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transferred using either far-field methods that involve beaming power/lasers, radio or microwave transmissions, or near-field using electromagnetic induction. Wireless energy transfer may be combined with wireless information transmission in what is known as
Wireless Powered Communication. In 2015, researchers at the University of Washington demonstrated far-field energy transfer using Wi-Fi signals to power cameras.
40:
4218:
4228:
4207:
1500:, provide greater ranges of efficient use, usually up to 10 feet, but distance, physical obstacles, competing signals, and even human bodies can all degrade the signal quality. Concerns about the security of wireless keyboards arose at the end of 2007 when it was revealed that Microsoft's implementation of encryption in some of its 27 MHz models were highly insecure.
4238:
741:
760:, the telephone that sent audio over a beam of light. The photophone required sunlight to operate, and a clear line of sight between the transmitter and receiver, which greatly decreased the viability of the photophone in any practical use. It would be several decades before the photophone's principles found their first practical applications in
894:
1278:
One of the best-known examples of wireless technology is the mobile phone, also known as a cellular phone, with more than 6.6 billion mobile cellular subscriptions worldwide as of the end of 2010. These wireless phones use radio waves from signal-transmission towers to enable their users to make
1077:
The technology is useful where physical connections are impractical due to high costs or other considerations. For example, free space optical links are used in cities between office buildings that are not wired for networking, where the cost of running cable through the building and under the street
1523:
New wireless technologies, such as mobile body area networks (MBAN), have the capability to monitor blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen level, and body temperature. The MBAN works by sending low-powered wireless signals to receivers that feed into nursing stations or monitoring sites. This technology
1261:. Their regulations determine which frequency ranges can be used for what purpose and by whom. In the absence of such control or alternative arrangements such as a privatized electromagnetic spectrum, chaos might result if, for example, airlines did not have specific frequencies to work under and an
710:
Wireless operations permit services, such as mobile and interplanetary communications, that are impossible or impractical to implement with the use of wires. The term is commonly used in the telecommunications industry to refer to telecommunications systems (e.g. radio transmitters and receivers,
1491:
Peripheral devices in computing can also be connected wirelessly, as part of a Wi-Fi network or directly via an optical or radio-frequency (RF) peripheral interface. Originally these units used bulky, highly local transceivers to mediate between a computer and a keyboard and mouse; however, more
1514:
Wireless energy transfer is a process whereby electrical energy is transmitted from a power source to an electrical load that does not have a built-in power source, without the use of interconnecting wires. There are two different fundamental methods for wireless energy transfer. Energy can be
694:
was revived in the 1980s and 1990s mainly to distinguish digital devices that communicate without wires, such as the examples listed in the previous paragraph, from those that require wires or cables. This became its primary usage in the 2000s, due to the advent of technologies such as
844:, but discounted as a communication format since they seemed, at the time, to be a short-range phenomenon. Marconi soon developed a system that was transmitting signals way beyond distances anyone could have predicted (due in part to the signals bouncing off the then unknown
1320:, cell phones, and other related devices. The various available technologies differ in local availability, coverage range, and performance, and in some circumstances, users employ multiple connection types and switch between them using connection manager software or a
1380:. Wi-Fi has become the de facto standard for access in private homes, within offices, and at public hotspots. Some businesses charge customers a monthly fee for service, while others have begun offering it free in an effort to increase the sales of their goods.
1483:, to provide a backup communications link in case of normal network failure, to link portable or temporary workstations, to overcome situations where normal cabling is difficult or financially impractical, or to remotely connect mobile users or networks.
1049:
An 8-beam free space optics laser link, rated for 1 Gbit/s at a distance of approximately 2 km. The receptor is the large disc in the middle, and the transmitters are the smaller ones. To the top and right corner is a
1470:
are responsible for sensing noise, interference, and activity in data collection networks. This allows us to detect relevant quantities, monitor and collect data, formulate clear user displays, and to perform decision-making
1027:. The waves travel away from the antenna until they eventually reach the antenna of a receiver, which induces an electric current in the receiving antenna. This current can be detected and
1197:
Cordless computer peripherals: the cordless mouse is a common example; wireless headphones, keyboards, and printers can also be linked to a computer via wireless using technology such as
676:
has been used twice in communications history, with slightly different meanings. It was initially used from about 1890 for the first radio transmitting and receiving technology, as in
2408:
1066:. "Free space" means the light beams travel through the open air or outer space. This contrasts with other communication technologies that use light beams traveling through
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leading to a social revolution, and a paradigm shift from wired to wireless technology, including the proliferation of commercial wireless technologies such as
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4157:
3182:
1571:
1898:(p.396) In a public opinion poll in Sweden in 1942, 31.4 percent answered 'Yes' to the question "Do you usually listen to the foreign news on the wireless?'
799:
induction telegraph system for sending messages across bodies of water, and several operational and proposed telegraphy and voice earth conduction systems.
3140:
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were investigated for telegraphy in the late 19th century before practical radio systems became available. These included a patented induction system by
2817:
1117:
only allows short-range communication and power transmission. It has been used in biomedical situations such as pacemakers, as well as for short-range
715:
and acoustic energy) to transfer information without the use of wires. Information is transferred in this manner over both short and long distances.
