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life, meaning that the ptarmigan chicks go from having no thermoregulatory ability at hatch to being able to maintain their normal body temperature for hours at 10 °C when they are two weeks old. The rapid increase in pectoralis size is caused by increases in muscle fiber diameters (hypertrophy), and cold exposure is not necessary for this muscle development to occur. Ptarmigan also have thick plumage with feather barbules that contain air-filled cavities, contributing to a low heat loss, which aids in thermoregulation while the bird is roosting in burrows in the snow. Ptarmigan can withstand the severe cold because the ambient temperature in the sheltered microclimate of their snow burrows typically exceeds their lower critical temperature.
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the landscape of the area. After heavy snowfalls, the birds cannot access the shorter shrubs as they are blanketed with snow, so they will eat the taller species that poke through. In one study it was found that 90% of the buds of the Alaska willow within their reach had been browsed. This will stunt the willows and create a feedback cycle extending through the entire ecosystem. However, in winters with below average snowfall, the browsing of
Ptarmigans will not have such a drastic effect as their feeding will be spread out across a range of lower plant species. It is also believed that the greening of parts of the Arctic is affecting Willow Ptarmigan populations by altering the shape and size of the shrubs they are able to feed on.
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1184:. Fewer than 35% of chicks survive to eleven months and only a minority of these reach maturity. Despite this, in favourable seasons, many juveniles may survive and the population of willow ptarmigan is prone to wide fluctuations in size. By September, families begin to form flocks. The females and young migrate to lower altitudes and may overwinter 100 miles (160 km) from their breeding grounds in wooded valleys and hilly country. The males also congregate in small groups but do not usually travel as far as the females.
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417:. Males and females are about the same size, the adult length varying between 35 and 44 centimetres (14 and 17 in) with a wingspan ranging from 60 and 65 centimetres (24 and 26 in). The weight is 430 to 810 grams (15 to 29 oz). It is deep-chested and has a fairly long neck, a broad bill, short feathered legs and a moderately short rounded tail. In the summer, the male's
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and mountain slopes. In the winter, females and sub-adults may move to lower altitudes and seek shelter in valleys or in more densely vegetated areas, but adult males usually remain in the subalpine region. The red grouse is common on heather-clad moorland across the north and west of Great
Britain
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supplying the birds' main nutritional needs in winter and early spring. In the early twenty-first century, there has been an increase in shrub expansion in arctic Alaska that is thought to be greatly affecting the willow ptarmigan's winter diet. Because of the way they browse, Ptarmigan help shape
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The willow ptarmigan has several behavioral and physiological adaptations that help it survive the long Arctic winter, such as large pectoral muscles that aid in the process of shivering. Researchers have found that these pectoral muscles grow quickly during the first few days of the ptarmigan's
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Male willow ptarmigans are territorial birds. Males arrive in the breeding areas and set up territories in April and May, aggressively defending them against male interlopers. When the females arrive a few weeks later, the male performs courtship displays such as aerial manoeuvres, strutting and
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and soon leave the nest. While they are young, both parents play a part in caring for them. The chicks eat insects and young plant growth while the adults are completely herbivorous, eating leaves, flowers, buds, seeds and berries during the summer and largely subsisting on the buds and twigs of
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above each eye, which become red and prominent in the breeding season. The female is similar in appearance but with much smaller eye combs and has brown feathers scattered among the white feathers on her belly. During winter, the body plumage and two central tail feathers of both sexes becomes
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1168:, only the female takes care of the young, but the male willow ptarmigan also helps with feeding the brood and protecting them. He may take over completely if the female dies. In particular, the male defends the young from
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tail-fanning. When she has chosen a mate and a nesting site, the female lays a clutch of six to ten eggs in a shallow depression on the ground. The nest site is usually in a hidden location at the edge of a clearing.
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In the summer the birds are largely brown, with dappled plumage, while in the winter they are white with some black feathers in their tails. The species has remained little changed from the bird that roamed the
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The willow ptarmigan has 15 recognized subspecies. The taxonomy is confused, partly because of the complicated changes in plumage several times a year and the differing color and pattern of the summer plumage:
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BirdLife
International and NatureServe (2014) Bird Species Distribution Maps of the World. 2012. Lagopus lagopus. In: IUCN 2015. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.2.
