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hospitals and charitable institutions, alleging that his motives for seeking a patent were to ensure the competent administration of ether and to prevent its misuse or abuse, as well as to recoup the expenditures of its development. Morton's pursuit of credit for and profit from the administration of ether was complicated by the furtive and sometimes deceptive tactics he employed during its development, as well as the competing claims of other doctors, most notably his former business partner, Horace Wells. Just after working with him for a mere three weeks, Wells felt Morton could not be tolerated and ended the partnership. Morton's own efforts to obtain patents overseas also undermined his assertions of philanthropic intent. Consequently, no effort was made to enforce the patent, and ether soon came into general use.
274:
with anesthesia. Wells stated that he had met with Morton and
Jackson in Boston “both of whom admitted it to be entirely new to them. Dr Jackson expressed much surprise that severe operations could be performed without pain, and these are the individuals who claim to be the inventors.” Wells’ letter also states he had preferred nitrous oxide over sulfuric ether for his experiments as being a potentially less harmful substance. After these people claimed to be the inventors of anesthesia, Morton made more applications in 1849, 1851, and 1853, and all failed. Morton later sought remuneration for his achievement through a futile attempt to sue the United States government. The lawyer who represented him was
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288:. Morton's rival, Dr Jackson, testified for the prosecution, and the residents of Boston were anxious to witness these nemeses in courtroom combat. His former tutor Dr. Nathan Cooley Keep, who had made the artificial teeth Parkman used, and identified it in the found remain, claimed the body was the victim's. Morton initially denied Keep's claim, but later changed his mind and agreed to Keep's observation.
42:
730:
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Report of the case of John W. Webster, indicted for the murder of George
Parkman, before the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts : including the hearing on the petition for a writ of error, the prisoner's confessional statements and application for a commutation of sentence, and an appendix
333:
Morton was in New York City in July 1868. He was riding in a carriage with his wife when he suddenly demanded the carriage to stop, and he ran into the lake in
Central Park "to cool off". This peculiar behavior was because he had suffered a major stroke (cerebrovascular incident) which proved fatal
273:
for "national recompense" of $ 100,000, but this too was complicated by the claims of
Jackson and Wells as discoverers of ether, and so Morton's application proved fruitless. Horace Wells even addressed a letter to the editor of the Hartford Daily Courant, outlining his experiments and experience
265:
was issued for "letheon", although it was widely known by then that the inhalant was ether. The medical community at large condemned the patent as unjust and illiberal in such a humane and scientific profession. Morton assured his colleagues that he would not restrict the use of ether among
896:
306:, a wealthy Bostonian, together with the medical professionals and influential citizens of Boston, developed a plan to raise $ 100,000 as a national testimonial to Morton, receiving contributions from both public and private citizens.
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to establish Morton as the inventor and revealer of anesthetic inhalation and to justify pecuniary reward to Morton's family for the "fearful moral and legal responsibility he assumed in pursuit of this discovery."
921:
Block
Anesthesia and Allied Subjects: With Special Chapters on the Maxillary Sinus, the Tonsils, and Neuralgias of the Nervous Trigeminus for Oral Surgeons, Dentists, Laryngologists, Rhinologists, Otologists, and
221:
On
September 30, 1846, Morton performed a painless tooth extraction after administering ether to Ebenezer Hopkins Frost (1824–1866). Upon reading a favorable newspaper account of this event, Boston surgeon
451:, and allowed the development of modern surgery. Spread of the news of this "new" anesthetic was helped by the subsequent feud that developed between Morton and Horace Wells and Charles T. Jackson.
428:, but the designers were careful not to choose sides in the debate over the person who deserved credit for the discovery. Instead, the statue depicts a doctor in medieval Moorish robes and turban.
1350:
Morton W. T. (1996). "SMW 100 years ago. William Thomas Green Morton and the discovery of anesthesia" [SMW 100 years ago. William Thomas Green Morton and the discovery of anesthesia].
1791:
474:(1845–1920), Marion Alethe Morton (1847–unknown, after 1865), Edward Whitman Morton (1848–unknown, after 1870), Elizabeth Whitman Morton (1850–1922), Bowditch Nathaniel Morton (1857–1909).