2669:
2646:
Aravamudhan, Lachu; Faccin, Stefano; Mononen, Risto; Patil, Basavaraj; Saifullah, Yousuf; Sharma, Sarvesh; Sreemanthula, Srinivas (4 July 2003).
1979:
Biswas, S.; Tatchikou, R.; Dion, F. (January 2006). "Vehicle-to-vehicle wireless communication protocols for enhancing highway traffic safety".
1265:
operator was interfering with a pilot's ability to land an aircraft. Wireless communication spans the spectrum from 9 kHz to 300 GHz.
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4169:
4149:
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2197:
2057:
1936:
Franconi, Nicholas G.; Bunger, Andrew P.; Sejdić, Ervin; Mickle, Marlin H. (24 October 2014). "Wireless
Communication in Oil and Gas Wells".
1751:
1728:
1616:
1417:
300:
1194:(GPS): allows drivers of cars and trucks, captains of boats and ships, and pilots of aircraft to ascertain their location anywhere on earth.
960:, and the transition from analog to digital RF technology, which enabled a substantial increase in voice traffic along with the delivery of
2554:
1661:
787:
A number of wireless electrical signaling schemes including sending electric currents through water and the ground using electrostatic and
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289:
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that are available for use for communication are treated as a public resource and are regulated by organizations such as the
American
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replaced it around 1920. Radio sets in the UK and the
English-speaking world that were not portable continued to be referred to as
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transmitted through space. Specifically, the transmitter generates artificial electromagnetic waves by applying time-varying
47:
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In definitions given in the index, p. 162, the term "radio set" is listed as synonymous with the term "wireless set"
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helps with the intentional and unintentional risk of infection or disconnection that arise from wired connections.
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may be used where other wireless connections are unavailable, such as in largely rural areas or remote locations.
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Tech Target – Definition of
Wireless – Posted by Margaret Rouse (2 April control and traffic control systems
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Jones, George (14 September 2010). "Future Proof: How
Wireless Energy Transfer Will Kill the Power Cable".
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allowing a telegraph on a running train to connect with telegraph wires running parallel to the tracks, a
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33:
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technology that uses light propagating in free space to transmit wireless data for telecommunications or
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1910:
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Wireless data communications are used to span a distance beyond the capabilities of typical cabling in
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used to house the equipment required to transmit and receive the radio signals from these instruments.
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recent generations have used smaller, higher-performance devices. Radio-frequency interfaces, such as
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and pagers: provide connectivity for portable and mobile applications, both personal and business.
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32:"Over the air broadcasting" redirects here. For the technology over the air television, see
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1392:. Speeds have increased as technologies have evolved, from earlier technologies such as
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2737:
Global Mobile
Satellite Communications for Maritime, Land and Aeronautical Applications
1698:
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1083:
841:
796:
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443:
408:
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115:
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609:. It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable applications, including
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phone calls from many locations worldwide. They can be used within the range of the
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3763:
3708:
3638:
3603:
3538:
3437:
3427:
3279:
2899:"First Demonstration of a Surveillance Camera Powered by Ordinary Wi-Fi Broadcasts"
2367:
2147:
2074:"Milestones: First Millimeter-wave Communication Experiments by J.C. Bose, 1894-96"
2008:
1712:
1657:
1562:
1497:
1361:
1357:
1353:
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networking to allow laptops, PDAs, printers, and digital cameras to exchange data.
961:
897:
614:
418:
343:
230:
165:
125:
105:
2818:"27Mhz Wireless Keyboard Analysis Report aka 'We know what you typed last summer'"
948:
with wireless connections. The wireless revolution has been driven by advances in
665:. Somewhat less common methods of achieving wireless communications involve other
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2735:
2334:
2154:
1874:
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27:
Transfer of information or power that does not require the use of physical wires
669:
phenomena, such as light and magnetic or electric fields, or the use of sound.
4128:
3835:
3533:
3442:
3398:
3368:
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3336:
3311:
2129:
1992:
1589:
1342:
1341:
that enables portable computing devices to connect easily with other devices,
1103:
1028:
1012:
845:
757:
735:
601:. With radio waves, intended distances can be short, such as a few meters for
598:
488:
383:
2000:
1957:
4113:
3578:
3393:
2238:
1766:
1690:
1493:
1389:
1280:
1202:
1106:
short-range communication involves the transmission and reception of sound.
1051:
1008:
704:
650:
602:
478:
358:
348:
210:
170:
2777:
1949:
1211:
sets: these are limited-range devices, not to be confused with cell phones.
2435:"Robust demand for mobile phone service will continue; UN agency predicts"
2049:
Icons of
Invention: The Makers of the Modern World from Gutenberg to Gates
1291:"Wireless Internet" redirects here. For all wireless Internet access, see
4108:
4098:
4015:
3663:
1736:
1724:
1421:
1377:
1144:) are typically used by business, industrial, and Public Safety entities.
44:
2801:
Paventi, Jared (26 October 2013). "How does a
Wireless Keyboard Work?".
740:
4103:
4088:
1682:
1665:
1593:
1172:
1155:, GMRS (General Mobile Radio Service), and Citizens band ("CB") radios.
