and they tried to block his nomination by encouraging state
3778:. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
1284:
687:. Ohio Republicans had endorsed the state's senior senator,
330:; after practicing law there, he was elected to Congress in
3444:
3442:
3357:
3355:
3306:
3304:
334:, and except for short periods served there until 1891. In
3856:
From Hayes to McKinley: National Party Politics, 1877–1896
1538:
Election day. Went after dinner to vote for Wm. McKinley
1240:, the secretary of the organization and later a senator.
4734:
Republican Party (United States) presidential campaigns
3694:
William Jennings Bryan: Political Evangelist, 1860–1908
3048:
3046:
2758:
2756:
4091:
3922:
The McKinley and Roosevelt Administrations, 1897–1909
3589:
3587:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2536:
2534:
957:
Senator Cullom until the bosses made the right deal.
3159:
3157:
1355:
William McKinley home, Canton, Ohio (published 1914)
4464:
4394:
4274:
4202:
3983:
Joseph Benson Foraker: An Uncompromising Republican
2997:
2995:
2785:
2783:
2731:
2729:
1567:
1270:that he could not outdo Bryan, who was a brilliant
137:
114:
100:
92:
82:
47:
37:
23:
3834:
3813:
3691:
4339:Forest Service Organic Administration Act of 1897
1124:William Jennings Bryan 1896 presidential campaign
4414:William McKinley Presidential Library and Museum
2068:Until 1913, state legislatures elected senators.
1157:of Kentucky, and former Nebraska representative
1010:United States presidential nominating convention
342:the following year, serving two two-year terms.
3772:Vice Presidents of the United States, 1789–1993
2038:Includes 222,583 votes as the People's nominee.
1648:
1536:
1494:
1431:'s portrayal of the McKinley–Hanna relationship
1248:
190:of close presidential contests, and ushered in
3820:. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
4541:
4153:
3698:. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
656:
8:
4424:McKinley Birthplace Home and Research Center
4002:. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.
338:he was defeated for re-election, but he was
4240:William McKinley 1896 presidential campaign
3858:. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
2042:Sewall was Bryan's Democratic running mate.
1469:for president and former Kentucky governor
714:Although McKinley did not run in 1892, the
4548:
4534:
4526:
4160:
4146:
4138:
3795:Ohio's Kingmaker: Mark Hanna, Man and Myth
1492:Stanley Jones wrote of the 1896 campaign:
663:
649:
344:
201:. After service as an Army officer in the
20:
4729:1896 United States presidential campaigns
4041:
3966:(Kindle ed.). Simon & Schuster.
2046:Watson was Bryan's People's running mate.
1635:Rove, while an advisor to Texas Governor
1488:United States presidential election, 1896
242:, which might force him to make deals on
144:US$ 3,500,000 to $ 16,500,000 (estimated)
4434:McKinley Birthplace Memorial gold dollar
4366:1900 United States presidential election
4235:1896 United States presidential election
3985:. Columbus, OH: The Ohio History Press.
1659:
1076:
4703:List of Republican National Conventions
4698:List of Republican presidential tickets
4376:Second inauguration of William McKinley
4098:
3460:
3433:
3421:
3397:
3235:
3187:
3148:
3112:
2962:
2902:
2345:
2309:
2285:
2120:
2061:
347:
194:of dominance for the Republican Party.
4749:Political history of the United States
4289:First inauguration of William McKinley
3751:(Kindle ed.). Henry Holt and Co.
3719:Marcus Alonzo Hanna: His Life and Work
3100:
1564:
1317:
1084:of New Jersey, McKinley's running mate
758:Cross of Gold speech § Background
4744:Economic history of the United States
4419:National McKinley Birthplace Memorial
3797:. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press.
7:
3641:
3617:
3578:
3554:
3484:
3448:
3409:
3361:
3334:
3310:
3295:
3259:
3247:
3136:
3124:
3052:
3037:
2986:
2926:
2866:
2830:
2762:
2540:
2465:
2417:
2393:
2369:
2333:
2321:
2189:
2101:
1296:McKinley speaks from his front porch
864:McKinley's close friend and adviser
205:, he became a lawyer and settled in
4371:1900 Republican National Convention
4245:1896 Republican National Convention
4225:1888 Republican National Convention
4051:Harpine, William D. (Summer 2000).
3925:. New York: The Macmillan Company.
3722:. New York: The Macmillan Company.
3653:
3605:
3593:
2842:
2813:
2552:
1547:. Diary entry for November 3, 1896.