443:, who employed ether as an anesthetic on March 30, 1842. Although Long demonstrated its use to physicians in Georgia on numerous occasions, he did not publish his findings until 1849, in
254:
and has been preserved as a monument to this historic event. Following the demonstration, Morton tried to hide the identity of the substance Abbott had inhaled, by referring to it as "
2373:
1108:
Andreae H. (1969). "The discoverer of ether anesthesia, dentist Morton, born 150 years ago" [The discoverer of ether anesthesia, dentist Morton, born 150 years ago].
250:
in a tooth extraction at the home of
Francis Boote, an American doctor who had heard of Morton's and Bigelow's demonstrations. The MGH theatre came to be known as the
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in 1840. In 1841, he gained notoriety for developing a new process to solder false teeth onto gold plates. In 1842, he left college after graduating to study in
2348:
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In 1852, he received an honorary degree from the
Washington University of Medicine in Baltimore, which later became the College of Physicians and Surgeons.
685:
1371:
PavlovskiÄ L. N. (2005). "Dentist
William Morton is a founder of general anesthesia" [Dentist William Morton is a founder of general anesthesia].
621:"Ebenezer Hopkins Frost (1824–1866): William T.G. Morton's First Identified Patient and Why He Was Invited to the Ether Demonstration of October 16, 1846"
189:. Her parents objected to Morton's profession and agreed to the marriage only after he promised to study medicine. In the autumn of 1844, Morton entered
246:. News of this use of ether spread rapidly around the world, and the first recorded use of ether outside the USA was in London, England, by the dentist
2358:
1777:
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157:, William T. G. Morton was the son of James Morton, a miner, and Rebecca (Needham) Morton. William found work as a clerk, printer, and salesman in
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Morton's notoriety only increased when he served as the star defense witness in one of the most notable trials of the nineteenth century, that of
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Young gentlemen, you see lying before you a man who has done more for humanity and for the relief of suffering than any man who has ever lived.
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in 1846. The promotion of his questionable claim to have been the discoverer of anesthesia became an obsession for the rest of his life.
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1800:
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Contains an account, in French, of the discovery of anaesthesia with ether by Morton and
Jackson and of its reception in Europe.
231:
939:
Historical Memoranda Relative to the Discovery of Etherization and to the Connection with it of the Late William T.G. Morton
205:
1947:
133:(August 9, 1819 – July 15, 1868) was an American dentist and physician who first publicly demonstrated the use of inhaled
1046:
209:
Painting by Robert C. Hinckley, "The First Operation Under Ether" depicting the public demonstration of October 16, 1846.
407:
1576:"Two tormented lives. Horace Wells and William Morton" [Two tormented lives. Horace Wells and William Morton].
435:
anesthetic was such a historic and widely publicised event that many consider him to be the "inventor and revealer" of
341:. It is reported by his wife that upon recognizing Morton, the chief surgeon made the following remark to his students:
658:
Boote F. (1847). "Surgical operations performed during insensibility produced by the inhalation of sulphuric ether".
217:
Replica of the inhaler used by William T. G. Morton in 1846 in the first public demonstration of surgery using ether.
2082:
567:
318:
2022:
2017:
1438:
Vandam L. D. (1994). "Benjamin Perley Poore and his historical materials for a biography of W.T.G. Morton, M.D".
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197:, who introduced Morton to the anesthetic properties of ether. Morton then left Harvard without graduating.
182:
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447:. These pioneering uses of ether were key factors in the medical and scientific pursuit now referred to as
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as a volunteer surgeon, and applied ether to more than two thousand wounded soldiers during the battles of
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In 1871, a committee of those involved in raising the aforementioned national testimonial published
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Ether Day: The Strange Tale of America's Greatest Medical Discovery and the Haunted Men Who Made It
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She then produced three medals, saying that the medals were all he had ever received for his work.
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Panel from monument in Boston commemorating Morton's demonstration of the anesthetic use of ether.
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1997:
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1309:
1018: : Sat Mar 09 09:01:12 UTC 2024), Entry for William T G Morton and Elisabeth W Morton, 1850.
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Wells, Horace, 1815-1848., “Letter of Horace Wells to the editor of the Hartford Daily Courant,”
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1001: : Sun Mar 10 11:36:37 UTC 2024), Entry for William J Morton and Elizabeth Morton, 1865.