916:
The wireless revolution began in the 1990s, with the advent of digital
840:, which had been known about since proof of their existence in 1888 by
806:
and earth conductive systems found limited use between trenches during
2275:
2198:"1901: Semiconductor Rectifiers Patented as "Cat's Whisker" Detectors"
4133:
4093:
3415:
3207:
3160:
3155:
1678:
1413:
929:
4118:
4055:
3363:
3147:
Sir
Jagadis Chandra Bose - The man who (almost) invented the radio
1772:
1732:
1720:
1597:
1437:
1373:
1333:
1254:
1250:
1044:
892:
823:
739:
700:
528:
265:
255:
145:
2409:"AT&T Releases Navigator GPS Service with Speech Recognition"
2106:"The work of Jagadis Chandra Bose: 100 years of mm-wave research"
4060:
2110:
1997 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, Vol. 3
1876:
British Broadcasting: Radio and Television in the United Kingdom
1777:
1605:
1258:
1091:
893:
828:
Marconi transmitting the first radio signal across the Atlantic.
748:
The first wireless telephone conversation occurred in 1880 when
506:
3164:
1388:
offers coverage within a range of 10-15 miles from the nearest
3306:
1457:
1393:
1237:
AM and FM radios and other electronic devices make use of the
874:
2770:
Smart Environments: Technologies, Protocols, and Applications
2262:
Rappaport, T. S. (November 1991). "The wireless revolution".
1914:
1440:) bridge the gap between Wi-Fi and Cellular for low-bitrate
881:
junctions to detect radio waves, when he patented the radio
856:
for their contribution to this form of wireless telegraphy.
597:
for the transfer. The most common wireless technologies use
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1425:
1409:
1405:
579:, when the context allows) is the transfer of information (
2670:"What really is a Third Generation (3G) Mobile Technology"
711:
remote controls, etc.) that use some form of energy (e.g.
3131:
Bibliography - History of wireless and radio broadcasting
802:
The Edison system was used by stranded trains during the
1456:
are especially important for transportation, aviation,
1324:
to handle the multiple connections as a secure, single
1214:
Satellite television: Is broadcast from satellites in
810:
but these systems were never successful economically.
1528:
Categories of implementations, devices, and standards
1078:
would be prohibitive. Another widely used example is
1031:
to recreate the information sent by the transmitter.
3030:
Principles of Wireless Networks – a Unified Approach
1376:
has link speeds similar to older standards of wired
4142:
4079:
4001:
3965:
3922:
3863:
3797:
3506:
3198:
2998:
Space-Time Block Coding For Wireless Communications
1727:), Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMAN) and (
1222:
to provide multiple television channels to viewers.
836:began developing a wireless telegraph system using
585:) between two or more points without the use of an
3006:
2924:
2648:"Getting to Know Wireless Networks and Technology"
2114:IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Research
877:in his experiments. He also introduced the use of
3028:Pahlavan, Kaveh; Krishnamurthy, Prashant (2002).
2816:Moser, Max; Schrödel, Philipp (5 December 2007).
2116:. Vol. 45, no. 12. pp. 2267–2273.
2084:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
1090:) networking, which is used as an alternative to
3068:Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice
2234:RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies
2635:. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. p. 239.
1129:Common examples of wireless equipment include:
2926:"More Hospital Medical Devices to Go Wireless"
1424:. As of 2018, the proposed next generation is
1133:Infrared and ultrasonic remote control devices
3176:
3141:Nets, Webs and the Information Infrastructure
2362:
2360:
1058:Free-space optical communication (FSO) is an
1054:for assisting the alignment of the two heads.
553:
8:
1572:Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications
4191:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
3047:Pahlavan, Kaveh; Levesque, Allen H (1995).
2870:. Cambridge University Press. p. 329.
1662:DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications)
4227:
3183:
3169:
3161:
1636:Short-range point-to-point communication:
625:. Other examples of applications of radio
605:, or as far as millions of kilometers for
560:
546:
56:
2585:"General Dynamics- NetMotion Mobility XE"
2325:
2323:
2321:
1253:in the United Kingdom, the international
2497:
2495:
2493:
2226:
2224:
2222:
1628:in accordance with ITU RR (article 1.19)
862:communication was first investigated by
38:
2867:Wireless-Powered Communication Networks
2864:Dusit Niyato; Lotfollah Shafai (2017).
2703:"Wireless Network Industry Report 2007"
2411:. Telecom Industry News. Archived from
1837:
744:Bell and Tainter's photophone, of 1880.
68:
3106:Fundamentals of Wireless Communication
3104:Tse, David; Viswanath, Pramod (2005).
295:Wireless electronic devices and health
2996:Larsson, Erik; Stoica, Petre (2003).
1752:Comparison of wireless data standards
1650:RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)
866:during 1894–1896, when he reached an
507:Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)
301:International Telecommunication Union
7:
4237:
2708:. Wireless-Nets, Ltd. Archived from
2478:from the original on 3 February 2013
1345:, and the Internet. Standardized as
1295:. For mobile wireless Internet, see
326:Radiation sources / regions
290:Wireless device radiation and health
2028:. Macmillan and Company. p. 31
1328:. Supporting technologies include:
1308:Wireless data communications allow
1011:communication carry information by
313:World Radiocommunication Conference
2231:Golio, Mike; Golio, Janet (2018).
