2934:(d. after 780 AD). His collection included 126 poems, usually involving one or two poems per poet, and was attributed to a number of early Islamic and pre-Islamic figures. 67 poets are represented, only 6 of whom are thought to have been born Muslim. 78 of the poems (or 62%) are from Najdi/Iraqi tribes. Another 28% were technically from technically Najdi tribes but in cultural contact with the Hejaz. Only 13 (10%) are from the southern Hejaz, with 2 from the Quraysh (who were ultimately not a poetically significant group in this period, though their status as-such would be inflated later). His collection came to be known as the
48:
3232:
occur across in the same, repetitive pattern, across times and places. The
Quranic view of mankind is therefore not "historical" but "moral". This has been compared to the view of man in pre-Islamic Arabic poetry, which also depicts an essentially ahistorical and moral view of man across time. The chief difference between the two is instead in the moral values that they elevate for humanity across time: whereas this is belief (
3181:
positions. Likewise, heightened confidence might be placed on poems or lines which cluster with other poems or lines absent any suspicious material, lack anachronisms, and comport with beliefs held by pre-Islamic Arabs, especially when those are the views attributed by the Quran to its opponents but differ from the types of views attributed to
Muhammad's opponents in later Arabic histories.
2695:(d. 972). However, musical poetry also suffers from the fact that its mode of transmission was not greatly interested in preservation, verification, or attribution. Its place in Iraqi court culture also makes earlier poetry difficult to distinguish from later additions. Exegetical poetry, such as those appearing in
2812:("The generations of the most outstanding poets"), composed by the Basran traditionalist and philologist Muḥummad ibn Sallām al-Jumaḥī (d. 846), records a list of Jewish poets. The Arabian/Arab antiquities collector Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī (d. 976) also has scattered reference to eleven Jewish poets in his
2768:
was a poet of the first half of the sixth century AD. Today, he is one of the most famous and celebrated Arabic poets, with some viewing him as the very best (though this was debated among Arabic poetry specialists). Unfortunately, no contemporary information exists and biographical information about
3180:
Criteria have been proposed to distinguish authentic from inauthentic material: lines attributed to pre-Islamic poetry are suspect if they use or depend on overtly
Quranic or Islamic phraseology, or if they are recruited by the authors that record them as support for specific political or exegetical
2883:
to Imru's enemies despite their attempt to besiege his castle. Asides from Samaw'al, the only other Jewish poet to earn some renown was al-Rabī‘ ibn Abī l-Ḥuqayq, chief of the Naḍir tribe. The earliest sources make no mention of this figure, but only his son Kināna. Instead, it is only with the work
3231:
The Quran has what historians have called an "ahistorical" view of the past: the passage of time ultimately is of little consequence across human history as the human condition is ultimately one where the individual must choose between good and evil. Therefore, stories of punishment and destruction
3189:
There are several characteristics that distinguish pre-Islamic poetry from the poetry of later times. One of these characteristics is that in pre-Islamic poetry more attention was given to the eloquence and the wording of the verse than to the poem as whole. This resulted in poems characterized by
2870:
collection are explicitly religious. In addition, al-Jumahi offers very little by way of biography for each of these figures other than to recount popular anecdotes that a few are associated with. Al-Isfahani gives more detailed biographical information. For example, he says Al-Samaw’al ibn ‘Ādiyā
2686:
According to
Nathaniel Miller, the early corpus of surviving poetry underwent four semi-independent lines or strains of transmission: musical, exegetical, historiographical, and philological. Thus, they all drew on a common set of Umayyad-era poetry compiled by tribal transmitters (written down as
3138:
also declined compared to earlier eras after the skeptical turn of the field in the 1970s, a trend lamented by a number of relevant experts. Most work from previous decades is now obsolete, however. Margoliouth argued the monotheism of the poetry was out of place, but archaeological findings have
3151:
in pre-Islamic poetry suggest they refer to real places though unknown in later periods, indicating an origin in periods at least a few generations prior to compilation. Archaic grammatical forms indicate written transmission of the poetry by at least the 1st century AH. Another investigation
2576:
Pre-Islamic poetry constitutes a major source for classical Arabic language both in grammar and vocabulary, and as a reliable historical record of the political and cultural life of the time. A number of major poets are known from the time period, perhaps most prominent among them being
2777:
tribe in 528 AD, shortly after Imru' was born. According to his work, he adopted a lifestyle of poetry, wine, and women; he strayed from the conventional morality of the court which led to his expulsion. He lives a wandering life until he learns of his fathers death at the hands of the
3160:
but largely absent from the poetry of authors from northern and eastern Arabia (contrasting
Islamic-era histories which conceived of the Hajj as a pan-Arabian ritual of pre-Islamic Arabia). Archaic names and practices are referred to absent from Muslim-era ritual, and, like the
3146:
Early responses to sweeping rejections of the authenticity of pre-Islamic poetry came from Arafat and, in recent decades, historians have retreated from blanket skepticism of these poems, viewing the majority of them as potentially pre-Islamic in origin. A recent study of the
2807:
Islamic compilations of pre-Islamic poetry occasionally mention Jewish poets, although it is difficult to assess their authenticity and, compared to epigraphs, are more difficult to date and are subject to later influences of
Islamicization. The
2665:
or reciter. The job of the rawi was to learn the poems by heart and to recite them with explanations and probably often with embellishments. This tradition allowed the transmission of these poetic works and the practice was later adopted by the
2913:. One line of his work, from a particularly famous and lengthy poem (though also of disputed authenticity), involves swearing by "the lord of Mecca and of the cross": thus, Abi ibn Zayd understood God to be the protector of both
3219:, and there is no evidence that early Islamic or pre-Islamic Arabic was ever defined only with respect to rhyme. Instead, 86% of lines in the Quran are sequences of variable length that end with a rhyme (rhymed prose, akin to
2794:
believing that his vagabond group as he wandered in the aftermath of his expulsion composed much of what is attributed to him. Some of his poetry is widely agreed upon as genuine however, including his contribution to the
3190:
strong vocabulary and short ideas but with loosely connected verses. A second characteristic is the romantic or nostalgic prelude with which pre-Islamic poems would often start. In these preludes, a thematic unit called "
3173:. Structural features of the poetry may have also helped its preservation, such as the meter and rhyme. At the same time, there is also much inauthentic material in pre-Islamic poetry, such as in the corpus attributed to
3260:
semantically derives, not from the common
Semitic lexeme used in other languages to mean "to read" (or the like), but instead "to combine" (in the sense that its surahs are combined). He then cites a line of poetry from
3265:
to again offer an etymological derivation of the word for "surah" independent of Syriac or other non-Arabic languages. Abū ʿUbaydah ends with another
Arabizing argument for "ayah" although without poetic citation.
