338:. On 9 December 2016, she was intercepted on her way back from a fair, by Hira Lama and his mother Kaili Tamang, and tied to a basketball pole with a rope. According to Pariyar's second son who was nine years old at the time and witnessed the whole event, Nirmaya Tamang, the shopkeeper who sold Lama the rope was also involved in the assault. In front of the villagers Lama had gathered to witness, he repeatedly beat Pariyar with a stick. He also kicked her on her chest. She was eventually force-fed human feces and untied. After she'd been helped away from the premises by her son, Lama again caught up with them and assaulted her a second time. Another witness said that the assault had occurred but it wasn't over an allegation of witchcraft.
285:, was severely beaten by her neighbours over the death of a newborn in her village. Ramakanta Chaudhary, the father of the infant, allegedly roused her neighbours into beating her. She suffered severe injuries to the chest and head, and had to be admitted to the hospital. Her son and daughter were also injured when they tried to shield their mother. The perpetrators had fled the village before police action could be taken. All of the five accused were arrested on 9 February, but were released on bail 15 days later. A year later, Siraha district court sentenced all five to three months in prison and fines of Rs 5,000 each.
253:, was killed by burning alive after a shaman accused her of witchcraft. The execution was carried out by a mob including her relatives, after the shamans brought in to investigate the illness of one of her relatives accused her of keeping him sick. She was attacked with sticks and rocks in the early morning while she was performing her household chores. The mob proceeded to douse her in gasoline and set her on fire in front of her nine-year-old daughter. Ten people, which included a group of five women, an eight-year-old boy, and two shamans, were charged with murder. Eight of the accused were sentenced to life in prison.
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feeling chest pain. The shamans identified Seti Maya as the culprit and accused her of trying to eat his heart. While she needed hospitalisation after the incident, she was threatened by the perpetrators, as well as the local leaders of political parties, against making a police report. A police complaint was only launched by the victim three days later. All four accused were arrested.
192:
compensation to the victim. An additional three months of jail time is stipulated for perpetrators who happen to be a government employee at the time of the crime. In addition, the perpetrators would also be prosecuted for other charges relevant to the incident, such as torture, assault, and murder. This provision replaced the outdated Muluki Ain provision mentioned above.
346:, by lodging a complaint to the police that she had hurt shopkeeper Tamang's buffalo, a case that had been settled just a day before she was found dead. Following her death, police reportedly arrested her husband who had reported the death as the main suspect. He reportedly confessed to beating her the previous night but denied his culpability in her death.
188:(witch-doctors), the penalties were Rs 70,000 in fines and 7 years of jail. In addition, slandering the family members of the victim could incur fines of up to Rs 30,000 and up to three years of jail. If the perpetrator does not have the means to compensate the victim, the victim would be compensated through the Gender Violence Prevention Fund.
317:
local girl. A group of people that included women, and one of the alleged masterminds Kari Kha had been arrested, while many others were still at large, as of 26 August. It was alleged that the police had refused to register the case the next day because it was a
Saturday (public holiday) which had given opportunity to the accused to flee.
157:, especially the Council of Ministers' Gender Empowerment Coordination Unit (GECU) actively seeks to combat the issues related to witch-hunts in Nepal, in collaboration with other ministries and (NWC). There are some NGOs that provide relief to victims as well, but their effectiveness is questionable. A shelter has been set up in
201:
directly assaulting the victim are investigated by the police while in truth a whole community may be involved or the perpetrators may have been directed by their families, friends, or elders and in some cases a committee of village elders. The following is a non-exhaustive list of reported witch-hunt-related incidents in Nepal.