25:
2631:O'Brien, J; Marakas, G.M (2008).
2503:"High Speed Internet on the Road"
2152:reprinted in Igor Grigorov, Ed.,
1615:Radio station in accordance with
1481:point-to-multipoint communication
1247:Federal Communications Commission
4236:
4226:
4217:
4216:
4205:
3826:Free-space optical communication
3135:
1041:Free-space optical communication
76:
3087:The Wireless Internet Explained
2923:Linebaugh, Kate (23 May 2012).
2772:. New York: John Wiley: 11–46.
2052:. ABC-CLIO. 2009. p. 162.
1449:Mobile-satellite communications
1179:equipment used by aviators and
607:deep-space radio communications
3108:. Cambridge University Press.
2981:. Cambridge University Press.
2633:Management Information Systems
2469:Occupational Outlook Quarterly
2462:"You're a what? Tower Climber"
908:(RF) signals in long-distance
48:on-board communication station
1:
3049:Wireless Information Networks
3000:. Cambridge University Press.
2529:"What is Connection Manager?"
1611:List of emerging technologies
1074:or dielectric "light pipes".
176:Low-noise block downconverter
4212:Telecommunication portal
3993:Telecommunications equipment
3066:Rappaport, Theodore (2002).
2734:Ilcev, Stojce Dimov (2006).
2264:IEEE Communications Magazine
1981:IEEE Communications Magazine
1911:"ATIS Telecom Glossary 2007"
1477:point-to-point communication
1434:Low-power wide-area networks
772:Electric wireless technology
725:History of telecommunication
161:Counterpoise (ground system)
3729:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
997:Radio communication service
619:personal digital assistants
593:or other continuous guided
414:Friis transmission equation
18:Wireless telecommunications
4289:
3433:Telecommunications history
2977:Goldsmith, Andrea (2005).
2763:"Wireless Sensor Networks"
2241:. pp. ix, I-1, 18–2.
2158:, Vol. 2, No.3, pp. 87–96.
1913:. atis.org. Archived from
1819:Wireless Wide Area Network
1632:Radio communication system
1626:Radiocommunication service
1507:
1301:
1290:
1230:
1220:direct broadcast satellite
1165:Consumer and professional
1038:
1000:
990:
817:
780:
766:fiber-optic communications
733:
722:
251:Municipal wireless network
31:
4200:
4041:Public Switched Telephone
3853:telecommunication circuit
3814:Fiber-optic communication
3559:Francis Blake (telephone)
3354:Optical telecommunication
3051:. John Wiley & Sons.
3005:Molisch, Andreas (2005).
2372:"The Wireless Revolution"
2298:"The wireless revolution"
2130:10.1109/MWSYM.1997.602853
2025:Electricity and Magnetism
2022:Amédée Guillemin (1891).
1993:10.1109/mcom.2006.1580935
1793:Radio resource management
1582:Professional Mobile Radio
1241:. The frequencies of the
1192:Global Positioning System
1115:Electromagnetic induction
1110:Electromagnetic induction
1088:Infrared Data Association
789:electromagnetic induction
690:into the 1960s. The term
498:Bell Laboratories Layered
3952:Orbital angular-momentum
3389:Satellite communications
3228:Communications satellite
2336:Silicon RF Power MOSFETS
1879:. U of Minnesota Press.
1675:Wireless sensor networks
1670:Near Field Communication
1510:Wireless energy transfer
1467:Wireless sensor networks
1454:Satellite communications
1304:Radio data communication
1239:electromagnetic spectrum
1227:Electromagnetic spectrum
1142:Specialized Mobile Radio
964:such as text messaging,
868:extremely high frequency
657:, satellite television,
3831:Molecular communication
3654:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
3483:Undersea telegraph line
3218:Cable protection system
3009:Wireless Communications
2979:Wireless Communications
2932:The Wall Street Journal
2377:Encyclopædia Britannica
2206:Computer History Museum
2177:Computer History Museum
2104:Emerson, D. T. (1997).
2079:List of IEEE milestones
1783:Mobile (disambiguation)
1218:. Typical services use
981:Wireless communications
854:Nobel Prize for Physics
762:military communications
531:Multiple Access (WSDMA)
529:Wideband Space Division
52:maritime mobile service
4273:Television terminology
3973:Communication protocol
3759:Charles Sumner Tainter
3574:Walter Houser Brattain
3519:Edwin Howard Armstrong
3327:Information revolution
2778:10.1002/047168659X.ch2
1950:10.1002/ente.201402067
1873:Paulu, Burton (1956).
1687:Personal area networks
1055:
1003:Microwave transmission
913:
852:were awarded the 1909
829:
804:Great Blizzard of 1888
754:Charles Sumner Tainter
745:
573:Wireless communication
261:Radio masts and towers
54:
34:Terrestrial television
3947:Polarization-division
3679:Narinder Singh Kapany
3644:Erna Schneider Hoover
3564:Jagadish Chandra Bose
3544:Alexander Graham Bell
3275:online video platform
3085:Rhoton, John (2001).
