145:
1287:
159:
criminals was a rational one, favoring propaganda that discredited folk healers over witch hunts and executions. Because of this it was common for physicians and surgeons to give testimony against the accused, and the majority of accusations were connected to minor spells from urban witches. In 1690, the
118:
against magic healers occurred after the year 1680. During this time the concept of rationalism was growing and the panic surrounding witchcraft had all but passed in Europe. In
Portugal, however, the end of the seventeenth century saw a dramatic increase in witchcraft trials, with its peak occurring
40:
to be a priority. In contrast to the
Spanish Inquisition, however, the Portuguese Inquisition was much more efficient in preventing secular courts from conducting witch trials, and therefore almost managed to keep Portugal free from witch trials. Only seven people are known to have been executed for
102:) and female fortune tellers. After 1760, the Portuguese Inquisition, discontented about the time spent on these cases and wishing to give their efforts to the persecution of heresy instead, stated that they regarded witchcraft as imagination and would not be accepting further cases of that sort.
172:
While the
Portuguese Inquisition kept the witch trials in Portugal proper down to a minimum, the situation was not the same in the Portuguese colonies, where witchcraft executions occurred long after they had stopped in Portugal. Several high profile witch trials which resulted in death sentences
158:
fueled by
Inquisition superstition, in the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, it was the growing intellectual movement in Portugal that triggered the backlash against magical healers who continued to treat the lower classes with unscientific healing methods. Portugal’s approach to magical
105:
Some people were convicted for witchcraft but was given lesser punishments than execution: Pedro
Goncalves de Abreu in 1653, Bartolomeu Martins in 1683, Francisco Luis in 1690 and Manuel Inacio in 1706 were all sentenced to public whipping, life in prison, penitential habit and sequestration of
78:
1560. These witch trials were conducted by secular courts. After this event, all witchcraft trials were explicitly placed under the jurisdiction of the
Portuguese Inquisition. This almost caused the end of witchcraft persecutions in Portugal because of the low priority of the Inquisition, who
59:, and those arrested for smaller 'heretical crimes' (among them sorcery) were normally given a mild sentences such as penance, fines and exile from their congregations. Due to high maternal and infant mortality rates in the sixteenth century, recognized
135:). Portuguese folk magic was deeply ingrained into the fabric of peasant society, spanning centuries of tradition; the majority of such being simple sorcery–magical healing, with a minority practicing malicious spells–
163:
of the
Inquisition penned a policy statement against superstitious folk healers and their practices, describing popular healing activities as evil and diabolical, and scientific medicine as the divine power of God.
123:
Victims of these trials were overwhelmingly peasant men and women who earned their living by providing magical remedies for common illnesses within their community. These people were known as
220:
Ankarloo, Bengt & Henningsen, Gustav (red.), Skrifter. Bd 13, Häxornas Europa 1400–1700: historiska och antropologiska studier, Nerenius & Santérus, Stockholm, 1987
86:
Between 1626 and 1744, the
Portuguese Inquisition prosecuted 818 people for sorcery, four of whom were given death sentences but only one famously carried out: in
1231:
1144:
94:
was executed. These seven executions are the only witchcraft executions known in
Portugal. Most of the cases placed before the Inquisition were against
531:
521:
1310:
1027:
418:
194:
67:) were especially susceptible to charges of witchcraft, as the death of a mother or newborn would be followed by an accusation of witchcraft.
1754:
1367:
409:
867:
679:
452:
375:
325:
241:
106:
property, and
Cristovao Silva Marreios in 1785 and António José in 1802 sentenced to be galley slaves for six and five years respectively.