2896:
refers to swears by "the lord of those who prostrate themselves in the evening", which has been identified as a likely reference to
Christian prayer ritual based on its context. Al-A'sha may have been a Christian.
2769:
him from the ninth and tenth centuries was shaped by heroic narrative conventions. His name, "Imru' al-Qais," means "Worshiper of the Qays" referring either to a deity called Qays or an attribute of the goddess
2950:(d. 828). 69% of his poems are Najdi, 17% southern Hijazi, and 11% Yemeni. Both these figures were members of the Najdi tribe. Both authors wrote numerous other works across a wide range of subjects, including
2782:. This effectively transforms him into a warrior, and he raises the support of several other tribes in order to take vengeance. He loses his support, however. He seeks to regain momentum by appealing to the
4096:
2879:. He lived in a family home often called a castle and whose name was al-Ablaq. Popular stories described his fidelity and loyalty, such as one where he refuses the surrender of the possessions of
3143:, contrary to later representations. Margoliouth also relied on the assumption that authentic pre-Islamic poetry would need to share the dialect of the Quran, which is no longer accepted.
2707:(collections of the poetry of a single author). It is likely that exegetical poetry drew both on forged and early materials. The poetry found in chronicles is usually patently inauthentic.
2917:
and
Christianity. In the poem, he continues to compare himself to a monk based on the manner that he conducts his prayers. Adi ibn Zayd also composed a poem on the creation of the world.
2683:
In the mid-8th century, a number of seminal transmitters are named, including Ḥammād al-Rāwiyah (d. ca. 772), Khalaf al-Aḥmar (d. ca. 796), and Abū ʿAmr ibn al-ʿAlāʾ (d. 771 or 774).
131:
2687:
memory aids), but they also drew from each of their own independent sources. Hejazi poetry, in particular, was utilized for musical purposes, especially as attested by the
2866:
The poetry ascribed to these figures rarely make reference to precise historical details or religious expressions, although some poems ascribed to al-Samaw'al in the
3248:
At first, the use of poetry in the exegesis of the Quran was occasional and infrequent. The philologist Abū ʿUbaydah (d. 825) was one of the first to do so in his
3124:
Initial rejection of the authenticity of the corpus of pre-Islamic poetry came in the early 20th century, from a paper by D.S. Margoliouth in 1925 and the book
1934:
2970:
The five major collections of pre-Islamic Arabic poetry were made in the 8th and 9th centuries and are, alongside published editions and translations:
246:
3156:
rites. Hajj references in pre-Islamic poetry are few, especially in comparison to in Muslim-era poetry, and concentrated in poets living in and near
2522:
2816:("Book of Songs"). The poets they refer to are as follows, followed by (J) if mentioned by al-Jumahi and (I) if they are mentioned by al-Isfahani:
3035:
4186:
1909:
3098:
4369:
4175:
1298:
1914:
1676:
840:
2980:("The Suspended Odes" or "The Hanging Poems"), a group of seven long poems collected in the 8th century. It may have been collected by
4406:
4226:
1919:
4343:
4028:
3992:
3849:
1263:
2786:
court, though he is unsuccessful and dies soon thereafter. The poetry of Imru' al-Qais was collected in the late eighth century in
3140:
4017:
1775:
460:
1356:
3993:"The Relevance of Early Arabic Poetry for Qur'anic Studies Including Observations on Kull and on Q 22:27, 26:225, and 52:31"
3275:
1651:
2515:
2196:
1258:
57:
3215:, a term that would later be taken to mean "poetry". The Quran itself largely rhymes, however, it does not contain any
4411:
2084:
1842:
1837:
1780:
1351:
3045:
2757:
or vagabond poets, much of whose works consisted of attacks on the rigidity of tribal life and praise of solitude.
1966:
1847:
914:
171:
2826:
2569:(then defined as the region east of the Hejaz mountains up to present-day Iraq), with a minority coming from the
1899:
1894:
1268:
507:
401:
3002:
2820:
2720:
3835:
2692:
1765:
845:
632:
2401:
2161:
3174:
2508:
1832:
576:
502:
455:
3165:
but unlike later Arabic-era historiographies, describe the Hajj not as a practice involving a polytheistic
4401:
2582:
2014:
1929:
1641:
1591:
1240:
1228:
810:
78:
3126:
1979:
1904:
1581:
73:
31:
2832:
2124:
4307:
4197:
4272:
4045:"Adi Ibn Zayd al-Ibadi, the Pre-Islamic Christian Poet of al-Hira and his Poem Nr. 3 Written in Jail"
3028:
2931:
2740:
2732:
1366:
373:
98:
93:
88:
83:
68:
2680:
as a bard to promote his verse, and then to take over from them and continue the poetic tradition.
3166:
2736:
2114:
2039:
1728:
1671:
1661:
1631:
1596:
1576:
390:
196:
166:
103:
3090:
Elmeligi, Wessam. The Poetry of Arab Women from the Pre-Islamic Age to Andalusia, Routledge, 2019.
4152:
3979:
3946:
3913:
3880:
2550:
2054:
1989:
1974:
1944:
1743:
1738:
1723:
1616:
1611:
1305:
1278:
1273:
465:
435:
4198:"The Christian Elephant in the Meccan Room: Dye, Tesei, and Shoemaker on the Date of the Qurʾān"
47:
4365:
4222:
4171:
3845:
3013:
2668:
2632:
2554:
2230:
2211:
1757:
1718:
1666:
1656:
1646:
1621:
1606:
1569:
1455:
1200:
584:
470:
328:
4385:
4292:
4284:
4257:
4249:
4205:
4144:
4108:
3971:
3938:
3905:
3872:
3072:
2981:
2880:
2783:
2765:
2748:
2716:
2700:
2676:. At some periods there have been unbroken chains of illustrious poets, each one training a
2578:
2201:
2186:
2171:
2119:
2024:
1924:
1827:
1790:
1733:
1713:
1708:
1681:
1601:
1460:
1223:
1131:
1021:
1016:
800:
705:
643:
608:
600:
450:
440:
421:
343:
176:
2246:
3253:
3135:
2770:
2688:
2612:
2478:
2351:
2134:
2099:
1999:
1889:
1795:
1770:
1636:
1440:
1031:
897:
887:
850:
616:
283:
226:
216:
2206:
3216:
2853:
2704:
2391:
2176:
2151:
1822:
1703:
1695:
1495:
1425:
1141:
969:
919:
867:
805:
750:
653:
517:
475:
338:
323:
231:
206:
151:
141:
4327:
4395:
3054:
3049:("The Gathering of the Arabs' Verses"), collected between the 8th and 10th centuries.
