31:
471:(early-2nd millennium BC): Includes two wisdom sections – “the instructions of the god” and “the instructions of the farmer”. The “instructions of the god” recommend proper religious and moral behavior by contrasting the reward of the god‐fearing with the punishment of the disobedient. The “instructions of the farmer” include agricultural advice. The text ends with short expressions of humility and submission.
96:. These regions continued to produce wisdom literature over the subsequent two and a half millennia. Wisdom literature from Jewish, Greek, Chinese, and Indian cultures started appearing around the middle of the 1st millennium BC. In the 1st millennium AD, Egyptian-Greek wisdom literature emerged, some elements of which were later incorporated into Islamic thought.
2254:
743:
487:"): A father provides his son with conservative "Positive Wisdom" (to work with friends, avoid bad company, not desire other men's wives, etc.); however, the son counters with critical "Negative Wisdom" commonly found in the "Vanity Literature" or "Wisdom in Protest" genre of wisdom literature (it is all pointless since you will die).
462:(AKA "Teachings of the Sages"): A 150-line compilation of Sumerian and Akkadian proverbs that cover a variety of topics, including ethical conduct and wisdom. Specific topics include: what kind of company to keep, conflict avoidance and diffusion, importance of propriety in speech, the reward of personal piety, etc.
171:
Another common genre is existential works that deal with the relationship between man and God, divine reward and punishment, theodicy, the problem of evil, and why bad things happen to good people. The protagonist is a "just sufferer" – a good person beset by tragedy, who tries to understand his lot
1810:
would put C.H. I toward the beginning of that time. t should be noted that Jean-Pierre Mahe accepts a second-century limit only for the individual texts as they stand, pointing out that the materials on which they are based may come from the first century CE or even earlier. To find theoretical
120:
Critical
Negative Wisdom (AKA "Vanity Literature" or "Wisdom in Protest") – A more pessimistic outlook, frequently expressing skepticism about the scope of human achievements, highlighting the inevitability of mortality, advocating the rejection of all material gains, and expressing the
437:(mid-3rd millennium BC, Sumer): The oldest/earliest known wisdom literature, as well as one of the longest-lived, and most widely disseminated in Mesopotamia. It presents advice from a father (Shuruppak) to his son (Ziusudra) on various aspects of life, from personal conduct to
893:
literature is another predominant form of wisdom poetry. Several thousands verses covering wide range of ethics and righteousness have been written and compiled in anthologies called
Subhashitani by various authors through ancient and mediaeval period in
1811:
Hermetic writings in Egypt, in Coptic was a stunning challenge to the older view, whose major champion was Father
Festugiere, that the Hermetica could be entirely understood in a post-Platonic Greek context.
103:
Conservative
Positive Wisdom – Pragmatic, real-world advice about proper behavior and actions, attaining success in life, living a good and fulfilling life, etc.. Examples of this genre include:
30:
390:
the latter text concerns a man who has been faithful his whole life and yet suffers unjustly until he is ultimately delivered from his afflictions. The ancient poem known as the
573:
Do not punish me for my numerous sins, I am one who knows not his own self, I am a man without sense. I spend the day following after my mouth, like a cow after grass.
642:
and a disciple. The majority of the text date to the 1st–4th century AD, though the original materials the texts may be older; recent scholarship confirms that the
99:
Much of wisdom literature can be broadly categorized into two types – conservative "positive wisdom" and critical "negative wisdom" or "vanity literature":
2215:
1822:
Fowden, Garth, The
Egyptian Hermes : a historical approach to the late pagan mind (Cambridge/New York : Cambridge University Press), 1986
495:("Nothing is of Value"): A number of short Sumerian that celebrate life with the repeated refrain "Nothing is of worth, but life itself is sweet".