49:
Witchcraft as such was defined as a sin in 16th-century Portugal. However, the Portuguese Inquisition considered the persecution of Jews (
1759:
1050:
968:
1749:
1632:
1191:
789:
432:
182:
1784:
1779:
1774:
486:
350:
457:
294:
55:
s) to be their main priority and showed scant interest in sorcery. Almost all those executed by the Portuguese Inquisition were
1789:
1769:
1552:
1022:
1744:
1495:
1175:
1425:
593:
497:
1445:
1215:
844:
662:
515:
437:
1693:
1470:
1764:
1617:
632:
149:
Representation of the Autos de Fé (the burning of a heretic) of the Portuguese Inquisition in Terreiro do Paço, Lisbon
1708:
1660:
1557:
1665:
1527:
1517:
1360:
1239:
1086:
767:
627:
480:
402:
1670:
1739:
1522:
1271:
956:
936:
731:
587:
1587:
1547:
1507:
1410:
1698:
1602:
1597:
1279:
1151:
1121:
1109:
1103:
755:
749:
1718:
1703:
1650:
1430:
896:
872:
737:
1627:
1577:
1537:
1415:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1713:
1655:
1622:
1592:
1542:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1440:
1435:
1420:
1405:
1207:
1159:
1056:
1003:
985:
884:
838:
820:
799:
794:
784:
701:
695:
605:
577:
560:
442:
1688:
1532:
1612:
1582:
1567:
1562:
1512:
1465:
1376:
1263:
1255:
962:
946:
908:
814:
809:
804:
761:
689:
622:
582:
368:"Witchcraft in Iberia." From The Oxford handbook of witchcraft in early modern Europe and colonial America
160:
74:
of 1559, ending in five executions. This resulted in an investigation which ended in another execution in
29:
1607:
1502:
1353:
1322:
1115:
1080:
997:
951:
931:
902:
849:
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743:
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447:
155:
137:
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1317:
1223:
1183:
1044:
1038:
991:
914:
855:
826:
713:
599:
91:
21:
83:
instead. No person accused of witchcraft was executed by the Holy Office in Portugal after 1626.
1127:
973:
719:
707:
638:
554:
509:
503:
474:
71:
1074:
371:
346:
321:
283:
Brian P. Levack, The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America
270:
237:
178:
174:
258:
890:
468:
266:
1327:
1068:
548:
462:
832:
216:
214:
212:
210:
491:
1733:
526:
124:
1247:
1199:
536:
177:. These trials took place in Brazil the entire 18th-century, including the case of
1167:
128:
95:
1305:
979:
295:
New Perspectives on Witchcraft, Magic, and Demonology: Witchcraft, healing ...
37:
315:
231:
1345:
1032:
370:. Oxford handbooks. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 268–282.
115:
87:
51:
263:
Witchcraft and Magic in Europe: The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
144:
75:
60:
33:
1288:
Treatises on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants
143:
25:
1349:
391:
387:
20:
were perhaps the fewest in all of Europe. Similar to the
1679:
1641:
1383:
1298:
1137:
1096:
1013:
924:
777:
672:
615:
570:
425:
345:(2nd ed.). Longman Press. pp. 138–139.
259:"The Decline and End of Witchcraft Prosecutions"
1145:Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament
1361:
1232:A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts
403:
8:
70:The biggest witch trial in Portugal was the
1368:
1354:
1346:
410:
396:
388:
317:Doctors, Folk Medicine and the Inquisition
233:Doctors, Folk Medicine and the Inquisition
32:preferred to focus on the persecution of
110:During the Enlightenment Era (1690–1780)
1028:Witch trials in the Spanish Netherlands
271:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199578160.013.0025
206:
195:Witch trials in the early modern period
680:Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire
453:Witch trials in early modern Scotland
343:The Witch Hunt in Early Modern Europe
309:
307:
305:
303:
114:The majority of Inquisition cases in
7:
532:Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1661–62
522:Great Scottish witch hunt of 1649–50
1333:Witchcraft Act 1735 (Great Britain)
1051:Amersfoort and Utrecht witch trials
1192:De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus
790:Witch trials in Estonia and Latvia
433:Witchcraft in early modern Britain
14:
487:Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1597
458:Witchcraft in early modern Wales
1023:Witch trials in the Netherlands
714:Pappenheimer family witch trial
257:Levack, Brian P. (2013-03-01).
1176:Summis desiderantes affectibus
969:Navarre witch trials (1525–26)
868:Vardø witch trials (1651–1653)
314:Walker, Timothy (2005-04-15).
230:Walker, Timothy (2005-04-15).