451:
Chaudhary expressed her desire to become a woman's rights activist after her ordeal. She was fearful about the prospect of returning to her village. She finally returned home after several days of rehabilitation at the Women's
Rehabilitation Center in Dhangadhi. She reported feeling ostracised by her
394:
in southern Nepal, by her neighbours
Indradevi and her daughter Neelam Das. Ritadevi filed a complaint against her assailants when she was assaulted for the third time, the last assault having occurred on the night of 30 December 2017. Her neighbours reportedly suspected witchcraft because Ritadevi's
316:
was accused by a group of influential people in her village, and she and her husband were ordered to leave the village. They had agreed and were preparing to leave the next day. However, they were attacked the same night, and she was beaten to death. She was accused of witchcraft for the illness of a
464:
in southern Nepal was beaten by members of her own family on the night of 22 May 2018 when a shaman accused her of keeping her sister-in-law's son sick. The parents and brothers of the sick boy, who had failed to recover from his illness after a year, assaulted his aunt, beating her indiscriminately
200:
The true extent of the prevalence is unknown as only a small fraction are reported. The increase in reports of witch-hunts in recent years may reflect an increase in awareness in Nepal. Many of the cases go unreported, especially when they occur in remote rural communities. In many cases, only those
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for the victims of witch-hunts. Women's
Rehabilitation Center (WOREC) and Women's Foundation of Nepal (WFN) are two prominent organisations working with victims of witch-hunt–related violence. Television programs, street, and stage plays have been created and performed by various artists and social
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was assaulted by a group of three brothers on 3 June 2018. They were carrying out instructions from their father, who suspected her of witchcraft when she was seen performing rituals in a nearby temple in an attempt to cure another sick woman. They were reportedly trying to force her to leave their
358:
was attacked inside her home and beaten by Shiva Nath Yadav and two others from her village. Her husband also sustained injuries trying to shield her. She was taken to a medical center for treatment after being rescued with the help of other villagers. Shiva Nath Yadav's daughter had been ill, for
236:
published on 15 February 2010, Kalli
Bishwokarma, a 47-year old Dalit woman, was abducted by a group of 35 people from her own village and held for two days in a cowshed without food or water, and tortured. She was made to eat human feces and drink urine. She confessed to making a schoolteacher in
99:
Witchcraft may be blamed in Nepali societies for material loss, sickness of cattle, and other problems, in addition to mental and physical illnesses in humans. It is also believed that witches can give deadly or chronic diseases by means of food or drinks. As such, suspected witches are completely
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officer, on 14 November 2018, after three local shamans accused her of being the village witch. She had to be admitted to a hospital in
Kathmandu. The main perpetrator, Dhan Bahadur Magar, a Nepal Army officer on leave, had brought in three shamans to investigate his ailment, after he had started
111:
Mob violence (including killing) based on accusations of witchcraft, sometimes sanctioned by a committee of village elders, is prevalent. The accused may be paraded naked, with their faces blackened with soot or battery powder, and a garland of shoes around their neck, made to feed on excrement,
191:
The
Criminal Code Bill passed in 2017 stipulates penalties for inhuman treatment of an individual by accusing them of practising witchcraft. According to section 168 of the bill, the perpetrator of such an act could face up to five years in jail and up to Rs. 50,000 in fines to be granted as
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women. Witch-doctors play a key role in providing an authoritative accusation against the targeted victim in order to rouse the whole community to participate in the violence. It has been suggested that witch-hunts serve to discipline all women, preventing them from asserting their rights.
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associated with reporting violence, and normalisation of violence as a way of life. The police are more likely to suggest reconciliation and altogether reject a complaint. Almost all perpetrators go unpunished unless there is a death, and victims are left without any remedial measures.
181:
The Anti-Witchcraft Act (2014) was specifically enacted to curb violence based on accusations of witchcraft, by introducing stringent measures. It stipulated fines not exceeding Rs 100,000 and up to 10 years in jail. In cases where the accusation was levelled based on the verdicts of
116:. The most vulnerable group are the widows who may be accused of killing their own husbands using witchcraft. Such an accusation against a widow is almost always used as a means to prevent her from inheriting her husband's property. A significant number of victims are poor
91:. Many victims succumb to their injuries from torture and assault. Non-murderous witch-hunts usually include beating and feeding of excrement, as it is believed that witches must follow a strict dietary regimen of purity to retain their magical powers.