2976:
2943:
2867:
2796:
2774:
2773:. Most sources identify his father as Ḥujr ibn al-Ḥārith, who became the king of the
2546:
2433:
2271:
2216:
1994:
1520:
1502:
1176:
1011:
673:
592:
547:
485:
480:
406:
4044:
1515:
1507:
3131:
3023:
2951:
2935:
2906:
2590:
2463:
2386:
2276:
2181:
2064:
1857:
1245:
1218:
1136:
1066:
1046:
882:
877:
835:
795:
784:
569:
532:
298:
39:
2992:
2947:
2930:
The first extant written collection of poetry containing pre-Islamic works was by
2791:
1386:
17:
4359:
4165:
3839:
4167:
The Emergence of Arabic Poetry: From Regional Identities to Islamic Canonization
3034:
Lyall, Charles James (ed.), The Mufaddaliyat, Clarendon University Press, 1918.
2893:
2744:
2473:
2428:
2326:
2166:
1530:
1151:
1106:
1041:
949:
872:
725:
720:
527:
490:
445:
416:
411:
266:
4124:
Muhammad and His Followers in Context: The Religious Map of Late Antique Arabia
4148:
4113:
3942:
3909:
3876:
3262:
3077:
2959:
2902:
2898:
2876:
2724:
2616:
2586:
2562:
2438:
2366:
2346:
2341:
1939:
1805:
1626:
1435:
1213:
1166:
1161:
1146:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1093:
959:
862:
512:
368:
303:
288:
191:
136:
3975:
4333:. In A.F.L., Beeston; Johnstone, T.M.; Searjeant, R.B.; Smith, G.R. (eds.).
4209:
4097:"'Rahman' before Muhammad: A pre-history of the First Peace (Sulh) in Islam"
3194:," the poet would remember his beloved and her deserted home and its ruins.
3061:
Lambden, Stephen. "The Kitab al-asma' II - Select Excerpts in Translation."
2955:
2779:
2696:
2608:
2418:
2281:
2109:
2074:
2049:
1949:
1852:
1810:
1800:
735:
683:
648:
358:
161:
126:
4288:
4253:
4019:
Narratives of Islamic Origins: The Beginnings of Islamic Historical Writing
2753:
2673:
2603:
2448:
1450:
1391:
974:
3076:, a ten-book anthology of 884 Arabic poems compiled in the 9th century by
3062:
2601:
Poetry held an important position in pre-Islamic society with the poet or
3841:
The Arabic Literary Heritage: The Development of its Genres and Criticism
3148:
2483:
2396:
2376:
2361:
2316:
2311:
2256:
2156:
2129:
1525:
1485:
1445:
979:
760:
715:
668:
658:
542:
261:
256:
251:
241:
211:
4386:
Medieval Sourcebook: Pre-Islamic Arabia: The Hanged Poems, before 622 CE
4297:
4262:
4156:
4132:
3983:
3959:
2901:, whose own religious convictions are unclear, praises his patrons (the
2627:) seem to have been some of the most popular forms of early poetry. The
3220:
2939:
2910:
2488:
2458:
2413:
2381:
2336:
2331:
2321:
2266:
2261:
2191:
2146:
2104:
1984:
1586:
1413:
1327:
1288:
1283:
964:
924:
892:
710:
678:
318:
4219:
The Mute Immortals Speak: Pre-Islamic Poetry and the Poetics of Ritual
3950:
3926:
3917:
3893:
3884:
3860:
3027:("The Examination of al-Mufaḍḍal"), a group of 126 poems collected by
2645:, would play host to a regular poetry festival where the craft of the
2728:
2468:
2453:
2443:
2296:
2251:
2094:
2089:
2079:
2059:
2009:
1480:
1475:
1465:
1430:
1396:
1344:
1337:
1322:
1317:
1253:
1207:
1181:
1171:
1071:
1056:
1051:
1036:
1026:
1001:
989:
984:
954:
944:
939:
830:
815:
755:
745:
740:
688:
663:
552:
537:
522:
363:
333:
313:
308:
293:
271:
201:
4237:
4188:
Rain-giver, bone-breaker, score-settler: allāh in Pre-Quranic poetry
4074:
2641:
would stand in lieu of real wars. 'Ukaz, a market town not far from
1186:
1006:
902:
4273:"The Hajj Before Muhammad: The Early Evidence in Poetry and Hadith"
4061:
3208:
3170:
3162:
3157:
2914:
2872:
2642:
2637:
2570:
2493:
2423:
2356:
2306:
2301:
2286:
2241:
2069:
2034:
2029:
2019:
2004:
1872:
1862:
1785:
1535:
1470:
1312:
1293:
1156:
1111:
1101:
1076:
1061:
934:
825:
770:
765:
730:
700:
353:
348:
221:
186:
146:
121:
116:
2631:
represented an individual tribe's prestige and importance in the
4344:"The Qur'an and the Prophet's Poet: The Poems by Kaʿb b,. Mālik"
4029:"An Early Christian Arabic Account of the Creation of the World"
3177:. As such, pre-Islamic poetry cannot be blinded trusted either.
3153:
2938:
and appears to have been composed as a pedagogical text for the
2787:
2566:
2371:
2291:
2044:
1877:
1867:
1381:
1332:
929:
820:
236:
181:
156:
4349:. In Neuwirth, Angelika; Sinai, Nicolai; Marx, Michael (eds.).
4034:. In Neuwirth, Angelika; Sinai, Nicolai; Marx, Michael (eds.).
3998:. In Neuwirth, Angelika; Sinai, Nicolai; Marx, Michael (eds.).
3960:"Revisiting Ṭāhā Ḥusayn's Fī al-Shi'r al-Jāhilī and its sequel"
3861:"Early Critics of the Authenticity of the Poetry of the "Sīra""
3152:
suggests general authenticity with respect to its treatment of
3010:
The Mu'allaqat for Millennials: Pre-Islamic Arabic Golden Odes
2942:
family. The second major extant collection to be made was the
2884:
of al-Isfahani that the exploits of al-Rabī‘ are described.
