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whisper the names of shirkers to their block leaders so that they could persuade them to do their duty. On one occasion, a civil servant was prosecuted for failure to donate, and his argument that it was voluntary was dismissed on the grounds it was an extreme view of liberty to neglect all duties that were not actually prescribed by law and therefore an abuse of liberty. It was not unheard of for workers to lose their jobs for not donating to
Winterhilfe or not giving enough. For instance, when a worker was fired for not donating to Winterhilfe, the firing was upheld by a labour court on the grounds that it was "conduct hostile to the community of the people to be most strongly condemned".
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518:(including Hitler himself). They were made from a variety of materials. Each individual miniature book, badge, badge set or toy set was only available for two or three days of a particular collection drive. The populace would be encouraged to donate the following week and thereby collect the latest in the series. There could also be consequences such as nagging by the appropriate official if your local
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only for that particular campaign. One time they may be an artificial flower; next time a miniature dagger, and so forth. The Winter-Help campaign series reaches its climax shortly before
Christmas in the so-called Day of National Solidarity. On that notable occasion the Big Guns of the Nazi Party sally forth with their collection-boxes to do their bit.
575:'Germanicus' produced figures comparing the Winterhilfswerk of 1933 with the pre-existing Reich Winter Help of 1931. The figures showed that the Winterhilfswerk provided slightly more coal and potatoes to the needy, but dramatically less bread and meat. They also pointed out that the Reich Winter Help was supplemented by the relief efforts of the
378:
586:, who visited Nazi Germany in 1939, described visits to a Winterhilfswerk facility where he was shown winter clothing and other items meant for distribution. Others describe the charitable aims of the Winterhilfswerk and details on the collection of money and goods, but little about what was done with either.
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Once a fortnight, every city, town, and village in the Reich seethes with brown-shirted Storm
Troopers carrying red-painted canisters. These are the Winter-Help collection-boxes. The Brown-Shirts go everywhere. You cannot sit in a restaurant or beer-hall but what, sooner or later, a pair of them will
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During these periodic money-raising campaigns, all sorts of dodges are employed. On busy street-corners comedians, singers, musicians, sailors, gather a crowd by some amusing skit, at the close of which the Brown-Shirts collect. People buy tiny badges to show they have contributed—badges good
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pointed out that no account was ever made of where the huge amounts raised by
Winterhilfswerk were spent. His contention was not only that the program was a sham and that all the proceeds were used to produce armaments, but that the entire German population knew this to be the case. Similarly, the
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Hitler ordered the establishment of the
Winterhilfswerk in 1933 and personally opened the first drive, giving out the directive "no one shall be hungry, no one shall freeze". The initial donation drive in winter 1933/1934 took place against a backdrop of acute distress in large parts of the German
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Donors were often given small souvenir gratitude gifts of negligible value, somewhat similar to the way modern charities mail out address labels and holiday cards. A typical such gift was a very small propaganda booklet, reminiscent of
Victorian-era miniature books; about 0.8" wide x 1.5" tall.
428:
The Can
Rattlers, as they became known, were relentless in their pursuit of making sure every good German citizen gave their share to the WHW. In fact, those who forgot to give had their names put in the paper to remind them of their neglect. Neighbors and even family members were encouraged to
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leaders: In 1932 the party informed the association's leadership that it had initiated legal proceedings because of "misuse of the word 'national socialist'". In 1933, the party changed its position; Hitler designated the NSV a party organ on 3 May 1933. It went on to grow rapidly, counting 3.7
318:) to help finance charitable work. Initially an emergency measure to support people during the Great Depression, it went on to become a major source of funding for the activities of the NSV and a major component of Germany's welfare state. Donations to the WHW, which were voluntary in name but
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More generous donors would receive concomitantly better gifts, such as lapel pins on a wide variety of themes. Some depicting occupational types or geographic areas of the Reich, others animals, birds and insects, nursery rhyme and fairy tale characters, or notable persons from German history
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or two. The highly collectible items were made of many different materials, such as wood, glass, paper, terra cotta, metal and plastic. Over 8,000 different pieces had been produced by the end of the war, and some of the rarer ones sell for quite a lot of money today.
