Winesburg, Ohio - Knowledge (XXG)

985:. Throughout the book, he plays the dual role of listener and recorder of other people's stories and advice, and the young representative of the town's hopes whose coming-of-age reaches its dénouement in the final tale, "Departure,” when George leaves Winesburg for the city. Much of George's story is centered around two interconnected threads: those of his sexual and artistic maturation. Most of the time, these two formative elements proceed together; it is solely when George loses his virginity to Louise Trunnion in "Nobody Knows" that the adventure is exclusively sexual. Afterwards, starting with his desire to fall in love with Helen White in order to have material for a love story in "The Thinker,” the desire for sexual fulfillment becomes linked to his literary/emotional sensibility. 969:, although they are few and evanescent". Though rarely does escape come in the narrative present, many of the stories prominently feature anecdotes of past adventures where lonely and reserved characters run naked through the town on a rainy night (Alice Hindman in "Adventure"), drive their wagon headlong into a speeding locomotive (Windpeter Winters in "The Untold Lie"), and have window-shattering religious epiphanies (Reverend Curtis Hartman in "The Strength of God"). While not all of the adventures are so dramatic, each has its place in the annals of the town, sometimes as told to George Willard, other times in the memories of participants. 894:

cycle (ten of these are central protagonists in their stories)." Within the stories, characters figure in anecdotes that cover a relatively large time period; much of the action takes place during George's teenage years, but there are also episodes that go back several generations (particularly in "Godliness"), approximately twenty years ("Hands"), and anywhere in between. Indeed, the climactic scenes of two stories, "The Strength of God" and "The Teacher", are actually juxtaposed over the course of one stormy January evening. As

330:, was an exact picture of Ohio village life." The author went on to admit that, "the hint for almost every character was taken from my fellow lodgers in a large rooming house..." These lodgers were the "...young musicians, young writers, painters, actors..." and others that lived in proximity to Anderson on the North Side of Chicago and to whom he referred as "The Little Children of the Arts". The truth probably lies somewhere in between, with memories of Clyde "merging" with Anderson's interactions at the boardinghouse. 993:

tired......he wanted someone to understand the feeling that had taken possession of him after his mother's death ". That someone turned out to be Helen White, who herself had "...come to a period of change". It is in the time they spend together that readers see "his acceptance of Helen as a spiritual mediator..." which signifies that "...George's masculinity is balanced by the feminine qualities of tenderness and gentleness, an integration that Anderson suggests is necessary for the artist."

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writing...I wrote it, as I wrote them all, complete in the one sitting...The rest of the stories in the book came out of me on succeeding evenings, and sometimes during the day while I worked in the advertising office..." Study of his manuscripts shows that, though it is probably true that most of the stories were written within a relatively short span of time in late 1915, like a number of facts in Anderson's retelling of his writing process (for instance, his claim that he had written the

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potentials of her emotion. At last, however, George begins to perceive that there is something more to be communicated between men and women than physical encounter..." Yet this lesson is not solidified for the young reporter when, after boasting in a bar in the story "An Awakening,” he has a surge of "masculine power" and tries to seduce Belle Carpenter, only to be repelled and humiliated by her beau, the large-fisted bartender, Ed Handby.

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traveling men from her father's hotel“. She was a character who, "perhaps more than any of the other characters, seeks some kind of release from her perpetual loneliness". And yet, aside from her very brief love affair with Dr. Reefy, Elizabeth Willard finds no solace. Instead, both of her stories conclude with Elizabeth Willard attempting to communicate with her son but, like the dumbfounded Elmer Cowley, winding up unsuccessful.