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was fined Rs. 100,000 and sentenced to five years in jail, in June 2018. His accomplice, Kismati
Chaudhary, was sentenced to one year and fined Rs. 50,000 while another accomplice, Smarika Chaudhary, was sentenced to six months and fined Rs. 25,000.
217:
was dragged from her home, beaten up in public, force-fed human excrement and paraded naked by members of her community including her relatives, in
November 2009. She was accused of killing her mother-in-law's brother using witchcraft. According to
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It was later reported that she and her family had been continuously harassed by Lama leading up to the attack. Lama had beaten her brother-in-law in 2013. He had also made the family pay a fine of Rs. 6,000, along with an apology and a hundred
419:. The victim had to be rushed to Seti Zonal Hospital. The police reportedly declined to register the complaint by the victim's family, instead advising them to seek community settlement and reconciliation, under pressure from the
333:
was found dead in her home on 13 December 2016, following a public torture and repeated assaults on 9 December 2016, by a group of people led by schoolteacher Hira Lama, in and near the premises of
Suryodaya Secondary School in
916:
72:, or any possible combination of the above. The perpetrators are usually neighbours or residents of the same village, and occasionally family or close relatives, usually armed with accusations from
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for treatment. Six people were arrested in connection to the attack. The government also announced a cash support of Rs. 200,000 to the victim, in addition to all medical expenses.
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265:, Kathmandu, was attacked by her relatives including her siblings and blinded with a sickle on 22 March 2012. She was attacked when she was visiting her aunt. She was taken to
439:
reportedly apologised for breaking the law, affirming that he would stop "curing" the ill but would stay a "believer". The acting chief of the Area Police Office, Sukkad,
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classmates, friends, and neighbours even months after the incident. In November 2018, she was assaulted and tortured again, by another man, under the same accusation.
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justice sanctioned by the village council. She was stripped bare and had her head shaved. She was also badly beaten and made to feed on human excrement.
1189:
1911:
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420:
84:). Politicians, teachers, police officers, army officers and other respected members of the community have also been implicated in various incidents.
2025:
108:, red or yellow eyes, infertility, and talking to oneself are some of the characteristics that can get a person suspected or accused of witchcraft.
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shaved, beaten, tortured, and banished from the village. The accused may be made to put their hand on red-hot iron and inhale fumes from burning
100:
marginalised from the community even if they have received no public accusations or violence. Facial hair or baldness in women, stooped posture,
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which reported the incident, police declined to register a complaint, suggesting it was a personal matter to be resolved within the community.
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was dragged from her home and tortured for six hours by a group led by a shaman, in front of hundreds of cheering onlookers, on 8 March 2018,
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178:. 5,000 to Rs. 25,000 and jail-time ranging from three months to two years for violence committed by accusing someone of witchcraft.
1825:
633:
515:, on 18 August 2019. The victim was taken to hospital for treatment and two of the alleged perpetrators were arrested the same day.
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379:(AHRC), the police tried to hush up the incident as it involved one of their own but were forced to act through external pressures.
1158:
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977:
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in the twenty-first century, and the persecution of marginalised individuals of the community, especially women, still persists.
1658:
1519:
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reported 52 incidents of witch-hunt related violence against women in 2012, 69 in 2013 and 89 in 2014. According to a study by
1036:
913:"UN expert urges Nepal to step up fight against impunity and to secure access to justice for victims of gender-based violence"
664:
142:
1939:
1493:
1880:
1576:
428:
376:
61:, and humans capable of exploiting both to do good or harm is pervasive. In many instances, witch-hunts are simply tribal
1381:
1273:
424:
416:
1409:
912:
757:
2035:
1714:
618:
Proceedings of the Second International Conference of the South Asian Society of Criminology and Victimology (SASCV)
443:(ASI) Dinesh Bista, was later suspended for his attempt to reconcile the two sides instead of taking police action.