1178:1896 Democratic National Convention
1120:1896 Democratic National Convention
1017:1896 Republican National Convention
741:1892 Republican National Convention
685:1888 Republican National Convention
438:25th President of the United States
3945:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
3629:
3283:
3211:
3163:
3088:
2938:
2914:
2878:
2854:
2789:
2660:
2576:
2525:
2357:
2297:
2273:
2249:
2225:
2127:
73:President of the New Jersey Senate
14:
4556:Republican presidential campaigns
4386:Assassination of William McKinley
3841:. New York: Harper and Brothers.
3816:The Presidential Election of 1896
3566:
3542:
3516:. January 2, 2016. Archived from
3496:
3472:
3385:
3271:
3223:
3064:
3013:
3001:
2974:
2950:
2890:
2747:
2735:
2720:
2708:
2696:
2636:
2624:
2612:
2600:
2564:
2501:
2477:
2453:
2429:
2405:
2381:
2140:Gould, Louis L. (February 2000).
2105:
4509:
4508:
4265:
4258:
4125:
4113:
4101:
3875:William McKinley and His America
3530:
3373:
3346:
3322:
3199:
3175:
3076:
3025:
2801:
2774:
2684:
2672:
2648:
2588:
2513:
2489:
2441:
2261:
2237:
2213:
2201:
2177:
2165:
2097:
1573:
1413:, beginning his political rise.
1318:Problems playing this file? See
1300:
636:
630:
352:
42:U.S. presidential election, 1896
29:
4708:History of the Republican Party
1579:Interview with Karl Rove about
1403:New York City Police Commission
1171:, seen during the 1896 campaign
971:American Protective Association
322:major. Afterwards, he attended
130:(responsible for disbursements)
4769:People's Party (United States)
4739:Presidency of William McKinley
4403:McKinley at Home, Canton, Ohio
4344:Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899
4184:President of the United States
240:Republican National Convention
160:President of the United States
24:William McKinley for President
1:
4024:Connolly, Michael J. (2010).
1045:is the page holding the robe.
998:Republican National Committee
856:First modern primary campaign
197:McKinley was born in 1843 in
4057:Rhetorical Studies Quarterly
3510:"After Words with Karl Rove"
1694:Vice-presidential candidate
1202:Fundraising and organization
965:and former Nebraska senator
401:U.S Representative from Ohio
4220:Coal miners' strike of 1873
4210:23rd Ohio Infantry Regiment
3793:Horner, William T. (2010).
2146:American National Biography
887:, such as Illinois Senator
837:, further split his party,
819:Sherman Silver Purchase Act
430:1893 gubernatorial election
425:1891 gubernatorial election
16:American political campaign
4790:
4409:McKinley National Memorial
3812:Jones, Stanley L. (1964).
3690:Coletta, Paulo E. (1964).
1485:
1113:
1007:
755:
288:
4693:
4561:
4487:
4440:William McKinley Monument
4429:William McKinley Memorial
4256:
4175:
4069:10.1080/02773940009391183
3998:Williams, R. Hal (2010).
3981:Walters, Everett (1948).
3960:Taliaferro, John (2013).
3901:. New York: Times Books.
3873:Morgan, H. Wayne (2003).
3854:Morgan, H. Wayne (1969).
2028:
2022:
2015:
2003:
1993:
1979:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1763:
1754:
1747:
1682:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1572:
1543:John A. Sanborn, farmer,
1463:National Democratic Party
1145:and former Iowa governor
1105:General election campaign
96:Elected: November 3, 1896
28:
4215:Battle of South Mountain
4043:10.14713/njh.v125i1.1019
3833:Leech, Margaret (1959).
2917:, pp. 186–191, 210.
1190:electoral assumptions".
361:This article is part of
4381:Pan-American Exposition
4319:China Relief Expedition
4299:Philippine–American War
3837:In the Days of McKinley
3557:, pp. xi, 152–153.
2108:, pp. 278–279, 295
1666:Presidential candidate
1436:William Randolph Hearst
1401:, then a member of the
879:of Maine, Iowa Senator
538:Pan American Exposition
492:Philippine–American War
4304:Treaty of Paris (1898)
1941:Charles Eugene Bentley
1750:William Jennings Bryan
1653:
1641:2000 election campaign
1540:
1517:
1499:
1432:
1393:
1390:Oil City, Pennsylvania
1356:
1348:
1289:
1253:
1211:
1172:
1169:William Jennings Bryan
1159:William Jennings Bryan
1085:
1046:
940:
868:
823:William Jennings Bryan
778:
767:"Pioneer Cleveland":
747:Gaining the nomination
719:
556:Presidential campaigns
300:
180:William Jennings Bryan
4324:Hay–Pauncefote Treaty
4192:39th Governor of Ohio
1840:Simon Bolivar Buckner
1515:
1471:Simon Bolivar Buckner
1427:
1387:
1354:
1342:
1288:
1209:
1167:
1114:Further information:
1080:
1026:
1004:Republican convention
934:
921:Ohio General Assembly
863:
766:
732:him out of his seat.