223:, few scholars have concluded that it fits the standards of a conventional novel. Instead, it is typically placed "...midway between the novel proper and the mere collection of stories," known as the short story cycle. Aside from its structural unity, the common setting, characters, symbolism and "consistency of mood" are all additional qualities that tie the stories together despite their initial publication as separate tales. 47: 500:," William L. Phillips wrote that the manuscript of "Hands" contained "...almost two hundred instances in which earlier words and phrases are deleted, changed, or added to..." though no major structural changes to the story were detected. Additionally, slightly different versions of ten stories that ended up in the book were published by three literary magazines between 1916 and 1918 as follows: 448:("...both are episodic novels containing loosely bound but closely related sketches, both depend for impact less on dramatic action than on climactic lyrical insight, and in both the individual sketches frequently end with bland understatements that form an ironic coda to the body of the writing") may not be a sign of influence since it is not known whether Anderson read the book before writing 3788: 311:, where Anderson lived between the ages of eight and nineteen (1884–1896), and not the actual town of Winesburg, Ohio. This view is supported by the similarities between the names and qualities of several Winesburg characters and Clyde's townspeople, in addition to mentions of specific geographic details of Clyde and the surrounding area. 1551:. Word for Word Performing Arts Company and the Shotgun Players adapted "A Man of Ideas", "Paper Pills", "Surrender", and "Hands". The production was nominated for five San Francisco Bay Area Theatre Critics Circle Awards (Entire Production – Drama, Supporting Performance – Female, Director, Sound Design, and Ensemble Performance). 1050:

likewise was "...forever striving to conceal in his pockets or behind his back". For Wing, his hands were "...the very index of his humanity", with the potential to symbolize a continuum going from a general fear of sexuality to sublimated homosexuality. Wing Biddlebaum and Dr. Reefy are just two examples of how throughout

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and the novels of the following decades; whereas the simple, stripped-down vernacular that Gertrude Stein found so appealing in Anderson's writing of the time became an exemplar of quintessential American style most famously associated with Ernest Hemingway, the expressionistic portrayal of emotional

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largely concern the interaction between the individual citizens of Winesburg and the world around them. As each of the book's stories focuses primarily (though not exclusively) on one character, the narrator develops these themes continuously, sometimes adding new insights about previously introduced

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plays a large role in allowing for this reorientation. Beginning with the idea of characters as grotesques whose "...grotesqueness is not merely a shield of deformity; it is also a remnant of misshapen feelings, what Dr. Reefy in the sketch 'Paper Pills' calls 'the sweetness of the twisted apples'".

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surpasses the notion of the novel as an "objective report" by making use of "lyrical, nostalgic, evocative," even sentimental effects of nineteenth-century novels in its depictions of what lies beneath the psychological surface of a midwestern town. In the book, Anderson reoriented the facts typical

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in Chicago: "...it was a late fall night and raining...I was there naked in the bed and I sprang up. I went to my typewriter and began to write. It was there, under those circumstances, myself sitting near an open window, the rain occasionally blowing in and wetting my bare back, that I did my first

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for the town in the book. What is known is that the name was not necessarily determined by the stories themselves. In actuality, Anderson had been using Winesburg, Ohio, as a base for Talbot Whittingham, the protagonist of an unfinished novel he had been writing on-and-off for several years prior to

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in 2019, calling it "a spotlight on the outcasts, of whom there are so many one may begin to wonder whether there exist any incasts." The Pequod called it “one of the great modern short story collections… Anderson’s writing is of such consistently high quality that he is able to elevate the stories

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in 1953, commented that "...Anderson is out of fashion." Throughout that decade, however, the author and his most popular book were the subject of a "...re-examination, if only as a neglected literary ancestor of the moderns." Into the 1960s and beyond, this "re-examination" became a "reevaluation"

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with the narrator occasionally breaking away from the story to directly address the reader or make self-conscious comments (in "Hands", after describing the poignant nature of the story, he writes that "It is a job for a poet", later in the same story adding, "It needs a poet there".) These remarks

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Mostly written from late 1915 to early 1916, with a few stories completed closer to publication, they were "...conceived as complementary parts of a whole, centered in the background of a single community." The book consists of twenty-two stories, with the first story, "The Book of the Grotesque",

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is the interplay between how the Winesburg citizens' "...inability to translate inner feelings into outward form" expresses itself in the loneliness and isolation that makes their various adventures noteworthy. This dynamic is present, in some form, in practically all of the stories, three fairly

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named in the book, some appearing only once and some recurring several times. According to literary scholar Forrest L. Ingram, "George Willard in all but six stories; 33 characters each appear in more than one story (some of them five and six times). Ninety-one characters appear only once in the