3095:
Translations of Ancient Arabian Poetry, chiefly pre-Islamic
3927:"The Historical Significance of Later Anṣārī Poetry – II"
3894:"The Historical Significance of Later Anṣārī Poetry – I"
3310:
3308:
3113:
Diwan 'Antarah ibn Shaddad: A Literary-Historical Study
2715:
Among the most famous poets of the pre-Islamic era are
4238:"Desert places: toponyms in pre-Islamic Arabic poetry"
3931:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
3898:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
3865:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
2989:
The Seven Odes: The First Chapter in Arabic Literature
2875:(in northwestern Arabia) whose father had ties to the
4202:
Journal of International Qur'anic Studies Association
4009:
The One and the Many: The Early History of the Quran
3240:) and tribalistic chauvinism in pre-Islamic poetry.
3134:in 1926. Use of pre-Islamic poetry in the field of
3012:, King Abdullazizz Center For World Culture, 2020.
4335:Arabic Literature to the End of the Umayyad Period
2909:was a prominent Christian Arab poet, stationed in
2999:The Seven Poems Suspended in the Temple at Mecca
3141:monotheism was widespread in pre-Islamic Arabia
4337:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 27–113.
2661:, and often as his poetic apprentice, was the
2516:
8:
2553:roughly between 540 and 620 AD. Traditional
3554:
3169:but instead centered around the worship of
2790:. The authenticity of it is disputed, with
4062:"The Jews of Hijaz and their Inscriptions"
3494:
3314:
2565:". Surviving works largely originate from
2523:
2509:
1935:On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy
26:
4296:
4261:
4112:
3758:
3734:
3722:
3614:
3602:
3506:
3482:
3470:
3410:
3001:, Education Society's Steam Press, 1893.
2623:) and lampoons denigrating other tribes (
2535:Arabic poetry composed between 540–620 AD
4068:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 91–116.
3844:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
3518:
3794:
3446:
3434:
3422:
3386:
3292:
2841:Saʿya (Shuʿba) ibn Gharīḍ/ʿArīḍ (J) (I)
38:
4075:"The Jewish Poets of Muḥammad's Ḥijāz"
3818:
3806:
3782:
3650:
3638:
3626:
3578:
3566:
3542:
3530:
3350:
3338:
3299:
1910:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
4217:Stetkevych, Suzanne Pinckney (1993).
3770:
3746:
3710:
3590:
3458:
3398:
3374:
3362:
3326:
3252:. He brings up a line of poetry from
3236:) for the Quran, it is manly virtue (
3115:, Library of Arabic Literature, 2018.
3108:, Library of Arabic Literature, 2018.
7:
4170:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
4137:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
4077:. In Robin, Christian Julien (ed.).
3698:
3686:
3674:
3662:
3085:Additional editions and translations
4064:. In Reynolds, Gabriel Said (ed.).
3185:Relationship to post-Islamic poetry
2703:, usually cannot be located in the
1915:The Incoherence of the Philosophers
1570:National literatures of Arab States
4090:. Cairo: Dar al-Kutub al-Misriyya.
1920:The Incoherence of the Incoherence
25:
3256:in trying to argue that the word
3106:War Songs by ʿAntarah ibn Shaddād
2581:. Other prominent poets included
2635:, and mock battles in poetry or
2619:. Words in praise of the tribe (
46:
4079:Le judaïsme de l'Arabie antique
4364:. Edinburgh University Press.
4133:"The Origins of Arabic Poetry"
4066:New Perspectives on the Qur'an
2672:for their memorisation of the
1:
4388:(Internet History Sourcebook)
4043:Hainthaler, Theresia (2005).
3276:List of Arabic-language poets
3008:King Fahad National Library,
4221:. Cornell University Press.
4081:. Brepols. pp. 511–522.
3111:Montgomery, James E. (ed.),
3104:Montgomery, James E. (ed.),
3093:Lyall, Charles James (ed.),
3058:, a collection of 92 poems.
2859:Kaʿb ibn Saʿd of Qurayẓa (I)
4361:The Vagaries of the Qasidah
2862:Aws ibn Danī of Qurayẓa (I)
2844:Abū Qays ibn Rifāʿa (J) (I)
2085:One Thousand and One Nights
4428:
4358:Montgomery, James (2015).
4353:. Brill. pp. 389–406.
4326:El Tayib, Abdulla (1983).
4164:Miller, Nathaniel (2024).
4131:Margoliouth, D.S. (1925).
4038:. Brill. pp. 349–387.
4007:Deroche, Francois (2022).
4002:. Brill. pp. 699–732.
3244:Poetry in Quranic exegesis
3211:distinguishes itself from
2838:Shurayḥ ibn ʿImrān (J) (I)
2545:) refers to the corpus of
1848:Arcs of Descent and Ascent
915:Andalusian classical music
841:Arabic musical instruments
172:Islamic geometric patterns
4407:Pre-Islamic Arabian poets
4149:10.1017/S0035869X00054885
4122:Lindstedt, Ilkka (2023).
4114:10.1017/S0026749X21000305
4095:Kjaer, Sigrid K. (2022).
4027:Dmitriev, Kirill (2010).
3943:10.1017/S0041977X00058845
3910:10.1017/S0041977X00060766
3877:10.1017/S0041977X00060110
3198:Relationship to the Quran
2966:List of major collections
2827:Al-Rabi ibn Abu al-Huqayq
2539:Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry
1895:The Theology of Aristotle
1362:Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry
1259:Love in Arabic literature
508:Arabic geometric patterns
471:Islamic hardstone carving
402:Ancient South Arabian art
4073:Hoyland, Robert (2015).
4060:Hoyland, Robert (2011).
4011:. Yale University Press.
3976:10.1163/157006008X364703
3097:, Hyperion Press, 1981.
2810:Ṭabaqāt fuḥūl al-shuʿarā
2693:Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani
1264:Arabic erotic literature
461:Palestinian wood carving
4210:10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0013
4196:Sinai, Nicolai (2024).
4185:Sinai, Nicolai (2019).
3605:, p. 23–24, 24n82.
3046:Jamharat Ash'ar al-Arab
2905:) as pious Christians.
2739:. Other poets, such as
1771:Islamic Aristotelianism
1766:Early Arabic Philosophy
4289:10.1515/mill-2023-0004
4254:10.1484/J.SEC.5.122990
3991:Bauer, Thomas (2010).
3958:Ayalon, Yaron (2009).
3925:Arafat, Walid (1970).
3892:Arafat, Walid (1966).
3859:Arafat, Walid (1958).
3175:Umayya ibn Abī al-Ṣalt
2997:Johnson, Frank (ed.).
