490:, supporters and members went to fight in the war. Some of its publications were affected by censorship during this time period. The petition campaign largely fell by the wayside until the war was over. Hirschfeld focused on showcasing the experiences of homosexual soldiers; he collected thousands of letters, interviews, and surveys with such soldiers. Petitions were submitted in 1898, 1922, and 1925, but failed to gain the support of the parliament. The law continued to criminalize homosexuality until 1969 and was not entirely removed in
36:
451:
signatures on a petition for the repeal of
Paragraph 175. The committee's opposition was not indiscriminate, as its petition did support preservation of criminal status for some homosexual acts, including cases between an adult and a minor under age 16. At the time of the original proposal, the age of consent was in fact two years lower than that for heterosexual people, at age 14; effectively they called for the age of consent to be raised as part of their campaign.
527:, hearkening back to the Apostle Paul and employing the entire vocabulary of our conservative-clerical persecutors, could have been printed without changing a word by the most strictly Catholic press." This conflict of interests caused the committee to privately question the executive of the SPD as to whether they were still in favor of repealing Paragraph 175; the SPD affirmed that was still their position.
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1355:...Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld founded the gay organization Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee (Scientific-Humanitarian Committee). Its first action was to draft a petition against Paragraph 175 with 6,000 signatures of prominent people in the arts, politics and the medical profession; it failed to have any effect.
454:
Work on promoting their petition began in 1897, and the committee particularly wanted signatures from those with prominent status in such fields as politics, medicine, art, and science. They sent thousands of letters to key figures such as
Catholic priests, judges, lawmakers, journalists, and mayors.
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The committee created sex-education pamphlets on the topic of homosexuality and distributed them to the public. It had begun distributing this type of material to university students and factory laborers as early as 1903. They also assisted defendants in criminal trials, and gathered more than 6,000
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became the third member of the new board. Juliusburger led the committee in the short time that elapsed until the committee was dissolved after the Nazi Party came to power in 1933. The committee's final meeting took place in Peter Limann's apartment on June 8, 1933, with the singular purpose of
417:
In campaigning against
Paragraph 175, the committee argued that homosexuality was not a disease or moral failing, and said they reached this conclusion from scientific evidence. The group made other arguments against this law, saying for example that its repeal would reduce blackmailing behavior
588:
that was produced alongside the committee's sexual education lectures. It offered information on homosexuality, pulling largely from the studies of the
Institute for Sexual Sciences. The brochure offered a rare case of nonjudgmental insight into the existence of homosexuality and, as such, was
569:), a publication which reported the committee's activities and contained content ranging from articles about homosexuality among "primitive" people to literary analyses and case studies. It was published regularly from 1899 to 1923 (sometimes quarterly) and more sporadically until 1933.
360:, another group founded by Hirschfeld which had similar aims to the committee. The committee had ties to gay organizations across the world, and from 1906 onward the body which crafted the committee's policy was made up of members from several European countries. A branch in
601:. Kurt Hiller worked with them briefly, but stopped due to personal differences after a few months. The group was dissolved in late 1949 or early 1950 and instead formed the Committee for Reform of the Sexual Criminal Laws (
80:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
513:(SPD). Some other leaders in the group had revolutionary or pacifist sympathies. While the committee was somewhat informally associated with the SPD, they were also alienated by the SPD's rhetorical exploitation of
344:. This book, and other that may have survived the destruction of the Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee and the Institut für Sexualwissenschaft, are sought after by the Magnus-Hirschfeld-Gesellschaft in Berlin.
530:
The biological deterministic tendency that
Hirschfeld gave to the committee met with opposition within the WhK from the start. But it was not until November 24, 1929 that his internal competitors, above all the
66:
544:
dissolving the organization. A reorientation of the WhK that freed it from its scientific isolation was the focus placed on psychological and sociological research instead of biological research.
212:
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The committee was based in Berlin and had branches in about 25 German, Austrian and Dutch cities. It had roughly 700 members at its peak and is considered an important milestone in the
168:
901:
In 1897 Hirschfeld established the
Scientific-Humanitarian Committee with Max Spohr, Franz Josef von BĂĽlow, and Eduard Oberg; it was the world's first gay rights organization.
1896:
222:" ("through science to justice"), and the committee included representatives from various professions. The committee's membership peaked at about 700 people. In 1929,
1880:
1627:
539:, succeeded in forcing Hirschfeld to resign. He was succeeded by the Medical Councilor Otto Juliusburger, Kurt Hiller was elected Deputy Chairman and the writer
442:
1844:
Memoir for the
Friends and Contributors of the Scientific Humanitarian Committee in the Name of the Secession of the Scientific Humanitarian Committee
924:
In 1897, together with Max Spohr, Eduard Oberg and Franz Joseph von BĂĽlow, he founded the
Scientific-Humanitarian Committee in Berlin Charlottenburg.