2903:MIT Technology Review
2675:. ITU. Archived from
1809:Wireless access point
1386:Cellular data service
1281:mobile telephone site
1060:optical communication
1048:
1017:electromagnetic waves
1001:Further information:
958:microwave engineering
896:
864:Jagadish Chandra Bose
827:
750:Alexander Graham Bell
743:
682:, until the new word
449:Signal-to-noise ratio
284:Safety and regulation
42:
3789:Vladimir K. Zworykin
3749:Almon Brown Strowger
3719:Charles Grafton Page
3374:Prepaid mobile phone
3302:Electrical telegraph
3013:. Wiley-IEEE Press.
2761:Lewis, F.L. (2004).
2591:on 26 September 2011
1638:Wireless microphones
1519:Medical technologies
1162:Service (Ham radio).
1153:Family Radio Service
900:, which are used in
850:Karl Ferdinand Braun
659:broadcast television
587:electrical conductor
434:Radiation resistance
3739:Johann Philipp Reis
3498:Wireless revolution
3460:The Telephone Cases
3317:Hydraulic telegraph
2958:Geier, Jim (2001).
2701:Geier, Jim (2008).
2509:on 3 September 2011
2122:1997imsd.conf..553E
1851:. US War Department
1444:(IoT) applications.
1310:wireless networking
1287:Data communications
1233:Spectrum management
1216:geostationary orbit
1186:Cellular telephones
1181:air traffic control
1064:computer networking
993:Radio communication
902:RF power amplifiers
889:Wireless revolution
783:Wireless telegraphy
679:wireless telegraphy
663:cordless telephones
635:garage door openers
627:wireless technology
623:wireless networking
615:cellular telephones
3937:Frequency-division
3914:Telephone exchange
3784:Charles Wheatstone
3714:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
3689:Innocenzo Manzetti
3624:Reginald Fessenden
3359:Optical telegraphy
3192:Telecommunications
2830:on 23 January 2009
2715:on 12 October 2012
2559:Unwired Revolution
2441:. 15 February 2010
2202:The Silicon Engine
2173:The Silicon Engine
1845:U.S. Army (1944).
1568:Cordless telephony
1442:Internet of things
1339:local area network
1293:Wireless broadband
1209:Cordless telephone
1136:Professional LMR (
1102:Sonic, especially
1068:transmission lines
1056:
1035:Free-space optical
946:handheld computers
914:
830:
746:
500:Space-Time (BLAST)
354:Near and far field
55:
4250:
4249:
3988:Store and forward
3983:Data transmission
3897:Network switching
3848:Transmission line
3694:Guglielmo Marconi
3659:Internet pioneers
3524:Mohamed M. Atalla
3493:Whistled language
3089:. Digital Press.
3070:. Prentice Hall.
3032:. Prentice Hall.
2877:978-1-107-13569-7
2565:on 9 January 2012
2533:Microsoft Technet
2460:Vilorio, Dennis.
2331:Baliga, B. Jayant
2306:. 21 January 1999
2276:10.1109/35.109666
2059:978-0-313-34743-6
1938:Energy Technology
1814:Wireless security
1799:Timeline of radio
1769:(Vehicle to Grid)
1709:Wireless networks
1578:Land Mobile Radio
1535:Cellular networks
1460:and military use.
1412:networks such as
1314:desktop computers
1274:Mobile telephones
1167:Marine VHF radios
1138:Land Mobile Radio
1021:electric currents
944:, and laptop and
942:wireless Internet
938:cellular networks
934:computer networks
918:wireless networks
910:wireless networks
834:Guglielmo Marconi
582:telecommunication
570:
569:
454:Spurious emission
439:Radio propagation
429:Radiation pattern
404:Equivalent radius
399:Electrical length
306:Radio Regulations
151:Block upconverter
16:(Redirected from
4280:
4268:History of radio
4240:
4239:
4230:
4229:
4220:
4219:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4081:Notable networks
4071:Wireless network
4011:Cellular network
4003:Types of network
3978:Computer network
3865:Network topology
3779:Thomas A. Watson
3634:Oliver Heaviside
3619:Philo Farnsworth
3594:Daniel Davis Jr.
3569:Charles Bourseul
3529:John Logie Baird
3238:Data compression
3233:Computer network
3185:
3178:
3171:
3162:
3139:
3119:
3100:
3081:
3062:
3043:
3024:
3012:
3001:
2992:
2973:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2928:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2829:
2823:. Archived from
2822:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2767:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2714:
2707:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2681:
2674:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2587:. Archived from
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2561:. Archived from
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2505:. Archived from
2499:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2477:
2466:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2364:
2355:
2354:
2341:World Scientific
2327:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2228:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2165:
2159:
2151:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2019:
2013:
2012:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1944:(12): 996–1005.