713:
522:Judicial appointments
467:Industrial Commission
298:
257:McKinley was a noted
170:, defeated the joint
4500:Theodore Roosevelt →
4478:William McKinley Sr.
4294:Spanish–American War
4250:Front porch campaign
2893:, pp. 244, 262.
2100:, pp. 240–241,
2051:Notes and references
1947:National Prohibition
1329:front porch campaign
1244:Front porch campaign
1183:Cross of Gold speech
1116:Cross of Gold speech
1095:Paterson, New Jersey
1039:Charles H. Grosvenor
983:New Mexico Territory
967:Charles F. Manderson
905:Thomasville, Georgia
883:, and several state
877:Thomas Brackett Reed
874:Speaker of the House
831:Wilson–Gorman Tariff
716:Duke Tobacco Company
609:Presidential library
487:Spanish–American War
271:front porch campaign
4472:Ida Saxton McKinley
4309:Newlands Resolution
3620:, pp. 170–171.
3581:, pp. 168–170.
3569:, pp. 347–348.
3533:, pp. 365–369.
3499:, pp. 345–346.
3475:, pp. 243–244.
3451:, pp. 151–153.
3424:, pp. 185–186.
3412:, pp. 147–149.
3400:, pp. 520–521.
3376:, pp. 349–351.
3364:, pp. 142–145.
3349:, pp. 331–332.
3337:, pp. 141–142.
3325:, pp. 318–319.
3313:, pp. 120–122.
3226:, pp. 281–288.
3178:, pp. 313–314.
3139:, pp. 129–130.
3115:, pp. 515–516.
3091:, pp. 208–209.
3079:, pp. 311–315.
3040:, pp. 130–131.
3028:, pp. 244–245.
2965:, pp. 516–517.
2953:, pp. 276–279.
2941:, pp. 193–200.
2929:, pp. 136–137.
2905:, pp. 508–509.
2881:, pp. 187–188.
2857:, pp. 179–180.
2816:, pp. 119–120.
2804:, pp. 248–252.
2777:, pp. 240–242.
2750:, pp. 175–176.
2711:, pp. 162–173.
2687:, pp. 227–233.
2675:, pp. 215–221.
2663:, pp. 158–159.
2651:, pp. 163–166.
2639:, pp. 145–147.
2603:, pp. 114–118.
2591:, pp. 116–121.
2579:, pp. 134–135.
2555:, pp. 107–109.
2516:, pp. 110–115.
2504:, pp. 173–176.
2492:, pp. 108–110.
2444:, pp. 141–144.
2360:, pp. 178–179.
2348:, pp. 129–134.
2312:, pp. 126–127.
2240:, pp. 107–108.
2142:"McKinley, William"
1820:National Democratic
1662:
1613:realigning election
1264:Mount Union College
1221:John D. Rockefeller
1155:Joseph C. Blackburn
1110:Getting an opponent
829:in 1894 passed the
827:Democratic Congress
811:Coinage Act of 1873
752:Preparing for a run
624:Fourth Party System
533:Second inauguration
497:Hawaiian Annexation
482:Newlands Resolution
244:political patronage
184:realigning election
4637:G. H. W. Bush 1992
4631:G. H. W. Bush 1988
4493:← Grover Cleveland
4030:New Jersey History
3917:Rhodes, James Ford
3671:USA Election Atlas
2480:, pp. 99–101.
1661:Electoral results
1660:
1545:Franklin, Nebraska
1518:
1446:Alfred Henry Lewis
1433:
1399:Theodore Roosevelt
1394:
1376:Issues and tactics
1357:
1349:
1290:
1212:
1173:
1086:
1047:
987:Oklahoma Territory
941:
937:William B. Allison
881:William B. Allison
869:
779:
720:
457:First inauguration
412:39th Governor of
396:Early Legal Career
316:American Civil War
301:
124:(campaign manager)
4716:
4715:
4523:
4522:
4361:Gold Standard Act
4356:Lacey Act of 1900
4009:978-0-7006-1721-0
3973:978-1-4165-9741-4
3952:978-1-4767-5295-2
3908:978-0-8050-6953-2
3884:978-0-87338-765-1
3865:978-0-8156-2136-2
3804:978-0-8214-1894-9
3785:978-0-7567-0968-6
3767:Hatfield, Mark O.
3758:978-0-8050-6956-3
3705:978-0-8032-0022-7
3667:National Archives
3520:on 22 March 2016.
3298:, pp. 97–98.
3262:, pp. 26–27.
2723:, pp. 81–83.