1244:
628:: SASCV & Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University. pp. 280–283.
537:
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which he blamed the victim of witchcraft. The police promised to take action if the victim lodged a complaint.
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883:
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A thirty-five-year-old woman was force-fed human feces by a group of five or six women in Birta village of
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542:
171:
69:
692:
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65:
measures carried out to serve ulterior motives, such as getting revenge or winning property disputes.
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1168:
367:
Raj Kumari Upadhaya, a woman's rights activist and chairperson of the District Women's Rights Forum,
343:
58:
1944:
1857:
1830:
1746:
1634:
1163:
1041:
1013:
668:
232:
154:
399:. The 36-year old victim had been supporting her sick husband and their three children with daily-
1916:
1802:
1773:
1663:
1603:
1550:
1102:
982:
762:
547:
512:
387:
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494:, Seti Maya Layo Magar, was thrashed and force-fed human excrement by a group of men led by a
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568:
508:
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in the city exerted pressure on the city's law enforcement. Following his arrest, the shaman
1069:
722:
491:
474:
310:
210:
88:
391:
145:
Nepal, 16% of the respondents in Nepal said it was all right to blame a woman as a witch.
31:
68:
The victims are usually poor elderly women, free-spirited young women, widows, women of
920:
368:
175:
2019:
1994:
1689:
1468:
478:
335:
125:
375:. She was tortured for about two hours before she was rescued. According to the NGO
101:
1134:
219:
113:
77:
62:
54:
1107:
949:
Violence against Women/Girls : An Assessment of the Situation in Nepal 2014
621:
400:
1352:
1742:"'Bhole Baba' apologises for thrashing woman accused of witchcraft in Kailali"
495:
412:
105:
50:
27:
1298:
574:
532:
313:
298:
158:
293:
Sixty-year-old Rajkumari Rana was assaulted and tortured in April 2013 in
174:
provision, in Miscellaneous Section 10(B), stipulated a fine ranging from
1064:
396:
371:, was assaulted in her home by a group of people including an officer of
278:
1769:"Man handed 5-yr imprisonment for torturing woman on witchcraft charge"
1469:"Mystery surrounds death of a woman accused of 'practicing witchcraft'"
294:
262:
250:
238:
1573:"NEPAL: Women's rights activist accused of being a 'witch' and beaten"
1443:"Demonstrators seek justice for Laxmi Pariyar [Photo feature]"
614:"Demonological theory of crime: A study of witch accusation in Nepal"
355:
282:
184:
81:
73:
884:
A Study on Violence due to Witchcraft Allegation and Sexual Violence
625:
330:
326:
214:
138:
117:
44:
30:
is believed to be the exercise of supernatural powers by witches (
23:
309:
On 15 August 2013, forty-five-year-old Parvati Devi Chaudhary of
49:). Although Nepal does not have a recorded history of systematic
1520:"Women Activist misbehaved and alleged of being witch in Parsa"
137:
Nepal is featured prominently in media reports on witch-hunts.
1968:"Branded 'witch', Nepal woman force-fed human excreta: Police"
1826:"Chaudhary tortured again on charges of practicing witchcraft"
1357:
809:
1190:"Widow beaten and burnt to death for 'practicing witchcraft'"
237:
her village sick using witchcraft, when the mob proceeded to
891:
The Witchcraft and Human Rights Information Network (WHRIN)
427:
chair. The police were forced to take action when multiple
724:"Nepalese teen accused of witchcraft tortured for 5 hours"
1940:"Woman thrashed, force-fed faeces on witchcraft charge"
805:"Nepalese woman accused of witchcraft and burned alive"
1037:"New law to protect women branded 'witches' in offing"
850:"Women, Witch-Hunting and Enclosures in Africa Today"
665:"Legislating Against Witchcraft Accusations in Nepal"
1995:"Woman fed feces on charge of practicing witchcraft"
490:
A 73-year-old single woman from a remote village in
42:
1715:"Girl beaten for hour on allegation of being witch"
1690:"Three held for thrashing woman on witchery charge"
1630:"Probe into thrashing of witchcraft-accused starts"
570:
Sex Trafficking in South Asia: Telling Maya's Story
162:organisations to spread awareness about the issue.