813:
643:
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In
October 1949, Hans Giese joined with Hermann Weber (1882–1955), head of the Frankfurt local group from 1921 to 1933, to re-establish the group in
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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politically, and made efforts to appeal to parliamentarians from many parties. This sometimes even included conservative parties such as the
434:(German Friendship Association) to oppose the law. Another alliance held by the committee in its activism against Paragraph 175 was with the
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politically. After seeing these attacks against Röhm in a newspaper aligned with the SPD, the committee responded, "The statements in the
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in that year's election, it is similar in name and general subject matter only, and takes more radical positions than the conservative
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Review of: Andreas
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447:(German League for the Protection of Motherhood), especially after proponents of Paragraph 175 proposed extending it to women.
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1152:"Glandular Politics: Experimental Biology, Clinical Medicine, and Homosexual Emancipation in Fin-de-Siecle Central Europe"
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took over as chairman of the group from Hirschfeld. At its peak, the WhK had branches in approximately 25 cities in
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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frequently distributed by homosexuals to family members or to total strangers on public transport.
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In 1998, a new group was formed with the same name. Growing out of a group against politician
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A History of Homosexuality in Europe, Vol. I & II: Berlin, London, Paris 1919-1939
772:"Magnus Hirschfeld's Meanings: Analysing Biography and the Politics of Representation"
710:"How gender dysphoria and incongruence became medical diagnoses – a historical review"
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Hekma, Gert; Oosterhuis, Harry; Steakley, James; Steakley, James D. (1995).
814:"LGBT History Month 2019 Faces – Magnus Hirschfeld and the first LGBT+ film"
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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Other corporate members were the Scientific Humanitarian Committee...
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Another of the WhK's widespread publications was a brochure entitled
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library copy, confiscated on 6 May 1933, annotated on the endpaper:
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to urge colleagues to add their names. Other signatories included
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Magnus Hirschfeld and the origins of the gay liberation movement
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993:"The World League for Sexual Reform: Some possible approaches"
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Magnus Hirschfeld: The Origins of the Gay Liberation Movement
272:. Original members of the WhK included Hirschfeld, publisher
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in Berlin until the institute's destruction at the hands of
1736:. Entries for Hans Giese p. 278, and Kurt Hiller p. 357:
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repression, tried unsuccessfully to re-establish the WhK.
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to this template: there are already 1,904 articles in the
1717:, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp-Taschenbuch-Verlag, 2001,
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was the world's first scientific journal dealing with
127:{{Translated|de|Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee}}
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Online exhibition of the Magnus Hirschfeld Society:
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Gay Men and the Sexual History of the Political Left
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The WhK took a great deal of scientific theories on
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The Pink Triangle: the Nazi War Against Homosexuals
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Gesellschaft fĂĽr Reform des Sexualstrafrechts e. V.
398:. The initial focus of the committee was to repeal
191:in May 1897, to campaign for social recognition of
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a machine-translated version of the German article.
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608:In 1962 in Hamburg, Kurt Hiller, who had survived
1080:The International LGBT Rights Movement: A History
639:German Association of Lesbian and Gay Journalists
364:was opened in 1906, led by Joseph Nicoladoni and
1677:The Early Homosexual Rights Movement (1864–1935)
582:Was soll das Volk vom dritten Geschlecht wissen?
336:and hidden from the publique (label "Secr.") as
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991:Dose, Ralf; Selwyn, Pamela Eve (January 2003).
586:What Must Our Nation Know about the Third Sex?)
509:(BVP). However, Hirschfeld was a member of the
218:in history. The motto of the organization was "
27:German LGBT rights organization founded in 1897
115:accompanying your translation by providing an
60:Click for important translation instructions.
47:expand this article with text translated from
404:criminalized "coitus-like" acts between males
8:
939:Gay Berlin: Birthplace of a Modern Identity
459:signed the petition and took copies to the
1897:LGBTQ political advocacy groups in Germany
1811:whk - wissenschaftlich-humanitäres komitee
1626:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
882:Djajic-Horváth, Aleksandra (10 May 2022).
1715:Mann fĂĽr Mann. Ein biographisches Lexikon
735:
386:from the institute such as the idea of a
356:in 1933. The WhK was affiliated with the
1255:Encyclopedia of Homosexuality: Volume II
517:'s homosexuality as a means to harm the
496:East and West Germany became one country
1673:John Lauritsen; David Thorstad (1974),
1049:Encyclopedia of Homosexuality: Volume I
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567:Yearbook for Intermediate Sexual Types
157:Yearbook for Intermediate Sexual Types
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18:Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee
1692:. Revised edition published 1995,
1377:Journal of the History of Sexuality
1286:Journal of the History of Sexuality
998:Journal of the History of Sexuality
819:Canterbury Christ Church University
812:Peters, Steve (February 18, 2019).
551:. It existed for thirty-six years.
1427:Crouthamel, Jason (October 2011).
1066:from the original on 11 June 2022.
715:Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
708:Crocq, Marc-Antoine (2021-01-01).
25:
1881:Scientific-Humanitarian Committee
1337:"Henry Gerber: Ahead of his time"
1258:. Routledge. pp. 1168–1170.
1077:Belmonte, Laura A. (2020-12-10).