593:
1871:
Prophets in the Quran: An
Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis, p. 46. Wheeler, Brannon. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2002
2235:
2032:
1701:
1674:
1644:
1585:
1558:
1305:
1261:
1223:
1191:
172:
in life. The most well known example is the Book of Job, however it was preceded by, and likely based on, earlier
Mesopotamian works such as
1600:
2178:
2059:
1998:
1948:
1799:
1752:
1728:
1457:
1399:
1365:
1335:
578:
385:
368:
343:
199:
36:
1973:
1157:
666:; additional mystical subjects include divine oneness, purification of the soul, and rebirth through the enlightenment of the mind.
409:
is full of sayings and proverbs, many similar to local
Babylonian and Persian aphorisms as well as passages similar to parts of the
583:
295:
2005:
Lutherans and
Anglicans used it only for ethical / devotional matters but did not consider it authoritative in matters of faith.
396:
from 17th to 10th centuries BC also features a dialogue between a sufferer and his friend on the unrighteousness of the world.
2289:
2197:
1776:
1495:
650:, but the contents of the tradition parallel the older wisdom literature of Ancient Egypt, suggesting origins during the
1791:
Hermetica: The Greek Corpus
Hermeticum and the Latin Asclepius in a New English Translation, with Notes and Introduction
2258:
1485:
510:
504:
284:
are as ancient as the 18th century BC. Most of these texts are wisdom in the form of dialogues or hymns, such as the
337:
My lord, I have reflected within my reins, in heart. I do not know what sin I have committed. Have I a very evil
2274:
600:
2279:
1744:
545:
433:
88:
The earliest known wisdom literature dates back to the middle of the 3rd millennium BC, originating from ancient
1101:
or "Writings", while Wisdom of Solomon and Sirach are not considered part of the biblical canon. Similarly, in
1017:
363:
1046:
952:
588:
539:
533:
520:
293:
Proverbs were particularly popular among the Sumerians, with many fables and anecdotes therein, such as the
185:
1666:
The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East: From the end of the third millennium BC to the fall of Babylon
1551:
Human Interaction with the Natural World in Wisdom Literature and Beyond: Essays in Honour of Tova L. Forti
1215:
Riddles and Revelations: Explorations into the Relationship between Wisdom and Prophecy in the Hebrew Bible
2284:
1881:
1110:
824:
219:
947:
917:
747:
598:
Other texts display a variety of views concerning life after death, including the rationalist skeptical
319:
1422:
936:
659:
528:
277:
253:
1831:
1012:
921:
890:
883:) have both been analyzed in terms of the oral transmission of wisdom literature to other cultures.
848:
809:
639:
631:
392:
273:
223:
211:
175:
2209:
2123:
1351:
1321:
1118:
1114:
957:
458:
303:
249:
215:
1071:
808:. Not all the Psalms are usually regarded as belonging to the Wisdom tradition. Others such as
2231:
2193:
2174:
2115:
2055:
2028:
2018:
1994:
1969:
1944:
1934:
1914:
1896:
1795:
1772:
1748:
1724:
1697:
1691:
1670:
1664:
1640:
1634:
1581:
1575:
1554:
1546:
1491:
1453:
1395:
1361:
1357:
Sumerian mythology: a study of spiritual and literary achievement in the third millennium B.C.
1331:
1301:
1293:
1257:
1219:
1187:
1153:
1095:, the Books of Wisdom other than the Wisdom of Solomon and Sirach are regarded as part of the
998:
813:
719:
626:
606:
551:
380:
82:
66:
62:
1885:
1389:
1355:
1251:
1213:
1181:
2105:
2095:
1768:
992:
967:
801:
777:
773:
635:
450:
446:
420:
416:
411:
105:
1062:
1039:
1007:
695:
438:
405:
358:
Several other ancient Mesopotamian texts parallel the Book of Job, including the Sumerian
338:
311:
2149:
2024:
855:
839:
study as a means for achieving a reward, rather than studying wisdom for its own sake.
805:
797:
703:
691:
524:
272:
is among the most ancient in the world, with the Sumerian documents dating back to the
236:
58:
2268:
2127:
1212:
Hilber, John W. (2019). Boda, Mark J.; Meek, Russell L.; Osborne, William R. (eds.).