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1848:Technical Manual
1842:
1703:WiMedia Alliance
1318:tablet computers
1297:Mobile broadband
1257:or the European
1177:radio navigation
1082:devices such as
954:microelectronics
926:mobile telephony
883:crystal detector
873:
820:History of radio
697:mobile broadband
562:
555:
548:
327:
241:Cellular network
181:Passive radiator
80:
57:
21:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4246:
4206:
4204:
4196:
4138:
4075:
3997:
3961:
3918:
3867:
3859:
3800:
3793:
3699:Robert Metcalfe
3554:Tim Berners-Lee
3502:
3322:Information Age
3194:
3189:
3127:
3122:
3116:
3103:
3097:
3084:
3078:
3065:
3059:
3046:
3040:
3027:
3021:
3004:
2995:
2989:
2976:
2970:
2957:
2953:
2951:Further reading
2948:
2947:
2937:
2935:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2907:
2905:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2820:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2765:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2594:
2592:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2568:
2566:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2538:
2536:
2535:. 28 March 2003
2527:
2526:
2522:
2512:
2510:
2501:
2500:
2491:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2442:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2418:
2416:
2415:on 14 June 2012
2406:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2382:
2380:
2366:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2329:
2328:
2319:
2309:
2307:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2230:
2229:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2179:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2140:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2029:
2021:
2020:
2016:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1918:
1917:on 2 March 2008
1909:
1908:
1904:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1854:
1852:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1821:(True wireless)
1762:Hotspot (Wi-Fi)
1747:
1742:
1642:Remote controls
1530:
1521:
1512:
1506:
1504:Energy transfer
1489:
1326:virtual network
1306:
1300:
1289:
1276:
1271:
1235:
1229:
1127:
1112:
1100:
1084:remote controls
1043:
1037:
1005:
999:
991:Main articles:
989:
978:
970:streaming media
950:radio frequency
906:radio frequency
891:
871:
860:Millimetre wave
848:). Marconi and
822:
816:
785:
779:
774:
738:
732:
727:
721:
667:electromagnetic
655:radio receivers
566:
537:
536:
533:
530:
524:
520:Spread spectrum
515:Reconfiguration
502:
499:
493:
468:
460:
459:
458:
378:
377:Characteristics
370:
369:
368:
328:
325:
318:
317:
309:
303:
285:
277:
276:
275:
225:
217:
216:
215:
140:
132:
131:
130:
90:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4286:
4284:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4255:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4234:
4224:
4214:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4152:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4085:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4007:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3932:Space-division
3928:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3882:
3877:
3871:
3869:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3811:
3805:
3803:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3769:Camille Tissot
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3744:Claude Shannon
3741:
3736:
3734:Tivadar Puskás
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3704:Antonio Meucci
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3674:Charles K. Kao
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3649:Harold Hopkins
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3549:Emile Berliner
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3488:Videotelephony
3485:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3463:
3456:
3451:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3391:
3386:
3384:Radiotelephone
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3270:Internet video
3262:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3204:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3149:
3144:
3133:
3126:
3125:External links
3123:
3121:
3120:
3114:
3101:
3095:
3082:
3076:
3063:
3057:
3044:
3038:
3025:
3019:
3002:
2993:
2987:
2974:
2968:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2915:
2890:
2876:
2856:
2841:
2808:
2793:
2786:
2753:
2746:
2726:
2693:
2682:on 7 June 2011
2661:
2638:
2623:
2602:
2576:
2555:"Our Products"
2546:
2520:
2489:
2452:
2439:UN News Centre
2426:
2399:
2390:
2370:(8 May 2003).
2356:
2349:
2317:
2289:
2254:
2247:
2218:
2189:
2160:
2138:
2096:
2065:
2058:
2039:
2014:
1971:
1928:
1902:
1885:
1865:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1706:
1699:Ultra-wideband
1672:
1634:
1629:
1623:
1622:(article 1.61)
1613:
1608:
1575:
1565:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1508:Main article:
1505:
1502:
1488:
1485:
1473:
1472:
1462:
1461:
1445:
1430:
1429:
1382:
1381:
1337:is a wireless
1288:
1285:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1243:radio spectrum
1228:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1212:
1206:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1151:including FRS
1145:
1134:
1126:
1123:
1111:
1108:
1099:
1096:
1039:Main article:
1036:
1033:
1015:properties of
988:
985:
977:
974:
890:
887:
842:Heinrich Hertz
818:Main article:
815:
812:
797:William Preece
781:Main article:
778:
777:Early wireless
775:
773:
770:
734:Main article:
731:
728:
720:
717:
639:computer mouse
611:two-way radios
568:
567:
565:
564:
557:
550:
542:
539:
538:
535:
534:
527:
523:
522:
517:
511:
510:
509:
503:
496:
492:
491:
486:
481:
476:
470:
469:
466:
465:
462:
461:
457:
456:
451:
446:
444:Radio spectrum
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
380:
379:
376:
375:
372:
371:
367:
366:
364:Vertical plane
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
330:
329:
324:
323:
320:
319:
316:
315:
310:
299:
297:
292:
286:
283:
282:
279:
278:
274:
273:
268:
263:
258:
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243:
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233:
227:
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223:
222:
219:
218:
214:
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208:
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198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
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168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
142:
141:
138:
137:
134:
133:
129:
128:
123:
118:
116:Satellite dish
113:
108:
103:
98:
92:
91:
86:
85:
82:
81:
73:
72:
66:
65:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4285:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4243:
4235:
4233:
4225:
4223:
4215:
4213:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4192:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3958:
3957:Code-division
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3942:Time-division
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3868:and switching
3866:
3862:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3820:
3819:optical fiber
3817:
3816:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3809:Coaxial cable
3807:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3796:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3724:Radia Perlman
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3614:Lee de Forest
3612:
3610:
3609:Thomas Edison
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3599:Donald Davies
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3584:Claude Chappe
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3428:Smoke signals
3426:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3406:Semiconductor
3404:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3265:Digital media
3263:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3181:
3179:
3174:
3172:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3117:
3115:0-521-84527-0
3111:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3096:1-55558-257-5
3092:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3077:0-13-042232-0
3073:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3058:0-471-10607-0
3054:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3039:0-13-093003-2
3035:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3020:0-470-84888-X
3016:
3011:
3010:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2988:0-521-83716-2
2984:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2969:0-672-32058-4
2965:
2961:
2960:Wireless LANs
2956:
2955:
2950:
2934:
2933:
2927:
2919:
2916:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2879:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2860:
2857:
2852:
2845:
2842:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2809:
2804:
2797:
2794:
2789:
2787:9780471686590
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2754:
2749:
2747:9781402027840
2743:
2739:
2738:
2730:
2727:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2694:
2678:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2649:
2642:
2639:
2634:
2627:
2624:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2453:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2414:
2410:
2407:Tsai, Allen.
