679:
5781:
5772:
5763:
569:
are often used synonymously, although some authors make a distinction between them. When the distinction is made, a flap involves a rapid backward and forward movement of the tongue tip, while a tap involves an upward and downward movement. Linguists disagree on whether the sound produced in the
3921:, words seem to be chunked into pronunciation units she referred to as a foot, similar to a metrical unit in poetry. Such chunking was said to block flapping in the word ‘Mediterranean’ ( ], cf. ]). How a word is chunked relates to its
703:
4026:
Long, seemingly monomorphemic words also are chunked in
English for purposes of pronunciation. In such words ’s — as well as the other unvoiced stops — are pronounced like initial segments whenever they receive secondary
5743:. Vol. 1: An Introduction (pp. i–xx, 1–278), Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press.
787:
761:
735:
3925:
derivation, as seen by contrasting morphologically similar pairs such as the following (where the vertical bar shows where
Withgott argued there is boundary between neighboring feet):
6071:
6033:
6020:
6012:
293:
168:
145:
140:
120:
6028:
115:
6187:
6048:
135:
771:
745:
719:
788:
5888:
762:
736:
6063:
6038:
4493:
163:
125:
433:
367:
6136:
6117:
6097:
702:
243:
238:
218:
5997:
286:
100:
863:
The exact conditions for flapping in North
American English are unknown, although it is widely understood that it occurs in an alveolar stop,
6005:
5716:
5702:
5634:
5593:
5425:
5403:
5336:
110:
5615:
5502:
5358:
5306:
5179:
5833:
Withgott, M. Margaret. 1982. Segmental
Evidence for Phonological Constituents. Ph.D. Dissertation for the University of Texas at Austin.
4167:(). There, the merger occurs word-internally between vowels in those environments where flapping is possible in North American English.
85:
701:
5756:
4125:(where only a flap is possible). In the Cardiff dialect, the rule is typically applied between any vowel (including long vowels) and
5803:
5680:
5460:
5238:
5217:
279:
5663:
Tollfree, Laura (2001). "Variation and change in
Australian consonants: reduction of /t/". In Blair, David; Collins, Peter (eds.).
4525:
in unstressed positions, there is variability among linguists and dictionaries in the treatment of unstressed vowels pronounced as
4147:
can be homophonous as . In South
African English, the merger is possible only for those speakers who use the flapped allophone of
5881:
5778:
5769:
5760:
5653:
5380:
5227:
Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990), "The
Phonetics of Cardiff English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.),
5513:
6172:
5985:
5837:
332:
314:
75:
5584:
1259:. Yet, for a minority of speakers, the merger can occur only if neither sound is flapped. That is the case in Cockney, where
90:
6182:
5908:
5268:
Derrick, Donald; Gick, Bryan (2011). "Individual variation in
English flaps and taps: a case of categorical phonetics".
1228:
887:). Across word boundaries, however, it can occur between any two vowels, provided the second vowel begins a word (as in
586:
identify four types of sounds produced in the process: alveolar tap, down-flap, up-flap, and postalveolar tap (found in
545:
441:
223:
6177:
5874:
4498:
4087:
5247:
de Jong, Kenneth (1998). "Stress-related variation in the articulation of coda alveolar stops: flapping revisited".