2760:
2583:Umayya ibn Abi as-Salt
2408:South Arabian deities
1930:Theologus Autodidactus
811:Rhythm in Arabic music
4351:The Qur'an in Context
4342:Imhof, Agnes (2010).
4306:Webb, Peter (2023b).
4088:Fi al-shiʿr al-jahili
4086:Husayn, Taha (1926).
4036:The Qur'an in Context
4016:Donner, Fred (1998).
4000:The Qur'an in Context
3302:, p. 3–4, 30–31.
3127:On Pre-Islamic Poetry
2850:Abū l-Dhayyāl (J) (I)
2237:North Arabian deities
2141:Fictional Arab people
1980:Atlantis of the Sands
1905:The Book of the Apple
486:Islamic ivory carving
4328:"Pre-Islamic poetry"
4271:Webb, Peter (2023).
4242:Semitica et Classica
4236:Webb, Peter (2020).
4101:Modern Asian Studies
3031:in the 8th century.
3029:Al-Mufaddal ad-Dabbi
2946:, by the grammarian
2932:al-Mufaddal ad-Dabbi
2733:Zuhayr bin Abi Sulma
2649:would be exhibited.
2607:filling the role of
1367:Modern Arabic poetry
1042:Gnawa (North Africa)
883:Classical Arab music
3964:Die Welt des Islams
3389:, p. 520– 521.
2991:, Routledge, 1957.
2847:Dirham ibn Zayd (J)
2821:Samaw'al ibn 'Adiya
2737:Antarah ibn Shaddad
2721:Samaw'al ibn 'Adiya
2561:, "poetry from the
2040:Iram of the Pillars
1299:Mirrors for princes
846:Great Book of Music
579:(Arabian Peninsula)
167:Islamic calligraphy
4412:Poetry by language
4049:Parole de l'Orient
3509:, p. 113–116.
3485:, p. 111–112.
3473:, p. 116–117.
3449:, p. 512–515.
2833:Ka‘b ibn al-Ashraf
2559:al-shiʿr al-Jāhilī
2551:pre-Islamic Arabia
2543:pre-Islamic poetry
2162:Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad
1990:Beast of the Earth
1945:Sicilian Questions
1776:Islamic Platonism
1729:Arabic mathematics
1279:Arabic short story
1274:Literary_criticism
466:Islamic embroidery
436:Arabic calligraphy
18:Pre-Islamic poetry
4371:978-1-909724-52-5
4191:. Lockwood Press.
4177:978-1-5128-2531-2
2741:Ta'abbata Sharran
2633:Arabian Peninsula
2555:Arabic literature
2533:
2532:
1833:Al-Insān al-Kāmil
1744:Arabic technology
1739:Arabic psychology
1724:Arabic Golden Age
491:Islamic Metalwork
247:Stucco decoration
16:(Redirected from
4419:
4375:
4354:
4348:
4338:
4332:
4315:
4302:
4300:
4267:
4265:
4232:
4213:
4192:
4181:
4160:
4127:
4118:
4116:
4091:
4082:
4069:
4056:
4039:
4033:
4023:
4012:
4003:
3997:
3987:
3954:
3921:
3888:
3871:(1/3): 453–463.
3855:
3822:
3821:, p. 37–38.
3816:
3810:
3809:, p. 80–85.
3804:
3798:
3792:
3786:
3780:
3774:
3768:
3762:
3761:, p. 26–27.
3756:
3750:
3749:, p. 19–26.
3744:
3738:
3737:, p. 24–25.
3732:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3713:, p. 54–55.
3708:
3702:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3666:
3665:, p. 35–36.
3660:
3654:
3648:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3617:, p. 23–24.
3612:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3588:
3582:
3576:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3555:Margoliouth 1925
3552:
3546:
3545:, p. 32–34.
3540:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3425:, p. 91–92.
3420:
3414:
3413:, p. 62–64.
3408:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3353:, p. 38–42.
3348:
3342:
3341:, p. 29–30.
3336:
3330:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3303:
3297:
3073:Kitab al-Hamasah
2982:Hammad Ar-Rawiya
2871:was a native of
2854:Sarah of Qurayẓa
2751:, were known as
2749:Urwa ibn al-Ward
2525:
2518:
2511:
2202:Princess Jasmine
2187:Layla and Majnun
2172:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
2120:She-Camel of God
2115:Shams al-Ma'arif
1925:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
1791:Sufi metaphysics
1719:Arabic geography
1714:Arabic astronomy
1709:Arabic astrology
1704:Arabic chemistry
1269:Arabic grimoires
1249:
1022:Chaabi (Morocco)
1017:Chaabi (Algeria)
801:Arab tone system
620:
612:
604:
596:
588:
580:
451:Arabic miniature
177:Islamic ornament
50:
27:
21:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4392:
4391:
4382:
4372:
4357:
4346:
4341:
4330:
4325:
4322:
4320:Further reading
4308:"Imruʾ al-Qays"
4305:
4270:
4235:
4229:
4216:
4195:
4184:
4178:
4163:
4130:
4121:
4094:
4085:
4072:
4059:
4042:
4031:
4026:
4022:. Darwin Press.
4015:
4006:
3995:
3990:
3957:
3924:
3891:
3858:
3852:
3834:
3831:
3826:
3825:
3817:
3813:
3805:
3801:
3793:
3789:
3785:, p. 8–10.
3781:
3777:
3769:
3765:
3757:
3753:
3745:
3741:
3733:
3729:
3721:
3717:
3709:
3705:
3697:
3693:
3689:, p. 36n9.
3685:
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3673:
3669:
3661:
3657:
3649:
3645:
3637:
3633:
3625:
3621:
3613:
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3601:
3597:
3589:
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3573:
3565:
3561:
3553:
3549:
3541:
3537:
3529:
3525:
3517:
3513:
3505:
3501:
3495:Hainthaler 2005
3493:
3489:
3481:
3477:
3469:
3465:
3457:
3453:
3445:
3441:
3433:
3429:
3421:
3417:
3409:
3405:
3397:
3393:
3385:
3381:
3373:
3369:
3361:
3357:
3349:
3345:
3337:
3333:
3325:
3321:
3315:Stetkevych 1993
3313:
3306:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3272:
3254:Amr ibn Kulthum
3250:Majāz al-Qurʾān
3246:
3229:
3205:
3200:
3187:
3136:Quranic studies
3122:
3087:
2968:
2928:
2923:
2890:
2888:Christian poets
2805:
2763:
2713:
2689:Kitab al-Aghani
2655:
2599:
2536:
2529:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2402:Isāf and Nā'ila
2233:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2135:Zarqa al Yamama
2000:Book of Wonders
1969:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1890:Liber de Causis
1796:Sufi philosophy
1760:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1734:Arabic medicine
1698:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1247:
1241:Epic literature
1203:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1096:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1032:Fann at-Tanbura
851:Kitab al-Aghani
787:
777:
776:
775:
635:
625:
624:
618:
610:
602:
594:
586:
578:
572:
562:
561:
560:
558:
441:Arabic graffiti
393:
383:
382:
381:
379:
284:Albarrana tower
227:Reflecting pool
217:Nagash painting
109:
60:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4425:
4423:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4394:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4381:
4380:External links
4378:
4377:
4376:
4370:
4355:
4339:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4312:Ancient Arabia
4303:
4268:
4233:
4228:978-0801480461
4227:
4214:
4193:
4182:
4176:
4161:
4143:(3): 417–449.
