William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield

948:. In Edinburgh, it was traditional for criminals sentenced to death to be allowed to visit a church near the city jail the Sunday before the execution. Two criminals named Wilson and Robertson took this as an opportunity to escape; although Wilson did not make it out of the church, Robertson escaped completely. Wilson had been a smuggler who supplied his fellow citizens with goods and, because of this and the unpopularity of the city guard, public opinion was firmly on his side. Porteous was the captain of the Edinburgh city guard, and was angry with Wilson's attempt to escape and aware of the possibility of an attempt to free him. Porteous ordered a guard of 80 men to be placed around the gallows for Wilson's execution. When a man attempted to cut Wilson's body down after the execution, Porteous ordered his troops to fire on the crowd, and seven people were killed. Porteous was initially sentenced to death for murder and, when the execution was delayed, a mob of citizens rushed the city jail and 1693:. As a result of the reporting of Mansfield's decision, public opinion and some newspapers gave the impression that slavery had been abolished by the ruling. Some historians believe that between 14,000 and 15,000 slaves were immediately freed in England, some of whom remained with their masters as paid or unpaid employees. However, it is questionable whether that many black people lived in England at the time, and most of them were already free men and women, or were runaway slaves who had evaded the authorities. The decision was vague enough to allow Africans to still be hunted and kidnapped in London, Liverpool and Bristol to be sold elsewhere. (Such an incident was recounted by Olaudah Equiano in 1774 in his autobiography, 1722: at 592. The primary legal question in the case was not this preexisting principle, which applies only to children "born after marriage", but rather whether the child had been born before the marriage. The question was whether statements the child's parents allegedly made before their deaths could be introduced as evidence that the child had been born before their marriage and was thus illegitimate. Mansfield ruled to admit the testimony against the child's legitimacy and grant a new trial. The term "Lord Mansfield's Rule" is often used in a slightly different sense to denote the principle still applied in several jurisdictions that marriage creates a conclusive presumption of a husband's paternity of his wife's child. 2044:

1776. From the love which he bore to the place of his early education, he desired to be buried in this cathedral (privately) and would have forbidden that instance of human vanity, the erecting a monument to his memory, but a sum which with the interest has amounted to two thousand five hundred pounds was left for that purpose by A. Bailey Esqr. of Lyon's Inn, which at least well meant mark of esteem he had no previous knowledge or suspicion of and had no power to prevent being executed. He was the fourth son of David, fifth Viscount Stormont, and married the Lady Elizabeth Finch, daughter to Daniel, Earl of Nottingham by whom he had no issue. Born at Scone 2nd March 1704. Died at Kenwood 20th March 1793.

1197: 1995: 2111: 1767: 929: 1965:, but he did not. Various comments he made before and during the case also suggest that complete emancipation was not his intent; in a preliminary judgment he said that "the setting 14,000 or 15,000 men at once free loose by a solemn opinion, is much disagreeable in the effect it threatens", which one modern legal scholar interprets as indicative of his reluctance to make a decision for fear of economic consequences. Various comments he made to Thomas Hutchinson in private letters, along with his comments about the 1011:. Some of the aristocrats thought that the bride had married way below her status, and they also accused the groom (at the time just Mr. Murray) of social climbing into one of the great English families which the Finches belonged to. Indeed, Mansfield's marriage helped him be accepted by the highest level of the aristocracy. Murray's connection with the Marquess of Rockingham especially had a significant positive influence on his future career. After a short holiday, Murray returned to his work as a barrister. 63: 1436:. Mansfield, in summing up the jury's verdict, said "The Case of Slaves was the same as if Horses had been thrown over board", and endeavoured to uphold the notion that slaves were property which could be destroyed in situations of "absolute necessity". But, new information was introduced in the case, and he ruled against the owners of the ship. In doing this, he achieved his aim of preventing maritime insurance law from becoming more complicated. 1380:. In English law, consideration is a vital part of the contract; without valid consideration, almost any contract is void. But, Mansfield argued in his judgment that it should only be treated as evidence of a contract, not as a vital element. Mansfield failed to make clear that he was referring only to consideration in commercial contracts, not general contracts, and as a result his judgment read that consideration was not required for 1875:, who said, "It is revolting to have no better reason for a rule of law than that so it was laid down in the time of Henry IV. It is more revolting still if the grounds upon which it was laid down have vanished long since, and the rule simply persists from blind imitation of the past." He made his judgements on the principle that "as the usages of society alter, the law must adapt itself to the various situations of mankind", leading 1307:

retained because they are dictates of common sense drawn from the truth of the case". In most European countries, the principle was that a merchant was bound by his promises, not just his signed legal documents, while English lawyers maintained that a merchant could only be legally bound by documents that he signed. The European principle was based on the assumption of good faith on the part of the merchants, or

748: 2190:, described him as "not only the greatest common law judge but the greatest judge in Anglo-American legal history", while Joseph Story himself said that Mansfield "broke down the narrow barrier of the common law, redeemed it from feudal selfishness and barbarity" and that "he was one of those great men raised up by Providence, at a fortunate moment, to effect a salutary revolution in the world". 1273:. Although in a small number of cases this was useful, in the majority of cases it simply made coming to court more expensive and wasted time. As soon as Mansfield became Lord Chief Justice, he changed the rules so that, unless the court had doubts over the evidence presented to them, a judgment was to be made immediately. This had a far-reaching effect on the English courts. Judges from the 1303:, a medieval series of customs and principles used to regulate trading. Other countries in Europe had reformed and modernised their law, resulting in English merchant law being about a century behind mercantile law of other European countries. A merchant was, by his very nature, international, and the inconsistencies between English law and the law of other nations made business difficult. 1586: 1685:, which preserves its force long after the reasons, occasion, and time itself from whence it was created, is erased from memory: it's so odious, that nothing can be suffered to support it, but positive law. Whatever inconveniences, therefore, may follow from a decision, I cannot say this case is allowed or approved by the law of England; and therefore the black must be discharged. 1673:

law passed in 1765 said that all lands, forts and slaves owned by the Africa Company were a property of the Crown, which could be interpreted to mean that the Crown accepted slavery. When the two lawyers for Charles Stewart put their case, they argued that a contract for the sale of a slave was recognised in England, and therefore the existence of slaves must be legally valid.

1120:. In an attempt to reach a compromise the government introduced a bill to Parliament declaring that Augusta was to be a regent along with a council of others, and that George would become the heir when he reached maturity. Murray made a speech supporting the government's proposal, but despite this, Parliament was not convinced that a council was necessary. 651:, English grammar, and essay writing skills. He later said that this gave him a great advantage at university, as those students educated in England had been taught Greek and Latin but not how to write properly in English. While at Perth Grammar School, it became apparent that Murray was particularly intelligent. In 1718, his father and older brother, 1343:. He took out an insurance policy with Boehm against the fort's being taken by a foreign enemy. A witness called Captain Tryon testified that Carter knew the fort was built to resist attacks from natives but not European enemies, and the French were likely to attack. The French did attack, and Boehm refused to fulfil the insurance claim. 1565:"Sir, if in future you indulge the ill-founded asperity of your Pen, may be called to answer for your Conduct, in a way that may cause you to regret that ever you was born, or, at least, that Nature has given you Abilities, which, if guided by Discretion, would have made you as much a Blessing, as you are now a Curse to Mankind." 1020: 1544:

of printing and publishing only", and innocent of seditious libel. Miller was tried on 13 July 1770, and after six hours of discussion, the jury found him innocent. As a result of these two trials, it became clear that no jury would convict a printer for printing these letters, leaving Junius free to continue publishing them.

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his knowledge, to mislead the underwriter into a belief that the circumstance does not exist, and to induce him to estimate the risque as if it did not exist. Good faith forbids either party by concealing what he privately knows, to draw the other into a bargain from his ignorance of that fact, and his believing the contrary.

1505:, and as a result, the press were free to print material attacking the government. Although there were eight attempts to force a new Licensing Act through Parliament between 1697 and 1713, none of them succeeded. Despite the freedom of the press from pre-censorship by the government, the judiciary regularly tried people for 1363:), it is still used in insurance contracts. In insurance agreements, the insuree inevitably knows more about the risk involved than the insurer; without the requirement for pre-contractual "good faith," the insuree would have no reason to tell the truth, and insurance companies would be loath to make contracts. 1244:, due to an old custom that the Lord Chief Justice took the position when it was empty. He only served until 8 April, and there is no evidence of his performing anything more than the standard day-to-day duties. He became a cabinet minister in 1757, still serving as Lord Chief Justice, and stayed until 1765. 1081:. His argument (that it was the prerogative of the King to decide how a war should be fought, and he should not be second-guessed by politicians with no experience of warfare) defeated the motion to cease employing the Hanoverian troops by 231 votes to 181. Murray became popular with both the government and 1160:. It was customary for all Lord Chief Justices to be given a peerage, and Murray responded by saying that in that situation he would refuse to become either Lord Chief Justice or Attorney General. Newcastle gave in, and promised to allow him to become Lord Chief Justice and to recommend him for a peerage. 1577:, advised that the publishers should again be prosecuted, Mansfield disagreed, saying that if they failed to respond to Junius, he would become bored and stop writing. Mansfield was evidently correct, because other than a letter printed on 5 October 1771, Junius ceased to write at the beginning of 1772. 1883: 1543:

by Mansfield and a jury on 2 June 1770. He was found guilty, although it is unclear in what fashion he was punished, if at all. Woodfall was tried on 13 June 1770, by Mansfield and a jury. While Mansfield believed that the language used was libellous, the jury disagreed, and held that he was "guilty

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Mansfield's judgment has been criticised as being unusually short-sighted because he failed to see that while his decision was correct for that particular case, the precedent it would set would create an unfair monopoly for the booksellers and publishers. This was one of only a small number of cases

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Insurance is a contract based upon speculation. The special facts, upon which the contingent chance is to be computed, lie most commonly in the knowledge of the insured only; the underwriter trusts to his representation and proceeds upon the confidence that he does not keep back any circumstance in

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Murray's first contact when he moved to London was William Hamilton, a Scottish-born barrister who was said to be the first Scot to practise at the English Bar, and one of the few people who was qualified to act as a barrister in both England and Scotland. Hamilton had been one of Murray's sponsors

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remained a slave in his household, until his 1793 will allowed her to be considered a free woman. (She had been born into slavery as the illegitimate daughter of his nephew in the West Indies but lived with him and his wife for 30 years.) In addition, advertisements from the 1770s show that slaves