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In the former, the young man Elmer Cowley, incited by an imagined slight ("He thought that the boy who passed and repassed Cowley & Son's store ... must be thinking of him and perhaps laughing at him" when in reality, " had long been wanting to make friends with the young merchant...") tries

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tradition, internally inferior), apples is that they are compared to Dr. Reefy's own knuckles that make a habit of stuffing crumpled notes bearing his thoughts unread into his pockets (itself a symbol of the "ineffectuality of human thought"). Wing Biddlebaum, the subject of the story "Hands",

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In the latter two stories, Elizabeth Willard was the "tall and gaunt...ghostly figure slowly through the halls..." of the New Willard House who eventually, in "Death,” succumbs to illness. In her youth, Elizabeth "...had been 'stage-struck' and, wearing loud clothes, paraded the streets with

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serving as an introduction. Each of the stories shares a specific character's past and present struggle to overcome the loneliness and isolation that seem to permeate the town. Stylistically, because of its emphasis on the psychological insights of characters over plot, and plainspoken prose,

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The climax of George's sexual and artistic coming-of-age comes in the second-to-last story of the collection, "Sophistication". Early in the story, while walking amongst the crowds of the Winesburg County Fair, George felt "...a thing known to men and unknown to boys. He felt old and little

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In "The Teacher,” a central point in George's development, "Kate Swift, George's school teacher, realizes his literary potential..." and tries to communicate her thoughts to George but, "...his sexual desire kindles her own, and she loses touch with the intellectual, spiritual, and creative

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Phillips (1976: 153-154) discusses the early print runs and sales figures noting "Since sales and other records of the B.W. Huebsch publishing house have long since been destroyed, it is not possible to be certain about the quantity of each printing, but an estimate can be made from other

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twice to tell George off but is unable to communicate his feelings either time, finally physically assaulting the young reporter. The story ends with Cowley telling himself, "I showed him ... I guess I showed him. I guess I showed him I ain't so queer", a proclamation obviously laced with

1562:. The book and lyrics were written by Eric Rosen (in collaboration with Andrew Pluess, Ben Sussman, and Jessica Thebus). Following its 2002 premiere, the musical was featured as part of the About Face Theatre Company's 2003–2004 season. The About Face production received the two 3791: 919:

characters. (Elizabeth Willard's relationship with Dr. Reefy in "Death,” for example, was never alluded to when she was first introduced in "Mother.”) Because George Willard is a fixture in much of the book, his character arc becomes just as important a theme of

165:. The work is structured around the life of protagonist George Willard, from the time he was a child to his growing independence and ultimate abandonment of Winesburg as a young man. It is set in the fictional town of Winesburg, Ohio (not to be confused with the 1302:

is picked up in the church used as a drug den, from under a mattress, when character Madison Clark indicates it belongs to her son, Nick. Nick is shown reading and discussing the book in season 2, episode 8, which takes its title from the book's opening story.

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has recognized this desperate need to communicate, but what has not been understood about Anderson's work is that this continual frustration serves as the context out of which arise a few luminous moments of understanding... Such moments are at the heart of

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among readers and critics has remained fairly high but has fluctuated with Sherwood Anderson's literary reputation. His reputation, while steady through the 1920s, began to decline in the 1930s. William L. Phillips, following the lukewarm reception of

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drama, there is little development of a story line in the Winesburg tales in term of cause and effect." Indeed, it is this de-emphasis of traditional story elements in lieu of experimentation with language that provides both a link and a rift between

1452:, directed by Tommy Britt, examined the legacy of Anderson's book by documenting present day small town Ohio and the attempt to adapt Anderson's book for the screen by the local community and Ohio University students, alumni, staff and faculty. 386:

between 1912 and 1915, is also said to have played a key role in helping shape the unique style found in the stories. Through his interaction (at first satirizing it before ultimately accepting it as essential to his development) with Stein's

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was received well by critics despite some reservations about its moral tone and unconventional storytelling. Though its reputation waned in the 1930s, it has since rebounded and is now considered one of the most influential portraits of

403:, variations on the repetition found in Stein's writing in addition to their mutual appreciation for the sentence as a basic unit of prose were also likely features of her writing that Anderson noticed and drew upon in writing his 1133:

to the level of great poetry and even tragedy,” and rated the book a 9.5 (out of 10.0). In a 2011 review, Ploughshares praised the book, and specifically highlighted its “in-depth, fearless, summarized description of emotion.”