1:
1755:Political history of Portugal
594:Northern Moravia witch trials
498:Northamptonshire witch trials
1311:accusations against children
1216:The Discoverie of Witchcraft
663:Trial of the Wizards of Lyon
516:Bury St Edmunds witch trials
438:Channel Islands Witch Trials
183:Maria da Conceição (d. 1798)
633:Aix-en-Provence possessions
154:In contrast to the earlier
79:preferred to persecute the
1806:
1760:Social history of Portugal
1240:Daemonolatreiae libri tres
1087:Liechtenstein witch trials
768:Witch trial of Fuersteneck
628:Labourd witch-hunt of 1609
481:North Berwick witch trials
1750:Legal history of Portugal
1272:A Guide to Grand-Jury Men
957:Val Camonica witch trials
937:Witch trials in Catalonia
845:Vardø witch trials (1621)
588:Kasina Wielka witch trial
527:Alloa witch trials (1658)
341:Levack, Brian P. (1995).
1785:18th century in Portugal
1780:17th century in Portugal
1775:16th century in Portugal
1280:The Discovery of Witches
1152:Directorium Inquisitorum
1122:Witch trials in New York
1110:Connecticut Witch Trials
1104:Witch trials in Virginia
942:Witch trials in Portugal
756:Mergentheim witch trials
750:Baden-Baden witch trials
518:(1645, 1662, 1655, 1694)
18:Witch trials in Portugal
1377:Witch trials in Europe
1208:De praestigiis daemonum
1160:De maleficis mulieribus
1057:Bredevoort witch trials
1004:Witch trial of Nogaredo
885:Kastelholm witch trials
821:Copenhagen witch trials
800:Witch trials in Iceland
795:Witch trials in Finland
785:Witch trials in Denmark
702:Rottenburg witch trials
696:Wiesensteig witch trial
578:Witch trials in Hungary
561:Islandmagee witch trial
443:Witch trials in England
1790:Portuguese Inquisition
1770:Witch trials in Europe
1426:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1264:Compendium Maleficarum
1256:Magical Investigations
1147:(8th–2nd centuries BC)
963:Mirandola witch trials
947:Witch trials in Sicily
810:Witch trials in Sweden
805:Witch trials in Norway
762:Esslingen witch trials
732:Eichstätt witch trials
690:Derenburg witch trials
623:Witch trials in France
583:Witch trials in Poland
151:
41:sorcery in Portugal.
30:Portuguese Inquisition
1745:Early modern politics
1323:Werewolf witch trials
1116:Maryland Witch Trials
1081:Salzburg witch trials
998:Terrassa witch trials
952:Witch trials in Spain
932:Witch trials in Italy
903:Katarina witch trials
897:TorsĂĄker witch trials
873:KirkjubĂłl witch trial
850:Akershus witch trials
738:WĂĽrzburg witch trials
726:Ellwangen witch trial
685:Rottweil Witch Trials
657:Affair of the Poisons
651:Normandy witch trials
606:Doruchowo witch trial
366:Monter, E.W. (2014).
147:
119:between 1715 and 1760
36:and did not consider
1063:Roermond witch trial
1033:Stedelen witch trial
986:Witches of LaspaĂşles
862:Rosborg witch trials
839:FinspĂĄng witch trial
744:Bamberg witch trials
645:Louviers possessions
543:Bideford witch trial
448:Witchcraft in Orkney
426:In the British Isles
156:European witch hunts
1642:States with limited
1224:Newes from Scotland
1184:Malleus Maleficarum
1045:Geneva witch trials
1039:Valais witch trials
992:Basque witch trials
915:Thisted witch trial
909:RugĂĄrd witch trials
856:Ramsele witch trial
827:Gyldenstierne-sagen
815:Põlula witch trials
600:Szeged witch trials
168:Portuguese colonies
22:Spanish Inquisition
1765:Trials in Portugal
1128:Salem witch trials
974:Lisbon witch trial
925:In Southern Europe
879:Vardø witch trials
778:In Northern Europe
720:Fulda witch trials
708:Trier witch trials
639:Loudun possessions
555:Pittenweem witches
510:Witches of Belvoir
504:Samlesbury witches
475:Witches of Warboys
152:
72:Lisbon witch trial
1727:
1726:
1343:
1342:
1097:Outside of Europe
1075:Lukh witch trials
571:In Eastern Europe
377:978-0-19-872363-9
327:978-90-474-0734-8
265:. Longman Press.