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recognised the existence of slavery, and slavery was therefore illegal. Moreover, English contract law did not allow for any person to enslave himself, nor could any contract be binding without the person's consent. The arguments thus focused on legal details rather than humanitarian principles. A

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were allowed to submit their motions, it was normally the end of the day. This meant that almost all the work went to the senior barristers, who were so overworked that they often did not have time to prepare properly before going to court. In addition it meant that work for junior barristers was

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This was seen as an excellent result by Murray, who had no interest in politics except as a stepping stone to become a member of the judiciary. Murray was not suited to politics, as he was far too calculating and independent of thought to accept any one party's doctrine. His Scottish and Jacobite

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and fulfilled in the year 1793 when William Earl of Mansfield died full of years and of honours: of honours he declined many: those which he accepted were the following: he was appointed Solicitor General 1742, Attorney General 1754, Lord Chief Justice and Baron Mansfield 1756, Earl of Mansfield

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Mansfield ordered a hearing for 22 January 1772. Following an adjournment, the case was not heard until 7 February 1772. In the meantime, the case had attracted a great deal of attention in the press, and members of the public were forthcoming with donations to fund lawyers for both sides of the

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Mansfield made a great effort to bring English merchant law up to the same standards as that of other European nations, defining his position by saying that "the daily negotiations and property of merchants ought not to depend on subtleties and niceties, but upon rules easily learned and easily

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is mixed, with the current prevailing view being that he did not intend to free the slaves. The judgment was particularly narrow, as it ruled only that a master could not carry his slave out of England by force, not that slaves who came to England were emancipated. This is seen as particularly

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continued to be bought and sold in England. Mansfield referred to slaves in his judgment in a later case. Although slavery was not completely abolished in the British Empire until 1834, Mansfield's decision is considered to have been a significant step in recognising the illegality of slavery.

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After the attorneys for both sides had given their arguments, Mansfield called a recess, saying that " required ... consultation ... among the twelve Judges". Finally, on 22 June 1772 Mansfield gave his judgment, which ruled that a master could not carry his slave out of England by force, and

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Lord Mansfield is frequently mentioned in modern legal settings as the originator of "Lord Mansfield's Rule", in his own words: "...the law of England is clear, that the declarations of a father or mother, cannot be admitted to bastardize the issue born after marriage." This quote comes from

1257:, and was completely unsuited to the 18th century, when Britain was "the greatest manufacturing and commercial country in the world". Mansfield immediately began to reform the way the law and courts worked. One of his first acts as Lord Chief Justice was to change the system for submitting 1479:. This was a massive victory for booksellers and publishers, as it meant that they could effectively make it impossible for new companies to compete, as in the absence of new texts, there was nothing they could print. Mansfield's judgment was finally overruled by the House of Lords in 1858:

saw significant changes during Mansfield's career. As lord chief justice, Mansfield had done much to reform the way the courts worked, making it easier for people to gain access to legal aid, and also making the process much less expensive. He was also noted for his insistence that

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died, and Murray was asked to replace him; he declined, however, as he "did not want to leave His Majesty's service". After Ryder died unexpectedly on 25 May 1756, however, Murray could not turn down the opportunity, and immediately applied to replace him as Lord Chief Justice.

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as a possible successor. Mansfield clung to office until 1788 (despite not sitting in court for two years), in the hope that the government would fall before he was forced to retire. This was not to be, and on 3 June, he wrote a letter of resignation effective the next day.

1638:, who continually sought test cases against the legal justifications for slavery, was Somersett's real backer. When the case was heard, no fewer than five advocates appeared for the slave, speaking at three separate hearings between February and May. These lawyers included 1757:

Mansfield had been made earl of Mansfield, in the County of Nottingham, on 31 October 1776. He attended the Lords as Lord Speaker, and the last record of him attending (other than his presence at the state opening of Parliament on 23 March 1784) was in December 1783.

1816:. On 10 March 1793, he complained of feeling sleepy, and although he recovered the next day, by 12 March, he was again complaining of a need for sleep. He went to bed early and remained asleep until 18 March, when he finally died. His body was buried in the north 1070:, and by custom, the Attorney General was allowed to become Lord Chief Justice if a vacancy arose. Although many barristers were not good politicians, Murray became a successful Member of Parliament, and one noted for his oratorical skills and logical arguments. 811:

was for him to have eaten five dinners a term at Lincoln's Inn, and to have read the first sentence of a paper prepared for him by the steward. Thus, most of Murray's practical training came from reading the papers in Hamilton's chambers, and listening to

1871:, which allowed all courts to take cases of equity. He also established the principle that rather than blindly following precedent, judges should seek to find loopholes in rules that were no longer applicable, something that later received the support of 1266:

scarce, hindering their careers. Mansfield changed the system so that barristers were allowed to submit only one motion a day, and if not all barristers had been heard by the end of the day, they could continue where they left off the next morning.

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Mansfield also enforced a previous judgement of the Court of King's Bench made in 1645, in which they allowed a special jury of merchants to sit in cases involving commercial law. He built up a special corps of these jurymen, some of whom, such as

727:, who was a constant rival to Murray until Pitt's death in 1778. There is very little information about Murray's time at Oxford. It is known that he studied ancient and modern history, became fluent in French, and gained a good understanding of 975:

and a diamond, which is still in the possession of his family. Murray's reputation continued to grow; in 1738, he was involved in 11 of the 16 cases heard in the House of Lords, and in 1739 and 1740 he acted as legal counsel in 30 cases there.

5915: 1156:, in addition to the position of Attorney General, an extra £6,000 a year, and a pension, and finally attempted to blackmail him by saying that if he accepted the office of Lord Chief Justice, the government would refuse to grant him a 2126:

described him as "beyond comparison the best speaker" in the House of Commons. He was also a hard worker; he would sometimes do court paperwork himself, as well as do his judicial duties, in an attempt to speed up the legal process.

663:.Thirteen year old Murray travelled alone with a pony given by his father, The distance from Perth to London was around 400 miles (640 km), and the journey took Murray 54 days. Murray flourished at Westminster and was made a 2158:; when asked about this he replied that "I would not have made Sir Edward Coke's speech to gain all Sir Edward Coke's estates and all his reputation". There are conflicting reports about his temperament and attitude as a judge; 786:

was baptized November 1766 in London, 8 months after Lady Elizabeth's arrival. It has been hypothesized that Mansfield took Dido in to provide grieving Lady Elizabeth with a companion who would later be her personal attendant.

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Mansfield first sat in court on 11 November 1756, and at the time had "a very low estimate of the Common Law of England which he was to administer". The legal system had been put together in the period immediately after the

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in which Mansfield was overruled; in his entire career only six of his judgments were overturned by a higher court. Mansfield's judgement here has been seen as part of a wider agenda; along with other legal figures such as

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Unlike other barristers, Mansfield was noted for always keeping a cool head and being "prudent to the point of timidity". He was criticised for being "moderate and dispassionate", unlike more aggressive barristers such as

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Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Court of King's Bench: In the Nineteenth, Twentieth, and Twenty-first [twenty-second, Twenty-third, Twenty-fourth, and Twenty-fifth] Years of the Reign of George III.

543:, Mansfield became the main spokesman for the government in the House of Commons, where he was noted for his "great powers of eloquence" and was described as "beyond comparison the best speaker". With the promotion of 1953:

telling because this was the primary argument of Davy and Hargrave. If Murray had wanted to emancipate the slaves completely, there were various bits of judicial precedent he could have based his decision on, such as

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On 19 December 1769, Junius wrote a letter attacking the King, and incensed at this, the government ordered several people to be arrested and tried for seditious libel, including Woodfall for publishing the letters,

1261:. Every day the court was in session, all barristers were invited to submit motions, in order of their seniority as barristers. Because they were allowed to submit as many motions as they wanted, by the time junior 1624:. Stewart intended to sell him there. However, three people claiming to be Somersett's godparents, John Marlow, Thomas Walkin and Elizabeth Cade, made an application before the Court of King's Bench for a writ of 1470:

expired, Robert Taylor began publishing his own competing publication, which contained Thomson's poem. Mansfield, sitting with three other judges, concluded that despite the Statute of Anne there was a perpetual

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have questioned his reputation as a universally successful judge, saying that "the reputation of Lord Mansfield as a commercial lawyer should not blind us to the fact that he was not equally great in the law of

878:). Lady Stormont may have provided Murray with some financial support while he was a law student, on top of sending him food packages, including his favorite Scottish marmalade, when he was a young lawyer. 1147:

He was accepted, and although his appointment delighted Murray, the government was very concerned at the loss of a good Attorney General. In an attempt to persuade him to stay, the new Prime Minister, the

562:. He advanced commercial law in ways that helped establish Britain as world leader in industry, finance, and trade; modernised both English law and England's courts; rationalised the system for submitting 2166:

said he was "offensive and unpopular". Both opinions are suspect, however; Pitt's because he was a constant rival to Mansfield and Yorke's because he was attempting to beat Mansfield to the position of

1616:, an American customs officer who sailed to Britain for business, landing on 10 November 1769. A few days later Somersett attempted to escape. He was recaptured in November and imprisoned on the ship 1897:

His most important contributions were to commercial, merchant and common law. Mansfield spent much time bringing the law of England on par with that of other countries, particularly in cases such as

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William Lord Mansfield, "An Answer to the Letter Signed Junius, in the Public Advertiser of Wednesday, 14 November 1770" (London, 1770), 25 (available on eighteenth-century collections online).

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said that "there has never been a judge more venerated by his contemporaries, nor whose memory is regarded with greater respect and affection", and described him as "the great oracle of law".

639:" into exile, this left the family's finance relatively impoverished. The Jacobite sympathies of Murray's family were glossed over by contemporaries, who claimed that he had been educated at 1801:

visited Kenwood in June 1792, she was unable to see Lord Mansfield, because he was too infirm and hasn't been downstairs for 4 years, she asked after Miss Murrays and left her respects but '

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3rd. ed. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Child Support Enforcement; Ch. 8, Section: "Disestablishment of Paternity", at note 50.

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This was an attempt by Mansfield to introduce the assumption of good faith into English law, and although it failed for the most part (as most areas of English commercial law no longer use

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and his assignment in the West Indies, he brought his illegitimate daughter, Dido, whose mother, Maria Bell, was an enslaved woman of African descent. Dido was born into slavery in 1761.