2615:, pp. 76–77.
2468:, pp. 42–43.
2456:, pp. 60–62.
2420:, pp. 27–35.
2336:, pp. 67–68.
2324:, pp. 24–27.
2300:, pp. 95–96.
2276:, pp. 85–87.
2264:, pp. 83–86.
2216:, pp. 12–13.
2204:, pp. 69–75.
2192:, pp. 62–63.
2035:
2034:
1621:Warren G. Harding
1597:
1596:
1411:Ohio State Senate
1407:Warren G. Harding
1305:
1229:J. P. Morgan
701:Benjamin Harrison
678:Joseph B. Foraker
673:
672:
614:McKinley Monument
517:Executive actions
502:Gold Standard Act
472:Army beef scandal
391:Civil War service
378:
377:
324:Albany Law School
279:Electoral College
149:
148:
4781:
4550:
4543:
4536:
4527:
4512:
4511:
4314:Open Door Policy
4269:
4262:
4195:
4187:
4169:William McKinley
4162:
4155:
4148:
4139:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4118:
4117:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4097:
4088:
4047:
4045:
4013:
3994:
3977:
3956:
3934:
3912:
3898:William McKinley
3888:
3869:
3850:
3840:
3829:
3819:
3808:
3789:
3777:
3762:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3709:
3697:
3673:
3663:
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3494:
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3395:
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3326:
3320:
3314:
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3299:
3293:
3287:
3281:
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3257:
3251:
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3233:
3227:
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3215:
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3017:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2990:
2984:
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2894:
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2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
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2846:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2408:, pp. 6–13.
2403:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
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2313:
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2301:
2295:
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2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
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2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2109:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2069:
2066:
1898:Charles Matchett
1797:Thomas E. Watson
1733:Garret A. Hobart
1707:William McKinley
1663:
1577:
1576:
1565:
1548:
1441:New York Journal
1307:
1306:
1287:
1257:
1193:When journalist
1151:Benjamin Tillman
1143:Richard P. Bland
1054:and Wisconsin's
963:Cushman K. Davis
954:Charles G. Dawes
893:political bosses
852:of both houses.
791:promissory notes
783:Grover Cleveland
775:Grover Cleveland
665:
658:
651:
640:
639:
634:
477:Teller Amendment
374:
373:
371:
370:William McKinley
364:
356:
349:
348:
345:
340:elected governor
304:William McKinley
299:William McKinley
291:William McKinley
168:Governor of Ohio
156:William McKinley
145:
128:Charles G. Dawes
87:Republican Party
59:Governor of Ohio
53:William McKinley
33:
21:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4764:Monetary policy
4719:
4718:
4717:
4712:
4689:
4655:G. W. Bush 2004
4648:G. W. Bush 2000
4557:
4554:
4524:
4519:
4483:
4460:
4390:
4278:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4254:
4230:McKinley Tariff
4198:
4190:
4179:
4171:
4166:
4136:
4126:
4124:
4112:
4102:
4100:
4092:
4050:
4023:
4010:
3997:
3980:
3974:
3959:
3953:
3937:
3915:
3909:
3893:Phillips, Kevin
3891:
3885:
3872:
3866:
3853:
3832:
3811:
3805:
3792:
3786:
3775:
3765:
3759:
3741:
3732:
3730:
3712:
3706:
3689:
3676:
3664:
3660:
3652:
3648:
3640:
3636:
3632:, pp. 1–3.