1410:"Speedy justice sought for Laxmi Pariyar's family"
395:husband had been bedridden for three years due to
1546:"Women rights activist attacked for 'witchcraft'"
1219:"काठमाडौंमा बोक्सीको आरोपमा महिलाको आँखा फुटाइयो"
1009:"Five-year jail term for 'witchcraft' accusation"
1912:"Woman, 73, tortured over witchcraft allegation"
785:"Woman, 73, tortured over witchcraft allegation"
663:Fernandez, Diana; Thapa, Kirti (8 August 2012).
1494:"Elderly woman attacked on 'witchcraft' charge"
573:. Routledge research on gender in Asia series.
390:reported repeated assaults on Ritadevi Das of
1881:"Three arrested for beating an alleged witch"
1299:"Accused Gets Three months for Witch-hunting"
523:"Agnidahan" (2017) Dir. Gnanshyam Lamichhane
241:after she had held off torture for two days.
8:
1382:"One more arrested in Parvati murder case"
249:A forty-year-old widow, Dhegani Mahato of
1267:
1265:
1159:"Witch-hunts of low-caste women in Nepal"
354:Sixty-five-year-old Kusama Devi Yadav of
1906:
1904:
1798:"Woman accused of witchcraft ostracised"
1624:
1622:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
978:"Theatre explores witch trials at Kunja"
277:Forty-five-year-old Domani Chaudhary of
1688:Chhatyal, Dil Bahadur (12 March 2018).
1404:
1402:
1213:
1211:
1003:
1001:
616:. In Jaishankar, K.; Ronel, N. (eds.).
559:
1683:
1681:
1659:"Radha felicitated in her own village"
1544:Acharya, Shankar (25 September 2017).
1518:Lamichhane, K.C. (25 September 2017).
1321:
1319:
1274:"Locals thrash woman for 'witchcraft'"
1157:Shrestha, Deepesh (15 February 2010).
1096:
1094:
1092:
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843:
841:
839:
837:
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833:
831:
829:
827:
798:
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607:
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1853:"Woman thrashed on witchcraft charge"
1353:"Nepal 'witchcraft' attack condemned"
1245:"Cabinet passes anti-witchcraft bill"
942:
940:
938:
803:Shrestha, Manesh (18 February 2012).
751:
749:
747:
411:Eighteen-year-old Radha Chaudhary of
7:
716:
714:
712:
710:
695:. The Women's Foundation Nepal. 2019
687:
685:
658:
656:
654:
652:
1824:Deuba, Tekendra (8 November 2018).
1599:"Woman beaten on witchcraft charge"
756:Rana, Purna Kumar (28 March 2018).
1101:Köhler, Nicholas (17 April 2013).
14:
1740:Deuba, Tekendra (14 March 2018).
460:Thirty-year-old Gita Devi Ram of
209:Thirty-year-old Jug Chaudhary of
1103:"Witch hunters of the Himalayas"
721:Shahi, Pragati (22 March 2018).
87:Execution may be carried out by
16:Practice of witch-hunts in Nepal
2026:Violence against women in Nepal
1796:Shah, Arjun (18 August 2018).
1327:"यौनहिंसा विरुद्ध सशक्त कानुन"
196:Timeline of reported incidents
1:
1577:Asian Human Rights Commission
1138:. No. 482. December 2009
377:Asian Human Rights Commission
230:According to a report by the
149:Efforts to combat the problem
1657:Panta, DR (18 March 2018).