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at the time was overcrowded, which made it difficult for a young barrister to build a reputation, yet qualifying for the English Bar was extremely expensive. Thanks to the patronage of

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This was not an end to slavery, as this only confirmed it was illegal to transport a slave out of England and Wales against his or her will. Slavery also persisted in the rest of the

5900: 5890: 5875: 5191: 4906: 1750:. In an attempt to speed up the process of passing the bill, Mansfield left his position as speaker to debate directly on 15 December; when this failed to help he returned to the 794:. Later, his nieces and unmarried sisters of Lord Stormont, Lady Anne and Lady Marjory Murray, would come to live at Kenwood to care for Lord and Lady Mansfield in their old age. 1149: 273: 219: 103: 2330: 2134:

as "Conservative, urbane, silver-tongued, energetic, cultivated and well read; a highly imaginative lawyer who looked to reason and was not overawed by the legacy of the past".

1400:, became noted experts on commercial law. "Lord Mansfield's jurymen" acted as an effective liaison between the merchants and the courts. Mansfield was personally a supporter of 5895: 2532: 5209: 1008: 3721: 5446: 5367: 5905: 5880: 4923: 157: 723:

sympathies of his family. He probably did this because, having no private income, he wished to secure patronage to help him advance politically. Another entrant was

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case, Lord Mansfield expressed the view that his ruling in the Somerset case decided only that a slave could not be forcibly removed from England against his will.

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now give reserved judgments in only a minority of cases. His reforms led to the Court of King's Bench becoming one of the most active courts, at the expense of the

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died on 11 June 1727, Murray entered and won a competition to write a Latin poem titled "The Death of the King". His actions were seen as a show of support for the

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Murray used his first professional earnings to purchase a china and silver-plate tea set for his kind sister in-law, Lady Stormont (mother of his nephew

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rather than Perth, as the person recording the names of the new students was unable to understand his Scottish accent. His older brother, James, was an

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in Scotland (the Scottish equivalent of a barrister in England), and his family decided that a career as a barrister was best for Murray. The Scottish

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that "Much may be made of a , if he be caught young" was directed at Mansfield, and Johnson also described him as "more than a mere lawyer", while

1630:, and Captain Knowles was ordered to produce Somersett before the Court of King's Bench, which would determine whether his imprisonment was legal. 1089:

write and pass an act to abolish the old hereditary positions in Scotland. In 1751 he drafted the government response to an attempt by the King of

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roots also allowed for endless insinuation and controversy—in 1753 he was accused by the Bishop of Gloucester of "having drunk the health of the

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the next day. The failure of the bill caused the government to be immediately dismissed, and Mansfield left his position on 23 December 1783.

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on his knees". Although the story was proven to be false, it embarrassed Murray, and was used to taunt him as late as 1770. His rivalry with

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On behalf of Somersett, it was argued that while colonial laws might permit slavery, neither the common law of England, nor any law made by

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he was without a rival. He excelled in the statement of a case. This, of itself, was worth the argument of any other man". The comment by

967:, and eventually whittled down the bill so much that, by the time it was voted on, it simply proposed to fine the city and disqualify the 1188:, but it would have "set in a false environment", and he declined all opportunities to return to politics except as Lord Chief Justice. 5413: 5161: 5136: 4860: 4670: 1983: 1840: 1825: 1173: 1086: 875: 864: 791: 771: 5865: 5860: 5855: 551:

in 1754, Mansfield became Attorney General and, when Ryder unexpectedly died several months later, he took his place as Chief Justice.

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looked after by his nieces Lady Anne and Lady Marjory Murray and Dido Belle. Most of his time was spent maintaining the grounds. When

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after his retirement. He was also criticised as a politician for his support of a government antagonistic to the colonies; in 1829

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since 1553, and by 1768, ships registered in Liverpool, Bristol and London carried more than half the slaves shipped in the world.

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as a result, and in the absence of a strong Attorney General, Murray spoke for the government in most matters. In 1747, he helped

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to deal with these cases, and Murray found his niche acting in Scottish cases in the House of Lords as early as 1733. His work in

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became the highest court of appeal in both English and Scottish law and, as a result, from 1707 Scottish cases on appeal from the

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3 Burr 1905. As a result of his work, he was described by a later judge as "the founder of the commercial law of this country".

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The state of slavery is of such a nature, that it is incapable of being introduced on any reasons, moral or political; but only

5435: 5256: 5199: 5181: 5106: 5051: 4774: 4142: 4102: 3528:, United States Social Security Administration Program Operations Manual System (POMS) Compilation of the Social Security Laws. 2119: 1921: 1886: 1844: 1782: 1459: 1282: 1004: 914: 859:, which helped him enormously in court. His first two cases were in the English Court of Sessions in 1733, where he was led by 4769: 4749: 1180:, he did not have the temperament to resist "the vehemence of Pitt's invective". It was widely felt that he could have become 1108:, the heir to the British throne on 20 March 1751, caused constitutional chaos; George II wished to appoint his favourite son 851:

around this time, and through his friendship met members of the aristocracy, some of whom later became his clients, including

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in England, and therefore was not binding in law. Though the judgement did not explicitly outlaw slavery in either Britain or

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United States Social Security Administration Program Operations Manual System (POMS) Compilation of the Social Security Laws.

1786: 1237: 1117: 1078: 925:, Murray was involved in almost every case in the House of Lords, whether it had been appealed from a Scottish court or not. 472: 127: 52: 5546: 5531: 5091: 2356: 1994: 1735: 1509:

if they printed material attacking the government. From 21 November 1768, letters written by a man under the pseudonym of

4517: 1139:, became Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench, and Murray became Attorney General in his place. A few months later the 4946: 4201: 4038: 1876: 1377: 847:

Murray was called to the Bar on 23 November 1730, taking a set of chambers at 5 King's Bench Walk. He was introduced to

2110: 5835: 5325: 5267: 5061: 4915: 4736: 4718: 4557: 3929: 1833: 1669: 1557:, a newspaper run by John Miller. In it, Junius attacked Mansfield, first for being Scottish, then for being a lapsed 1241: 1165: 1044: 898: 636: 196: 2322: 807:

at No. 1 Old Square. There was no formal legal education at this time, and the only requirement for a person to be

3140: 1463: 1332: 1254: 1229:. He qualified as a Serjeant-at-law on 8 November 1756, and was sworn in as Lord Chief Justice at the house of the 1201: 1105: 1082: 17: 3537: 5041: 4609: 4355:

Lowry, Todd (December 1973). "Lord Mansfield and the Law Merchant: Law and Economics in the Eighteenth Century".

3412: 1982:

Mansfield and Lady Finch did not have any children. His title, which succeeds to this day, passed to his nephew,

1872: 1032: 706: 528: 351: 5016: 3037: 1867:, a view that provoked much disagreement during his lifetime, but was eventually confirmed by Parliament in the 1323:, Mansfield got a chance to reform the law relating to the assumption of good faith. Carter was the Governor of 476:(2 March 1705 – 20 March 1793), was a British judge, politician, lawyer, and peer best known for his reforms to 5355: 5345: 5335: 5101: 4810: 4318:

Leslie, William (October 1957). "Similarities in Lord Mansfield's and Joseph Story's View of Fundamental Law".

2050: 1766: 1657:, who was later to become a noted barrister based on his work in this case. Charles Stewart was represented by 1839:

Mansfield left a large amount of money after his death, including Estate worth £500,000 to his nephew now the

928: 4784: 4270:

Lord Mansfield: A Biography of William Murray 1st Earl of Mansfield 1705–1793 Lord Chief Justice for 32 years

1812:

who informed him of the goings-on at court. On 1 August 1792 he was made Earl of Mansfield, in the County of

698:, who gave Murray £200 a year to live on, Murray could afford to study at the bar, and he became a member of 5536: 5516: 5506: 5486: 5471: 1502: 804: 2072: 5476: 5086: 3722:"The Will and 19 Codicils of the 1st Earl of Mansfield, with particular reference to Dido Elizabeth Belle" 2150:, who is considered one of the most important lawyers in the history of English law, was "only a lawyer". 1520: 62: 4086: 3144: 1384:

contract. His judgment has been much criticised by legal academics, and was effectively overruled by the

5111: 4931: 3729: 2213: 2131: 2061: 1639: 1278: 1210: 1074: 945: 803:

when he joined Lincoln's Inn in 1724 and, when Murray came to London, Hamilton helped find him a set of

767: 755: 674:, having scored higher in the examination than any other King's Scholar that year. He was admitted as a 671: 505: 455: 68: 4941: 3038:"House of Lords – Manifest Shipping Company Limited v. Uni-Polaris Shipping Company Limited and Others" 2122:, in Parliament, and while sitting as a judge, for his eloquence and skill as a speaker; in particular 4971: 1700:

Mansfield believed that his decision meant that slavery continued, because his mixed-race great-niece

5920: 5815: 5810: 5419: 4991: 4976: 4756: 4619: 3448: 2218: 2098: 2003: 1913: 1899: 1777:

Despite failing health, Mansfield refused to officially leave his post as Lord Chief Justice because

1738:, taking up his post in February 1783. The main item of debate during the Coalition Ministry was the 1701: 1605: 1472: 1368: 1206: 1136: 1128: 1066:

Although the Solicitor General was the lowest legal appointment, a successful one could be appointed

1051:. With this added political influence, Murray hoped to be appointed to a government office, and when 1048: 783: 644: 574: 555: 544: 285: 115: 43: 5026: 2162:

described him as "a very bad judge, proud, haughty to the Bar and hasty in his determinations", and

5621: 5601: 5340: 5330: 5011: 1933: 1882: 1731: 1597: 1553: 1481: 1140: 972: 890: 837: 779: 620: 566:, and reformed the way judgments were delivered to reduce expense for the parties. For his work in 489: 3867: 5666: 5586: 5571: 5561: 5295: 5283: 5273: 5245: 5001: 4728: 4711: 4545: 4504: 4458: 4409: 4380: 4343: 4306: 4234: 4226: 4130: 3509: 2360: 1490: 1421: 1397: 1024: 886: 882: 656: 583: 501: 243: 231: 1949: 643:

with many other members of the English judiciary. This was incorrect, as Murray was educated at

627:

and his wife Margaret as one of eleven children. Both his parents were strong supporters of the