3628:
3624:
3616:
3612:
3604:
3600:
3592:
3585:
3577:
3573:
3565:
3561:
3553:
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3495:
3491:
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3428:
3420:
3416:
3408:
3404:
3396:
3392:
3384:
3380:
3372:
3368:
3360:
3353:
3345:
3341:
3333:
3329:
3321:
3317:
3309:
3302:
3294:
3290:
3282:
3278:
3270:
3266:
3258:
3254:
3246:
3242:
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3230:
3222:
3218:
3210:
3206:
3198:
3194:
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3174:
3170:
3162:
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3147:
3143:
3135:
3131:
3123:
3119:
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3107:
3099:
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3083:
3075:
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3063:
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3051:
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3032:
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3012:
3008:
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2981:
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2961:
2957:
2949:
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2933:
2925:
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2913:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2889:
2885:
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2865:
2861:
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2849:
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2837:
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2812:
2808:
2800:
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2788:
2781:
2773:
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2761:
2754:
2746:
2742:
2734:
2727:
2719:
2715:
2707:
2703:
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2691:
2683:
2679:
2671:
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2659:
2655:
2647:
2643:
2635:
2631:
2623:
2619:
2611:
2607:
2599:
2595:
2587:
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2571:
2563:
2559:
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2547:
2539:
2532:
2524:
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2500:
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2448:
2440:
2436:
2428:
2424:
2416:
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2404:
2400:
2392:
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2332:
2328:
2320:
2316:
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2304:
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2268:
2260:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2236:
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2224:
2220:
2212:
2208:
2200:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2126:
2122:
2113:
2112:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2053:
2044:
2040:
1965:James Southgate
1924:Matthew Maguire
1904:Socialist Labor
1857:Joshua Levering
1700:Electoral vote
1679:
1658:
1574:
1568:External videos
1563:
1550:
1542:
1490:
1484:
1451:Homer Davenport
1429:Homer Davenport
1378:
1325:
1324:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1301:
1298:
1291:
1285:
1259:
1255:
1246:
1204:
1126:
1112:
1107:
1060:Henry M. Teller
1028:Louis Dalrymple
1013:
1006:
949:Thomas C. Platt
858:
761:
754:
749:
725:McKinley Tariff
697:James G. Blaine
669:
637:
635:
628:
600:
597:
557:
554:
529:
526:
512:Platt Amendment
507:Boxer Rebellion
453:
450:
449:
439:
436:
416:
410:
406:McKinley Tariff
369:
367:
366:
365:
362:
360:
293:
287:
143:
133:
115:Key people
75:
71:
65:
61:
56:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4787:
4785:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4721:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4680:
4675:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4651:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4627:
4620:
4613:
4608:
4601:
4594:
4592:Goldwater 1964
4589:
4584:
4577:
4570:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4545:
4538:
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4411:
4406:
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4389:
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4383:
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4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
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4351:
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4331:
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4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4285:
4283:
4272:
4271:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4188:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4142:
4135:
4134:
4122:
4110:
4090:
4089:
4048:
4015:
4014:
4008:
3995:
3978:
3972:
3957:
3951:
3935:
3913:
3907:
3889:
3883:
3870:
3864:
3851:
3830:
3809:
3803:
3790:
3784:
3763:
3757:
3748:Warren Harding
3739:
3714:Croly, Herbert
3710:
3704:
3675:
3674:
3658:
3646:
3644:, p. 171.
3634:
3622:
3610:
3598:
3583:
3571:
3559:
3547:
3545:, p. 346.
3535:
3523:
3501:
3489:
3487:, p. 149.
3477:
3465:
3463:, p. 522.
3453:
3438:
3436:, p. 521.
3426:
3414:
3402:
3390:
3388:, p. 332.
3378:
3366:
3351:
3339:
3327:
3315:
3300:
3288:
3286:, p. 127.
3276:
3274:, p. 177.
3264:
3252:
3240:
3238:, p. 510.
3228:
3216:
3214:, p. 204.
3204:
3192:
3190:, p. 509.
3180:
3168:
3166:, p. 202.
3153:
3151:, p. 508.
3141:
3129:
3127:, p. 134.
3117:
3105:
3103:, p. 307.
3093:
3081:
3069:
3067:, p. 283.
3057:
3055:, p. 131.
3042:
3030:
3018:
3006:
3004:, p. 287.
2991:
2989:, p. 194.
2979:
2977:, p. 279.
2967:
2955:
2943:
2931:
2919:
2907:
2895:
2883:
2871:
2869:, p. 129.
2859:
2847:
2845:, p. 143.
2835:
2818:
2806:
2794:
2779:
2767:
2765:, p. 290.
2752:
2740:
2738:, p. 191.
2725:
2713:
2701:
2699:, p. 161.
2689:
2677:
2665:
2653:
2641:
2629:
2627:, p. 103.
2617:
2605:
2593:
2581:
2569:
2567:, p. 109.
2557:
2545:
2530:
2528:, p. 142.
2518:
2506:
2494:
2482:
2470:
2458:
2446:
2434:
2422:
2410:
2398:
2386:
2374:
2362:
2350:
2338:
2326:
2314:
2302:
2290:
2288:, p. 125.
2278:
2266:
2254:
2242:
2230:
2228:, p. 194.
2218:
2206:
2194:
2182:
2170:
2158:
2132:
2130:, p. 169.