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590:"Keeping Ether "En-Vogue": The Role of Nathan Cooley Keep in the History of Ether Anesthesia"
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Rozar L. B. (1975). "Dr. William T. G. Morton D.D.S., discoverer of surgical anesthesia".
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1035: : Tue Mar 05 06:29:28 UTC 2024), Entry for Elish W Morton and Wm J Morton, 1870.
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Morton performed public service yet again in the autumn of 1862 when he joined the
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Webster, John White; Bemis, George; Massachusetts. Supreme Judicial Court (1850).
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686:"National Historic Landmarks Program: Ether Dome, Massachusetts General Hospital"
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Shampo M. A., Kyle R. A.; Kyle (1987). "Morton: pioneer in the use of ether".
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Trials of a public benefactor, as illustrated in the discovery of etherization
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arranged for a now-famous demonstration of ether on October 16, 1846, at the
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1047:"William James Morton (1845–1920). Author of America's first X-ray textbook"
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Remarks on the Proper Mode of Administering Sulphuric Ether by Inhalation
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Exposition et histoire des principales découvertes scientifiques modernes
1647:
1652:. New York?: Digital Collections - National Library of Medicine. 1895.
41:
1672:
The Man Who Conquered Pain: A Biography of William Thomas Green Morton
1498:"William Morton and the first successful demonstration of anaesthesia"
1597:"William T.G. Morton (1819–1868), demonstrator of ether anesthesia".
1467:
Vandam L. D. (1996). "The last days of William Thomas Green Morton".
1208:"Expérience d'Horace Wels à l'hôpital de Boston avec je gaz hilarant"
262:
158:
963:
Medicine in Quotations: Views of Health and Disease Through the Ages
808:. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Boston : Little and Brown.
401:
Morton's life and work were later to become the subject of the 1944
529:. Philadelphia and London: J. B. Lippincott Company. 1901. p.
395:
The Historical Memoranda Relative to the Discovery of Etherization
293:
255:
239:
212:
204:
1228:
Heynick F (2003). "William T. G. Morton and 'The Great Moment'".
439:. However, Morton's work was preceded by that of Georgia surgeon
770:
https://collections.countway.harvard.edu/onview/items/show/18187
1773:
420:
The first use of ether as an anesthetic is commemorated in the
1284:
Leonard A. G. (1985). "Stamp recognition for William Morton".
431:
Morton's first successful public demonstration of ether as an
805:
containing several interesting matters never before published
1152:"Anesthesia's dental heritage (William Thomas Green Morton)"
1075:"The Ether Controversy Revisited (Morton WT), (Jackson CT)"
1185:
Deranian H. M. (1997). "The great Morton-Jackson debate".
885:. New York : Pudney & Russell. pp. 421–453.
556:. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Concord, N.H. 1896.
1649:
Memoranda relating to the "discovery of anaesthesia" -
1440:
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences
1214:(in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Masson. p. 212.
588:
Guralnick, Walter C.; Kaban, Leonard B. (9 May 2011).
1684:
Victory over pain: Morton's discovery of anaesthesia
1129:
Asbell M. B. (1970). "William Thomas Green Morton".
1033:
https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MDQ3-21S
1016:
https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MDS4-KRZ
999:
https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MQCD-1WM
619:
LeVasseur, Ryan; Desai, Sukumar P. (1 August 2012).
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411:. It was dramatised in the Australian radio play
553:Biographical sketch of Dr. William T. G. Morton
526:Biographical sketch of Dr. William T. G. Morton
375:
181:. In 1843, Morton married Elizabeth Whitman of
1735:"Centennial of First Man to Employ Anesthetic"
1727:"Boyhood Home Sign in Charlton, Massachusetts"
1785:
8:
858:Pinsker, Sheila; Harding, Robert S. (1986).
377:Before whom, In all time, Surgery was Agony
1187:Journal of the Massachusetts Dental Society
2374:Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees
1792:
1778:
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729:U.S. Patent No. 4848, November 12, 1846,
29:
27:American dentist and physician (1819–1868)
1539:"Wimmiam McLintock Morton, T.D., L.D.S".