1147:
1106:
789:
651:
307:
286:
241:
93:
1514:, ed. by Merrill C. Tenney, rev. edn by Moisés Silva, 5 vols (Zondervan, 2009), s.v.
872:
1745:
The Debate between a Man and His Soul: A Masterpiece of Ancient Egyptian Literature
1660:
1527:
1102:
1002:
977:
942:
793:
731:
715:
144:
131:
610:, the latter of which oscillates between hopeful confidence and reasonable doubt.
2225:
2049:
1938:
1789:
1718:
1447:
1325:
913:
817:
785:
755:
707:
647:
577:
Much of the surviving wisdom literature of ancient Egypt was concerned with the
323:
300:
89:
17:
1834:, "Preliminary Remarks on the Demotic "Book of Thoth" and the Greek Hermetica"
2083:
1966:
Who's Who in the Bible: The Old Testament and the Apocrypha, The New Testament
1109:
by all traditions, while Wisdom and Sirach are regarded in some traditions as
1058:
962:
886:
467:
122:
2119:
1900:
1473:
John L. McKenzie, Dictionary of the Bible, Simon & Schuster, 1965 p. 440.
315:
1105:, Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Song of Songs and Ecclesiastes are included in the
987:
907:
751:
742:
655:
643:
619:
269:
245:
240:, was regarded as a source of knowledge similar to the wisdom literature of
135:
theme), therefore one should just enjoy life to the fullest while they can (
2253:
2100:
1851:
1574:
Dell, Katherine J.; Millar, Suzanna R.; Keefer, Arthur Jan (9 June 2022).
1549:. In Cogan, Mordechai; Dell, Katharine J.; Glatt-Gilad, David A. (eds.).
903:
898:
687:
227:
74:
2208:
1487:
The Divine Verdict: A Study of Divine Judgement in the Ancient Religions
2110:
1613:
Do not laugh with or sit alone in a chamber with a girl that is married
1472:
1097:
1092:
972:
737:
683:
679:
663:
400:
265:
2227:
The Wisdom Texts from Qumran and the Development of Sapiential Thought
1547:"Instructions of Shuruppak: The World's Oldest Instruction Collection"
722:
also believed that their doctrine descended from Hermes Trismegistus.
1052:
982:
860:
832:
781:
515:
281:
231:
78:
70:
48:
1806:
Scholars generally locate the theoretical Hermetica, 100 to 300 CE;
1183:
Achilles Beside Gilgamesh: Mortality and Wisdom in Early Epic Poetry
1690:
Dell, Katherine J.; Millar, Suzanna R.; Keefer, Arthur Jan (2022).
836:
769:
741:
711:
699:
675:
674:
The wisdom literature of Egyptian Hermeticism ended up as part of
29:
1603:
notes, from a Neo-Sumerian tablet of ca. 1900–1700 BCE: line 50:
2084:"Hesiod and Hávamál: Transitions and the Transmission of Wisdom"
1765:
Ancient Egyptian Literature Volume 1: The Old and Middle Kingdom
924:
containing chapters that can be categorized as wisdom literature
835:
follows in the tradition of wisdom literature, focusing more on
2230:. Bibliotheca Ephemeridum theologicarum Lovaniensium. Peeters.
1937:(1967). "The Beginning of Wisdom – Israels Wisdom literature".
768:
The most famous examples of wisdom literature are found in the
2190:
The Tree of Life: An Exploration of Biblical Wisdom Literature
252:
is replete with many poems of wisdom, including the poetry of
1044:
1991:
Roman Catholics and Evangelicals: Agreements and Differences
1636:
An Introduction to Akkadian Literature: Contexts and Content
694:, Hermes Trismegistus is identified as the ancient prophet
587:
from 20th–18th centuries BC, which features a man from the
558:
1423:"A Dialogue Between a Man and His God [CDLI Wiki]"
1394:. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 79–.