2119:
2111:
2110:
2104:, p. 27,
2088:
2079:
2070:
2060:
2059:
2052:
2049:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:Needed to win
2020:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1971:North Carolina
1968:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1814:John M. Palmer
1809:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1783:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1762:
1753:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1736:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1657:
1654:
1637:George W. Bush
1595:
1594:
1570:
1569:
1562:
1559:
1535:
1486:Main article:
1483:
1480:
1467:John M. Palmer
1377:
1374:
1315:
1309:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1203:
1200:
1195:Murat Halstead
1131:William R. Day
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1056:Henry C. Payne
1052:H. H. Kohlsaat
1043:H. H. Kohlsaat
1005:
1002:
857:
854:
842:People's Party
835:Pullman strike
796:Kevin Phillips
753:
750:
748:
745:
730:gerrymandering
671:
670:
668:
667:
660:
653:
645:
642:
641:
629:
627:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
598:
596:
595:
594:
593:
588:
579:
578:
577:
576:
571:
566:
555:
553:
552:
551:
550:
540:
535:
527:
525:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
462:Dingley Tariff
459:
451:
440:
437:
435:
434:
433:
432:
427:
411:
409:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
380:
379:
376:
375:
363:a series about
359:
357:
289:Main article:
286:
283:
162:. McKinley, a
147:
146:
141:
135:
134:
132:
131:
125:
118:
116:
112:
111:
102:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
49:
45:
44:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4786:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4754:Gold standard
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4581:McKinley 1896
4578:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4551:
4546:
4544:
4539:
4537:
4532:
4531:
4528:
4516:
4515:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4489:
4486:
4479:
4476:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4463:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4277:
4273:
4268:
4261:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4170:
4163:
4158:
4156:
4151:
4149:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4133:
4132:United States
4123:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4109:
4099:
4095:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4011:
4005:
4001:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3979:
3975:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3958:
3954:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3904:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3839:
3838:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3818:
3817:
3810:
3806:
3800:
3796:
3791:
3787:
3781:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3743:Dean, John W.
3740:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3701:
3696:
3695:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3659:
3656:, p. 87.
3655:
3650:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3626:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3611:
3608:, p. 85.
3607:
3602:
3599:
3596:, p. 74.
3595:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3253:
3250:, p. 75.
3249:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3205:
3202:, p. 23.
3201:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3019:
3016:, p. 87.
3015:
3010:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2836:
2833:, p. 74.
2832:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2795:
2792:, p. 19.
2791:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2546:
2543:, p. 57.
2542:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2435:
2432:, p. 46.
2431:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2399:
2396:, p. 39.
2395:
2390:
2387:
2384:, p. 60.
2383:
2378:
2375:
2372:, p. 68.
2371:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2255:
2252:, p. 85.
2251:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2171:
2168:, p. 58.
2167:
2162:
2159:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1780:Arthur Sewall
1777:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1683:Running mate
1675:Popular vote
1664:
1655:
1652:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1630:
1624:
1622:
1616:
1614:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1582:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1553:statement by
1549:
1546:
1539:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1523:
1522:border states
1514:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1353:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1330:
1323:
1321:
1297:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1272:stump speaker
1267:
1265:
1258:
1252:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1208:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1135:Supreme Court
1132:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1091:Garret Hobart
1083:
1082:Garret Hobart
1079:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1030:cartoon from
1029:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1011:
1003:
1001:
999:
994:
992:
988:
984:
978:
976:
975:anti-Catholic
972:
968:
964:
958:
955:
950:
946:
938:
935:Iowa Senator
933:
929:
926:
922:
918:
913:
910:
906:
901:
899:
894:
890:
889:Shelby Cullom
886:
885:favorite sons
882:
878:
875:
867:
862:
855:
853:
851:
847:
843:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
803:gold standard
799:
797:
792:
788:
787:Panic of 1893
784:
776:
772:
771:
765:
759:
751:
746:
744:
742:
737:
733:
731:
726:
717:
712:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
681:
679:
666:
661:
659:
654:
652:
647:
646:
644:
643:
633:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
601:
592:
589:
587:
584:
583:
581:
580:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
559:
558:
549:
546:
545:
544:
543:Assassination
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
530:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
454:
447:
443:
431:
428:
426:
423:
422:
421:
418:
417:
415:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
382:
381:
372:
358:
355:
351:
350:
346:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
297:
292:
284:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
267:gold standard
264:
260:
259:protectionist
255:
253:
249:
248:Garret Hobart
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
216:Panic of 1893
212:
211:gerrymandered
208:
204:
200:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
142:
140:
136:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
117:
113:
110:
109:New York City
106:
103:
99:
95:
91:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
70:
69:
68:Garret Hobart
64:
60:
55:
54:
50:
46:
43:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4682:
4671:
4654:
4647:
4630:
4623:
4616:
4604:
4597:
4580:
4579:
4574:Lincoln 1864
4573:
4567:Lincoln 1860
4566:
4507:
4498:
4491:
4449:Canton, Ohio
4438:
4401:
4395:Public image
4239:
4063:(3): 73–90.
4060:
4056:
4036:(1): 20–39.