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and both he and his mate can dive-bomb intruders or lure attackers away by pretending to have a broken wing. Nevertheless, the chicks face many dangers which range from attacks by
1737:
Murchie, Tyler J.; Karpinski, Emil; Eaton, Katherine; Duggan, Ana T.; Baleka, Sina; Zazula, Grant; MacPhee, Ross D.E.; Froese, Duane; Poinar, Hendrik N. (28 February 2022).
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for most of its life and subsists on various plant materials. As juveniles, they may feed on insects due to an inability to digest plant material caused by underdeveloped
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The voice is low-pitched and guttural and includes chuckles, repeated clucking sounds, and expostulations. When displaying, the male makes rattles and barking noises.
1209:. This is because, even if, as is suspected, numbers are declining slightly, it has a very wide range with a total population estimated at forty million individuals.
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Wilson, Scott; Martin, Kathy (2008). "Breeding habitat selection of sympatric White-tailed, Rock and willow ptarmigan in the southern Yukon
Territory, Canada".
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461:. The summer plumage is browner and in the winter, the male willow ptarmigan lacks the rock ptarmigan's black stripe between the eyes and bill. The
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469:) in North America is smaller, has a white tail and finely-barred greyer plumage and lives permanently above the tree line. The distinctive
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1645:"Position of the palaeontological site Aven I des Abîmes de La Fage, at Noailles (Corrèze, France), in the European Pleistocene chronology"
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1569:"Tetraonidae VIGORS, 1825 (Galliformes – Aves) in the Neogene-Quaternary record of Bulgaria and the origin and evolution of the family"
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Tape, K. D.; Lord, R.; Marshall, H. P.; Ruess, R. W. (2010). "Snow-mediated ptarmigan browsing and shrub expansion in Arctic Alaska".
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is marbled brown, with a reddish hue to the neck and breast, a black tail and white wings and underparts. It has a red semicircular
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about 10,000 years ago, when the species, by then all but identical with the living birds, retreated northwards with its
400:. Nesting takes place in the spring when clutches of four to ten eggs are laid in a scrape on the ground. The chicks are
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Mourer-Chauviré, C.; Philippe, M.; Quinif, Y.; Chaline, J.; Debard, E.; Guérin, C.; Hugueney, M. (1 September 2003).
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The willow ptarmigan is a medium to large ground-dwelling bird and is the most numerous of the three species of
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was originally going to be named "ptarmigan" in 1902, but town founders could not agree on how to spell it.
1095:. In the summer, their diet is highly varied and may consist of berries, flowers, leaves, twigs and seeds.
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1991:"Thermoregulation and muscular development in cold exposed willow ptarmigan chicks (Lagopus lagopus L.)"
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Widespread and not uncommon in its remote habitat, the willow ptarmigan is classified as a species of "
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The willow ptarmigan was adopted as the state bird of Alaska in 1955. It is also the regional bird of
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period and when the eggs are nearly ready to hatch. During this time, the greatest danger may be from
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Válóczi, Tibor (1999): A Vaskapu-barlang (Bükk-hegység) felső pleisztocén faunájának vizsgálata .
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1971:
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1990:
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574:) 'foot', in reference to the bird's feathered feet which allow it to negotiate frozen ground.
453:) by its larger size and thicker bill and by the fact that it is not generally found above the
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1739:"Pleistocene mitogenomes reconstructed from the environmental DNA of permafrost sediments"
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Stokkan, K. A. (1992). "Energetics and adaptations to cold in
Ptarmigan in winter".
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1489:
908:. Pleistocene willow ptarmigan are recorded from diverse sites until the end of the
492:
2343:
835:
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592:
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Alaska
Curiosities: Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities & Other Offbeat Stuff
919:. Additionally, mitochondrial DNA of the willow ptarmigan has been recovered from
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Martin, Kathy (1984). "Reproductive defence priorities of male willow ptarmigan (
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1144:. They are assiduous at guarding both nest and mate, particularly early in the
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2072:"A pressure cooker, a couple of willow ptarmigan and voila! Dinner is served"
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might be the correct one). These marginally different birds are said to have
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988:
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109:
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was formerly considered to be a subspecies. The willow ptarmigan breeds in
1690:"Weichselian and Holocene bird remains from Komarowa Cave, Central Poland"
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2014:
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In Alaska, the main dietary item of the adults at all times of year is
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1180:, to getting separated from the rest of the brood, bad weather, and
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The willow ptarmigan can be distinguished from the closely related
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1016:
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The willow ptarmigan has a varied and seasonal diet. The bird is
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remain white all year round. Immature birds resemble the adults.