4128:
4119:
4107:(3): 776–795.
4092:
4083:
4070:
4057:
4040:
4024:
4013:
4004:
3988:
3955:
3937:(2): 221–232.
3922:
3889:
3856:
3850:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3811:
3799:
3787:
3775:
3773:, p. 126.
3763:
3759:Lindstedt 2023
3751:
3739:
3735:Lindstedt 2023
3727:
3723:Lindstedt 2023
3715:
3703:
3691:
3679:
3667:
3655:
3643:
3631:
3619:
3615:Lindstedt 2023
3607:
3603:Lindstedt 2023
3595:
3593:, p. 2–3.
3583:
3571:
3559:
3547:
3535:
3523:
3511:
3507:Lindstedt 2023
3499:
3487:
3483:Lindstedt 2023
3475:
3471:Lindstedt 2023
3463:
3451:
3439:
3437:, p. 519.
3427:
3415:
3411:Lindstedt 2023
3403:
3391:
3379:
3367:
3365:, p. 109.
3355:
3343:
3331:
3329:, p. 114.
3319:
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3288:
3285:
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2864:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2814:Kitāb al-agānī
2804:
2801:
2762:
2759:
2712:
2709:
2701:Jāmiʿ al-bayān
2657:Alongside the
2654:
2651:
2598:
2595:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2505:
2502:
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2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2177:Kara Ben Nemsi
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2152:Abdul Alhazred
2149:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
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2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
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2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1953:
1952:
1950:Fusus al-Hikam
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
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1825:
1823:Al-aql al-faal
1814:
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1505:
1496:Arabic prosody
1492:
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1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
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1276:
1271:
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1261:
1256:
1251:
1248:(ryhmed prose)
1243:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1190:
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993:
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987:
982:
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972:
970:Qudud Halabiya
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
920:Andalusi nubah
917:
906:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
868:Arabic hip hop
865:
854:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
806:Algerian scale
803:
798:
789:
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783:
782:
779:
778:
774:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
751:Robe of honour
748:
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703:
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684:Tarboush (fez)
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619:(North Africa)
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518:Damascus steel
515:
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483:
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476:Islamic garden
473:
468:
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458:
456:Arabic pottery
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40:Arabic culture
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13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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4402:Arabic poetry
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4278:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4234:
4230:
4224:
4220:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4194:
4190:
4189:
4183:
4179:
4173:
4169:
4168:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4129:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4093:
4089:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4037:
4030:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4014:
4010:
4005:
4001:
3994:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3970:(1): 98–121.
3969:
3965:
3961:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3851:0-521-48525-8
3847:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3820:
3815:
3812:
3808:
3803:
3800:
3797:, p. 29.
3796:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3752:
3748:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3731:
3728:
3725:, p. 23.
3724:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3668:
3664:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3611:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3536:
3533:, p. 44.
3532:
3527:
3524:
3520:
3519:Dmitriev 2010
3515:
3512:
3508:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3464:
3461:, p. 51.
3460:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3293:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3202:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3144:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2936:Mufaḍḍaliyyāt
2933:
2925:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2892:In one poem,
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:Imru' al-Qais
2878:
2874:
2869:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2766:Imru' al-Qais
2761:Imru' al-Qais
2758:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2717:Imru' al-Qais
2710:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2664:
2660:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2579:Imru' al-Qais
2574:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2547:Arabic poetry
2544:
2540:
2526:
2521:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2232:
2227:
2226:
2218:
2217:Talia al Ghul
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1995:Book of Idols
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1956:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1828:Aql bi-l-fi'l
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1781:Islamic Logic
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1691:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1027:Egyptian folk
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
998:
997:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
912:
911:
910:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
860:
859:
858:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
793:
792:
786:
781:
780:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
698:
697:
696:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
641:
640:
634:
629:
628:
621:
617:Arab Maghreb
615:
613:
607:
605:
599:
597:
595:(Mesopotamia)
591:
589:
585:Arab Mashriq
583:
581:
575:
574:
571:
566:
565:
559:
554:
551:
549:
548:Pseudo-Arabic
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
500:
499:
498:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
481:Islamic glass
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
433:
432:
431:
423:
420:
418:
415:
414:
413:
410:
408:
407:Nabataean art
405:
403:
400:
399:
398:
392:
387:
386:
380:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
281:
280:
279:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
114:
113:
112:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
66:
65:
59:
54:
53:
49:
45:
44:
41:
37:
33:
29:
28:
19:
4360:
4350:
4334:
4311:
4298:1887/3674390
4283:(1): 33–63.
4280:
4276:
4263:1887/3160641
4245:
4241:
4218:
4201:
4187:
4166:
4140:
4136:
4123:
4104:
4100:
4087:
4078:
4065:
4052:
4048:
4035:
4018:
4008:
3999:
3967:
3963:
3934:
3930:
3901:
3897:
3868:
3864:
3840:
3836:Allen, Roger
3814:
3802:
3795:Deroche 2022
3790:
3778:
3766:
3754:
3742:
3730:
3718:
3706:
3694:
3682:
3670:
3658:
3646:
3634:
3622:
3610:
3598:
3586:
3574:
3562:
3550:
3538:
3526:
3514:
3502:
3490:
3478:
3466:
3454:
3447:Hoyland 2015
3442:
3435:Hoyland 2015
3430:
3423:Hoyland 2011
3418:
3406:
3394:
3387:Hoyland 2015
3382:
3370:
3358:
3346:
3334:
3322:
3295:
3257:
3249:
3247:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3212:
3206:
3191:
3188:
3179:
3145:
3139:since shown
3125:
3123:
3120:Authenticity
3112:
3105:
3094:
3070:
3052:
3043:
3024:Mufaddaliyat
3021:
3009:
2998:
2988:
2974:
2969:
2962:, and more.