1513:
1352:Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift
1266:
1251:"William Thomas Green Morton (1819–1868)"
1167:
1090:
594:Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
445:The Southern Medical and Surgical Journal
383:Since whom, science has control over pain
95:First use of Ether in surgical operations
936:Committee of Citizens of Boston (1871).
860:"The Morton Family Collection 1849–1911"
284:, who had been accused of the murder of
821:"Nathan Keep—William Morton's Salieri?"
483:
993:"Massachusetts State Census, 1865", ,
559:
258:", but it soon was found to be ether.
1747:"Men Who Have Eased the World's Pain"
380:By whom, pain in surgery was averted
7:
583:
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546:
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470:He had five children with his wife:
458:was a noted doctor and authority in
269:In December 1846, Morton applied to
261:A month after this demonstration, a
2349:People from Charlton, Massachusetts
1230:Journal of the History of Dentistry
731:Improvement in surgical operations.
163:Baltimore College of Dental Surgery
1628:Revista Española de AnestesiologĂa
837:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1995.tb04563.x
185:, the niece of former Congressman
25:
942:. Boston: Rand, Avery, and Frye.
2359:Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery
1801:Hall of Fame for Great Americans
1330:. Boston: Button and Wentworth.
1268:10.1213/00000539-197303000-00004
1092:10.1097/00000542-196407000-00017
1027:"United States Census, 1870", ,
1010:"United States Census, 1850", ,
786:The Disappearance of Dr. Parkman
234:, or MGH. At this demonstration
40:
1686:. New York: Taplinger Pub. Co.
1626:"William Thomas Green Morton".
2379:19th-century American dentists
1502:Anaesthesia and Intensive Care
1469:Journal of Clinical Anesthesia
1321:Morton, William T. G. (1847).
1051:Nowotwory. Journal of Oncology
232:Massachusetts General Hospital
1:
2364:Physicians from Massachusetts
2344:Harvard Medical School alumni
1423:10.1016/s0025-6196(12)61524-9
790:. Little, Brown, and Company.
672:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)88271-X
193:and attended the lectures of
1481:10.1016/0952-8180(96)00125-0
918:Smith, Arthur Ervin (1921).
637:10.1097/aln.0b013e31825f01b7
1584:(117): 17–21 passim. 1971.
1375:(in Russian) (1–2): 111–5.
337:Morton was taken to nearby
131:William Thomas Green Morton
34:William Thomas Green Morton
18:William Thomas Green Morton
2395:
2083:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
1515:10.1177/0310057X9602400502
966:. ACP Press. pp. 1–.
925:. Kimpton. pp. 13–14.
606:10.1016/j.joms.2011.02.121
2023:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.
2018:Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.
1808:
1682:MacQuitty, Betty (1971).
1045:Mould, Richard F (2018).
782:Sullivan, Robert (1971).
768:, accessed May 14, 2024,
754:(January to July): 83–84.
124:
107:
39:
2369:Burials in Massachusetts
2208:William Tecumseh Sherman
1898:George Washington Carver
1255:Anesthesia and Analgesia
441:Crawford Williamson Long
2288:John Greenleaf Whittier
1903:William Ellery Channing
1709:"William Thomas Morton"
1411:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
1206:Figuier, Louis (1851).
879:Nathan P, Rice (1859).
819:Keep, P. (March 1995).
742:Smith, Stephen (1862).
491:Fenster, J. M. (2001).
414:Dishonour Be My Destiny
302:In the spring of 1857,
242:from the neck of a Mr.
183:Farmington, Connecticut
63:Charlton, Massachusetts
2273:James McNeill Whistler
2203:Augustus Saint-Gaudens
2118:Matthew Fontaine Maury
1668:Woodward, Grace Steele
1611:10.1001/jama.194.2.190
1578:Boletin de InformaciĂłn
1553:10.1038/sj.bdj.4804211
1541:British Dental Journal
1298:10.1038/sj.bdj.4805605
1286:British Dental Journal
1131:Worcester Medical News
566:: CS1 maint: others (
391:
347:
299:
276:Richard Henry Dana Jr.