508:, in May 1723, Mansfield graduated four years later and returned to London, where he was he was 3490:"Prohibiting Nonaccess Testimony by Spouses: Does Lord Mansfield's Rule Protect Illegitimates?" 2138:, a contemporary, said that "he had some superiors in force, some equals in persuasion; but in 913:

in 1734 established Murray as a brilliant young barrister praised for his performance by Lords

5681: 5611: 5491: 5481: 5466: 5320: 4996: 4846: 4823: 4537: 4496: 4475: 4448: 4429: 4372: 4335: 4298: 4275: 4254: 4218: 4182: 4162: 4122: 4069: 4046: 3659: 2574: 2326: 2199: 2085: 2015: 1937: 1929: 1864: 1821: 1621: 1515: 1270: 1226: 868: 808: 664: 660: 509: 413: 31: 3553:"California's Conclusive Presumption of Paternity and the Expansion of Unwed Fathers' Rights" 2178:

Mansfield has been called "the legal genius of his generation", and compared favourably with

554:

As the most powerful British jurist of the 18th century, Mansfield's decisions reflected the

5741: 5661: 5576: 5496: 5372: 5310: 5021: 5006: 4981: 4529: 4401: 4364: 4327: 4210: 4196: 4154: 4114: 3915: 3501: 2879: 2573:. Internet Archive. Montreal & Kingston; Ithaca : McGill-Queen's University Press. 2057: 1961: 1654: 1589: 1540: 1324: 1222: 960: 833: 736: 710: 699: 513: 5686: 5646: 5596: 5350: 5166: 5081: 5066: 4961: 4869: 4421: 4174: 3742: 2168: 1739: 1650: 1642: 1635: 1609: 1510: 1506: 1467: 1446: 1230: 1218: 996: 968: 829: 821: 691: 493: 189: 173: 3552: 3464: 2186:

noted for his brilliance. Other Americans such as Julian S. Waterman, the founder of the

3860: 766:

and Anne Hatton. They had no children of their own, but took care of their great niece,

5771: 5751: 5746: 5731: 5701: 5651: 5456: 5424: 5407: 5251: 5229: 5096: 4956: 2143: 2040: 1905: 1798: 1785:

to the position after Mansfield resigned. The government of the time instead suggested

1743: 1690: 1315: 1309: 1299: 1294: 1258: 1036: 964: 848: 817: 683: 648: 600: 568: 563: 4561: 3653: 2568: 2067:

Mansfield has been portrayed as a character several times in television and film – in

5804: 5766: 5726: 5711: 5631: 5566: 5521: 5239: 5071: 5056: 5046: 5036: 4966: 4951: 4936: 4413: 4238: 4134: 4081: 2205: 2163: 2090: 1955: 1942: 1794: 1770: 1719: 1626: 1476: 1455: 1451: 1430: 1426: 1373: 1320: 841: 679: 443: 399: 4268: 3489: 3449:

Recent Cases – Evidence – Divorce – Competency of Spouse to Testify as to Non-Access

867:. The support of Talbot and Yorke allowed him to gain a respectable practice in the 747: 5736: 5716: 5706: 5696: 5676: 5261: 4986: 4684: 4368: 3702: 2868: 2179: 2135: 2080: 2023: 2011: 1860: 1829: 1682: 1547:

On 14 November 1770, a letter by Junius directed at Mansfield was published by the

1539:

for selling them, and John Miller for republishing them. Almon's case was heard at

1185: 1124: 902: 612: 596: 523:

He became involved in British politics in 1742, beginning with his election to the

481: 379: 134: 4060:

Butcher, Christopher (2008). "Good faith in insurance law: a redundant concept?".

3909: 3898:

illustration accompanying "The New Houses of Parliament", 2 February 1856, p. 121.

3859:

Court of King's Bench, Great Britain; Glenbervie, Sylvester Douglas Baron (1831).

2898: 2006:, where he and other notable Parliamentarians look on at visitors to Parliament. 4289:

Jones, Gareth (November 1980). "Book Reviews - Lord Mansfield by Edmund Heward".

959:

that sought to punish the City of Edinburgh for the behaviour of its citizens by

893:

into one national entity, but they retained separate legal systems. However, the

5776: 5761: 5756: 5691: 5641: 5501: 5441: 5031: 4246: 4085: 3525: 3476: 3400:

Why did Black Londoners not join the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme 1783–1815?

3374:

Why did Black Londoners not join the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme 1783–1815?

2172: 2155: 2147: 1855: 1346:

Mansfield decided in favour of Boehm, saying that Carter had failed his duty of

988: 906: 477: 4884: 2883: 1585: 5721: 5656: 5156: 4158: 4118: 1646: 1558: 1536: 1401: 751: 720: 715: 628: 616: 592: 485: 450: 383: 4541: 4500: 4376: 4339: 4302: 4258: 4222: 4166: 4126: 4096:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 600–601. 4073: 1998:

Monument to Mansfield in Westminster Abbey, with a figure representing Wisdom

1035:, saying he had no interest in politics. In 1742, however, the government of 5581: 3934: 1813: 1809: 1405: 1340: 1262: 1172:

highlighted his unsuitability for politics—unlike such other politicians as

1063:

on 15 December 1742 and immediately succeeded Strange as Solicitor General.

1019: 941: 728: 517: 4462: 963:

the city. Murray represented the City in both the House of Commons and the

4479: 1527:

and Mansfield. As his letters were wildly popular, the circulation of the

4405: 1917: 1817: 1751: 1413: 1328: 932:

Lady Elizabeth Finch (Later Countess of Mansfield) (left) and her sister

687: 675: 1073:

In 1745, Murray defended the actions of the government in hiring 16,000

4549: 4384: 4310: 4230: 3513: 1601: 1336: 1157: 1101:

described it as a "résponse sans réplique" (response without a reply).

1090: 979:

On 20 September 1738, he married Lady Elizabeth Finch, the daughter of

949: 588: 4508: 4347: 1240:. He suspended his duties temporarily on 5 April 1757, when appointed 5916:

Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies

2032: 2019: 1409: 1233:

that evening. Immediately afterwards he was created Baron Mansfield.

856: 732: 497: 403: 4533: 4214: 3505: 1803:

Miss Murrays were upstairs with Lord Mansfield, whom they never left

1458:

was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the publishing rights to

578:, Mansfield has been called the founder of English commercial law. 4331: 971:. In exchange for his work, the citizens of Edinburgh gave him the 2288:

Abolition! The Struggle to Abolish Slavery in the British Colonies

2109: 1993: 1881: 1765: 1584: 1195: 1116:, was only a child), while the public favoured the child's mother 1018: 927: 746: 4562:"Lord Mansfield; Judicial Integrity or Its Lack; Somerset's Case" 2031:'Here Murray long enough his country's pride is now no more than 739:

degree in 1727, and travelled to London to train as a barrister.

516:

in November 1730 and quickly gained a reputation as an excellent

4251:

A Biographical Dictionary of the Justices of England (1066–1870)

4888: 4392:

Krikler, Jeremy (2007). "The Zong and the Lord Chief Justice".

4145:(2009). "Conserving culture and copyright: a partial history". 3526:

GN 00306.026 State Laws on Applicability of Lord Mansfield Rule

3413:"The National Archives – Exhibitions – Black presence – rights" 1916:

and his refusal to go against the King, as well as for blatant

764:

Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl of Nottingham and 7th Earl of Winchilsea

2018:; it shows a seated Murray flanked by the personifications of 735:'s works into English and then back into Latin. He gained his 4103:"Somerset's Case and Its Antecedents in Imperial Perspective" 1975:

also suggest that emancipation was not his goal. In the 1785

1879:

to describe him as "one of the boldest of judicial spirits".

1523:. In them, Junius attacked many political leaders, including 1097:

called "the foundation of the modern law of neutrality", and

4487:

Shaw, Thomas (1926). "The Enlightenment of Lord Mansfield".

1466:". After the term of the exclusive rights granted under the 1269:

At the time it was also traditional for all judgments to be

981:

Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl of Nottingham, 7th Earl of Winchilsea

3342: 3340: 3338: 2869:"Oxford DNB article: Murray, William (subscription needed)" 670:

After an examination in May 1723, Murray was accepted into

2878:. Vol. 1 (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1620:, owned by Captain John Knowles and bound for the British 901:

were sent there. A barrister had to be familiar with both

824:. Murray also studied various texts, including the French 770:(born 1760), the daughter of Mansfield's nephew and heir, 762:

Murray married Lady Elizabeth Finch, youngest daughter of

4489:

Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law

1493:, he was personally in favour of a perpetual copyright. 774:, after her mother died. When Mansfield's other nephew, 3538:"Essentials for Attorneys in Child Support Enforcement" 4199:(October 1943). "Granville Sharp and Lord Mansfield". 3911:

The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States

1912:

He was, however, criticised for his resistance to the

1781:

was opposed to the appointment of Mansfield's protégé

1217:

Anyone wishing to become a judge was required to be a

1475:, and therefore that no works can ever be considered 1948:

Opinion over Mansfield's intention in his ruling in

1454: (20 April 1769), in relation to copyright law. 5386: 5190: 4922: 3658:. Internet Archive. London : William Collins. 3137:"History of Penn Law – medallions and inscriptions" 1376:, Mansfield had tried to challenge the doctrine of 1009:

Thomas Watson-Wentworth, 1st Marquess of Rockingham

449: 439: 427: 419: 409: 389: 366: 361: 345: 333: 321: 303: 291: 279: 267: 249: 237: 225: 213: 195: 179: 163: 151: 133: 121: 109: 97: 79: 41: 27:

British barrister, politician and judge (1705–1793)

18:

William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield and Mansfield

4267: 2867: 2570:Lord Mansfield : justice in the age of reason 1824:. His monument at Westminster was commissioned by 1313:, something completely lacking in English law. In 790:Mansfield also helped mentor his nephew and heir, 4474:(5 ed.). Boston: Little, Brown and Company. 1604:in England. The English had been involved in the 940:In 1737, Murray acted as Counsel for the City of 30:For descendants of the first Lord Mansfield, see 3884:"Architecture of the Palace – St Stephen's Hall" 2029: 682:on 18 June. The records say that he came from 2114:Cameo of William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield 1863:should be applied by all courts, not just the 1742:, which provoked bitter arguments in both the 1592:, who represented James Somersett in this case 1285:, which was described as the "sleepy hollow". 731:. He also became fluent in Latin, translating 5901:People educated at Westminster School, London 5891:Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain 5876:Chancellors of the Exchequer of Great Britain 4900: 4447:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. 1900:Pillans & Rose v Van Mierop & Hopkins 1793:Mansfield spent the remainder of his life at 1369:Pillans & Rose v Van Mierop & Hopkins 1059:, Murray was made a Member of Parliament for 8: 4445:Lord Mansfield: Justice in the Age of Reason 3655:Belle : the true story behind the movie 2275:Lord Mansfield: Justice in the Age of Reason 1596:Mansfield is best known for his judgment in 1408:and ancient Roman and Greek writers such as 840:, and "crabbed and uncouth compositions" on 778:, returned to Britain in 1765 following the 581:Mansfield is also known for his judgment in 5896:Peers of Great Britain created by George II 4274:. Chichester: Barry Rose (publishers) Ltd. 3914:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 2353:"William Murray (Lord Mansfield) 1705–1793" 1932:described him as "more responsible for the 1808:In the summer, he was visited by groups of 1444:Mansfield made another notable judgment in 4907: 4893: 4885: 4581: 3376:(London: Open University, 2014), pp. 20–1. 2056:Because of his reputation as a barrister, 2010:In 1801 a large marble monument to him by 1031:Murray had repeatedly refused to become a 61: 38: 4518:"Mansfield and Blackstone's Commentaries" 3689:Dictionary of British Sculptors 1660–1851 1221:, which Murray was not; as such, he left 147:February 1783 – 23 December 1783 5906:Solicitors general for England and Wales 5881:Lord chief justices of England and Wales 5790:Interim Chancellor of the Exchequer, as 4043:An Introduction to English Legal History 4000: 3998: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3622: 3620: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3267: 3265: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3173: 3171: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3023: 3021: 3011: 3009: 3007: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 955:As a result, a bill was proposed in the 317:15 December 1742 – 6 March 1754 4012: 4010: 3827: 3825: 3093: 3091: 3089: 2875:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2861: 2859: 2857: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2636: 2634: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2592: 2590: 2518: 2516: 2506: 2504: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2480: 2478: 2468: 2466: 2444: 2442: 2416: 2414: 2380: 2378: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2241: 1501:In 1695 Parliament failed to renew the 1350:. In his judgment Mansfield said that: 1039:fell, and Murray's brother-in-law, the 853:Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough 719:, something odd considering the strong 558:and moved the country onto the path to 305:Solicitor General for England and Wales 263:6 March 1754 – 8 November 1756 4646:Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench 3738: 3727: 3455:Vol. III, No. 1, January 1934, p. 112. 3301: 3299: 2456: 2454: 2392: 2390: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2231:List of cases involving Lord Mansfield 2060:offer a series of scholarship for the 1936:than any other man". Scholars such as 1112:, as Regent (since the heir apparent, 816:speak in court along with tutoring by 432:David Murray, 5th Viscount of Stormont 251:Attorney General for England and Wales 93:8 November 1756 – 4 June 1788 81:Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench 4320:The American Journal of Legal History 3350:(London: BBC Books, 2005), pp. 51–61. 2654: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2562: 2560: 2333:from the original on 12 December 2020 2064:named the Lord Mansfield Scholarship. 1920:—highlighted by his attempts to have 1419:In 1783, Mansfield heard the case of 1236:On 19 November, he was sworn in as a 1093:to frustrate neutral shipping, which 468:William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield 7: 4522:The University of Chicago Law Review 4428:(7th ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. 3402:London: Open University, 2014, p. 4. 2404: 2402: 2290:(Oxford: Lion Hudson, 2007), p. 142. 2269: 2267: 2265: 2188:University of Arkansas School of Law 1869:Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873 1154:Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 1123:On 6 March 1754, the Prime Minister 934:Lady Henrietta, Duchess of Cleveland 611:Murray was born on 2 March 1705, at 209:5 April 1757 – 8 April 1757 4472:A Concise History of the Common Law 3389:London: Fontana, 1993), pp. 12, 16. 3040:. House of Lords Information Office 1984:David Murray, 2nd Earl of Mansfield 1293:In the eighteenth century, English 1027:assistant of Jean-Baptiste van Loo. 1007:, and Lady Mary who was married to 876:David Murray, 7th Viscount Stormont 792:David Murray, 7th Viscount Stormont 772:David Murray, 7th Viscount Stormont 4516:Waterman, Julian S. (March 1934). 3872:1785 Lord Mansfield Thames Ditton. 2184:Supreme Court of the United States 1714:Mansfield's appellate decision in 1110:Prince William, Duke of Cumberland 595:and had never been established by 25: 4101:Van Cleve, George (Autumn 2006). 4087:"Mansfield, William Murray" 2026:, with an inscription that reads: 944:in the aftermath of the death of 3707:The remarkable story of John Way 3701:Trackman, Ian (1 January 2021). 3477:GN 00306.025 Lord Mansfield Rule 2323:"William Murray, Lord Mansfield" 1972:R v Inhabitants of Thames Ditton 5841:Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford 5826:Nobility from Perth and Kinross 1889:, whom Mansfield tried to make 1023:Murray circa 1737; portrait by 4369:10.1080/00213624.1973.11503137 4045:(4th ed.). Butterworths. 1634:argument. An activist layman, 1404:who was heavily influenced by 1127:died, and this necessitated a 1079:War of the Austrian Succession 1: 3106:Krikler (2007), pp. 36–7, 43. 2357:Washington and Lee University 2002:Mansfield is immortalised in 1736:Speaker of the House of Lords 1734:, Mansfield agreed to act as 1531:doubled in just five months. 1450: (1769) 4 Burr 2303, 1372: (1765) 3 Burr 1663, 1319: (1746) 3 Burr 1905, 999:. Her other sisters included 696:Thomas Foley, 1st Baron Foley 631:cause, and his older brother 539:. In the absence of a strong 500:at the age of 13 to study at 5871:Burials at Westminster Abbey 4916:Chancellors of the Exchequer 4253:. Spottiswoode and Company. 4202:The Journal of Negro History 3930:"Inns of Court Scholarships" 3896:The Illustrated London News, 2899:UK public library membership 1977:Inhabitants of Thames Ditton 1718: (1777) 2 Cowp 591, 1519:, a London newspaper run by 1425: (1783) 3 Doug 232, 1077:troops to help fight in the 5831:18th-century English judges 5821:People from Perth, Scotland 4737:Parliament of Great Britain 4719:Chancellor of the Exchequer 4470:Plunkett, Theodore (1956). 3866:. Reed and Hunter. p. 3551:Smernoff, Batya F. (1996). 2118:Mansfield was noted at the 1730:After the formation of the 1600:on the legality of keeping 1242:Chancellor of the Exchequer 1045:First Lord of the Admiralty 197:Chancellor of the Exchequer 5937: 4566:Journal of Comparative Law 4357:Journal of Economic Issues 3467:USLegal Legal Definitions. 3141:University of Pennsylvania 1333:British East India Company 1331:), which was built by the 1255:Norman conquest of England 1202:Portrait of Lord Mansfield 830:Napoleonic Commercial Code 29: 5911:Younger sons of viscounts 5785: 4867: 4857: 4844: 4834: 4821: 4816: 4809: 4795: 4754: 4742: 4735: 4725: 4716: 4708: 4691: 4682: 4667: 4662: 4652: 4643: 4633: 4624: 4616: 4606: 4597: 4589: 4584: 4443:Poser, Norman S. (2013). 4291:The Cambridge Law Journal 4159:10.3366/E1364980908000942 4119:10.1017/S073824800000081X 3938:. London. 8 December 2008 3453:Mercer Beasley Law Review 3439:, p. 851 (Fifth Edition). 3363:(London: 1971), pp. 25-7. 3083:McKendrick (2007), p. 87. 2567:Poser, Norman S. (2013). 2303:(London: 1971), pp. 25–7. 2217:, Murray is portrayed by 2204:, Murray is portrayed by 2069:The Fight Against Slavery 1873:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. 1843:. He also gave £2,000 to 655:, decided to send him to 461: 357: 310: 256: 202: 140: 86: 75: 67:Portrait of Mansfield by 60: 5886:Members of Lincoln's Inn 4811:Peerage of Great Britain 4780:Hon. Lewis Monson Watson 4394:History Workshop Journal 4025:Waterman (1934), p. 549. 3810:Waterman (1934), p. 557. 3801:Waterman (1934), p. 552. 2658:Plunkett (1956), p. 249. 2408:Plunkett (1956), p. 248. 2051:Mansfield, Massachusetts 1695:An Interesting Narrative 1152:offered him the post of 659:as James knew the Dean, 641:Lichfield Grammar School 625:5th Viscount of Stormont 623:, the fourth son of the 607:Early life and education 4695:The Earl of Northington 4266:Heward, Edmund (1979). 