4033:
4029:
4017:
4016:
3999:
3982:
3962:
3942:
3921:
3897:
3874:
3855:
3836:
3815:
3794:
3771:
3747:
3731:. Retrieved
3718:
3693:
3683:
3682:
3679:Bibliography
3678:
3677:
3661:
3649:
3637:
3625:
3613:
3601:
3574:
3562:
3550:
3538:
3526:
3518:the original
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3405:
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2180:, p. 7.
2173:
2161:
2151:December 18,
2149:. Retrieved
2145:
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2123:
2115:
2114:
2091:
2082:
2073:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2036:
1994:
1980:
1963:
1939:
1922:
1896:
1883:Hale Johnson
1881:
1855:
1838:
1812:
1795:
1778:
1748:
1731:
1705:
1649:
1645:
1634:
1629:media events
1625:
1617:
1609:
1598:
1585:
1580:
1551:
1541:
1537:
1527:
1519:
1503:stereopticon
1500:
1495:
1491:
1476:
1459:
1454:
1439:
1434:
1419:
1415:
1395:
1379:
1369:his campaign
1366:
1358:
1345:Canton, Ohio
1326:
1275:
1268:
1260:
1254:
1249:
1238:Charles Dick
1234:
1225:Standard Oil
1217:
1213:
1192:
1174:
1147:Horace Boies
1139:
1127:
1087:
1072:
1066:of Utah and
1064:Frank Cannon
1048:
1032:
1014:
995:
979:
959:
945:Matthew Quay
942:
925:Asa Bushnell
914:
909:Ida McKinley
902:
870:
850:took control
839:
815:money supply
800:
780:
768:
738:
734:
721:
689:John Sherman
682:
674:
619:Bibliography
568:
420:Governorship
328:Canton, Ohio
306:was born in
302:
275:his campaign
256:
252:running mate
236:favorite son
232:Matthew Quay
228:Thomas Platt
207:Canton, Ohio
196:
158:was elected
150:
101:Headquarters
76:
66:
62:
51:
18:
4666:Romney 2012
4661:McCain 2008
4624:Reagan 1984
4617:Reagan 1980
4329:Dingley Act
4194:(1892–1896)
4186:(1897–1901)
3461:Morgan 1969
3434:Morgan 1969
3422:Morgan 2003
3398:Morgan 1969
3236:Morgan 1969
3188:Morgan 1969
3149:Morgan 1969
3113:Morgan 1969
2963:Morgan 1969
2903:Morgan 1969
2346:Morgan 1969
2310:Morgan 1969
2286:Morgan 1969
2007:13,936,957
1863:Prohibition
1697:Home state
1691:Percentage
1672:Home state
1639:during the
1587:After Words
1068:Fred Dubois
846:Solid South
807:bimetallism
528:Second term
308:Niles, Ohio
263:free silver
199:Niles, Ohio
166:and former
83:Affiliation
77:(1881–1882)
63:(1892–1896)
4723:Categories
4684:Trump 2024
4678:Trump 2020
4672:Trump 2016
4605:Nixon 1972
4598:Nixon 1968
4587:Nixon 1960
4349:Refuse Act
4334:Erdman Act
4276:Presidency
3939:Rove, Karl
3101:Taliaferro
2116:References
1930:New Jersey
1769:6,509,052
1756:Democratic
1739:New Jersey
1722:7,108,480
1713:Republican
1507:since 1860
1320:media help
1153:, Senator
917:Zanesville
866:Mark Hanna
693:Mark Hanna
586:convention
564:convention
452:First term
442:Presidency
386:Early life
312:Union Army
285:Background
220:Mark Hanna
172:Democratic
164:Republican
122:Mark Hanna
4759:Metallism
4642:Dole 1996
4611:Ford 1976
4281:timeline)
4108:Biography
4085:143880262
3733:March 14,
1951:Nebraska
1888:Illinois
1678:Electoral
1561:Appraisal
1093:was from
991:bandwagon
898:Karl Rove
314:when the
203:Civil War
178:nominee,
48:Candidate
4774:Populism
4514:Category
4480:(father)
4445:Statues
4120:Politics
4018:Journals
3941:(2015).
3919:(1922).
3895:(2003).
3769:(1997).
3745:(2004).
3716:(1912).
