114:, the Spanish governor. He had insinuated himself into the good graces of ZĂ©spedes, who interceded on his behalf at the Spanish court. By royal orders of the Spanish Crown in March 1786, Panton, Leslie & Company were authorized to continue to trade with the Indians in the Floridas. They did a large mercantile business in St. Augustine, managed by John Leslie, and were generally employed by the Spaniards to furnish goods and lend funds. Some of the partners of the firm were permitted to purchase lands and to hold them in East Florida. John Leslie presented himself on behalf of Panton, Leslie & Co., and declared the four principals of the house to be William Panton and Thomas Forbes, Charles Maclatchy, and himself, and that the company owned 72,820 acres of land in the province.
98:, charged Panton with responsibility for the giving of presents to the Creeks and Cherokees, a necessary part of diplomacy with the Indian tribes. The company also specialized in fur trading, more specifically deerskins, which was a vital industry for Native tribes in the region. On 10 January 1783, Panton received a license signed by Governor Tonyn, Brig. Gen. Archibald McArthur, commander of British forces in East Florida, and Thomas Brown, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, to carry on trade with the Indians and supply them with British manufactures.
79:
for several years, and in 1776 Panton started his own trading house with Thomas Forbes in
Savannah known as Panton, Forbes and Company. They began to trade with the growing population of white colonists, and speculated in lands, acquiring large tracts in both Carolina and Georgia. Soon after the American revolution broke out, they being determined loyalists, their properties were confiscated. They migrated to East Florida, now a British province and rapidly developing with the infusion of British capital and enterprise, and established themselves on the
125:
165:
181:. McGillivray, an influential chief of the Upper Creek (Muscogee) towns, was an intimate associate of Panton and is generally considered to have been a silent partner in the firm. Panton had promised him a one-fifth share of the company's profits once it obtained Spanish approval. McGillivray, always sickly, died in 1793, and was buried with
38:. They formed a partnership to trade with the Indians of Florida and the Spanish borderlands on the southern frontier of the British colonies. By 1795 the company had established a monopoly on trade with the Indian tribes of what is now the southeastern United States, sanctioned by successive governors of
78:
who established a vast trade network in South
Carolina, Georgia, and Florida during the 1760s. Panton served as Gordon's clerk from 1765 until 1772, when Gordon appointed him as one of his attorneys. Forbes was Gordon's maternal nephew. In 1774 Panton and Philip Moore formed a partnership that lasted
188:
The firm fixed prices to undersell its competitors in
Georgia and South Carolina, dispatched agents throughout the Indian country, and carried Spanish government communiques among the tribes. Although Panton, Leslie & Company were a legitimate trading firm, they smuggled goods across the border
168:
View of the north and east sides of the old Panton, Leslie & Company warehouse, converted into a residence for John
Innerarity in 1806. The hipped roof building in the left foreground is the kitchen of the William Panton mansion, which was destroyed in a fire in 1848 (courtesy of the Pensacola
136:
with a hastily loaded cargo of goods from Nassau. They established the new house headquarters in the settlement as its volume of trade exceeded that of the St. Augustine branch. According to the
Spanish census of 1786, Panton, Leslie and Company owned nineteen separate land grants, as well as 250
189:
and manipulated the market to their advantage in other ways, practices probably common to any trading firm operating on the frontier at the time. After the deaths of
William Panton and John Leslie, the company was reorganized in 1804 as
201:
In
January 1801, Panton came down with a serious illness at Pensacola, and acting on medical advice to seek a change of climate immediately, he sailed for Havana attended by his physician, Dr. Reeves Fowler, on the company schooner
137:
enslaved
Africans, most of them working on its plantations and ranches. In February 1789, Panton gained the Choctaw and Chickasaw trade at Mobile with the failure of Mather and Strother, a competitor firm based in New Orleans.
444:
Narrett, D. (2017). William Panton, British
Merchant and Politico: Negotiating Allegiance in the Spanish and Southern Indian Borderlands, 1783-1801. The Florida Historical Quarterly, 96(2), 135–173.
261:
J. Leitch Wright Jr (October 1982). "The Queen's
Redoubt Explosion and the Lives of William A. Bowles, John. Miller and William Panton". In William S. Coker and Robert Right Rea (ed.).