4093:Encyclopædia Britannica 4062:Journal of Business Law 3908:Gannett, Henry (1905). 3831:Van Cleve (2006), p. 4. 3819:Van Cleve (2006), p. 1. 3314:Van Cleve (2006), p. 3. 3305:Van Cleve (2006), p. 2. 3058:Butcher (2008), p. 380. 1366:In the earlier case of 1297:was still based on the 855:. Pope also taught him 4107:Law and History Review 4016:Leslie (1957), p. 279. 3956:Heward (1979), p. 178. 3849:Van Ceve (2006), p. 6. 3783:Heward (1979), p. 171. 3769:Heward (1979), p. 170. 3737:Cite journal requires 3678:Heward (1979), p. 161. 3642:Heward (1979), p. 168. 3626:Heward (1979), p. 166. 3596:Heward (1979), p. 163. 3587:Heward (1979), p. 162. 3500:(7): 1457–1487, 1977, 3437:Black's Law Dictionary 3332:Heward (1979), p. 141. 3293:Heward (1979), p. 140. 3259:Heward (1979), p. 139. 3230:Heward (1979), p. 129. 3214:Heward (1979), p. 128. 3200:Heward (1979), p. 127. 3186:Heward (1979), p. 126. 3177:Heward (1979), p. 125. 3126:Heward (1979), p. 105. 3074:Heward (1979), p. 104. 3027:Heward (1979), p. 103. 3015:Heward (1979), p. 102. 3001:Heward (1979), p. 101. 2884:10.1093/ref:odnb/19655 2866:Oldham, James (2004). 2115: 2046: 1999: 1894: 1774: 1687: 1593: 1521:Henry Sampson Woodfall 1513:were published in the 1491:Sir William Blackstone 1357: 1289:Mercantile law changes 1214: 1028: 937: 828:(a predecessor to the 826:Ordinance de la Marine 759: 647:, where he was taught 328:The Earl of Wilmington 5866:British MPs 1754–1761 5861:British MPs 1747–1754 5856:British MPs 1741–1747 5851:British legal writers 5846:Black British history 4932:Eustace of Fauconberg 4671:The Earl of Hardwicke 4004:Fifoot (1936), p. 48. 3992:Jones (1980), p. 375. 3983:Jones (1980), p. 373. 3974:Fifoot (1936), p. 33. 3792:Baker (2002), p. 200. 3755:Fifoot (1936), p. 50. 3652:Byrne, Paula (2014). 3605:Fifoot (1936), p. 46. 3557:Golden Gate U. L. Rev 3465:Lord Mansfield's Rule 3417:The National Archives 3165:Cornish (2009), p. 9. 3097:Lowry (1973), p. 609. 2987:Heward (1979), p. 99. 2964:Heward (1979), p. 47. 2955:Heward (1979), p. 46. 2929:Lowry (1973), p. 606. 2920:Lowry (1973), p. 605. 2911:Fifoot (1936), p. 40. 2851:Heward (1979), p. 45. 2835:Fifoot (1936), p. 38. 2817:Heward (1979), p. 42. 2801:Heward (1979), p. 40. 2787:Heward (1979), p. 33. 2773:Fifoot (1936), p. 37. 2757:Heward (1979), p. 31. 2741:Heward (1979), p. 24. 2727:Heward (1979), p. 23. 2718:Heward (1979), p. 20. 2704:Heward (1979), p. 15. 2672:Heward (1979), p. 14. 2640:Fifoot (1936), p. 34. 2628:Heward (1979), p. 13. 2610:Fifoot (1936), p. 29. 2522:Heward (1979), p. 10. 2510:Fifoot (1936), p. 28. 2420:Fifoot (1936), p. 27. 2259:Heward (1979), p. 30. 2214:The Scandalous Lady W 2130:He was summarised by 2113: 2095:The Scandalous Lady W 2062:Bar Vocational Course 1997: 1893:after his retirement. 1885: 1832:RA (by suggestion of 1828:. It was sculpted by 1769: 1709:Lord Mansfield's Rule 1679: 1612:was a slave owned by 1588: 1352: 1283:Court of Common Pleas 1279:High Court of Justice 1211:John Singleton Copley 1199: 1022: 991:, home of her sister 946:Captain John Porteous 931: 911:Moncrieff v Moncrieff 768:Lady Elizabeth Murray 756:Lady Elizabeth Murray 750: 678:on 15 June 1723, and 672:Christ Church, Oxford 506:Christ Church, Oxford 492:, he was educated in 456:Christ Church, Oxford 274:The Duke of Newcastle 220:The Duke of Newcastle 104:The Duke of Newcastle 69:Jean-Baptiste van Loo 48:The Earl of Mansfield 4757:Member of Parliament 4147:Edinburgh Law Review 3965:Jones (198), p. 374. 3840:Watson (2006), p. 3. 3614:Foss (1870), p. 472. 2973:Baker (2002), p. 50. 2688:Foss (1870), p. 470. 2498:Heward (1979), p. 9. 2484:Heward (1979), p. 8. 2472:Heward (1979), p. 7. 2460:Heward (1979), p. 4. 2448:Heward (1979), p. 3. 2436:Foss (1870), p. 469. 2396:Heward (1979), p. 2. 2053:was named after him. 1914:freedom of the press 1834:Sir William Hamilton 1773:, Hampstead, London. 1762:Retirement and death 1708: 1702:Dido Elizabeth Belle 1580: 1473:common law copyright 1033:Member of Parliament 1015:Member of Parliament 1005:Duchess of Roxburghe 993:Duchess of Cleveland 805:barristers' chambers 784:Dido Elizabeth Belle 645:Perth Grammar School 575:Pillans v Van Mierop 556:Age of Enlightenment 529:Member of Parliament 158:The Duke of Portland 44:The Right Honourable 4181:. Clarendon Press. 3863:[1778–1785] 3494:Michigan Law Review 2596:Heward (1979) p. 12 1732:Fox-North Coalition 1554:London Evening Post 1482:Donaldson v Beckett 1207:parliamentary robes 1184:after the death of 1141:Master of the Rolls 1001:Duchess of Somerset 973:Freedom of the City 891:Kingdom of Scotland 587:where he held that 535:and appointment as 5836:Earls of Mansfield 5792:Lord Chief Justice 4729:Henry Bilson Legge 4712:Henry Bilson Legge 4701:as Lord Chancellor 4677:as Lord Chancellor 4663:Political offices 4406:10.1093/hwj/dbm035 3361:The Black Presence 3271:Foss (1870) p. 471 3147:on 24 October 2008 2384:Shaw (1926), p. 2. 2363:on 20 October 2011 2301:The Black Presence 2194:In popular culture 2116: 2000: 1926:Lord Chief Justice 1895: 1891:Lord Chief Justice 1887:Sir Francis Buller 1775: 1594: 1422:Gregson v. Gilbert 1215: 1192:Lord Chief Justice 1041:Earl of Nottingham 1037:Sir Robert Walpole 1029: 1025:John Giles Eccardt 938: 887:Kingdom of England 798:At the English bar 760: 713:and the political 702:on 23 April 1724. 657:Westminster School 584:Somerset v Stewart 560:abolishing slavery 549:Lord Chief Justice 502:Westminster School 244:Henry Bilson Legge 232:Henry Bilson Legge 5798: 5797: 4883: 4882: 4858:Succeeded by 4847:Earl of Mansfield 4835:Succeeded by 4824:Earl of Mansfield 4799:Sir Cecil Bishopp 4796:Succeeded by 4790:Sir Cecil Bishopp 4726:Succeeded by 4704: 4692:Succeeded by 4680: 4653:Succeeded by 4637:Sir Robert Henley 4634:Succeeded by 4610:Sir Richard Lloyd 4607:Succeeded by 4600:Solicitor General 4435:978-0-230-01883-9 4281:978-0-85992-163-3 4197:Fisher, Ruth Anna 4188:978-3-511-09053-1 4052:978-0-406-93053-8 3665:978-0-00-754272-7 2897:(Subscription or 2580:978-0-7735-4183-2 2533:"Wayback Machine" 2327:Westminster Abbey 2273:Norman S. Poser, 2211:In the 2015 film 2198:In the 2013 film 2182:, a judge of the 2124:Lord Chesterfield 2016:Westminster Abbey 2014:was installed in 2004:St Stephen's Hall 1938:John Chipman Gray 1930:John Quincy Adams 1903:3 Burr 1663, and 1865:Court of Chancery 1822:Westminster Abbey 1622:colony of Jamaica 1549:Public Advertiser 1529:Public Advertiser 1516:Public Advertiser 1150:Duke of Newcastle 1057:Solicitor General 869:Court of Chancery 822:special pleadings 809:called to the Bar 661:Francis Atterbury 637:The Old Pretender 537:Solicitor General 510:called to the Bar 496:before moving to 490:Scottish nobility 488:, to a family of 465: 464: 414:Westminster Abbey 352:Sir Richard Lloyd 298:Sir Robert Henley 32:Earl of Mansfield 16:(Redirected from 5928: 5192:of Great Britain 4909: 4902: 4895: 4886: 4775:Earl of Dalkeith 4743:Preceded by 4709:Preceded by 4698: 4674: 4668:Preceded by 4627:Attorney General 4620:Sir Dudley Ryder 4617:Preceded by 4590:Preceded by 4582: 4573: 4553: 4512: 4483: 4466: 4439: 4422:McKendrick, Ewan 4417: 4388: 4351: 4314: 4285: 4273: 4262: 4242: 4192: 4170: 4143:Cornish, William 4138: 4097: 4089: 4077: 4056: 4026: 4023: 4017: 4014: 4005: 4002: 3993: 3990: 3984: 3981: 3975: 3972: 3966: 3963: 3957: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3886:, UK Parliament. 3881: 3875: 3874: 3856: 3850: 3847: 3841: 3838: 3832: 3829: 3820: 3817: 3811: 3808: 3802: 3799: 3793: 3790: 3784: 3781: 3770: 3767: 3756: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3740: 3735: 3733: 3725: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3703:"John Way story" 3698: 3692: 3685: 3679: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3649: 3643: 3640: 3627: 3624: 3615: 3612: 3606: 3603: 3597: 3594: 3588: 3585: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3409: 3403: 3396: 3390: 3383: 3377: 3370: 3364: 3357: 3351: 3344: 3333: 3330: 3315: 3312: 3306: 3303: 3294: 3291: 3272: 3269: 3260: 3257: 3240: 3237: 3231: 3228: 3215: 3212: 3201: 3198: 3187: 3184: 3178: 3175: 3166: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3143:. 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Archived from 2349: 2343: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2319: 2304: 2297: 2291: 2286:Richard Reddie, 2284: 2278: 2271: 2260: 2257: 1962:Shanley v Harvey 1748:House of Commons 1716:Goodright v Moss 1655:Francis Hargrave 1598:Somersett's Case 1590:Francis Hargrave 1581:Somersett's Case 1571:Attorney General 1541:Westminster Hall 1325:Fort Marlborough 1238:Privy Counsellor 1205:. Murray in his 1137:Sir Dudley Ryder 1133:Attorney General 1118:Princess Augusta 1068:Attorney General 1053:Sir John Strange 961:disenfranchising 957:House of Commons 899:Court of Session 832:), the works of 820:on how to write 780:Seven Years' War 776:Sir John Lindsay 737:Bachelor of Arts 711:House of Hanover 667:on 21 May 1719. 