1130:"Witch-hunts- Nepali Times"
43:
2052:
1065:"The Witch Hunt Must Stop"
538:Human trafficking in Nepal
848:Federici, Silvia (2010).
645:– via Google Books.
594:– via Google Books.
417:International Women's Day
35:
857:Sozial Geschichte Online
567:Crawford, Mary (2010) .
465:on the night of 22 May.
373:Nepal Armed Police Force
612:Pandey, Binita (2013).
441:Assistant Sub-inspector
329:woman Laxmi Pariyar of
22:are still occurring in
1467:Guragain, Madhusudan.
1272:Adhikari, Bipulendra.
1243:Adhikari, Bipulendra.
882:INSEC (9 March 2012).
730:La Croix International
543:Ghost Festival (Nepal)
1331:www.kantipurdaily.com
267:Tilganga Eye Hospital
947:INSEC (April 2015).
477:of eastern Nepal, a
325:Thirty-two-year-old
261:Sunita Pudasaini of
1945:The Himalayan Times
1858:The Himalayan Times
1831:The Himalayan Times
1747:The Himalayan Times
1635:The Himalayan Times
1579:. 27 September 2017
1414:The Himalayan Times
1042:The Himalayan Times
1014:The Himalayan Times
986:. 27 September 2018
923:). 29 November 2018
669:The Asia Foundation
155:Government of Nepal
2036:Modern witch hunts
1948:. 20 November 2018
1920:. 19 November 2018
1917:The Kathmandu Post
1803:The Kathmandu Post
1774:The Kathmandu Post
1664:The Kathmandu Post
1604:The Kathmandu Post
1551:The Kathmandu Post
1416:. 21 December 2016
1196:. 18 February 2012
983:The Kathmandu Post
763:The Kathmandu Post
548:Modern witch-hunts
513:Mahottari District
388:The Kathmandu Post
1498:kathmandupost.com
1447:kathmandupost.com
1017:. 6 November 2017
462:Rautahat District
363:24 September 2017
239:peel her skin off
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1974:. 19 August 2019
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1607:. 5 January 2018
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1070:The Rising Nepal
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1045:. 3 October 2015
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758:"Which is witch"
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511:Municipality-4,
492:Dhading District
486:14 November 2018
475:Sunsari District
383:30 December 2017
295:Kailali District
251:Chitwan District
245:17 February 2012
211:Kailali District
102:cantankerousness
53:, belief in the
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40:romanized:
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37:
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63:scapegoating
55:supernatural
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1333:(in Nepali)
622:Tirunelveli
469:3 June 2018
456:22 May 2018
401:wage labour
279:Dhodana VDC
51:witch-hunts
20:Witch-hunts
2020:Categories
1142:3 December
554:References
496:Nepal Army
445:Bhole Baba
437:Bhole Baba
413:Ghodaghodi
289:April 2013
172:Muluki Ain
133:Prevalence
28:Witchcraft
2004:20 August
1978:20 August
1886:República
1694:República
1503:20 August
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1194:República
1108:Maclean's
575:Routledge
533:Chhaupadi
482:village.
299:vigilante
233:Telegraph
159:Kathmandu
124:There is
958:(Report)
893:(Report)
527:See also
397:diabetes
185:tantriks
114:chillies
95:Overview
82:tantrics
1809:12 July
1753:12 July
1114:12 July
863:: 10–27
641:10 July
590:10 July
509:Bangaha
344:sit-ups
263:Jorpati
74:shamans
1952:7 July
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1073:. 2015
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311:Supadi
283:Siraha
36:बोक्सी
32:Nepali
1993:RSS.
952:(PDF)
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887:(PDF)
853:(PDF)
626:India
433:INGOs
421:mayor
331:Kavre
327:Dalit
215:Terai
143:UNFPA
139:INSEC
118:Dalit
59:magic
45:Boksi
24:Nepal
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519:Film
431:and
429:NGOs
425:ward
423:and
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