1391:
Wisdom in revolt: metaphorical theology in the Book of Job
445:
contain precepts that reflect those later included in the
1968:. New York: Wing Books. pp. Old Testament, 355–356.
318:) and the form of disputation is similar to that between
1886:"Chemistry in Iraq and Persia in the Tenth Century A.D."
654:. The Hermetic texts of the Egyptians mostly dealt with
1522:
1520:
569:) feature the confession of sins and appeal for mercy:
449:, and other sayings that are reflected in the biblical
1693:
The Cambridge Companion to Biblical Wisdom Literature
1577:
The Cambridge Companion to Biblical Wisdom Literature
81:. Although this genre uses techniques of traditional
1077:
698:; according to their tradition, Idris traveled from
638:
wisdom literature in the form of a dialogue between
581:. Some of these take the form of dialogues, such as
1920:, in Knight, Douglas A. and Tucker, Gene M. (eds),
690:. In the version of the Hermetic texts kept by the
27:
Genre of literature common in the ancient Near East
1149:The Wiley Blackwell companion to wisdom literature
2224:Hempel, C.; Lange, A.; Lichtenberger, H. (2002).
1720:An Introduction to the Old Testament Poetic Books
1327:An Introduction to the Old Testament Poetic Books
1989:Geisler, Norman L.; MacKenzie, Ralph E. (1995).
646:nature of Hermeticism arose during the times of
222:, is a secular cognate of wisdom literature. In
571:
519:("teaching") genre which flourished during the
335:
2051:Wiley Blackwell Companion to Wisdom Literature
1186:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 55–56.
1057:) is the translation of "wisdom" in the Greek
125:view that, since nothing has intrinsic value (
1788:Copenhaver, Brian P. (1995). "Introduction".
1300:. Oxford University Press. pp. 125–131.
8:
1922:The Hebrew Bible and Its Modern Interpreters
1663:; Moeller, Nadine; Potts, Daniel T. (2022).
1639:. Penn State University Press. p. 180.
1528:"The Instructions of Shuruppag: Translation"
1207:
1205:
1203:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1069:
2054:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 369–371.
1553:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 216–229.
1510:W. C. Kaiser, Kr., 'Ahikar uh-hi’kahr', in
1298:The Oxford Handbook of Wisdom and the Bible
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1146:Samet, Nili (2020). "Mesopotamian Wisdom".
1141:
1139:
1137:
726:Biblical wisdom literature and Jewish texts
591:lamenting about life as he speaks with his
1619:(8th Commandment); and line 36:
531:. Notable works of this genre include the
2109:
2099:
1852:"Stages of Ascension in Hermetic Rebirth"
2048:Adams, Samuel L.; Goff, Matthew (2020).
1889:Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
1884:; Azo, R.F.; Hidayat Husain, M. (1927).
1669:. Oxford University Press. p. 226.
1292:Cohen, Yoram; Wasserman, Nathan (2021).
280:. Many of the extant texts uncovered at
2020:Handbook on the Wisdom Books and Psalms
1993:. Baker Publishing Group. p. 171.
1964:Comay, Joan; Brownrigg, Ronald (1993).
1512:The Zondervan Encyclopedia of the Bible
1133:
1030:
341:? Does brother look down on brother? —
85:, it was disseminated in written form.
1607:(3rd Commandment); line 28:
686:and Hermes himself as the ancestor of
678:, with his writings considered by the
306:has noted as paralleling the story of
2171:Old Testament Wisdom: An Introduction
1940:The Living World of the Old Testament
1615:(7th Commandment); lines 28–31:
1611:(6th Commandment); lines 33–34:
1152:. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 328–348.
584:The Debate Between a Man and his Soul
7:
513:, wisdom literature belonged to the
2154:(in Sanskrit). sanskritebooks.org/.
906:of the ancient Chinese philosopher
772:. Wisdom is a central topic in the
139:). Examples of this genre include:
1771:, University of California, 1975,
1256:. Society of Biblical Literature.