636:was given a special award by the
164:Scientific-Humanitarian Committee
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1681:, New York: Times Change Press,
1642:"Hirschfeld, Magnus (1868-1935)"
1526:Magnus Hirschfeld und seine Zeit
1474:Oosterhuis, Harry (1995-11-27).
1052:. Routledge. pp. 234, 279.
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549:homosexual emancipation movement
207:people, and against their legal
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936:Beachy, Robert (October 2015).
612:and continued to fight against
437:Deutscher Bund fĂĽr Mutterschutz
428:(Community of the Special) and
348:The committee was based in the
1922:1897 establishments in Germany
1912:Sexual orientation and science
1523:Herzer, Manfred (2017-10-09).
1252:Dynes, Wayne R. (2016-03-22).
1046:Dynes, Wayne R. (2016-03-22).
770:Leng, Kirsten (1 March 2017).
501:Officially, the committee was
431:Deutscher Freundschaftsverband
358:World League for Sexual Reform
125:You may also add the template
1:
1917:19th century in LGBTQ history
1370:Janssen, Diederik F. (2018).
728:10.1080/19585969.2022.2042166
605:), which existed until 1960.
350:Institute for Sexual Sciences
155:The July 1914 edition of the
1445:10.1080/19475020.2011.613240
270:gender and sexual minorities
1150:Sengoopta, Chandak (1998).
914:"Magnus Hirschfeld and HKW"
268:and outspoken advocate for
97:will aid in categorization.
1938:
1822:The history of the new WHK
1790:GLBTQ Encyclopedia Project
1782:"Hiller, Kurt (1885-1972)"
1647:GLBTQ Encyclopedia Project
1218:Tamagne, Florence (2007).
919:Haus der Kulturen der Welt
260:) by Magnus Hirschfeld, a
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220:Per scientiam ad justitiam
72:Machine translation, like
1902:First homosexual movement
1007:University of Texas Press
859:New York University Press
851:Dose, Ralf (2014-04-11).
333:destined for destruction!
244:First homosexual movement
49:the corresponding article
1850:Journal of Homosexuality
1711:Bernd-Ulrich Hergemöller
1598:. New York. p. 42.
1481:Journal of Homosexuality
680:Timeline of LGBT history
610:Nazi concentration camps
425:Gemeinschaft der Eigenen
216:LGBT rights organization
1433:First World War Studies
1111:Plant, Richard (2013).
968:"Dinge, die wir suchen"
889:Encyclopædia Britannica
786:Oxford University Press
511:Social Democratic Party
507:Bavarian People's Party
494:until four years after
294:Hermann von Teschenberg
248:The WhK was founded in
136:For more guidance, see
1279:Ramsey, Glenn (2008).
1119:Henry Holt and Company
345:
342:Prussian State Library
282:Franz Joseph von BĂĽlow
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1863:10.1300/J082v22n01_06
1839:Friedländer, Benedict
1535:10.1515/9783110548426
1494:10.1300/J082v29n02_09
1299:10.1353/sex.2008.0009
1085:Bloomsbury Publishing
1015:10.1353/sex.2003.0057
794:10.1093/gerhis/ghw142
559:The WhK produced the
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242:Further information:
234:and the Netherlands.
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138:Knowledge:Translation
109:copyright attribution
1883:at Wikimedia Commons
1342:The Washington Blade
972:magnus-hirschfeld.de
593:Reformation attempts
331:decree of 28.02.1933
290:Benedict Friedländer
1654:on 29 November 2014
1592:Dose, Ralf (2014).
1121:. pp. 22, 62.
884:"Magnus Hirschfeld"
258:release from prison
1087:. pp. 63–64.
861:. pp. 38–51.
535:(KPD) functionary
477:Rainer Maria Rilke
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1907:Magnus Hirschfeld
1879:Media related to
1780:Kennedy, Hubert.
1605:978-1-58367-439-0
1575:978-1-56024-724-1
1345:. October 3, 2013
1265:978-1-317-36812-0
1231:978-0-87586-357-3
1128:978-1-4299-3693-4
1094:978-1-4725-0695-5
1059:978-1-317-36815-1
953:978-0-307-47313-4
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308:Vita homosexualis
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312:third gender
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113:edit summary
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1658:16 November
642: [
626:Volker Beck
541:Bruno Vogel
488:World War I
481:Leo Tolstoy
473:Thomas Mann
441: [
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298:Kurt Hiller
286:Adolf Brand
280:and writer
254:Oscar Wilde
224:Kurt Hiller
209:persecution
205:transgender
1891:Categories
977:2016-08-07
788:: 96–116.
696:References
519:Nazi Party
515:Ernst Röhm
390:between a
266:sexologist
1622:cite book
1614:870272914
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1461:145307131
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388:third sex
276:, lawyer
274:Max Spohr
262:physician
213:the first
211:. It was
169:‹See Tfd›
131:talk page
83:Consider
51:in German
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1738:Citation
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1064:Archived
1009:: 1–15.
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653:See also
614:anti-gay
599:Kronberg
571:Yearbook
410:against
201:bisexual
107:provide
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825:May 14,
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232:Austria
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