206:. They left in haste, even though his letters of recommendation had not yet arrived. The Cuban authorities refused to allow him to disembark without such papers, on account of the
173:
Panton, Leslie & Company made a fortune in the Indian trade and would become the largest mercantile company on the southern frontier in the 1790s. Working in partnership with
1234:
140:
By 1795 the company monopolized trade with the Native American tribes in the southeast, its presence reaching northward from Pensacola to Fort San Fernando (formerly known as
1209:
800:
White People, Indians, and Highlanders : Tribal People and Colonial Encounters in Scotland and America: Tribal People and Colonial Encounters in Scotland and America
1239:
1224:
1204:
1244:
1219:
80:
1115:
1021:
940:
913:
852:
808:
781:
716:
670:
643:
485:
429:
385:
351:
299:
245:
1214:
1184:
635:
Mr. Jefferson's Lost Cause : Land, Farmers, Slavery, and the Louisiana Purchase: Land, Farmers, Slavery, and the Louisiana Purchase
751:
Thomas D. Watson (April 1976). "Continuity in Commerce: Development of the Panton, Leslie and Company Trade Monopoly in West Florida".
1179:
207:
1088:
994:
967:
886:
616:
589:
272:
50:
Panton, the son of John Panton and Barbara Wemyss, was born on the family farm at the Mains of Aberdour on the south coast of the
556:
460:
Record in the Case of Colin Mitchell and Others, Versus the United States: Supreme Court of the United States. January Term, 1831
1199:
522:
1249:
606:
825:
111:
110:
to Spain on 20 February 1783, Panton was allowed to remain in the province by agreement between the British officers and
632:
Smithsonian Institution (Emeritus) Roger G. Kennedy Director of the National Museum of American History (6 March 2003).
121:
in the Bahamas, which then became the center of the firm's operations, where it stored trade items in large warehouses.
262:
27:
984:
59:
210:
between Spain and Great Britain. He continued toward Nassau, but died at sea on 26 February, and was buried at
686:
J. A. Brown (January–April 1959). "Panton, Leslie and Company Indian Traders of Pensacola and St. Augustine".
124:
1040:
The Southern Indian Trade: Being Particularly a Study of Material from the Tallapoosa River Valley of Alabama
732:
Thomas D. Watson; Samuel Wilson Jr. (July 1981). "A Lost Landmark Revisited: The Panton House of Pensacola".
797:
Colin G. Calloway Professor of History and Samson Occom Professor of Native American Studies (3 June 2008).
190:
95:
91:
524:
Documents Relating to the Commercial Policy of Spain in the Floridas with Incidental Reference to Louisiana
341:
67:
31:
1055:
1189:
1162:
1153:
501:
237:
Indian Traders of the Southeastern Spanish Borderlands: Company and John Forbes & Company, 1783-1847
174:
1229:
1194:
35:
1038:
541:
American state papers: Documents, legislative and executive of the Congress of the United States ...
145:
133:
773:
Adventurism and Empire: The Struggle for Mastery in the Louisiana-Florida Borderlands, 1762-1803
1078:
1111:
1105:
1084:
1017:
990:
963:
957:
936:
930:
909:
903:
882:
848:
842:
804:
798:
777:
771:
712:
706:
666:
639:
633:
612:
585:
539:
481:
425:
402:
381:
347:
295:
268:
241:
211:
178:
1011:
660:
581:
458:
419:
375:
289:
474:
John Arthur Garraty; Mark Christopher Carnes; American Council of Learned Societies (1999).
164:
153:
141:
118:
71:
39:
1155:
Merchant adventurer in the Old Southwest: William Panton, the Spanish years, 1783-1801
1173:
574:
215:
177:, they were able to expand their operations from East Florida and the Bahamas to the
87:
75:
55:
932:
The King's Ranger: Thomas Brown and the American Revolution on the Southern Frontier
107:
63:
1056:"Colonel Benjamin Hawkins – North Carolinian – Benefactor of the Southern Indians"
876:
505:
475:
377:
Creeks & Seminoles: The Destruction and Regeneration of the Muscogulge People
316:
235:
182:
149:
51:
1107:
The McGillivray and McIntosh Traders: On the Old Southwest Frontier 1716-1815
1066:(2). Raleigh, North Carolina: North Carolina Historical Commission: 172–173.
986:
Anglo-Spanish confrontation on the Gulf Coast during the American Revolution
905:
On the Rim of the Caribbean: Colonial Georgia and the British Atlantic World
608:
Anglo-Spanish confrontation on the Gulf Coast during the American Revolution
264:
Anglo-Spanish confrontation on the Gulf Coast during the American Revolution
26:
merchants who in 1783 founded the powerful and influential trading firm of
156:
and several locations in Florida, the Bahamas, and around the Caribbean.