2403:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2368:Harvey, Fiona
2363:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2350:9789812561213
2346:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2305:
2304:
2303:The Economist
2299:
2293:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2270:(11): 52–71.
2269:
2265:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2248:9781420006728
2244:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2139:9780986488511
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2097:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2040:
2027:
2026:
2018:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1929:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1888:
1886:9781452909547
1882:
1878:
1877:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1850:
1849:
1841:
1838:
1831:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1804:Tuner (radio)
1802:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1788:Radio antenna
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1757:Digital radio
1755:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
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1560:
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1527:
1525:
1518:
1516:
1511:
1503:
1501:
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1484:
1482:
1478:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1459:
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1450:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1379:
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1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1263:amateur radio
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1160:Amateur Radio
1157:
1154:
1150:
1149:Two-way radio
1146:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1073:
1072:optical fiber
1069:
1065:
1061:
1053:
1047:
1042:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1004:
998:
994:
986:
984:
982:
975:
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
911:
907:
903:
899:
898:Power MOSFETs
895:
888:
886:
884:
880:
879:semiconductor
876:
869:
865:
861:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
826:
821:
813:
811:
809:
805:
800:
798:
794:
793:Thomas Edison
790:
784:
776:
771:
769:
767:
764:and later in
763:
759:
756:invented the
755:
751:
742:
737:
729:
726:
718:
716:
714:
708:
706:
702:
698:
693:
689:
688:wireless sets
685:
681:
680:
675:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
591:optical fiber
588:
584:
583:
578:
574:
563:
558:
556:
551:
549:
544:
543:
541:
540:
532:
526:
525:
521:
518:
516:
513:
512:
508:
504:
501:
495:
494:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
474:Beam steering
472:
471:
464:
463:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
381:
374:
373:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
331:
322:
321:
314:
311:
307:
302:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
287:
281:
280:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
236:Amateur radio
234:
232:
229:
228:
221:
220:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
156:Coaxial cable
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
143:
136:
135:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
93:
89:
84:
83:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
63:
59:
58:
53:
49:
46:
41:
35:
30:
19:
3924:Multiplexing
3840:
3799:Transmission
3764:Nikola Tesla
3754:Henry Sutton
3709:Samuel Morse
3639:Robert Hooke
3604:Amos Dolbear
3539:John Bardeen
3458:
3438:Telautograph
3342:Mobile phone
3297:Edholm's law
3280:social media
3213:Broadcasting
3143:at Wikibooks
3105:
3086:
3067:
3048:
3029:
3008:
2997:
2978:
2959:
2936:. Retrieved
2930:
2918:
2906:. Retrieved
2902:
2893:
2881:. Retrieved
2866:
2859:
2850:
2844:
2832:. Retrieved
2825:the original
2811:
2802:
2796:
2769:
2756:
2740:. Springer.
2736:
2729:
2717:. Retrieved
2710:the original
2696:
2684:. Retrieved
2677:the original
2664:
2652:. Retrieved
2641:
2632:
2626:
2614:. Retrieved
2605:
2593:. Retrieved
2589:the original
2579:
2567:. Retrieved
2563:the original
2558:
2549:
2537:. Retrieved
2532:
2523:
2511:. Retrieved
2507:the original
2480:. Retrieved
2468:
2455:
2443:. Retrieved
2438:
2429:
2417:. Retrieved
2413:the original
2402:
2393:
2383:12 September
2381:. Retrieved
2375:
2335:
2310:12 September
2308:. Retrieved
2301:
2292:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2233:
2209:. Retrieved
2201:
2192:
2180:. Retrieved
2172:
2163:
2153:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2087:. Retrieved
2077:
2068:
2048:
2042:
2030:. Retrieved
2024:
2017:
1987:(1): 74–82.