2952:lexicography
2929:
2907:Adi ibn Zayd
2891:
2865:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2803:Jewish poets
2764:
2752:
2714:
2685:
2682:
2677:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2656:
2653:Transmission
2646:
2636:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2617:propagandist
2602:
2600:
2591:Zayd ibn Amr
2575:
2558:
2549:composed in
2542:
2538:
2537:
2464:Dhul Khalasa
2407:
2406:
2236:
2231:Spirituality
2207:Ra's al Ghul
2182:King Marsile
2140:
2139:
2065:Magic carpet
1954:
1883:
1882:
1816:
1815:
1652:Saudi Arabia
1568:
1567:
1494:
1493:
1419:
1418:
1372:
1371:
1361:
1343:
1342:
1304:
1303:
1234:
1233:
1206:
1081:
1007:Algerian Raï
995:
994:
908:
907:
856:
855:
836:Quarter tone
796:Arabic maqam
790:
694:
693:
638:
557:
533:Hedwig glass
496:
495:
429:
428:
396:
378:
299:Caravanserai
277:
276:
110:
108:
63:
58:Architecture
4248:: 251–265.
3904:(1): 1–11.
3819:Miller 2024
3807:Donner 1998
3783:Miller 2024
3651:Arafat 1970
3639:Arafat 1966
3627:Arafat 1958
3579:Ayalon 2009
3567:Husayn 1926
3543:Miller 2024
3531:Miller 2024
3351:Miller 2024
3339:Miller 2024
3300:Miller 2024
3132:Taha Husayn
2921:Collections
2745:al-Shanfara
2597:Social role
2541:(or simply
2167:Battal Gazi
1352:Anthologies
1152:Raqs Sharqi
1107:Belly dance
950:Iraqi maqam
878:Arabic jazz
873:Arabic rock
726:Fouta towel
528:Girih tiles
446:Arab carpet
417:Fatimid art
412:Islamic art
267:Windcatcher
132:Arabic dome
4396:Categories
4277:Millennium
4055:: 157–172.
3771:Allen 2005
3747:Sinai 2019
3711:Sinai 2024
3591:Sinai 2019
3459:Sinai 2019
3399:Kjaer 2022
3375:Webb 2023b
3363:Allen 2005
3327:Allen 2005
3282:References
3263:Al-Nabigha
3078:Abu Tammam
3055:Asma'iyyat
2977:Mu'allaqat
2960:topography
2958:, Arabian
2944:Asma'iyyat
2903:Ghassanids
2899:Al-Nabigha
2877:Ghassanids
2868:Asma'iyyat
2797:Mu'allaqat
2780:Asad tribe
2725:al-Nabigha
2613:soothsayer
2587:Al-Nabigha
2563:Jahiliyyah
2557:called it
2439:Dhat-Badan
2367:Theandrios
2347:Baalshamin
2342:Atarsamain
2197:Palamedes
1940:Muqaddimah
1900:Al-isharat
1806:Avicennism
1758:Philosophy
1627:Mauritania
1436:Muwashshah
1401:Khamriyyah
1201:Literature
1147:Ouled Nail
960:Muwashshah
863:Arabic pop
422:Mamluk art
369:Well house
304:Bimaristan
192:Mashrabiya
3838:(2005) .
3699:Webb 2023
3687:Webb 2023
3675:Webb 2020
3663:Webb 2023
3287:Citations
3099:Available
3063:Available
3036:Available
3014:Available
3003:Available
2993:Available
2987:Arberry,
2956:phonetics
2948:al-Asma'i
2792:al-Asma'i
2784:Byzantine
2697:Al-Tabari
2609:historian
2282:Al-Kutbay
2110:Shadhavar
2075:Mount Qaf
2050:Karkadann
1967:Mythology
1853:Asabiyyah
1811:Averroism
1642:Palestine
1564:Mutadārik
1561:Mutaqārib
1552:Mujtathth
1404:Tardiyyah
1224:Classical
1167:Schikhatt
1132:Khaleegy
909:Art music
736:Jellabiya
649:Battoulah
503:Arabesque
497:Features
359:Shadirvan
162:Hypostyle
127:Arabesque
111:Features
79:Nabataean
4204:: 1–62.
4157:25220762
4126:. Brill.
3984:27798282
3270:See also
3167:pantheon
3149:toponyms
2894:Al-A'sha
2397:Yarhibol
2377:Malakbel
2247:Al-‘Uzzá
2157:Ali Baba
2130:Zulfiqar
1817:Concepts
1801:Farabism
1592:Djibouti
1549:Muqtaḍab
1543:Munsariħ
1486:Ghinnawa
1461:Riddles
1446:Mathnawi
1208:Language
1162:Shamadan
1127:Hagallah
980:Tahmilah
761:Takchita
721:Durra'ah
716:Djellaba
695:Clothing
669:Madhalla
659:Keffiyeh
639:Headwear
593:Mashriq
587:(Levant)
543:Muqarnas
262:Voussoir
257:Vaulting
252:Tadelakt
242:Socarrat
212:Muqarnas
32:a series
30:Part of
3829:Sources
2940:Abbasid
2926:History
2911:al-Hira
2835:(J) (I)
2829:(J) (I)
2823:(J) (I)
2647:sha'irs
2489:Yaghūth
2459:Basamum
2414:Almaqah
2382:Orotalt
2337:Al-Qaum
2332:Aglibol
2267:Chaabou
2262:Dushara
2212:Sindbad
2192:Othello
2147:Aladdin
2105:Shaddad
1985:Bahamut
1696:Science
1672:Tunisia
1657:Somalia
1632:Morocco
1617:Lebanon
1587:Comoros
1582:Bahrain
1577:Algeria
1555:Muḍāriʿ
1490:Humayni
1414:Hamasah
1306:Islamic
1289:Tezkire
1284:Tabaqat
1177:Tanoura
1117:Deheyeh
1012:Bedouin
965:Qasidah
925:Bashraf
898:Khaliji
893:Al Jeel
746:Macawis
711:Burnous
679:Tantour
674:Taqiyah
611:(Sudan)
609:Mawset
603:(Egypt)
601:Mawset
577:Khalij
570:Cuisine
513:Banna'i
319:Madrasa
289:Alcázar
142:Gardens
137:Banna'i
99:Moorish
94:Fatimid
89:Abbasid
84:Umayyad
69:Islamic
4368:
4225:
4174:
4155:
3982:
3951:611177
3949:
3918:611089
3916:
3885:610611
3883:
3848:
3238:murūwa
2754:su'luk
2735:, and
2729:Tarafa
2705:diwans
2674:Qur'an
2669:huffaz
2659:sha'ir
2629:sha'ir
2621:qit'ah
2604:sha'ir
2589:, and
2469:Haukim
2454:Qaynan
2449:Ta'lab
2444:Haubas
2434:Salman
2429:Athtar
2297:Azizos
2252:Al-Lat
2125:Wāḳwāḳ
2095:Qutrub
2090:Qareen
2080:Nasnas
2060:Luqman
2055:Kujata
2010:Dandan
1975:Ababil
1677:U.A.E.