1206:
1012:
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139:
2190:
1424:
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1946:): enhancing mate survival or extending paternity options?".
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563:
553:
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289:
2033:"Energetics and Adaptations to Cold in Ptarmigan in Winter"
481:
bird is reddish brown all over, except for its white feet.
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willow and other dwarf shrubs and trees during the winter.
1995:
298:
295:
1108:, with leaves being eaten in summer and buds, twigs and
1448:. MyEtymology. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014
457:
while the rock ptarmigan prefers more elevated, barren
2132:
310:
286:
2199:
292:
283:
1293:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22679460A89520690.en
1989:Aulie, Arnfinn; Steen, Johan B. (January 1976).
507:, plumage shows less white than other subspecies
1337:Braun, C. E.; Martin, K.; Robb, L. A. (1993) .
1332:
1330:
1328:
826:The willow ptarmigan often hybridises with the
1673:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
1136:A small minority of male willow ptarmigan are
2142:Video clip of male Willow Ptarmigan in winter
477:was once considered to be a subspecies. This
426:completely white, except for the black outer
8:
1611:Cenozoic Birds of the World (Part 1: Europe)
2187:
1852:
1850:
1688:Tomek, Teresa; Bocheński, Zygmunt (2005).
1549:Folia Historico Naturalia Musei Matraensis
1525:. Internet Bird Collection. Archived from
1314:
1312:
1310:
873:, the willow ptarmigan widely occurred in
222:
71:
40:
31:
1764:
1419:
1417:
1291:
2107:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 72.
1582:(Special Issue): 263–282. Archived from
1423:Ridpath, S. M.; Thirgood, S. J. (1997).
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1894:
1892:
1890:
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1446:"Etymology of the Latin word "Lagopus""
1255:
1156:, the newly hatched young also feed on
1152:. Although adult willow ptarmigans are
1038:
2070:Schandelmeier, John (4 January 2020).
1666:
1459:
2026:
2024:
1513:
1511:
1496:. International Ornithologists' Union
7:
2409:42875345-52b1-432f-9cec-d53af6572b22
1402:. Alaska Department of Fish and Game
1376:. Alaska Department of Fish and Game
1083:with twigs, leaves, buds and catkins
376:, in particular in the provinces of
2598:IUCN Red List least concern species
1948:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1490:"Pheasants, partridges, francolins"
1279:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1036:and in localised areas of Ireland.
776:(Domaniewski, 1933) - Northeastern
606:(Gmelin & JF, 1789) - Northern
25:
1345:. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
2101:Mackenzie, B. B. (5 June 2012).
2031:Stokkan, Karl-Arne (July 1992).
1494:IOC World Bird List Version 14.2
1056:
1041:
716:(Taverner, 1932) - Northernmost
441:Female in summer plumage, Alaska
279:
96:
49:Adult Alaskan willow ptarmigan (
2175:on the Internet Bird Collection
1268:BirdLife International (2016).
2179:Willow Ptarmigan photo gallery
1556:Page with link to PDF fulltext
1223:Kenai National Wildlife Refuge
939:distribution. It is native to
1:
904:into the present-day species
659:(Thayer & Bangs, 1914) -
2007:10.1016/0300-9629(76)90146-8
1794:: willow grouse; red grouse"
1427:. London: Stationery Office
1425:Birds of prey and red grouse
1374:Small Game Hunting in Alaska
1322:. Downloaded on 8 July 2015.
883:Pleistocene willow ptarmigan
842:) and occasionally with the
564:
548:
2623:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2091:– LuontoPortti (in Finnish)
1697:Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia
1576:Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia
935:The willow ptarmigan has a
2644:
1709:10.3409/173491505783995743
1663:(inactive 22 August 2024).