601:British colonies 591:had no basis in 545:Sir Dudley Ryder 541:Attorney General 525:House of Commons 504:. Accepted into 475: 396: 376: 374: 362:Personal details 348: 340:Sir John Strange 336: 324: 315: 294: 286:Sir Dudley Ryder 282: 270: 261: 240: 228: 216: 207: 186:The Lord Thurlow 182: 170:The Lord Thurlow 166: 154: 145: 124: 116:Sir Dudley Ryder 112: 100: 91: 65: 55: 39: 21: 5936: 5935: 5931: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5926: 5925: 5801: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5781: 5672:Heathcoat-Amory 5389: 5382: 5186: 4918: 4913: 4873: 4870:Baron Mansfield 4863: 4854: 4850: 4840: 4831: 4827: 4805: 4801: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4766: 4765:1742–56 4764: 4752: 4748: 4731: 4722: 4714: 4697: 4688: 4673: 4658: 4649: 4639: 4630: 4622: 4612: 4603: 4595: 4580: 4556: 4534:10.2307/1596998 4515: 4486: 4469: 4455: 4442: 4436: 4420: 4391: 4354: 4317: 4288: 4282: 4265: 4245: 4215:10.2307/2714946 4195: 4189: 4173: 4141: 4100: 4080: 4059: 4053: 4037: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4020: 4015: 4008: 4003: 3996: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3969: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3941: 3939: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3907: 3906: 3902: 3894: 3890: 3882: 3878: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3835: 3830: 3823: 3818: 3814: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3796: 3791: 3787: 3782: 3773: 3768: 3759: 3754: 3750: 3736: 3726: 3720:Trackman, Ian. 3719: 3718: 3714: 3700: 3699: 3695: 3687:Rupert Gunnis, 3686: 3682: 3677: 3673: 3666: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3630: 3625: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3600: 3595: 3591: 3586: 3575: 3565: 3563: 3550: 3548: 3544: 3536: 3532: 3524: 3520: 3506:10.2307/1287807 3488: 3487: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3463: 3459: 3447: 3443: 3435: 3431: 3421: 3419: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3397: 3393: 3384: 3380: 3371: 3367: 3358: 3354: 3348:Rough Crossings 3345: 3336: 3331: 3318: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3297: 3292: 3275: 3270: 3263: 3258: 3243: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3218: 3213: 3204: 3199: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3169: 3164: 3160: 3150: 3148: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3110: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3087: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3043: 3041: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3019: 3014: 3005: 3000: 2991: 2986: 2977: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2910: 2906: 2896: 2888: 2886: 2865: 2864: 2855: 2850: 2839: 2834: 2821: 2816: 2805: 2800: 2791: 2786: 2777: 2772: 2761: 2756: 2745: 2740: 2731: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2708: 2703: 2692: 2687: 2676: 2671: 2662: 2657: 2644: 2639: 2632: 2627: 2614: 2609: 2600: 2595: 2588: 2581: 2566: 2565: 2558: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2535: 2531: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2514: 2509: 2502: 2497: 2488: 2483: 2476: 2471: 2464: 2459: 2452: 2447: 2440: 2435: 2424: 2419: 2412: 2407: 2400: 2395: 2388: 2383: 2376: 2366: 2364: 2351: 2350: 2346: 2336: 2334: 2321: 2320: 2307: 2298: 2294: 2285: 2281: 2272: 2263: 2258: 2243: 2239: 2227: 2196: 2169:Lord Chancellor 2108: 2039:'. Foretold by 1992: 1950:Somerset's Case 1853: 1764: 1740:East India Bill 1728: 1711: 1651:James Mansfield 1636:Granville Sharp 1614:Charles Stewart 1610:James Somersett 1583: 1575:William de Grey 1507:seditious libel 1499: 1468:Statute of Anne 1447:Millar v Taylor 1442: 1291: 1275:Court of Appeal 1250: 1231:Lord Chancellor 1219:Serjeant-at-law 1209:as an earl, by 1194: 1131:reshuffle. The 1017: 885:had merged the 863:and opposed by 800: 745: 609: 471: 435:Margaret Murray 434: 423:Elizabeth Finch 398: 394: 378: 372: 370: 346: 334: 322: 316: 311: 292: 280: 268: 262: 257: 238: 226: 214: 208: 203: 190:Lord Chancellor 180: 174:Lord Chancellor 164: 152: 146: 141: 122: 110: 98: 92: 87: 71: 56: 51: 49: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5934: 5932: 5924: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5803: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5622:N. Chamberlain 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5602:N. Chamberlain 5599: 5594: 5589: 5587:A. Chamberlain 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5562:A. Chamberlain 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5394: 5392: 5390:United Kingdom 5384: 5383: 5381: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5196: 5194: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4928: 4926: 4920: 4919: 4914: 4912: 4911: 4904: 4897: 4889: 4881: 4880: 4875: 4865: 4864: 4859: 4856: 4842: 4841: 4836: 4833: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4803:Earl of Euston 4797: 4794: 4770:George Gregory 4753: 4750:George Gregory 4744: 4740: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4727: 4724: 4715: 4710: 4706: 4705: 4693: 4690: 4681: 4669: 4665: 4664: 4660: 4659: 4654: 4651: 4641: 4640: 4635: 4632: 4623: 4618: 4614: 4613: 4608: 4605: 4596: 4591: 4587: 4586: 4585:Legal offices 4579: 4578:External links 4576: 4575: 4574: 4554: 4528:(4): 549–571. 4513: 4484: 4467: 4453: 4440: 4434: 4418: 4389: 4363:(4): 605–622. 4352: 4332:10.2307/844022 4326:(4): 278–307. 4315: 4286: 4280: 4263: 4243: 4209:(4): 381–389. 4193: 4187: 4179:Lord Mansfield 4171: 4139: 4113:(3): 601–646. 4098: 4084:, ed. (1911). 4082:Chisholm, Hugh 4078: 4057: 4051: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4027: 4018: 4006: 3994: 3985: 3976: 3967: 3958: 3949: 3921: 3900: 3888: 3876: 3851: 3842: 3833: 3821: 3812: 3803: 3794: 3785: 3771: 3757: 3748: 3739:|journal= 3712: 3693: 3680: 3671: 3664: 3644: 3628: 3616: 3607: 3598: 3589: 3573: 3542: 3530: 3518: 3481: 3469: 3457: 3441: 3429: 3404: 3398:Michael Siva, 3391: 3385:James Walvin, 3378: 3372:Michael Siva, 3365: 3359:James Walvin, 3352: 3346:Simon Schama, 3334: 3316: 3307: 3295: 3273: 3261: 3241: 3232: 3216: 3202: 3188: 3179: 3167: 3158: 3128: 3108: 3099: 3085: 3076: 3060: 3051: 3029: 3017: 3003: 2989: 2975: 2966: 2957: 2931: 2922: 2913: 2904: 2853: 2837: 2819: 2803: 2789: 2775: 2759: 2743: 2729: 2720: 2706: 2690: 2674: 2660: 2642: 2630: 2612: 2598: 2586: 2579: 2556: 2524: 2512: 2500: 2486: 2474: 2462: 2450: 2438: 2422: 2410: 2398: 2386: 2374: 2344: 2305: 2299:James Walvin, 2292: 2279: 2261: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2233: 2226: 2223: 2195: 2192: 2144:Samuel Johnson 2107: 2104: 2103: 2102: 2065: 2054: 2028: 2027: 1991: 1988: 1922:Francis Buller 1906:Carter v Boehm 1852: 1849: 1845:Francis Buller 1783:Francis Buller 1763: 1760: 1744:House of Lords 1727: 1726:House of Lords 1724: 1710: 1707: 1691:British Empire 1582: 1579: 1567: 1566: 1503:Licensing Acts 1498: 1495: 1441: 1438: 1386:House of Lords 1361:uberrima fides 1348:uberrima fides 1316:Carter v Boehm 1310:uberrima fides 1300:Lex mercatoria 1290: 1287: 1249: 1246: 1227:Serjeant's Inn 1193: 1190: 1182:Prime Minister 1178:Edward Thurlow 1087:Lord Hardwicke 1016: 1013: 965:House of Lords 895:House of Lords 861:Charles Talbot 849:Alexander Pope 818:Thomas Denison 799: 796: 744: 741: 665:King's Scholar 608: 605: 569:Carter v Boehm 463: 462: 459: 458: 453: 447: 446: 441: 437: 436: 429: 425: 424: 421: 417: 416: 411: 407: 406: 397:(aged 88) 391: 387: 386: 368: 364: 363: 359: 358: 355: 354: 349: 343: 342: 337: 331: 330: 325: 323:Prime Minister 319: 318: 308: 307: 301: 300: 295: 289: 288: 283: 277: 276: 271: 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5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5189: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4910: 4905: 4903: 4898: 4896: 4891: 4890: 4887: 4879: 4876: 4872: 4871: 4866: 4862: 4853: 4849: 4848: 4843: 4839: 4838:Louisa Murray 4830: 4826: 4825: 4819: 4815: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4793: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4763: 4762: 4761:Boroughbridge 4758: 4751: 4747: 4746:James Tyrrell 4741: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4721: 4720: 4713: 4707: 4703: 4702: 4696: 4687: 4686: 4679: 4678: 4672: 4666: 4661: 4657: 4648: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4629: 4628: 4621: 4615: 4611: 4602: 4601: 4594: 4588: 4583: 4577: 4572:(2): 225–234. 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4454:9780773541832 4450: 4446: 4441: 4437: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4287: 4283: 4277: 4272: 4271: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4203: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4175:Fifoot, Cecil 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4099: 4095: 4094: 4088: 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3353: 3349: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3317: 3311: 3308: 3302: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3236: 3233: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3217: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3203: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3183: 3180: 3174: 3172: 3168: 3162: 3159: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3132: 3129: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3103: 3100: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3086: 3080: 3077: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3055: 3052: 3039: 3033: 3030: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3004: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2976: 2970: 2967: 2961: 2958: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2926: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2908: 2905: 2900: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2876: 2870: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2820: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2776: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2760: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2724: 2721: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2593: 2591: 2587: 2582: 2576: 2572: 2571: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2541: 2534: 2528: 2525: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2348: 2345: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2296: 2293: 2289: 2283: 2280: 2276: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2236: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2215: 2209: 2207: 2206:Tom Wilkinson 2203: 2202: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2174: 2171:at the time. 2170: 2165: 2164:Charles Yorke 2161: 2157: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2125: 2121: 2112: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2091:Tom Wilkinson 2088: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2073:John Richmond 2070: 2066: 2063: 2059: 2058:Lincoln's Inn 2055: 2052: 2048: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2008: 2007: 2005: 1996: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1963: 1958: 1957: 1956:Smith v Gould 1951: 1946: 1944: 1943:real property 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1908: 1907: 1902: 1901: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1795:Kenwood House 1791: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1772: 1771:Kenwood House 1768: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1706: 1703: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1686: 1684: 1678: 1674: 1671: 1666: 1664: 1663:James Wallace 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1631: 1629: 1628: 1627:habeas corpus 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1591: 1587: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1569:Although the 1564: 1563: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1542: 1538: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1486: 1484: 1483: 1478: 1477:public domain 1474: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1460:James Thomson 1457: 1456:Andrew Millar 1453: 1449: 1448: 1440:Copyright law 1439: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1423: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1393: 1392:7 T. R. 350. 