348:, when local groups were formed to provide aid to party members in distress. The Berlin association "Nationalsozialistische Volkswohlfahrt e.V." is considered the primary institutional ancestor of the NSV. Initially, the Berlin organisation was met with contempt by
637:"die lebendigen, gesunden Kräfte des deutschen Volkes zu entfalten und zu fördern". Störmer, Hellmuth: Das rechtliche Verhältnis der NS-Volkswohlfahrt und des Winterhilfswerkes zu den Betreuten im Vergleiche zur öffentlichen Wohlfahrtspflege, 1940, p. 52f.
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Collection drives were a mainstay of the Winter Relief and those who did not give, or gave little (such as one pair of boots to a clothing drive), were sometimes the victims of mob violence and needed to be protected by the police, known in French as the
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populace; its initiation was partly a result of the party's desire to prevent social unrest. The "Law on the
Winterhilfswerk of the German People", passed on 1 December 1936, formally established the WHW as a registered association, to be led by the
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work through the place, rattling their canisters ostentatiously in the faces of customers. And I never saw a German formally refuse to drop in his mite, even though the contribution might have been less than the equivalent of one
American cent.
609:"It has repeatedly become necessary for the FĂĽhrer to use WHW funds for other purposes." In 1941, after complaining that large amounts of WHW and NSV funds were being siphoned off without his agreement, Schwarz was told by the
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meal at one of several price points. Households were reminded of the occasion, although it has been noted that the authorities did not investigate whether the one-pot meal was actually served.
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required of German citizens, supplanted tax-funded welfare institutions and freed up money for rearmament. Furthermore, it had the propagandistic role of publicly staging the solidarity of the
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organisation whose declared purpose was "to develop and promote the living, healthy forces of the German people". The NSV's origins can be traced to Nazi party welfare activities during the
366:
1448:
Schoen, Paul (1986). "Geschichte, Selbstanspruch und
Stellenwert der Nationalsozialistischen Volkswohlfahrt e.V. (NSV) 1933-1939". In Otto, Hans-Uwe; SĂĽnker, Heinz (eds.).
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473:(monthly placard) was issued to place on one's door or in one's window to show others that one had given and also to keep the roaming bands of charity workers at bay.
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445:), reducing all the food to one course and the money thus saved was to be donated. During autumn and winter months from 1933 onward, the
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The yearly donation drives by the Winterhilfswerk constituted the most visible part of the NSV's work. As part of the centralisation of
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401:(boys' and girls' associations, respectively) were extremely active in collecting for this charity. As part of the effort to place
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646:"gegen den Mißbrauch des Wortes 'nationalsozialistisch' durch die Vereinsführung die nötigen rechtlichen Maßnahmen eingeleitet".
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The 1933–1945 collection drives issued a large number of themed ceramic medallions and other badges given to donators.
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The Winterhilfswerk Donation recognition display pictured is a tin plate about 3" in diameter mounted on oak
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449:(One-Pot Sunday or Stew Sunday) was officially scheduled by the WHW. Restaurants were required to offer an
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reported persistent rumours that Winterhilfswerk funds were used for Nazi party and military purposes.
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million members in 1934 and becoming the second largest mass organisation in Nazi Germany, behind the
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over the individual, totals were not reported for any individuals, only what the branch raised.
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A 1938 Nazi propaganda leaflet claimed that the Winterhilfswerk had collected nearly a billion
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de Witt, Thomas (September 1978). "The Economics and Politics of Welfare in the Third Reich".
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associations, each with their own special Abzeichen, or badges, to pass out in exchange for a
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Vorländer, Herwart (1986). "NS-Volkswohlfahrt und Winterhilfswerk des deutschen Volkes".
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saw that you were not wearing the current, appropriate pin by about Tuesday of the week.
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from 1933 to 1937 as well as half a billion in goods and two million kilograms of coal.
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Large donations were also a means to establish oneself as a loyal supporter of the
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Bending Spines: The Propagandas of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic
1134:"Seconde Guerre mondiale: Les archives du Secours d'Hiver ouvertes Ă la recherche"
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Die NSV: Darstellung und Dokumentation einer nationalsozialistischen Organisation
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However, in 1937 a group of exiled German economists writing under the
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A greatly encouraged practice was once a month to have a one-pot meal (
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1136:[Second World War: Winter Relief archives open for research].