1554:: 79–96 ISSN 0134-1243 .
1320:http://www.iucnredlist.org
1102:such as the Alaska willow
570:
554:
332:. It is also known as the
51:L. l. alascensis
2169:) with worldwide RangeMap
1833:10.1007/s10336-008-0308-8
1766:10.1016/j.cub.2021.12.023
1466:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1396:"White-Tailed Ptarmigan (
378:Newfoundland and Labrador
242:
235:
230:
221:
198:
191:
93:Scientific classification
91:
69:
60:
48:
39:
34:
2147:Stamps: Willow Ptarmigan
1800:. University of Michigan
1608:Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002).
1286:: e.T22679460A89520690.
1011:habitats such as sparse
1003:. It primarily occupies
931:Distribution and habitat
877:. Authors who recognize
488:Taxonomy and systematics
356:in northern Europe, the
2618:Birds described in 1758
2173:Willow Ptarmigan videos
2089:Riekko, Lagopus lagopus
1567:Boev, Zlatozar (2002).
1019:forests, thickets with
888:(though the older name
799:, 1911) - Northeastern
535:The willow ptarmigan's
328:of the pheasant family
1821:Journal of Ornithology
1661:10.1080/03009480301811
1488:, eds. (August 2024).
1226:
1129:
1084:
856:Falcipennis canadensis
761:(Serebrovski, 1926) -
532:
520:
508:
496:
463:white-tailed ptarmigan
442:
352:and other forests and
2557:Paleobiology Database
1220:
1124:
1079:
526:
514:
502:
495:
440:
53:) in summer plumage,
2404:Fauna Europaea (new)
2137:RSPB Red Grouse Page
2076:Anchorage Daily News
1798:Animal Diversity Web
1589:on 16 September 2011
910:Vistulian glaciation
844:western capercaillie
633:(Stejneger, 1884) -
231:Willow Grouse range
55:Denali National Park
1960:1984BEcoS..16...57M
1913:2010Ecosc..17..186T
1757:2022CBio...32E.851M
1366:"Willow Ptarmigan (
750:(Momiyama, 1928) -
678:, 1931) - northern
665:Kamchatka peninsula
618:Grinnell, 1909) -
320:) is a bird in the
63:Conservation status
2037:Ornis Scandinavica
1968:10.1007/BF00293104
1859:Ornis Scandinavica
1484:; Donsker, David;
1339:"Willow Ptarmigan"
1227:
1130:
1085:
957:Russian Federation
896:from the earlier (
875:continental Europe
773:L. l. sserebrowsky
641:L. l. brevirostris
533:
521:
509:
497:
443:
2628:Symbols of Alaska
2585:
2584:
2544:Open Tree of Life
2193:Taxon identifiers
2114:978-0-7627-9460-7
1921:10.2980/17-2-3323
1751:(4): 851–860.e7.
1718:on 3 October 2011
1486:Rasmussen, Pamela
894:gradually changed
886:L. l. noaillensis
840:Tetrastes bonasia
822:
803:
788:
784:and northeastern
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743:
732:
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686:
667:
652:
637:
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610:
599:
531:in summer plumage
519:in winter plumage
271:
270:
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35:Willow ptarmigan
16:(Redirected from
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1788:Morland, Sarah.