23:
445:
576:
Free Men in an Age of Servitude: Three Generations of a Black Family
185:
honors in Panton's garden at Pensacola on 18 February of that year.
267:. Gulf Coast History and Humanities Conference. pp. 183–184.
163:
123:
878:
Diplomat in warpaint: Chief Alexander McGillivray of the Creeks
62:, with his countryman, Thomas Forbes, in 1765. He got into the
989:. Gulf Coast History and Humanities Conference. p. 190.
755:. The Floridas in the Revolutionary Era: Bicentennial Issue.
611:. Gulf Coast History and Humanities Conference. p. 187.
22:(c. 1740 – 26 February 1801) was the head of a group of five
132:
In April 1785, Panton and John Forbes arrived in Spanish
844:
The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina: 1514-1861
1104:
Amos J. Wright Jr.; Vernon J. Knight (1 February 2007).
561:. Historic St. Augustine Preservation Board. p. 46.
86:
In December 1775, the British governor of East Florida,
527:. The Florida State Historical Society. p. xxxii.
234:
William S. Coker; Thomas D. Watson (1 December 1986).
128:
Panton, Leslie & Company headquarters in Pensacola
117:
Later in 1783, Panton and William Alexander moved to
94:
Indians, and in 1778 the British Indian agent, Col.
983:William S. Coker; Robert Right Rea (October 1982).
605:William S. Coker; Robert Right Rea (October 1982).
573:
827:Historical Sketches of Panton, Leslie and Company
318:Historical Sketches of Panton, Leslie and Company
240:. University Press of Florida. pp. 17–18.
160:Largest mercantile company in the Old Southwest
1010:John Walton Caughey; William J. Bauer (1938).
421:Land & Allegiance in Revolutionary Georgia
847:. Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 182.
711:. University of Illinois Press. p. 171.
638:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 144.
8:
1016:. Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 53.
908:. University of Georgia Press. p. 131.
401:Organization of American Historians (1916).
294:. Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 62.
1235:Scottish emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies
665:. University Press of Florida. p. 42.
424:. University of Georgia Press. p. 47.
90:, appointed Panton official trader for the
1210:Scottish expatriates in the United States
830:. University of West Florida. p. 31.
343:Description of the Spanish Floridas, 1804
803:. Oxford University Press. p. 119.
580:. University Press of Kentucky. p.
510:. University of Miami Press. p. 95.
480:. Oxford University Press. p. 234.
1080:Encyclopedia of Frontier Biography: P-Z
1054:Merritt Bloodworth Pound (April 1942).
959:Encyclopedia of Frontier Biography: G-O
380:. U of Nebraska Press. pp. 43–44.
321:. University of West Florida. p. 3
226:
694:(3/4). Florida Historical Society: 33.
1083:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 1107.
759:(4). Florida Historical Society: 562.
7:
1060:The North Carolina Historical Review
962:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 904.
929:Edward J. Cashin (30 January 1999).
740:(1). Florida Historical Society: 43.
690:. Pensacola Quadricentennial Issue.
446:http://www.jstor.org/stable/44955741
1240:18th-century American slave traders
935:. Fordham Univ Press. p. 242.
507:ZĂ©spedes in East Florida, 1784-1790
1225:People from St. Augustine, Florida
1205:18th-century British slave traders
66:as an apprentice with the firm of
14:
841:Lawrence Sanders Rowland (1996).
662:Archaeology of Colonial Pensacola
1037:Peter Alexander Brannon (1935).
902:Paul M. Pressly (1 March 2013).
881:. Abelard-Schuman. p. 100.
776:. UNC Press Books. p. 210.
753:The Florida Historical Quarterly
734:The Florida Historical Quarterly
708:Black Society in Spanish Florida
688:The Florida Historical Quarterly
572:Lee H. Warner (1 January 1992).
538:United States. Congress (1860).
521:Arthur Preston Whitaker (1931).
407:. Torch Press. pp. 120–121.
346:. Perdido Bay Press. p. 2.
58:, Scotland. Panton emigrated to
1245:18th-century Scottish merchants
1110:. NewSouth Books. p. 271.
956:Dan L. Thrapp (1 August 1991).
705:Jane Landers (1 January 1999).
1220:People from Pensacola, Florida
770:David Narrett (5 March 2015).
544:Gales and Seaton. p. 110.
418:Leslie Hall (1 January 2001).
1:
1152:Watson, Thomas Davis (1972).