386:The Poem of the Righteous Sufferer
369:Dialogue between a Man and His God
344:Dialogue between a Man and His God
200:Dialogue between a Man and His God
195:The Poem of the Righteous Sufferer
37:Dialogue between a Man and His God
25:
1117:within the Lutheran and Anglican
746:Illuminated manuscript depicting
287:Hymn to Enlil, the All-Beneficent
276:and the Babylonian dating to the
2252:
1747:Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
1605:Do not curse with powerful means
1294:"Mesopotamian Wisdom Literature"
820:are also considered sapiential.
710:back to earth when he landed in
296:Debate Between Winter and Summer
191:I Will Praise the Lord of Wisdom
2219:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.).
2173:. Westminster John Knox Press.
1633:Lenzi, Alan (10 January 2020).
1360:Forgotten Books. pp. 72–.
1253:Wisdom from the Late Bronze Age
682:as sacred inheritance from the
662:, and the then-new practice of
260:Ancient Mesopotamian literature
129:) and all will come to an end (
65:. It consists of statements by
2082:Canevaro, Lilah Grace (2014).
1794:. Cambridge University Press.
1696:. Cambridge University Press.
1617:Do not steal or commit robbery
1601:The Schoyen Collection website
1580:. Cambridge University Press.
1113:works which are placed in the
214:, which has a long history in
1:
2207:Toy, Crawford Howell (1911).
877:
864:
759:
563:
373:
348:
327:
111:The Instructions of Shuruppak
41:
1943:. Longmans. pp. 570ff.
1717:Bullock, C. Hassell (2007).
1484:John Gwyn Griffiths (1991).
1053:
379:–16th centuries BC) and the
2169:Crenshaw, James L. (2010).
2151:Subhashita Ratna Bhandagara
1841:.4 (1996:353–363) pp. 358f.
1078:
511:ancient Egyptian literature
505:Ancient Egyptian philosophy
499:Ancient Egyptian literature
476:Instructions of Shupe‐Ameli
264:The wisdom literature from
73:that offer teachings about
2306:
2023:. Grand Rapids, Michigan:
1545:Samet, Nili (4 May 2023).
1045:
846:
735:
729:
617:
601:The Immortality of Writers
502:
159:(the son's response), and
149:The Ballad of Early Rulers
2210:"Wisdom Literature"
2017:Estes, Daniel J. (2005).
1446:Hartley, John E. (1988).
1218:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
1070:
546:Instructions of Amenemhat
434:Instructions of Shuruppak
1296:. In Kynes, Will (ed.).
1180:Clarke, Michael (2019).
1018:Wisdom (personification)
2216:Encyclopædia Britannica
1918:"The Wisdom Literature"
1623:(9th Commandment).
750:, his friends, and the
540:The Maxims of Ptahhotep
534:Instructions of Kagemni
521:Middle Kingdom of Egypt
322:and his friends in the
2188:Murphy, R. E. (2002).
1388:Leo G. Perdue (1991).
876:from Old Norse texts (
825:Sayings of the Fathers
765:
575:
356:
220:Renaissance literature
210:The literary genre of
51:
2290:Christian terminology
2148:Narayan Ram Acharya.
2101:10.1353/ort.2014.0003
1935:Anderson, Bernhard W.
1532:etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk
1250:Cohen, Yoram (2013).
948:Dialogue of Pessimism
918:Mandaean Book of John
902:were a collection of
847:Further information:
804:, and to some extent
745:
736:Further information:
658:, animating statues,
618:Further information:
331: 6th century BC
155:, the second part of
33:
2261:at Wikimedia Commons
2027:. pp. 190–192.
1836:Vigiliae Christianae
1723:. Moody Publishers.
1621:Do not spit out lies
1534:. Oxford University.
1330:. Moody Publishers.
937:Apophthegmata Patrum
660:Babylonian astrology
466:The Instructions of
290:from ancient Sumer.