218:
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191:Harvard Medical School
2223:Harriet Beecher Stowe
2193:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1923:James Fenimore Cooper
1883:William Cullen Bryant
1858:Alexander Graham Bell
354:Mount Auburn Cemetery
343:
297:
244:Edward Gilbert Abbott
238:painlessly removed a
216:
208:
2253:Booker T. Washington
2163:Alice Freeman Palmer
2143:William T. G. Morton
2088:James Russell Lowell
1753:. December 29, 1913.
1496:Westhorpe R (1996).
1452:10.1093/jhmas/49.1.5
1110:Zahnärztliche Praxis
1073:Alper M. H. (1964).
944:William T.G. Morton.
897:"Dr. Morton's Death"
472:William James Morton
426:Boston Public Garden
2268:George Westinghouse
2238:Henry David Thoreau
2148:John Lothrop Motley
2123:Albert A. Michelson
2003:Nathaniel Hawthorne
1953:Ralph Waldo Emerson
1938:James Buchanan Eads
1763:Worcester Daily Spy
1759:"Surgery Was Agony"
1739:Miami Herald Record
1249:Keys T. E. (1973).
1156:Anesthesia Progress
711:""Letheon" Inhaler"
460:electrotherapeutics
311:Army of the Potomac
236:John Collins Warren
224:Henry Jacob Bigelow
2198:Theodore Roosevelt
2138:Samuel F. B. Morse
1998:Alexander Hamilton
1943:Thomas Alva Edison
1853:Henry Ward Beecher
1838:John James Audubon
1634:(4): 380–3. 1956.
1605:(2): 190–1. 1965.
1150:Ash H. L. (1985).
960:(1 January 2006).
901:McClure's Magazine
744:"The Ether Patent"
403:Paramount Pictures
388:Morton's tombstone
300:
282:John White Webster
219:
211:
195:Charles T. Jackson
179:Nathan Cooley Keep
103:Elizabeth Whiteman
2326:
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2258:George Washington
2213:John Philip Sousa
2048:Thomas J. Jackson
2038:Washington Irving
1983:William C. Gorgas
1968:Benjamin Franklin
1933:Charlotte Cushman
1818:John Quincy Adams
1765:. April 23, 1893.
1693:978-0-8008-8014-9
973:978-1-930513-67-9
510:978-0-06-019523-6
456:William J. Morton
228:operating theatre
128:
127:
109:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
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2098:Edward MacDowell
2053:Thomas Jefferson
1988:Ulysses S. Grant
1948:Jonathan Edwards
1918:Grover Cleveland
1833:Susan B. Anthony
1794:
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1751:Kansas City Star
1742:
1741:. July 13, 1919.
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1547:(4): 128. 1979.
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408:The Great Moment
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352:He is buried at
319:Chancellorsville
304:Amos A. Lawrence
161:before entering
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2233:Sylvanus Thayer
2183:Edgar Allan Poe
2168:Francis Parkman
2078:Abraham Lincoln
2058:John Paul Jones
1978:Josiah W. Gibbs
1893:Andrew Carnegie
1878:Phillips Brooks
1843:George Bancroft
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1066:Further reading
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2313:Orville Wright
2310:
2308:Woodrow Wilson
2305:
2303:Roger Williams
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2280:
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2263:Daniel Webster
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2173:George Peabody
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2065:
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2043:Andrew Jackson
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2020:
2015:
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1963:Stephen Foster
1960:
1958:David Farragut
1955:
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1945:
1940:
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1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
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1873:Louis Brandeis
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1702:External links
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1630:(in Spanish).
1623:
1594:
1580:(in Spanish).
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1358:(47): 2040–2.
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1079:Anesthesiology
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631:(2): 238–242.
625:Anesthesiology
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449:anesthesiology
422:Ether Monument
385:
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315:Fredericksburg
286:George Parkman
248:James Robinson
202:
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187:Lemuel Whitman
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748:Medical Times
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692:on 2011-06-05
691:
687:
681:
678:
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666:(1218): 5–8.
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173:with dentist
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81:New York City
73:July 15, 1868
72:
68:
64:
51:
47:
43:
38:
31:
19:
2293:Emma Willard
2278:Walt Whitman
2248:Lillian Wald
2218:Joseph Story
2178:William Penn
2158:Thomas Paine
2142:
2133:James Monroe
2028:Mark Hopkins
2008:Joseph Henry
1928:Peter Cooper
1908:Rufus Choate
1863:Daniel Boone
1848:Clara Barton
1762:
1750:
1738:
1716:. Retrieved
1713:Find a Grave
1712:
1683:
1676:Beacon Press
1671:
1660:. 101202257.