1139:Coker Watson1986, pp. 234–235
1077:Dan L. Thrapp (1 June 1991).
463:. D. Green. pp. 298–299.
144:) on the site of present-day
1043:. Paragon Press. p. 35.
555:James Leitch Wright (1975).
374:James Leitch Wright (1990).
288:Henry Laurens (1 May 1988).
28:Panton, Leslie & Company
1215:People from British Florida
1185:People from Spanish Florida
477:American National Biography
291:The Papers of Henry Laurens
1266:
214:, the major island of the
102:Trading in Spanish Florida
60:Charleston, South Carolina
1180:People from Aberdeenshire
1013:McGillivray of the Creeks
824:William S. Coker (1976).
659:Judith Ann Bense (1999).
315:William S. Coker (1976).
191:John Forbes & Company
148:, and westward as far as
875:Arthur Orrmont (1968).
457:Colin Mitchell (1831).
1200:Scottish slave traders
170:
129:
106:With the recession of
46:Early years in America
34:, then the capital of
1250:Spanish slave traders
1163:Texas Tech University
558:British St. Augustine
502:Helen Hornbeck Tanner
175:Alexander McGillivray
167:
127:
340:John Forbes (1979).
169:Historical Society).
36:British East Florida
171:
130:
112:Manuel de ZĂ©spedes
1130:Coker, 1976, p.19
1117:978-1-60306-014-1
1023:978-1-57003-692-7
942:978-0-8232-1908-7
915:978-0-8203-4503-1
854:978-1-57003-090-1
810:978-0-19-971289-2
783:978-1-4696-1834-0
718:978-0-252-06753-2
672:978-0-8130-1661-0
645:978-0-19-803498-8
487:978-0-19-520635-7
431:978-0-8203-2262-9
387:978-0-8032-9728-9
353:978-0-933776-02-9
301:978-0-87249-516-6
247:978-0-8130-1854-6
212:Great Harbour Cay
179:Mississippi River
16:Scottish merchant
1257:
1166:
1161:. Ph.D. thesis,
1160:
1140:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1007:
1001:
1000:
980:
974:
973:
953:
947:
946:
926:
920:
919:
899:
893:
892:
872:
866:
865:
863:
861:
838:
832:
831:
821:
815:
814:
794:
788:
787:
767:
761:
760:
748:
742:
741:
729:
723:
722:
702:
696:
695:
683:
677:
676:
656:
650:
649:
629:
623:
622:
602:
596:
595:
579:
569:
563:
562:
552:
546:
545:
535:
529:
528:
518:
512:
511:
498:
492:
491:
471:
465:
464:
454:
448:
442:
436:
435:
415:
409:
408:
398:
392:
391:
371:
365:
364:
362:
360:
337:
331:
330:
328:
326:
312:
306:
305:
285:
279:
278:
258:
252:
251:
231:
218:in the Bahamas.
152:, with posts at
142:Chickasaw Bluffs
1265:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1170:
1169:
1158:
1151:
1148:
1146:Further reading
1143:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1009:
1008:
1004:
997:
982:
981:
977:
970:
955:
954:
950:
943:
928:
927:
923:
916:
901:
900:
896:
889:
874:
873:
869:
859:
857:
855:
840:
839:
835:
823:
822:
818:
811:
796:
795:
791:
784:
769:
768:
764:
750:
749:
745:
731:
730:
726:
719:
704:
703:
699:
685:
684:
680:
673:
658:
657:
653:
646:
631:
630:
626:
619:
604:
603:
599:
592:
571:
570:
566:
554:
553:
549:
537:
536:
532:
520:
519:
515:
500:
499:
495:
488:
473:
472:
468:
456:
455:
451:
443:
439:
432:
417:
416:
412:
400:
399:
395:
388:
373:
372:
368:
358:
356:
354:
339:
338:
334:
324:
322:
314:
313:
309:
302:
287:
286:
282:
275:
260:
259:
255:
248:
233:
232:
228:
224:
199:
162:
104:
81:St. Marys River
74:immigrant from
48:
40:Spanish Florida
17:
12:
11:
5:
1263:
1261:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1132:
1123:
1116:
1096:
1089:
1069:
1046:
1029:
1022:
1002:
995:
975:
968:
948:
941:
921:
914:
894:
887:
867:
853:
833:
816:
809:
789:
782:
762:
743:
724:
717:
697:
678:
671:
651:
644:
624:
617:
597:
590:
564:
547:
530:
513:
493:
486:
466:
449:
437:
430:
410:
393:
386:
366:
352:
332:
307:
300:
280:
273:
253:
246:
225:
223:
220:
198:
195:
161:
158:
103:
100:
47:
44:
20:William Panton
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1262:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1164:
1157:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1090:0-8032-9420-4
1086:
1082:
1081:
1073:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1030:
1025:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1006:
1003:
998:
996:9780940836167
992:
988:
987:
979:
976:
971:
969:0-8032-9419-0
965:
961:
960:
952:
949:
944:
938:
934:
933:
925:
922:
917:
911:
907:
906:
898:
895:
890:
888:9780200715164
884:
880:
879:
871:
868:
856:
850:
846:
845:
837:
834:
829:
828:
820:
817:
812:
806:
802:
801:
793:
790:
785:
779:
775:
774:
766:
763:
758:
754:
747:
744:
739:
735:
728:
725:
720:
714:
710:
709:
701:
698:
693:
689:
682:
679:
674:
668:
664:
663:
655:
652:
647:
641:
637:
636:
628:
625:
620:
618:9780940836167
614:
610:
609:
601:
598:
593:
591:0-8131-1799-2
587:
583:
578:
577:
568:
565:
560:
559:
551:
548:
543:
542:
534:
531:
526:
525:
517:
514:
509:
508:
503:
497:
494:
489:
483:
479:
478:
470:
467:
462:
461:
453:
450:
447:
441:
438:
433:
427:
423:
422:
414:
411:
406:
405:
397:
394:
389:
383:
379:
378:
370:
367:
355:
349:
345:
344:
336:
333:
320:
319:
311:
308:
303:
297:
293:
292:
284:
281:
276:
274:9780940836167
270:
266:
265:
257:
254:
249:
243:
239:
238:
230:
227:
221:
219:
217:
216:Berry Islands
213:
209:
205:
196:
194:
192:
186:
184:
180:
176:
166:
159:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
138:
135:
126:
122:
120:
115:
113:
109:
101:
99:
97:
93:
89:
88:Patrick Tonyn
84:
82:
77:
76:Aberdeenshire
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
56:Aberdeenshire
53:
45:
43:
41:
37:
33:
32:St. Augustine
29:
25:
21:
1190:1740s births
1154:
1135:
1126:
1106:
1099:
1079:
1072:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1039:
1032:
1012:
1005:
985:
978:
958:
951:
931:
924:
904:
897:
877:
870:
860:14 September
858:. Retrieved
843:
836:
826:
819:
799:
792:
772:
765:
756:
752:
746:
737:
733:
727:
707:
700:
691:
687:
681:
661:
654:
634:
627:
607:
600:
575:
567:
557:
550:
540:
533:
523:
516:
506:
496:
476:
469:
459:
452:
440:
420:
413:
403:
396:
376:
369:
359:25 September
357:. Retrieved
342:
335:
325:30 September
323:. Retrieved
317:
310:
290:
283:
263:
256:
236:
229:
203:
200:
187:
172:
139:
131:
116:
108:the Floridas
105:
96:Thomas Brown
85:
64:Indian trade
49:
19:
18:
1230:Speculators
1195:1801 deaths
404:Proceedings
208:ongoing war
150:New Orleans
68:John Gordon
52:Moray Firth
1174:Categories
134:Pensacola
504:(1963).
24:Scottish
183:Masonic
146:Memphis
1114:
1087:
1020:
993:
966:
939:
912:
885:
851:
807:
780:
715:
669:
642:
615:
588:
484:
428:
384:
350:
298:
271:
244:
154:Mobile
119:Nassau
1159:(PDF)
222:Notes
204:Shark
197:Death
92:Creek
72:Scots
1112:ISBN
1085:ISBN
1018:ISBN
991:ISBN
964:ISBN
937:ISBN
910:ISBN
883:ISBN
862:2013
849:ISBN
805:ISBN
778:ISBN
713:ISBN
667:ISBN
640:ISBN
613:ISBN
586:ISBN
482:ISBN
426:ISBN
382:ISBN
361:2013
348:ISBN
327:2013
296:ISBN
269:ISBN
242:ISBN
70:, a
54:in
30:at
1176::
1064:19
1062:.
1058:.
757:54
738:60
736:.
692:37
584:.
582:16
193:.
83:.
42:.
1165:.
1120:.
1093:.
1026:.
999:.
972:.
945:.
918:.
891:.
864:.
813:.
786:.
721:.
675:.
648:.
621:.
594:.
490:.
434:.
390:.
363:.
329:.
304:.
277:.
250:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