278:second millennium BC
254:Zuhayr bin Abī Sūlmā
153:Enlil and Namzitarra
113:, and first part of
47:–17th centuries BC,
2192:. Wm. B. Eerdmans.
1882:Stapleton, Henry E.
1322:Bullock, C. Hassell
1013:Sophia (Gnosticism)
922:Mandaean scriptures
849:Mirrors for princes
810:Epistle of Aristeas
670:Islamic Hermeticism
640:Hermes Trismegistus
399:The 5th-century BC
393:Babylonian Theodicy
274:third millennium BC
234:, particularly his
224:classical antiquity
212:mirrors for princes
203:, and the Sumerian
176:Babylonian Theodicy
165:Nothing is of Value
59:genre of literature
1915:Crenshaw, James L.
1854:. Esoteric.msu.edu
1352:Samuel Noah Kramer
1119:Bible translations
958:Eastern philosophy
766:
718:sect known as the
614:Hermetic tradition
459:Counsels of Wisdom
415:and others to the
354:–16th centuries BC
304:Samuel Noah Kramer
250:Pre-Islamic poetry
181:The Babylonian Job
179:(sometimes called
52:
2275:Wisdom literature
2259:Wisdom literature
2257:Media related to
2237:978-90-429-1010-2
2034:978-0-8010-2699-7
1703:978-1-108-48316-2
1676:978-0-19-068757-1
1646:978-1-64602-032-4
1587:978-1-108-66581-0
1560:978-0-567-70121-3
1307:978-0-19-066128-1
1263:978-1-58983-754-6
1225:978-0-567-67165-3
1193:978-1-108-48178-6
999:Triads of Ireland
953:Ludlul bēl nēmeqi
814:Pseudo-Phocylides
720:Sabians of Harran
676:Islamic tradition
656:summoning spirits
627:Corpus Hermeticum
552:Loyalist Teaching
186:Ludlul bēl nēmeqi
83:oral storytelling
63:ancient Near East
55:Wisdom literature
16:(Redirected from
2297:
2280:Biblical studies
2256:
2241:
2220:
2212:
2203:
2184:
2156:
2155:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2113:
2103:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1931:
1925:
1912:
1906:
1904:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1848:
1842:
1832:Jean-Pierre Mahé
1829:
1823:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1785:
1779:
1769:Miriam Lichtheim
1761:
1755:
1743:James P. Allen,
1741:
1735:
1734:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1630:
1624:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1524:
1515:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1481:
1475:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1289:
1268:
1267:
1247:
1230:
1229:
1209:
1198:
1197:
1177:
1164:
1163:
1143:
1122:
1111:deuterocanonical
1089:
1083:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1035:
993:Teaching stories
968:Musar literature
882:
879:
869:
866:
843:Other traditions
802:Wisdom of Sirach
774:Sapiential Books
764:
761:
716:star-worshipping
702:into heaven and
568:
565:
555:. Hymns such as
451:Book of Proverbs
447:Ten Commandments
439:social relations
428:Notable examples
421:Wisdom of Sirach
417:deuterocanonical
412:Book of Proverbs
378:
375:
353:
350:
332:
329:
137:carpe diem theme
106:Book of Proverbs
46:
43:
21:
18:Wisdom tradition
2305:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2265:
2264:
2249:
2244:
2238:
2223:
2206:
2200:
2187:
2181:
2168:
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2162:Further reading
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360:Man and his God
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589:Middle Kingdom
567: 1230 BC
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500:
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2131:. Retrieved
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2065:. Retrieved
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2043:
2019:
2012:
2004:
1990:
1984:
1965:
1959:
1939:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1905:pp. 398–403.
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1452:. Eerdmans.
1448:
1441:
1430:. Retrieved
1426:
1417:
1405:. Retrieved
1390:
1383:
1371:. Retrieved
1356:
1346:
1326:
1316:
1297:
1252:
1214:
1182:
1148:
1103:Christianity
1096:
1087:
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1038:
1033:
1003:Welsh Triads
978:Sage writing
943:Conduct book
935:
897:
871:
854:
828:
822:
794:Ecclesiastes
767:
732:Poetic Books
673:
625:
623:
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582:
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559:Re-Har-akhti
557:A Prayer to
556:
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508:
491:
490:
489:
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443:Instructions
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294:
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248:and Israel.