1984:
1980:
1974:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1919:. Retrieved
1915:the original
1905:
1897:
1890:. Retrieved
1875:
1868:
1860:
1853:. Retrieved
1847:
1840:
1713:Wireless LAN
1658:Wireless USB
1522:
1513:
1498:Wireless USB
1490:
1474:
1465:
1447:
1433:
1385:
1332:
1307:
1277:
1269:Applications
1236:
1199:Wireless USB
1128:
1113:
1101:
1076:
1057:
1006:
983:can be via:
980:
979:
962:digital data
915:
858:
831:
801:
786:
747:
709:
691:
687:
683:
677:
673:
671:
626:
621:(PDAs), and
580:
576:
572:
571:
344:Ground plane
270:
231:Antenna farm
88:Common types
29:
4124:NPL network
3836:Radio waves
3774:Alfred Vail
3684:Hedy Lamarr
3669:Dawon Kahng
3629:Elisha Gray
3589:Yogen Dalal
3514:Nasir Ahmed
3448:Teleprinter
3312:Heliographs
2908:20 November
2719:6 September
2616:6 September
2569:6 September
2539:6 September
2513:6 September
2445:6 September
1825:WSSUS model
1719:branded as
1717:IEEE 802.11
1695:TransferJet
1654:TransferJet
1487:Peripherals
1347:IEEE 802.11
1343:peripherals
1316:, laptops,
1140:) and SMR (
1080:consumer IR
1029:demodulated
932:, wireless
922:cell phones
870:of up to 60
838:radio waves
814:Radio waves
808:World War I
713:radio waves
637:, wireless
599:radio waves
484:Beamforming
389:Directivity
339:Focal cloud
201:Transmitter
4257:Categories
4170:Antarctica
4129:Toasternet
4051:Television
3534:Paul Baran
3466:Television
3450:(teletype)
3443:Telegraphy
3421:transistor
3399:Phryctoria
3369:Photophone
3347:Smartphone
3337:Mass media
2834:6 February
2650:. InformIT
2482:6 December
2169:"Timeline"
1832:References
1701:(UWB from
1404:, through
1322:mobile VPN
1302:See also:
1231:See also:
1104:ultrasonic
1086:and IrDA (
1013:modulating
1007:Radio and
846:ionosphere
758:photophone
736:Photophone
730:Photophone
723:See also:
651:headphones
489:Small cell
467:Techniques
394:Efficiency
384:Array gain
139:Components
121:Television
4154:Americas
4143:Locations
4114:Internet2
3875:Bandwidth
3579:Vint Cerf
3476:streaming
3454:Telephone
3394:Semaphore
3285:streaming
2851:MaximumPC
2595:30 August
2239:CRC Press
2211:23 August
2182:22 August
2089:1 October
2001:0163-6804
1966:111149917
1958:2194-4288
1892:13 August
1855:13 August
1767:ISO 15118
1715:(WLAN), (
1691:Bluetooth
1494:Bluetooth
1471:functions
1390:cell site
1203:Bluetooth
1147:Consumer
1052:monocular
1009:microwave
904:to boost
885:in 1901.
832:In 1894,
705:Bluetooth
672:The term
643:keyboards
603:Bluetooth
575:(or just
479:Beam tilt
359:Side lobe
349:Main lobe
334:Boresight
211:Twin-lead
171:Feed line
4263:Wireless
4222:Category
4109:Internet
4099:CYCLADES
4016:Ethernet
3966:Concepts
3890:terminal
3841:wireless
3664:Bob Kahn
3507:Pioneers
3332:Internet
3223:Cable TV
3152:Wireless
2962:. Sams.
2883:17 April
2473:Archived
2333:(2005).
2284:46573735
2155:Antentop
2032:17 April
1921:16 March
1745:See also
1737:HiperMAN
1725:HiperLAN
1570:: DECT (
1458:maritime
1422:CDMA2000
1378:Ethernet
1312:between
1125:Services
1070:such as
692:wireless
674:wireless
647:headsets
629:include
577:wireless
505:Massive
271:Wireless
186:Receiver
111:Monopole
70:Antennas
62:a series
60:Part of
45:handheld
4242:Commons
4232:Outline
4185:Oceania
4104:FidoNet
4089:ARPANET
3902:circuit
3471:digital
3200:History
2686:12 July
2654:12 July
2611:"Wi-Fi"
2419:2 April
2148:9039614
2118:Bibcode
2009:6076106
1683:EnOcean
1666:EnOcean
1594:OpenSky
1173:Airband
1025:antenna
1023:to its
719:History
633:units,
246:Hotspot
224:Systems
191:Rotator
101:Fractal
50:of the
4180:Europe
4150:Africa
4134:Usenet
4094:BITNET
4031:Mobile
3907:packet
3416:MOSFET
3411:device
3208:Beacon
3156:Curlie
3112:
3093:
3074:
3055:
3036:
3017:
2985:
2966:
2938:13 May
2874:
2784:
2744:
2347:
2282:
2245:
2146:
2136:
2056:
2007:
1999:
1964:
1956:
1883:
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