243:978-90-474-0734-8
179:Ursulina de Jesus
175:Portuguese Brazil
1797:
1740:Early modern law
1680:Dependencies and
1384:Sovereign states
1370:
1363:
1356:
1347:
891:Mora witch trial
469:St Osyth Witches
412:
405:
398:
389:
382:
381:
363:
357:
356:
338:
332:
331:
311:
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292:Brian P. Levack
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92:LuĂs de la Penha
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1661:Northern Cyprus
1643:
1637:
1558:North Macedonia
1379:
1374:
1344:
1339:
1328:Witchcraft Acts
1294:
1133:
1092:
1069:Spa witch trial
1015:
1009:
920:
773:
668:
611:
566:
549:Paisley witches
463:Windsor Witches
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161:General Council
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1633:United Kingdom
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492:Pendle witches
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131:–not witches (
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90:in 1626, when
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1666:South Ossetia
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1671:Transnistria
1572:
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1248:Daemonologie
1246:
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1198:
1190:
1182:
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959:(1505, 1518)
941:
833:Køge Huskors
537:Bute witches
419:Witch trials
367:
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173:occurred in
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17:
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1709:Isle of Man
1644:recognition
1618:Switzerland
1553:Netherlands
1168:Formicarius
1130:(1692–1693)
1124:(1642–1790)
1118:(1654–1712)
1112:(1647–1663)
1106:(1626–1730)
1089:(1679–1682)
1083:(1675–1681)
1077:(1656–1660)
1053:(1591–1595)
1041:(1428–1447)
1035:(1397–1407)
1000:(1615–1619)
982:(1575–1650)
965:(1522–1525)
917:(1696–1698)
887:(1665–1668)
864:(1639–1642)
835:(1608–1615)
764:(1662–1666)
758:(1628–1631)
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746:(1626–1631)
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734:(1617–1630)
728:(1611–1618)
722:(1603–1606)
710:(1581–1593)
704:(1578–1613)
698:(1562–1563)
665:(1742–1745)
659:(1679–1682)
477:(1589–1593)
100:saludadores
96:cunning men
1734:Categories
1588:San Marino
1548:Montenegro
1528:Luxembourg
1508:Kazakhstan
1411:Azerbaijan
1318:Drudenhaus
1306:Witch-hunt
1014:Elsewhere
980:Benandanti
673:In Germany
201:References
138:maleficium
38:witchcraft
1699:Gibraltar
1523:Lithuania
1016:in Europe
1006:(1646–47)
976:(1559–60)
911:(1685–86)
881:(1662–63)
653:(1669–70)
641:(1633–34)
616:In France
602:(1728–29)
320:. BRILL.
236:. BRILL.
81:Conversos
57:Conversos
1719:Svalbard
1704:Guernsey
1651:Abkhazia
1603:Slovenia
1598:Slovakia
1573:Portugal
1431:Bulgaria
189:See also
116:Portugal
65:parteira
61:midwives
52:Converso
1628:Ukraine
1578:Romania
1538:Moldova
1496:Ireland
1491:Iceland
1486:Hungary
1476:Germany
1471:Georgia
1461:Finland
1456:Estonia
1451:Denmark
1436:Croatia
1421:Belgium
1416:Belarus
1406:Austria
1401:Armenia
1396:Andorra
1391:Albania
1299:Related
76:Coimbra
45:History
1714:Jersey
1656:Kosovo
1623:Turkey
1613:Sweden
1593:Serbia
1583:Russia
1568:Poland
1563:Norway
1543:Monaco
1513:Latvia
1481:Greece
1466:France
1441:Cyprus
1291:(1751)
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34:heresy
28:, the
1689:Ă…land
1608:Spain
1533:Malta
1503:Italy
1138:Texts
133:bruxa
88:Évora
26:Spain
372:ISBN
347:ISBN
322:ISBN
238:ISBN
16:The
267:doi
127:or
1736::
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98:(
63:(
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