3665:Source:
3642:Williams
3618:Williams
3579:Williams
3555:Williams
3485:Williams
3449:Williams
3410:Williams
3362:Williams
3335:Williams
3311:Williams
3296:Williams
3260:Connolly
3248:Phillips
3137:Williams
3125:Williams
3053:Williams
3038:Williams
2987:Williams
2927:Williams
2867:Williams
2831:Phillips
2763:Hatfield
2541:Williams
2466:Williams
2418:Williams
2394:Williams
2370:Phillips
2334:Phillips
2322:Williams
2190:Phillips
2102:Connolly
1909:New York
1872:124,896
1868:Maryland
1846:Kentucky
1829:133,537
1825:Illinois
1765:Nebraska
1760:People's
1555:Bismarck
1530:Brooklyn
1482:Election
1362:John Hay
1099:his wife
1035:magazine
591:election
574:election
569:campaign
446:timeline
226:such as
188:a period
176:Populist
139:Receipts
38:Campaign
4454:Chicago
4094:Portals
4077:3886055
3654:Harpine
3606:Harpine
3594:Harpine
2843:Coletta
2814:Coletta
2553:Walters
1954:19,367
1913:36,359
1803:Georgia
1772:46.70%
1725:51.03%
1656:Results
1605:in 1872
1474:funds.
1455:Journal
1334:bunting
1041:(red);
548:Funeral
250:as his
152:In 1896
105:Chicago
4474:(wife)
4465:Family
4083:
4075:
4006:
3991:477641
3989:
3970:
3949:
3931:457006
3929:
3905:
3881:
3862:
3847:456809
3845:
3826:445683
3824:
3801:
3782:
3755:
3728:715683
3726:
3702:
3630:Horner
3514:C-SPAN
3284:Horner
3212:Horner
3164:Horner
3089:Horner
2939:Horner
2915:Horner
2879:Horner
2855:Horner
2790:Rhodes
2661:Horner
2577:Horner
2526:Horner
2358:Horner
2298:Horner
2274:Horner
2250:Horner
2226:Horner
2128:Horner
2004:Total
1988:0.01%
1985:1,570
1957:0.14%
1916:0.26%
1875:0.90%
1832:0.96%
1688:Count
1669:Party
1592:C-SPAN
1122:, and
825:. The
705:tariff
604:Legacy
599:Legacy
320:brevet
224:bosses
192:an era
186:ended
93:Status
4081:S2CID
4073:JSTOR
3776:(PDF)
3684:Books
3567:Jones
3543:Jones
3497:Jones
3473:Jones
3386:Jones
3272:Jones
3224:Jones
3065:Jones
3014:Leech
3002:Jones
2975:Jones
2951:Jones
2891:Jones
2748:Jones
2736:Croly
2721:Leech
2709:Jones
2697:Jones
2637:Jones
2625:Jones
2613:Leech
2601:Jones
2565:Jones
2502:Croly
2478:Jones
2454:Leech
2430:Jones
2406:Jones
2382:Leech
2106:Jones
2056:Notes
2010:100%
1995:Other
1981:Other
1786:Maine
1680:vote
1602:Grant
1367:With
1276:think
1223:(his
973:, an
582:1900
560:1896
57:39th
4203:Life
4181:25th
4004:ISBN
3987:OCLC
3968:ISBN
3947:ISBN
3927:OCLC
3903:ISBN
3879:ISBN
3860:ISBN
3843:OCLC
3822:OCLC
3799:ISBN
3780:ISBN
3753:ISBN
3735:2012
3724:OCLC
3700:ISBN
3531:Rove
3374:Rove
3347:Rove
3323:Rove
3200:Dean
3176:Rove
3077:Rove
3026:Rove
2802:Rove
2775:Rove
2685:Rove
2673:Rove
2649:Rove
2589:Rove
2514:Rove
2490:Rove
2442:Rove
2262:Rove
2238:Rove
2214:Rove
2202:Rove
2178:Rove
2166:Dean
2153:2015
2098:Rove
2031:224
2026:224
2018:447
2013:447
1790:149
1775:176
1743:271
1728:271
1718:Ohio
1327:The
1033:Puck
1015:The
985:and
947:and
770:Puck
414:Ohio
336:1890
332:1876
230:and
174:and
4065:doi
4038:doi
4034:125
1807:27
1438:'s
1188:GOP
4725::
4079:.
4071:.
4061:30
4059:.
4055:.
4032:.
4028:.
3669:,
3586:^
3512:.
3441:^
3354:^
3303:^
3156:^
3045:^
2994:^
2821:^
2782:^
2755:^
2728:^
2533:^
2144:.
1999:—
1991:—
1975:0
1960:0
1934:0
1919:0
1891:0
1878:0
1850:0
1835:0
1758:–
1590:,
1584:,
1161:.
1118:,
993:.
448:)
254:.
154:,
107:,
4549:e
4542:t
4535:v
4279:(
4161:e
4154:t
4147:v
4096::
4087:.
4067::
4046:.
4040::
4012:.
3993:.
3976:.
3955:.
3933:.
3911:.
3887:.
3868:.
3849:.
3828:.
3807:.
3788:.
3761:.
3737:.
3708:.
2155:.
1322:.
1012:.
760:.
664:e
657:t
650:v
444:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.