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Phillips (1951), 9 ("Book of the Grotesque" and "Hands"), 12 ("Paper Pills", "'Queer'", and "The Untold Lie"), 24 ("The Strength of God"), 25-26 ("Mother", "The Thinker", "The Man of Ideas", and "An Awakening")

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stories after his earlier books were already published), it is inaccurate to say that the final versions of the stories published in 1919 were exactly the same as the ones written whole four years earlier.

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that separates its style from Anderson's contemporaries, as well as his previous novels, is the minimal role of plot. According to critic David Stouk's article "Anderson's Expressionist Art", "As an

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is set, in part, at Winesburg College in Winesburg, Ohio. His protagonist holds a part-time job as a waiter at the "New Willard House", evoking the protagonist, George Willard, of Anderson's book.

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representative examples being the merchant's son, Elmer Cowley, in the story "Queer,” George's mother, Elizabeth Willard, in the stories "Mother" and "Death,” and Jessie Bentley in "Godliness.”

434:) were discounted by the author, the former for stylistic reasons, the latter because he had apparently not read them prior to writing his book. While Anderson expressed an admiration for 1258:

had a powerful influence on his writing, showing him that literature must not necessarily always be about heroes. Only after reading Anderson did he find the courage to start writing.

1461:, a contemporary adaptation of the modular novel, premiered in competition at the Busan International Film Festival and appeared in multiple additional festivals. Noted film critic 960:

above, a number of scholars have taken the perspective that the cycle is, in fact, about escape from isolation instead of the condition itself. Barry D. Bort writes, "Criticism of

483:(probably "The Book of the Grotesque") was composed, on the spur of the moment, in the middle of the night, probably while he was staying on the third floor of a rooming house at 4219: 3943: 1099:"...embodies some of the most remarkable writing done in America in our time". Despite criticism that Anderson's "sordid tales" were humorless, and "mired...in plotlessness", 399:(1914), Anderson found the plain, unambiguous voice that became a staple of his prose. As indicated by the correspondence the two writers developed after the publication of 1448:, a filmed adaptation of the novel, was produced by Jennifer Granville. It was screened at the Athens International Film and Video Festival. A companion documentary, 699:, owner and editor of a small publishing house in New York, that the stories (Huebsch suggested calling them "Winesburg, Ohio") were brought together and published. 411:

summarized the pair's connection aptly when he wrote, "Stein was the best kind of influence: she did not bend Anderson to her style, she liberated him for his own."

2782: 1054:, Anderson builds myriad themes by adding symbolic significance to gestures, weather conditions and time of day, and events, among other features of the stories. 368:

was published, the similarities in small-town setting, structure, and mood of the works have been noted by several reviewers, with one going so far as to call

2930: 3857: 364:, heading off comparisons between the two works by stating (erroneously, as it turns out) that the Winesburg stories were printed in magazines before the 2830: 2750: 3648: 597: 3810: 342:

as a whole because Anderson was ambiguous about the matter. Still, most scholars affirm the obvious connection between Anderson's cycle and the

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Sherwood Anderson, Once of Clyde, Began Life as a Grocery Errand Boy / Old Clyde Residents and Mrs. J.D. Parker Recall Early Life of Writer

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A direct relationship between the real Clyde and the fictional Winesburg, however, remains the supposition of scholars. Anderson wrote in

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It is widely acknowledged that the fictional model of the book's town, Winesburg, is based on Sherwood Anderson's boyhood memories of

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has largely been made by scholars seeking to place the book within the canon of American literature, not necessarily by the author.

3437: 2636: 4133: 3850: 2797: 208: 166: 28: 1320:, with whom she is having an affair. He writes the inscription "When you need to leave Rosewood... Ezra" on the first page. 1528:(then known as the National Theatre). The adaptation, written by Christopher Sergel, starred Ben Piazza as George Willard, 4209: 2831:"'The Batman' Director Matt Reeves On DC Pic During COVID-19 Hiatus; Unraveling 'Tales From The Loop' & Netflix Slate" 3262:

Bradbury, Ray (1990). "Run Fast, Stand Still, or, The Thing at the Top of the Stairs, or, New Ghosts from Old Minds". in

3996: 1613:, and the quotations around "Queer" are consistent with the style of the book's numerous editions. For two examples see 136: 2731: 4214: 4110: 3562:

Phillips, William L. (1976) "The Editions of Winesburg, Ohio". in Campbell, Hilbert H. and Modlin, Charles E.A (eds).