1648:
1631:
1627:
1602:
1598:
1581:
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1540:
1505:
1501:
1475:(6): 431–4.
1472:
1468:
1443:
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1414:
1410:
1393:
1389:
1372:
1355:
1351:
1339:. Retrieved
1323:
1289:
1285:
1258:
1254:
1236:(1): 27–35.
1233:
1229:
1211:
1190:
1186:
1159:
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1134:
1130:
1113:
1109:
1085:(4): 560–3.
1082:
1078:
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1050:
1040:
1029:FamilySearch
1028:
1023:
1012:FamilySearch
1011:
1006:
995:FamilySearch
994:
989:
977:. Retrieved
962:
958:T. J. Murray
951:
943:
938:
931:
920:
913:
907:: 318. 1896.
904:
900:
891:
881:
874:
863:. Retrieved
853:
828:
824:
814:
803:
796:
785:
777:
765:
760:
751:
747:
737:
725:
714:. Retrieved
705:
694:. Retrieved
690:the original
680:
663:
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628:
624:
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593:
552:
525:
519:
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351:
348:
344:
336:
334:soon after.
332:
308:
301:
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279:
268:
260:
220:
175:Horace Wells
148:
130:
129:
108:
75:(1868-07-15)
2354:1868 deaths
2339:1819 births
2283:Eli Whitney
2188:Walter Reed
2108:Horace Mann
1868:Edwin Booth
1823:Jane Addams
1446:(1): 5–23.
1193:(2): 24–5.
1162:(1): 25–9.
1137:(2): 15–8.
1116:(23): 276.
825:Anaesthesia
171:Connecticut
2333:Categories
2243:Mark Twain
2063:James Kent
2033:Elias Howe
1913:Henry Clay
1813:John Adams
1718:2008-12-02
1508:(5): 529.
1396:(1): 6–8.
1292:(9): 345.
1261:(2): 166.
865:2008-12-02
716:2009-05-01
696:2010-11-02
478:References
437:anesthesia
433:inhalation
339:St. Luke's
323:Wilderness
321:, and the
252:Ether Dome
145:Early life
139:anesthetic
55:1819-08-09
2093:Mary Lyon
1803:inductees
1417:(1): 56.
1220:312611474
845:0003-2409
645:0003-3022
562:cite book
362:Cambridge
358:Watertown
119:Dentistry
1993:Asa Gray
1658:54001684
1640:13389978
1532:37209555
1381:15916010
1336:14825070
1242:12641171
1101:14192801
922:Students
454:His son
386:—
271:Congress
177:and Dr.
167:Hartford
151:Charlton
149:Born in
85:New York
1678:, 1962.
1619:5319582
1590:5283677
1569:2182221
1524:8909661
1489:8872680
1460:8151115
1431:3540476
1364:8984612
1341:22 July
1314:2357056
1306:3890908
1277:4572338
1199:9540719
1178:3888002
1169:2175398
1143:5277344
1122:5263393
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979:22 July
424:in the
256:Letheon
230:of the
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660:Lancet
643:
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372:Legacy
263:patent
240:tumour
201:Career
159:Boston
115:Fields
100:Spouse
1565:S2CID
1528:S2CID
1328:(PDF)
1310:S2CID
405:film
329:Death
135:ether
1688:ISBN
1654:OCLC
1636:PMID
1615:PMID
1599:JAMA
1586:PMID
1557:PMID
1520:PMID
1485:PMID
1456:PMID
1427:PMID
1398:PMID
1377:PMID
1360:PMID
1343:2009
1332:OCLC
1302:PMID
1273:PMID
1238:PMID
1216:OCLC
1195:PMID
1174:PMID
1139:PMID
1118:PMID
1097:PMID
981:2012
968:ISBN
841:ISSN
641:ISSN
568:link
505:ISBN
360:and
70:Died
49:Born
1607:doi
1603:194
1549:doi
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1510:doi
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1448:doi
1419:doi
1390:CAL
1356:126
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1290:158
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