1785:
1779:
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1768:
1734:
1728:
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1723:
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1711:. Archived from
1694:
1685:
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1664:
1640:
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1623:
1617:. Archived from
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1519:"Willow Grouse (
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1398:Lagopus leucurus
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1334:
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1305:
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1265:
1231:Southern Lapland
1221:Winter plumage,
1188:Cold adaptations
1160:. In most other
1127:Museum Wiesbaden
1125:Egg, Collection
1063:Distribution in
1060:
1048:Distribution in
1045:
848:Tetrao urogallus
809:
794:
775:
760:
749:
734:
731:(Lorenz T, 1904)
730:
715:
713:L. l. leucoptera
692:
673:
658:
644:(Hesse, 1912) -
643:
632:
624:British Columbia
617:
614:L. l. alexandrae
605:
590:
588:L. l. alascensis
573:
572:
567:
557:
556:
551:
543:is derived from
517:L. l. alascensis
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275:willow ptarmigan
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32:
21:
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2613:Holarctic birds
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2587:
2586:
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2575:Lagopus-lagopus
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2542:
2534:
2531:Observation.org
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2420:
2415:
2407:
2402:
2394:
2389:
2381:
2376:
2368:
2363:
2355:
2350:
2342:
2337:
2329:
2324:
2316:
2314:
2306:
2301:
2293:
2288:
2280:
2275:
2269:lagopus-lagopus
2267:
2262:
2256:Lagopus_lagopus
2254:
2249:
2243:
2238:
2231:Lagopus lagopus
2229:
2228:
2223:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2201:Lagopus lagopus
2195:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2115:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2049:10.2307/3676662
2030:
2029:
2022:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1944:Lagopus lagopus
1941:
1940:
1936:
1898:
1897:
1886:
1871:10.2307/3676662
1856:
1855:
1848:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1803:
1801:
1792:Lagopus lagopus
1787:
1786:
1782:
1744:Current Biology
1736:
1735:
1731:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1692:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1665:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1546:
1542:
1532:
1530:
1529:on 15 July 2013
1521:Lagopus lagopus
1517:
1516:
1509:
1499:
1497:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1458:
1451:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1422:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1368:Lagopus lagopus
1364:
1363:
1350:
1343:All about birds
1336:
1335:
1326:
1317:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1272:Lagopus lagopus
1267:
1266:
1257:
1252:
1243:Chicken, Alaska
1239:
1215:
1199:
1190:
1119:
1105:Salix alaxensis
1074:
1067:
1061:
1052:
1046:
933:
925:Yukon Territory
881:have named the
879:paleosubspecies
807:L. l. variegata
752:Sakhalin Island
705:, and northern
650:Sayan Mountains
646:Altai Mountains
580:
541:Lagopus lagopus
537:scientific name
490:
467:Lagopus leucura
411:
342:Lagopus scotica
317:Lagopus lagopus
282:
278:
267:
262:
254:
217:
206:
202:Lagopus lagopus
200:
187:
184:L. lagopus
95:
87:
76:
72:
65:
28:
27:Species of bird
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2641:
2639:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2590:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2566:
2553:
2540:
2527:
2514:
2501:
2488:
2475:
2462:
2449:
2436:
2426:
2413:
2400:
2391:Fauna Europaea
2387:
2374:
2361:
2348:
2335:
2322:
2312:
2299:
2286:
2273:
2260:
2247:
2236:
2221:
2205:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2183:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2127:
2126:External links
2124:
2121:
2120:
2113:
2093:
2081:
2062:
2043:(3): 366–370.
2020:
2001:(3): 291–295.
1981:
1934:
1907:(2): 186–193.
1884:
1865:(3): 366–370.
1846:
1827:(4): 629–637.
1811:
1780:
1729:
1703:(1–2): 43–65.
1680:
1655:(3): 521–531.
1635:
1624:on 20 May 2011
1600:
1559:
1540:
1507:
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1253:
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1211:
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1115:
1073:
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1069:
1068:
1062:
1055:
1053:
1047:
1040:
997:United Kingdom
965:Czech Republic
932:
929:
902:Lagopus atavus
860:rock ptarmigan
824:
823:
804:
789:
770:
755:
744:
739:and southwest
725:
722:Arctic islands
710:
687:
671:L. l. kozlowae
668:
653:
638:
627:
611:
600:
579:
576:
505:L. l. scoticus
489:
486:
447:rock ptarmigan
410:
407:
269:
268:
266:
265:
263:Linnaeus, 1758
260:Tetrao lagopus
257:
255:Woldřich, 1893
252:Lagopus medius
249:
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2167:United States
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2054:
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2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
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2016:
2012:
2008:
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2000:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1969:
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1321:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1224:
1219:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1203:Least Concern
1196:
1194:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1178:birds of prey
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1140:but most are
1139:
1134:
1128:
1123:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1082:
1081:Alaska willow
1078:
1071:
1066:
1065:North America
1059:
1054:
1051:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1029:heather moors
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
945:United States
942:
938:
937:circum-boreal
930:
928:
926:
922:
918:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
884:
880:
876:
872:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
852:spruce grouse
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
832:Tetrao tetrix
829:
821:
817:
813:
808:
805:
802:
798:
793:
792:L. l. ungavus
790:
787:
783:
780:to southeast
779:
774:
771:
768:
764:
763:Baltic states
759:
758:L. l. rossica
756:
753:
748:
745:
742:
738:
729:
726:
723:
719:
714:
711:
708:
704:
700:
696:
691:
690:L. l. lagopus
688:
685:
682:and southern
681:
677:
672:
669:
666:
662:
657:
654:
651:
647:
642:
639:
636:
631:
628:
625:
621:
615:
612:
609:
604:
601:
598:
594:
589:
586:
585:
584:
577:
575:
566:
561:
550:
546:
545:Ancient Greek
542:
538:
530:
529:L. l. lagopus
525:
518:
513:
506:
501:
494:
487:
485:
482:
480:
476:
475:British Isles
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
439:
435:
433:
432:wing feathers
429:
424:
420:
416:
408:
406:
403:
399:
395:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
346:British Isles
343:
339:
335:
334:willow grouse
331:
327:
323:
319:
318:
313:
312:
306:
276:
261:
258:
253:
250:
248:
247:Lagopus albus
245:
244:
241:
238:
234:
229:
225:
220:
215:
211:
205:
203:
197:
194:
193:Binomial name
190:
186:
185:
180:
177:
176:
173:
172:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
104:
99:
94:
90:
84:
79:
78:Least Concern
68:
64:
59:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
18:Willow grouse
2200:
2184:
2103:
2096:
2084:
2075:
2065:
2040:
2036:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1954:(1): 57–63.
1951:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1904:
1900:
1862:
1858:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1802:. Retrieved
1797:
1791:
1783:
1748:
1742:
1732:
1720:. Retrieved
1713:the original
1700:
1696:
1683:
1669:cite journal
1652:
1648:
1638:
1626:. Retrieved
1619:the original
1610:
1603:
1591:. Retrieved
1584:the original
1579:
1575:
1562:
1551:
1548:
1543:
1531:. Retrieved
1527:the original
1520:
1498:. Retrieved
1493:
1476:
1450:. Retrieved
1440:
1404:. Retrieved
1397:
1390:
1378:. Retrieved
1373:
1367:
1342:
1297:. Retrieved
1283:
1277:
1271:
1228:
1200:
1191:
1150:conspecifics
1135:
1131:
1103:
1097:
1086:
934:
905:
901:
889:
885:
882:
868:
864:Lagopus muta
863:
855:
847:
839:
836:hazel grouse
831:
828:black grouse
825:
806:
791:
772:
765:and central
757:
747:L. l. okadai
746:
727:
712:
689:
670:
656:L. l. koreni
655:
640:
635:Newfoundland
630:L. l. alleni
629:
613:
602:
587:
581:
540:
534:
528:
516:
504:
503:Red grouse,
483:
466:
451:Lagopus muta
450:
444:
412:
390:
384:. It is the
341:
333:
316:
315:
274:
272:
259:
251:
246:
201:
199:
183:
182:
170:
50:
29:
2492:NatureServe
2440:iNaturalist
2225:Wikispecies
1804:1 September
1482:Gill, Frank
1299:12 November
1182:coccidiosis
1089:herbivorous
871:Pleistocene
869:During the
728:L. l. maior
699:Scandinavia
409:Description
398:Pleistocene
396:during the
388:of Alaska.