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has served as a representative early example of the modern short story cycle in American letters. Comparisons between

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in 1934. Directed by Jasper Deeter, it achieved some success, running from June through September of that year.

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Anderson, Sherwood (1996a). "Sherwood Anderson's Memoirs". in Modlin, Charles E. and White, Ray Lewis (eds).

4185: 3027: 1938: 1338: 1006: 2711: 1165:, the Italian translation of the book, from the library in Rome where he sees Mirella for the second time. 4075: 4001: 3962: 2961: 1457: 1438: 1208: 1173: 193: 268:'s works, among others, demonstrate the pervasiveness of the formal innovations made in Anderson's book. 4085: 3689:

Stouck, David (1996). "Anderson's Expressionist Art". in Modlin, Charles E. and White, Ray Lewis (eds).

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The focus on George Willard's development as a young man and a writer has also led some critics to put

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by Sherwood Anderson (initially in collaboration with playwright Arthur Barton) was performed at the

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on 21 April 2011. Gale Document Number: GALE|H1420102369. (accessible through most public libraries)

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Numerous other writers and works have been mentioned as possible sources from which the elements of

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for New Adaptation and Actor in a Supporting Role-Musical. A 2006 production of the musical by the

1555: 1525: 1473:, written by Nearing and Rudy Thauberger, and stars Andre Truss, Keisha Dyson and Gerrold Johnson. 1359: 1308: 1266: 1189: 1013:(who died almost one year after the publication of the book), contemporaries Theodore Dreiser and 4158: 4153: 4080: 4065: 3978: 3899: 1382: 1354: 1325: 389: 17: 3615:

Reist, John S. (1993). "An Ellipse Becomes a Circle: The Developing Unity of Winesburg, Ohio."

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were drawn, most of them either denied or unacknowledged by Anderson himself. The influence of

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Phillips, William L. (1966) "Sherwood Anderson's Two Prize Pupils". in White, Ray Lewis (ed).

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novels by incorporating his characters' inner beliefs about themselves as part of "reality".

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walks into the office of William Redd, who quickly puts down his copy of "Winesburg, Ohio".

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Mencken, H.L. "Book of Uncommon Merit". in Modlin, Charles E. and White, Ray Lewis (eds).

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The Great American Playwrights on the Screen: A Critical Guide to Film, TV, Video, and DVD

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Updike, John (1996). "Twisted Apples". in Modlin, Charles E. and White, Ray Lewis (eds).

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A New Book of the Grotesque: Contemporary Approaches to Sherwood Anderson's Early Fiction

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Anderson, Sherwood (1947). "A Writer's Conception of Realism". in Rosenfeld, Paul (ed).

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said "it is a beautiful book, and has inspired this beautiful film," and later listed

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Brown, Lynda (Summer 1990). "Anderson's Wing Biddlebaum and Freeman's Louisa Ellis".

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The cycle consists of twenty-two short stories, one of which consists of four parts:

435: 423: 277: 88: 665: 648: 547: 4138: 3891: 1430: 1229: 1222:" after he "had nearly fallen asleep over the tame backstairs gossip of Anderson's 1199: 1092: 899: 696: 382:, whose work Anderson was introduced to by either his brother Karl or photographer 357: 326:

that he reacted with "shock" when he "...heard people say that one of my own books

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Midamerica XXI: The Yearbook of the Society for the Study of Midwestern Literature

1367:, its themes of loneliness and isolation, and its focus on small town characters. 3071: 1091:, for example, wrote that "...America should read this book on her knees," while 4043: 3724:

Westbrook, Max (1966). "Sherwood Anderson (1876–1941)". in Westbrook, Max (ed).

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Evans, Robert C. (2010) "Sherwood Anderson". in Gantt, Patricia M. (series ed).