1391: 1390:Rann v Hughes 1387: 1383: 1379: 1378:consideration 1375: 1371: 1370: 1364: 1362: 1356: 1351: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1312: 1311: 1304: 1302: 1301: 1296: 1288: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1247: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1223:Lincoln's Inn 1220: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1203: 1198: 1191: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1166:Old Pretender 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1145: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1104:The death of 1102: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1069: 1064: 1062: 1061:Boroughbridge 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1026: 1021: 1014: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 977: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 953: 951: 947: 943: 935: 930: 926: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 883:Acts of Union 879: 877: 872: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 845: 843: 842:municipal law 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 810: 806: 797: 795: 793: 788: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 757: 753: 749: 742: 740: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 717: 712: 708: 703: 701: 700:Lincoln's Inn 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 668: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 606: 604: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 585: 579: 577: 576: 571: 570: 565: 561: 557: 552: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 533:Boroughbridge 530: 526: 521: 519: 515: 514:Lincoln's Inn 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 474: 469: 460: 457: 454: 452: 448: 445: 444:Kenwood House 442: 438: 433: 430: 426: 422: 418: 415: 412: 410:Resting place 408: 405: 401: 400:Kenwood House 393:20 March 1793 392: 388: 385: 381: 369: 365: 360: 356: 353: 350: 344: 341: 338: 332: 329: 326: 320: 314: 309: 306: 302: 299: 296: 290: 287: 284: 278: 275: 272: 266: 260: 255: 252: 248: 245: 242: 236: 233: 230: 224: 221: 218: 212: 206: 201: 198: 194: 191: 187: 184: 178: 175: 171: 168: 162: 159: 156: 150: 144: 139: 136: 132: 129: 126: 120: 117: 114: 108: 105: 102: 96: 90: 85: 82: 78: 74: 70: 64: 59: 54: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 5787: 5667:Thorneycroft 5612:W. Churchill 5572:Lloyd George 5537:R. Churchill 5434: 5412: 5362:Ellenborough 5360: 5296:Bilson-Legge 5289: 5288: 5284:Bilson-Legge 5274:Bilson-Legge 5266: 5244: 4877: 4868: 4861:David Murray 4852:2nd creation 4851: 4845: 4829:1st creation 4828: 4822: 4818:New creation 4817: 4768: 4755: 4717: 4700: 4699: 4685:Lord Speaker 4683: 4676: 4675: 4656:Lloyd Kenyon 4644: 4625: 4598: 4593:John Strange 4569: 4565: 4558:Watson, Alan 4525: 4521: 4492: 4488: 4471: 4444: 4426:Contract Law 4425: 4397: 4393: 4360: 4356: 4323: 4319: 4294: 4290: 4269: 4250: 4247:Foss, Edward 4206: 4200: 4178: 4150: 4146: 4110: 4106: 4091: 4065: 4061: 4042: 4032:Bibliography 4021: 3988: 3979: 3970: 3961: 3952: 3940:. Retrieved 3933: 3924: 3910: 3903: 3895: 3891: 3879: 3871: 3861: 3854: 3845: 3836: 3815: 3806: 3797: 3788: 3751: 3730:cite journal 3715: 3706: 3696: 3688: 3683: 3674: 3654: 3647: 3610: 3601: 3592: 3564:. Retrieved 3560: 3556: 3545: 3533: 3521: 3497: 3493: 3484: 3472: 3460: 3452: 3444: 3436: 3432: 3420:. Retrieved 3407: 3399: 3394: 3386: 3381: 3373: 3368: 3360: 3355: 3347: 3310: 3235: 3182: 3161: 3149:. Retrieved 3145:the original 3131: 3102: 3079: 3054: 3042:. Retrieved 3032: 2969: 2960: 2925: 2916: 2907: 2887:. Retrieved 2873: 2723: 2569: 2549:11 September 2547:. Retrieved 2540:the original 2527: 2365:. Retrieved 2361:the original 2347: 2335:. Retrieved 2300: 2295: 2287: 2282: 2274: 2219:David Calder 2212: 2210: 2200: 2197: 2180:Joseph Story 2177: 2160:William Pitt 2152: 2139: 2136:Edmund Burke 2132:Gareth Jones 2129: 2117: 2099:David Calder 2094: 2084: 2081:Timothy West 2076: 2068: 2049:The town of 2030: 2012:John Flaxman 2001: 1981: 1976: 1970: 1969:decision in 1966: 1960: 1954: 1947: 1911: 1904: 1898: 1896: 1854: 1838: 1830:John Flaxman 1807: 1802: 1799:Fanny Burney 1792: 1787:Lloyd Kenyon 1776: 1756: 1729: 1715: 1712: 1699: 1694: 1688: 1683:positive law 1680: 1675: 1667: 1659:John Dunning 1640:William Davy 1632: 1625: 1618:Ann and Mary 1617: 1595: 1568: 1552: 1548: 1546: 1533: 1528: 1514: 1500: 1487: 1480: 1445: 1443: 1431: 1420: 1418: 1394: 1389: 1381: 1367: 1365: 1360: 1358: 1353: 1347: 1345: 1314: 1308: 1305: 1298: 1295:merchant law 1292: 1268: 1251: 1235: 1216: 1200: 1186:Henry Pelham 1174:Philip Yorke 1170:William Pitt 1162: 1146: 1125:Henry Pelham 1122: 1103: 1095:Lord Stowell 1072: 1065: 1055:resigned as 1030: 978: 954: 939: 922: 910: 880: 873: 865:Philip Yorke 846: 825: 814:Lord Raymond 801: 789: 761: 725:William Pitt 714: 704: 680:matriculated 669: 613:Scone Palace 610: 597:positive law 582: 580: 573: 567: 553: 522: 482:Scone Palace 467: 466: 395:(1793-03-20) 380:Scone Palace 377:2 March 1705 347:Succeeded by 312: 293:Succeeded by 258: 239:Succeeded by 204: 181:Succeeded by 142: 135:Lord Speaker 123:Succeeded by 88: 36: 5921:Clan Murray 5816:1793 deaths 5811:1705 births 5552:Hicks Beach 5527:Hicks Beach 5447:Spring Rice 4947:Westminster 4785:John Fuller 4463:j.ctt32b79b 4153:(1): 8–26. 4068:: 375–384. 4039:Baker, John 3387:Black Ivory 2173:Edward Foss 2156:Edward Coke 2148:Edward Coke 2140:insinuation 2077:The British 1856:English law 1677:concluded: 1606:slave trade 1525:Lord Granby 1464:The Seasons 1398:Edward Vaux 1099:Montesquieu 1047:in the new 989:Raby Castle 985:Anne Hatton 907:English law 754:(left) and 743:Family life 478:English law 335:Preceded by 281:Preceded by 227:Preceded by 165:Preceded by 128:Lord Kenyon 111:Preceded by 5805:Categories 5398:Vansittart 5378:Vansittart 5316:Dowdeswell 5301:Barrington 5132:Cottington 5002:Harvington 4977:Willoughby 4972:de la Leye 4962:G. Giffard 4957:W. Giffard 4924:of England 4874:1756–1793 4855:1792–1793 4832:1776–1793 4495:(1): 1–8. 2901:required.) 2237:References 2097:(2015) by 2089:(2013) by 2079:(2012) by 2071:(1975) by 1934:Revolution 1877:John Baker 1826:his nephew 1810:barristers 1779:George III 1720:98 ER 1257 1670:Parliament 1647:John Glynn 1537:John Almon 1402:free trade 1374:97 ER 1035 1263:barristers 1114:George III 1075:Hanoverian 752:Dido Belle 716:status quo 635:followed " 617:Perthshire 593:common law 486:Perthshire 480:. Born in 451:Alma mater 384:Perthshire 373:1705-03-02 5687:Callaghan 5662:Macmillan 5652:Gaitskell 5517:Gladstone 5512:Northcote 5507:Gladstone 5487:Gladstone 5472:Gladstone 5414:Tenterden 5351:Addington 5341:Cavendish 5331:Cavendish 5321:Townshend 5311:Grenville 5290:Mansfield 5279:Lyttelton 5137:Colepeper 5102:Fortescue 5092:Sackville 5012:Stratford 5007:Wodehouse 4942:Leicester 4542:0041-9494 4501:1479-5949 4414:144154697 4400:: 29–47. 4377:0021-3624 4340:0002-9319 4303:0008-1973 4259:181068114 4239:149909453 4223:1548-1867 4167:1364-9809 4135:145793676 4127:0738-2480 4074:0021-9460 3935:The Times 3691:, p. 150. 2106:Character 1967:Somersett 1814:Middlesex 1697:(1789).) 1485:in 1774. 1462:'s poem " 1452:98 ER 201 1427:99 ER 629 1406:Roman law 1341:Indonesia 1321:96 ER 342 1106:Frederick 1083:George II 1043:, became 942:Edinburgh 923:Moncrieff 881:The 1707 838:Littleton 729:Roman Law 518:barrister 440:Residence 428:Parent(s) 313:In office 259:In office 205:In office 143:In office 89:In office 5772:Kwarteng 5682:Maudling 5637:Anderson 5547:Harcourt 5532:Harcourt 5522:Childers 5492:Disraeli 5482:Disraeli 5467:Disraeli 5457:Goulburn 5425:Goulburn 5403:Robinson 5373:Perceval 5306:Dashwood 5240:Aislabie 5235:Stanhope 5152:Duncombe 5122:Portland 5117:Greville 5082:Cromwell 5052:Thwaites 5037:Somerset 4982:Benstead 4967:Chishull 4952:Chishull 4937:Maunsell 4878:Extinct 4792:1755–56 4650:1756–88 4631:1754–56 4604:1742–54 4560:(2006). 4424:(2007). 4249:(1870). 4177:(1936). 4041:(2002). 3942:25 April 3566:24 March 3422:25 April 3151:25 April 2367:25 April 2337:25 April 2331:Archived 2225:See also 2041:Ar. Pope 2035:or than 1918:nepotism 1841:2nd Earl 1818:transept 1752:Woolsack 1559:Jacobite 1551:and the 1434:massacre 1414:Xenophon 1329:Bengkulu 1271:reserved 1225:to join 936:(right). 921:. 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Knowledge (XXG)

William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield

Index