362:Scandinavia
330:Phasianidae
326:Tetraoninae
160:Phasianidae
150:Galliformes
2592:Categories
2570:Xeno-canto
1901:Écoscience
1433:0117021768
1406:7 February
1380:5 February
1250:References
1213:Title bird
1154:herbivores
1146:incubation
1142:monogamous
1138:polygynous
961:Kazakhstan
921:permafrost
906:L. lagopus
858:) and the
834:) and the
814:, 1936) -
812:Salomonsen
737:Kazakhstan
697:, 1758) -
603:L. l. alba
595:, 1926) -
578:Subspecies
471:red grouse
386:state bird
338:red grouse
324:subfamily
311:TAR-mi-gun
1500:29 August
1205:" by the
1170:predators
1009:subarctic
1005:subalpine
989:Lithuania
816:Trondheim
455:tree line
428:rectrices
415:ptarmigan
402:precocial
354:moorlands
344:) of the
178:Species:
116:Kingdom:
110:Eukaryota
2497:2.104935
2484:22679460
2458:10195588
2295:22679460
2290:BirdLife
2210:Wikidata
1976:42638022
1929:46025343
1841:21970775
1775:35016010
1462:cite web
1237:See also
1225:, Alaska
1117:Behavior
953:Mongolia
943:and the
898:Pliocene
778:Mongolia
720:and its
695:Linnaeus
680:Mongolia
676:Portenko
479:moorland
430:. Their
237:Synonyms
210:Linnaeus
156:Family:
130:Chordata
126:Phylum:
120:Animalia
106:Domain:
83:IUCN 3.1
2603:Lagopus
2422:2473421
2331:bob3292
2277:Avibase
2216:Q178702
2163:Ireland
2159:Finland
2151:Belarus
2057:3676662
1956:Bibcode
1909:Bibcode
1879:3676662
1753:Bibcode
1722:4 March
1628:4 March
1593:4 March
1533:4 March
1452:4 March
1162:species
1158:insects
1110:catkins
1100:willows
1027:trees,
1001:Ireland
993:Germany
981:Estonia
969:Finland
923:in the
917:habitat
850:), the
782:Siberia
741:Siberia
703:Finland
684:Siberia
661:Siberia
527:Female
473:of the
459:habitat
419:plumage
366:Siberia
171:Lagopus
166:Genus:
146:Order:
136:Class:
81: (
2608:Grouse
2562:368615
2549:444614
2471:175804
2429:GNAB:
2378:EURING
2370:LAGPLA
2357:wilpta
2318:wilpta
2264:ARKive
2244:wilpta
2155:Canada
2111:
2055:
2013:
1974:
1927:
1877:
1839:
1773:
1649:Boreas
1431:
1197:Status
1166:grouse
1093:cecums
1050:Europe
1033:tundra
1021:willow
995:, the
985:Latvia
977:Sweden
973:Norway
963:, the
955:, the
941:Canada
914:tundra
890:medius
820:Norway
801:Canada
767:Russia
735:north
718:Canada
707:Russia
620:Alaska
608:Canada
597:Alaska
593:Swarth
394:tundra
382:Quebec
374:Canada
370:Alaska
358:tundra
336:. The
322:grouse
2536:70400
2523:52650
2453:IRMNG
2396:96456
2352:eBird
2344:3RXR6
2315:BOW:
2308:10358
2181:VIREO
2149:(for
2053:JSTOR
1972:S2CID
1925:S2CID
1875:JSTOR
1837:S2CID
1716:(PDF)
1693:(PDF)
1622:(PDF)
1615:(PDF)
1587:(PDF)
1572:(PDF)
1174:foxes
1025:alder
1017:birch
949:China
797:Riley
786:China
555:λαγως
549:lagos
515:Male
350:birch
2518:NCBI
2479:IUCN
2466:ITIS
2417:GBIF
2383:3290
2365:EPPO
2303:BOLD
2109:ISBN
2015:9239
2011:PMID
1806:2013
1771:PMID
1724:2023
1675:link
1630:2023
1595:2023
1535:2023
1502:2024
1468:link
1454:2023
1429:ISBN
1408:2013
1382:2013
1301:2021
1284:2016
1207:IUCN
1072:Diet
1023:and
1015:and
1013:pine
1007:and
999:and
648:and
622:and
571:πους
565:pous
562:' +
560:hare
423:comb
380:and
372:and
273:The
214:1758
140:Aves
2505:NBN
2445:931
2339:CoL
2326:BTO
2251:ADW
2240:ABA
2045:doi
2003:doi
1964:doi
1917:doi
1867:doi
1829:doi
1825:149
1761:doi
1705:doi
1701:48A
1657:doi
1288:doi
1176:or
1164:of
866:).
663:to
558:) '
360:of
314:);
290:ɑːr
2594::
2572::
2559::
2546::
2533::
2520::
2507::
2494::
2481::
2468::
2455::
2442::
2419::
2406::
2393::
2380::
2367::
2354::
2341::
2328::
2305::
2292::
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