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Hedgerow Theatre: Nurturing dreams Newcomers found artistry there – and marriage

1614: 1462: 1426: 1418: 1414: 1261: 431: 408: 308: 235: 170: 4012: 2661: 1563: 1088: 906:, Anderson's "...instinct was to present everything together, as in a dream". 457: 3811:

Sherwood Anderson's Winesburg, Ohio: A Group of Tales of Ohio Small-Town Life

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Madden, Fred (1997) "Expressionist contours in Sherwood Anderson's fiction".

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As noted in Ingram (1971: 151), George appears in all but six of the stories.

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stories as "too gloomy" and refused to publish them. It was not until editor

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Maresca, Carol J. (March 1966). "Gestures as Meaning in Sherwood Anderson's

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Howe, Irving (1966). "The Book of the Grotesque". in White, Ray Lewis (ed).

1317: 1152:, Danni reads a passage from "Sophistication" to her grief-stricken father. 467:

and while Anderson read and revered Twain, the connection between Twain and

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Though there is practically no argument about the unity of structure within

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Rideout, Walter B. (1969). "Sherwood Anderson". in Bryer, Jackson R. (ed).

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See Ingram (1971), 13-25, for an excellent discussion of short story cycles

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written by Kevin Kuhlke with music by Heaven Phillips premiered in 2003 as

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Murphy, George D. (Summer 1967). "The Theme of Sublimation in Anderson's

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Though each story's title notes one character, there are a total of over

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Trilling, Lionel (1977). "Sherwood Anderson". in White, Ray Lewis (ed).

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The whole cycle was adapted into a musical and premiered in 2002 at the

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Rideout, Walter B. (1974). "Introduction". in Rideout, Walter B. (ed.)

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Student's Encyclopedia of Great American Writers: Volume III: 1900-1945

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In the 13th and final episode of the 6th Season of the Netflix series,

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Though the stories were published to some acclaim in literary circles,

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Phillips (1966) covers Anderson's influence on Hemingway and Faulkner.

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According to Anderson's account, the first of the stories that became

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Spencer, Benjamin T. (March 1969). "Sherwood Anderson: Mythopoeist".

1619:(Modern Library/Random House, 1947) and Anderson (W.W. Norton, 1996). 3835: 1075:

was later, by some critics, considered "undisciplined" and "vague".

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has often been placed at various points in the spectrum between the

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Fifteen Modern American Authors: A Survey of Research and Criticism

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Crowley, John W. (1990). "Introduction". in Crowley, John W. (ed).

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It is difficult to say that any specific writer or work influenced

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The American Novel: From James Fenimore Cooper to William Faulkner

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published this version of the play alongside three one-act plays (

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This article is about the novel. For the unrelated community, see

3217:(1 June 1919). in Modlin, Charles E. and White, Ray Lewis (eds). 1087:

upon its publication in 1919 was mostly positive, even effusive.

356:), which Anderson reportedly stayed up all night to read. Though 4051: 1610: 687:, the publisher of Anderson's first two novels, referred to the 4016: 3839: 3330:

The Chicago Renaissance in American Letters: A Critical History

3259:(4): 443–456. (Link is to what looks like part of the article.) 3160:

Anderson, Sherwood (1977). "Dreiser". in Gregory, Horace (ed).

3006:"The Bay Area Critics Circle Awards: 2001 Nominees and Winners" 1609:

The formatting of the story titles, particularly the italics,

169:), which is loosely based on Anderson's childhood memories of 496:

In fact, in his seminal article "How Sherwood Anderson wrote

122: 3707:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina. OCLC 276748 3559:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina. OCLC 276748 3432:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina. OCLC 276748 3377:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina. OCLC 276748 3336:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina. OCLC 276748 3096:. Theatre Alliance of Greater Philadelphia. 23 October 2006. 2978:." IBDB: Internet Broadway Database. Accessed 19 June 2011. 1469:

among the Best Art Films of 2010. The film was directed by

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Map of fictional town of Winesburg from the 1st edition of

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Phillips, William L. (1951). "How Sherwood Anderson Wrote

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Representative Short Story Cycles of the Twentieth Century

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The Last of the Provincials: The American Novel, 1915–1925

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