1612:Kuwait
1607:Jordan
1546:Khafīf
1536:Rajaz
1481:Nabati
1476:Mawwal
1466:Kharja
1456:Nasīb
1451:Ruba'i
1441:Urjūza
1431:Qasida
1426:Diwan
1407:Khawal
1397:Ghazal
1387:Rithā'
1373:Genres
1345:Poetry
1338:Aqidah
1323:Hadith
1318:Tafsir
1254:Maqama
1229:Modern
1182:Yowlah
1172:Tahtib
1142:Mizmar
1122:Guedra
1072:Shaabi
1057:Mezwed
1052:Mawwal
1037:Fijiri
1002:Ataaba
990:Waslah
985:Taqsim
975:Sama'i
955:Mawwal
945:Malhun
940:Layali
857:Genres
831:Teslim
816:Taqsim
791:Theory
756:Sirwal
741:Kaftan
689:Turban
664:Litham
553:Zellij
538:Kiswah
523:Damask
397:Styles
374:Zawiya
364:Tekyeh
334:Mosque
314:Kasbah
309:Hammam
294:Bazaar
272:Zellij
202:Mosaic
104:Mamluk
74:Yemeni
64:Styles
4347:(PDF)
4331:(PDF)
4153:JSTOR
4032:(PDF)
3996:(PDF)
3980:JSTOR
3947:JSTOR
3914:JSTOR
3881:JSTOR
3258:Quran
3227:Style
3217:meter
3213:shiʿr
3209:Quran
3203:Genre
3192:nasib
3171:Allāh
3163:Quran
3158:Mecca
2915:Mecca
2873:Tayma
2775:Kinda
2771:Manat
2711:Poets
2643:Mecca
2638:zajal
2625:hija'
2571:Hejaz
2494:Yatha
2484:Ya'uq
2424:Anbay
2362:Suwa'
2357:Hubal
2327:Abgal
2317:Manāt
2312:Manāt
2307:Quzah
2302:Bajir
2287:Asira
2272:Manaf
2257:Manāt
2242:Allah
2070:Marid
2035:Ifrit
2030:Houri
2020:Ghoul
2015:Falak
2005:Buraq
1884:Texts
1873:Qadar
1863:Irfan
1843:Peace
1838:Dhati
1786:Kalam
1682:Yemen
1667:Syria
1662:Sudan
1647:Qatar
1622:Libya
1597:Egypt
1558:Sarīʿ
1540:Ramal
1531:Hazaj
1526:Wāfir
1521:Kamil
1516:Basīṭ
1512:Madīd
1508:Ṭawīl
1471:Zajal
1420:Forms
1410:Fakhr
1378:Madih
1357:Poets
1313:Quran
1294:Rihla
1235:Prose
1219:Paleo
1157:Samri
1112:Dabke
1102:Ardah
1094:Dance
1077:Zajal
1062:Samri
935:Dulab
888:Opera
826:Lazma
785:Music
771:Tiraz
766:Thawb
731:Izaar
706:Bisht
701:Abaya
633:Dress
430:Types
354:Sabil
349:Ribat
344:Qalat
329:Mazar
324:Maqam
278:Types
232:Riwaq
222:Qadad
187:Liwan
147:Girih
122:Alfiz
117:Ablaq
4366:ISBN
4223:ISBN
4172:ISBN
3846:ISBN
3234:imām
3221:saj'
3207:The
3154:Hajj
3071:The
3053:The
3044:The
3022:The
2975:The
2788:Iraq
2678:rawi
2663:rawi
2615:and
2567:Najd
2474:Nasr
2392:Sa'd
2387:Ruda
2372:Wadd
2322:A'ra
2292:Awal
2277:Nuha
2100:Roc
2045:Jinn
2025:Hinn
1878:Qalb
1868:Nafs
1637:Oman
1602:Iraq
1503:Bayt
1392:Waṣf
1382:Hija
1333:Fiqh
1328:Sīra
1246:Saj
1214:Old
1137:Liwa
1067:Sawt
1047:Liwa
996:Folk
930:Dawr
821:Jins
654:Haik
644:Agal
237:Sahn
197:Riad
182:Iwan
157:Howz
4293:hdl
4285:doi
4258:hdl
4250:doi
4206:doi
4145:doi
4109:doi
3972:doi
3939:doi
3906:doi
3873:doi
3223:).
3130:by
2856:(I)
2699:'s
2691:of
2479:Sīn
2419:Amm
2352:Bēl
1858:Hal
1187:Zār
903:Raï
391:Art
4398::
4310:.
4291:.
4281:20
4279:.
4275:.
4256:.
4246:13
4244:.
4240:.
4200:.
4151:.
4141:57
4139:.
4135:.
4105:56
4103:.
4099:.
4053:30
4051:.
4047:.
3978:.
3968:49
3966:.
3962:.
3945:.
3935:29
3933:.
3929:.
3912:.
3902:29
3900:.
3896:.
3879:.
3869:21
3867:.
3863:.
3307:^
2984:.
2954:,
2799:.
2747:,
2743:,
2731:,
2727:,
2723:,
2719:,
2611:,
2593:.
2585:,
2573:.
34:on
4374:.
4314:.
4301:.
4295::
4287::
4266:.
4260::
4252::
4231:.
4212:.
4208::
4180:.
4159:.
4147::
4117:.
4111::
3986:.
3974::
3953:.
3941::
3920:.
3908::
3887:.
3875::
3854:.
3701:.
3677:.
3653:.
3641:.
3629:.
3581:.
3569:.
3557:.
3521:.
3497:.
3401:.
3377:.
3317:.
3101:.
3080:.
3065:.
3038:.
3016:.
3005:.
2524:e
2517:t
2510:v
20:)
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