235:
218:and Western
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145:Ecclesiastes
140:
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132:memento mori
130:
127:vanity theme
126:
114:
110:
104:
98:
87:
54:
53:
35:
2133:23 December
2111:10355/65338
2067:23 December
1609:Do not kill
914:Right Ginza
881: 1200
829:Pirkei Avot
818:4 Maccabees
763: 1300
756:Mount Athos
708:Black Stone
648:Roman Egypt
529:New Kingdom
527:during the
523:and became
377: 19th
352: 19th
324:Book of Job
256:(520–609).
90:Mesopotamia
45: 19th
2269:Categories
2199:0802839657
1858:2015-06-25
1777:0520028996
1497:9004092315
1432:2019-07-06
1129:References
1059:Septuagint
1001:, and the
887:Subhashita
868: 750
823:The later
468:Ur-Ninurta
230:poetry of
157:Sima Milka
123:carpe diem
115:Sima Milka
2128:162916393
2120:1542-4308
1901:706947607
1490:. Brill.
1115:Apocrypha
1079:khakhamút
988:Self-help
908:Confucius
904:aphorisms
752:leviathan
644:syncretic
620:Hermetica
579:afterlife
525:canonical
326:(written
270:Babylonia
246:Babylonia
1354:(1961).
1324:(2007).
929:See also
899:Analects
891:Sanskrit
778:Proverbs
776:, i.e.,
688:Muhammad
684:Prophets
680:Abbasids
632:Egyptian
604:and the
381:Akkadian
299:, which
228:didactic
75:divinity
69:and the
1924:(1985).
1098:Ketuvim
1093:Judaism
973:Proverb
963:Nasîhat
873:Hávamál
831:in the
738:Chokmah
664:alchemy
479:(AKA: "
401:Aramaic
310:in the
216:Islamic
141:Qohelet
2234:
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1997:
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1947:
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1456:
1407:29 May
1398:
1373:9 June
1364:
1334:
1304:
1260:
1222:
1190:
1156:
1066:Ḥokmot
1063:Hebrew
1054:sophíā
1047:σοφῐ́ᾱ
1040:sophia
983:Sebayt
894:India.
861:Hesiod
833:Talmud
806:Baruch
782:Psalms
714:. The
549:, the
543:, the
516:sebayt
483:" or "
441:. The
403:story
383:text,
282:Nippur
232:Hesiod
226:, the
193:" or "
79:virtue
49:Louvre
2124:S2CID
1072:חכמות
1025:Notes
837:Torah
827:, or
770:Bible
712:India
700:Egypt
696:Idris
636:Greek
366:into
266:Sumer
242:Egypt
94:Egypt
67:sages
57:is a
2232:ISBN
2194:ISBN
2175:ISBN
2135:2021
2116:ISSN
2069:2021
2056:ISBN
2029:ISBN
1995:ISBN
1970:ISBN
1945:ISBN
1897:OCLC
1893:VIII
1808:most
1796:ISBN
1773:ISBN
1749:ISBN
1725:ISBN
1698:ISBN
1671:ISBN
1641:ISBN
1582:ISBN
1555:ISBN
1492:ISBN
1454:ISBN
1409:2011
1396:ISBN
1375:2011
1362:ISBN
1332:ISBN
1302:ISBN
1258:ISBN
1220:ISBN
1188:ISBN
1154:ISBN
1061:for
997:The
916:and
816:and
704:Eden
624:The
457:The
268:and
197:"),
174:The
92:and
77:and
71:wise
2106:hdl
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1091:In
859:by
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320:Job
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1953:.
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1861:.
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1462:.
1435:.
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1196:.
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20:)
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