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Spendenbelege des WHW und KWHW 1933-1945: Gausammlungen Gau 11-Gau 20
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and private organisations, but this help had ceased under the Nazis.
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1140:(in French). Archives de l'État en Belgique (ABE). 14 September 2015
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Spendenbelege des WHW und KWHW 1933-1945: Gausammlungen Gau 1-Gau 10
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Spendenbelege des WHW, Band IV: Gausammlungen 1933-1945 Gaue 21-30
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Spendenbelege des WHW, Band V: Gausammlungen 1933-1945 Gaue 31-40
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The rise and fall of the Third Reich: A history of Nazi Germany
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The 12-year Reich: A social history of Nazi Germany, 1933-1945
20:
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1943 Winterhilfswerk note - GG issue with antisemitic clause.
1251:. East Lansing, Michigan: Michigan State University Press.
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504:) of winter 1942–1943 as they were themed with individual
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1452:(1st ed.). Bielefeld: KT-Verlag. pp. 199–220.
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Spendenbelege des WHW und KWHW 1933-1945: Ăśberregionale
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Certain weekends were assigned to all of the different
1306:(1st ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
664:"Gesetz ĂĽber das Winterhilfswerk des Deutschen Volkes"
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When he visited Germany in 1939 as a reporter for the
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Ceramic medallion issued in the WHW collection drive (
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Reich Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda
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American diplomat William Russell's eyewitness book
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WHW Abzeichen der Reichsstrassen-Sammlung 1933-1944
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51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1413:They thought they were free: The Germans, 1933-45
1360:. Vol. 7 (1st ed.). Berghahn Books.
8:
1358:Poverty and Welfare in Modern German History
1356:Kramer, Nicole (2017). Raphael, Lutz (ed.).
123:
655:"keiner soll hungern, keiner soll frieren".
1483:(in German). Deutsches Historisches Museum
1385:Dark continent: Europe's twentieth century
1297:. Boston & New York: Houghton Mifflin.
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621:alone controlled and allocated the money.
489:, a collection of Hitler photographs, and
296:), commonly known by its abbreviated form
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1642:Newspaper clippings about Winterhilfswerk
1528:. Salt Lake City, Utah: Project Gutenberg
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424:A collection tin from the Winterhilfswerk
336:The Winterhilfswerk was organised by the
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
1416:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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601:Further, in 1936, Nazi Party treasurer
493:and other decorated heroes of the war.
361:, it had more than 10 million members.
306:), was an annual donation drive by the
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316:Nationalsozialistische Volkswohlfahrt
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1543:Vierteljahrshefte fĂĽr Zeitgeschichte
1475:Scriba, Arnulf (16 September 2015).
285:Winterhilfswerk des Deutschen Volkes
231:Food, clothing and fuel distribution
130:Winterhilfswerk des Deutschen Volkes
49:adding citations to reliable sources
1333:. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press.
1268:The Third Reich in power, 1933-1939
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338:National Socialist People's Welfare
308:National Socialist People's Welfare
252:National Socialist People's Welfare
1499:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
1443:. New York: EP Dutton and Company.
1173:"Winterhilfswerk Booklet for 1938"
1154:"Winterhilfswerk Booklet for 1933"
385:in aid of the 1943 Winterhilfswerk
294:Winter Relief of the German People
124:Winter Relief of the German People
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1495:Shirer, William Lawrence (1990).
535:North American Newspaper Alliance
692:WHW Abzeichen Strassensammlungen
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1228:Bytwerk, Randall, ed. (1998c).
1209:Bytwerk, Randall, ed. (1998b).
1190:Bytwerk, Randall, ed. (1999b).
1171:Bytwerk, Randall, ed. (1999a).
1152:Bytwerk, Randall, ed. (1998a).
36:needs additional citations for
1574:. Boppard am Rhein: H. Boldt.
1232:. German Propaganda Archives.
1213:. German Propaganda Archives.
1194:. German Propaganda Archives.
1175:. German Propaganda Archives.
1156:. German Propaganda Archives.
1068:, XIV. Behind the winter-help.
611:Chief of the Party Chancellery
1:
1450:Soziale Arbeit und Faschismus
1302:Grunberger, Richard (1971).
1295:Germany, The Last Four Years
1247:Bytwerk, Randall L. (2004).
332:Background and early history
1646:20th Century Press Archives
1570:Vorländer, Herwart (1988).
1477:"Das Winterhilfswerk (WHW)"
1293:Germanicus (pseud) (1937).
1270:. New York: Penguin Press.
605:commented to Deputy FĂĽhrer
149:; 91 years ago
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1522:Stoddard, Lothrop (1940).
1266:Evans, Richard J. (2005).
582:American racialist author
1611:10.1017/S0008938900018719
1439:Russell, William (1941).
1230:"We Owe It to the FĂĽhrer"
1211:"Hitler in the Mountains"
704:Holger Rosenberg (1987).
697:Holger Rosenberg (1983).
690:Gerhard Janaczek (1982).
685:Spenden-Abzeichen des WHW
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1670:Nazi Party organizations
1665:Social welfare charities
1599:Central European History
1387:. New York: A.A. Knopf.
725:Reinhard Tieste (1993).
718:Reinhard Tieste (1993).
711:Reinhard Tieste (1990).
683:Harry Rosenberg (1974).
487:The FĂĽhrer Makes History
1675:Economy of Nazi Germany
1329:Koonz, Claudia (2003).
676:Rainer Baumann (1973).
16:Nazi-era German charity
1680:Berlin in World War II
1410:Mayer, Milton (1995).
1366:10.2307/j.ctvss40nq.10
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399:Bund Deutscher Mädel
261:Public contributions
193:Welfare organization
45:improve this article
1331:The Nazi conscience
816:, pp. 345–346.
603:Franz Xaver Schwarz
355:German Labour Front
277:Biberach an der RiĂź
247:Parent organization
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273:Braith-Mali-Museum
1525:Into the Darkness
1459:978-3-925515-01-9
1423:978-0-226-52583-9
1375:978-1-78920-515-2
1234:Calvin University
1215:Calvin University
1196:Calvin University
1192:"Gerhard Koeppen"
1177:Calvin University
1158:Calvin University
978:, pp. 79–80.
879:, pp. 45–46.
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1137:
1126:Bibliography
1117:de Witt 1978
1102:Russell 1941
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206:Nazi Germany
136:Abbreviation
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43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
1532:9 September
1138:www.arch.be
966:, p. .
942:, p. .
940:Shirer 1990
903:, p. .
853:Schoen 1986
802:Schoen 1986
778:Scriba 2015
754:Kramer 2017
607:Rudolf Hess
566:Reichsmarks
520:Blockleiter
507:Reichsgauen
502:Gausammlung
1659:Categories
1487:2021-02-10
1481:www.dhm.de
1239:2023-03-12
1220:2021-02-10
1201:2021-02-10
1182:2021-02-10
1163:2021-02-10
1144:2021-02-10
952:Mayer 1995
901:Koonz 2003
766:Evans 2005
739:References
512:Wartheland
434:Nazi Party
350:Nazi Party
182:1945-05-09
162:Founded at
101:April 2014
71:newspapers
1627:154446465
1555:0042-5702
1468:220599671
1432:980231546
573:pseudonym
373:Operation
346:Kampfzeit
172:Dissolved
144:Formation
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1563:30195299
1515:22888118
1403:38580276
1349:52216250
1286:61451667
988:ABE 2015
469:A paper
320:de facto
228:Services
198:Location
1648:of the
1644:in the
1619:4545836
617:, that
596:Gestapo
541:wrote:
451:eintopf
442:eintopf
414:pfennig
290:English
258:Funding
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1623:S2CID
1615:JSTOR
1559:JSTOR
625:Notes
92:JSTOR
78:books
1586:OCLC
1576:ISBN
1551:ISSN
1534:2015
1511:OCLC
1501:ISBN
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1454:ISBN
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1272:ISBN
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410:Nazi
397:and
340:, a
282:The
190:Type
154:1933
147:1933
64:news
1650:ZBW
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