6167:
5567:
964:
409:
1089:
identically, while
Northerners, especially those from the east coast, tend to retain the distinction, pronouncing
5571:
5316:
4534:
613:
that has been reported to occur to coexist with the alveolar tap (and other allophones, such as the very common
5943:
4093:
3922:
693:
529:
65:
5923:
5918:
5913:
1266:
662:
623:
457:
6022:
6014:
5478:
5368:
4550:
4542:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4473:
4458:
4443:
4423:
4408:
4393:
4378:
4363:
4348:
4333:
4318:
4303:
4288:
4274:
4270:
4260:
4245:
4230:
4215:
4200:
4181:
4176:
4164:
4160:
4159:
minimal pair homophonous as ), otherwise the sounds are distinguished as a flap (or a voiceless stop) for
4148:
4144:
4137:
4130:
4126:
4111:
4104:
4081:
4077:
4073:
3902:
3898:
3869:
3849:
3829:
3816:
3803:
3783:
3770:
3750:
3737:
3724:
3711:
3691:
3678:
3665:
3645:
3632:
3619:
3606:
3593:
3580:
3567:
3554:
3541:
3528:
3515:
3502:
3489:
3476:
3463:
3450:
3430:
3410:
3390:
3370:
3357:
3344:
3331:
3318:
3305:
3291:
3281:
3268:
3254:
3244:
3231:
3218:
3205:
3185:
3172:
3159:
3146:
3133:
3120:
3100:
3095:
3085:
3072:
3059:
3046:
3033:
3020:
3007:
2994:
2981:
2968:
2949:
2936:
2923:
2910:
2897:
2884:
2871:
2858:
2845:
2832:
2819:
2806:
2786:
2773:
2760:
2740:
2727:
2714:
2701:
2688:
2668:
2655:
2642:
2620:
2600:
2580:
2567:
2553:
2543:
2530:
2508:
2488:
2468:
2455:
2442:
2429:
2416:
2403:
2383:
2370:
2357:
2337:
2317:
2304:
2284:
2271:
2258:
2243:
2230:
2217:
2204:
2184:
2171:
2151:
2131:
2118:
2105:
2092:
2072:
2048:
2035:
2015:
2002:
1989:
1965:
1952:
1939:
1919:
1906:
1886:
1873:
1860:
1847:
1834:
1821:
1808:
1795:
1782:
1769:
1747:
1734:
1721:
1708:
1695:
1682:
1669:
1656:
1642:
1632:
1619:
1606:
1593:
1580:
1567:
1554:
1541:
1528:
1508:
1488:
1475:
1462:
1449:
1436:
1423:
1410:
1397:
1384:
1371:
1358:
1345:
1325:
1312:
1293:
1288:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1208:
1201:
1197:
1165:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1050:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
931:
927:
919:
912:
904:
896:
868:
864:
857:
829:
821:
817:
813:
809:
652:
641:
610:
547:
541:
537:
510:
506:
502:
475:
463:
375:
328:
324:
310:
3855:
186:
5955:
4122:
849:
521:
60:
31:
651:, the alveolar tap is less rapid than the corresponding sound in traditional RP, being more similar to
6104:
5965:
5852:
4085:
4028:
1264:
943:
825:
660:
621:
618:
483:
455:
447:
439:
431:
407:
228:
5933:
5482:
3906:
2323:
1514:
1494:
1062:
837:
659:
as or is quite similar to
Cockney , though it does not involve a neutralization of the flap with
391:
266:
5814:
3106:
2746:
2674:
1753:
6053:
5948:
5897:
5466:
5346:
5285:
1240:
916:
833:
485:
398:
387:
261:
6043:
5799:
5698:
5676:
5649:
5630:
5611:
5589:
5548:
5521:
5498:
5486:
5456:
5421:
5399:
5376:
5354:
5332:
5302:
5234:
5213:
5189:
5175:
3835:
2955:
2792:
2474:
2190:
2157:
2137:
2021:
1971:
1925:
1892:
1331:
1205:
1101:
415:
130:
45:
5849:. Ph.D. Dissertation for the University of Massachusetts reproduced by I.U. Linguistics Club.
570:
present process is a flap or a tap, and by extension on whether the process is better called
6109:
5744:
5668:
5538:
5530:
5448:
5324:
5277:
5256:
5205:
5167:
5145:
3918:
3878:
3789:
3756:
3697:
3436:
3191:
2514:
2290:
1279:. For speakers with the merger, the following utterances sound the same or almost the same:
1012:
951:
525:
466:, may also be frequently pronounced as a flap in such positions, making pairs of words like
371:
233:
655:. It also involves a larger part of the tongue. Thus, the typical Cardiff pronunciation of
5938:
5603:
4538:
4118:
1764:
845:
648:
379:
1184:
are often flapped despite the second vowel being stressed. In a handful of words such as
1011:
can be. The second syllables in the former set of words can thus be considered as having
5204:. Vol. VI: English in North America. Cambridge University Press. pp. 422–440.
4529:
in other varieties of English that have the distinction. They are usually identified as
6089:
5970:
5960:
5690:
5543:
5413:
5159:
3651:
3416:
3396:
2494:
2253:
2078:
2058:
1975:
1019:
841:
560:
423:
419:
401:
383:
213:
5725:
6161:
5791:
5736:
5556:
5470:
5436:
5435:
Horvath, Barbara M. (2004). "Australian English: phonology". In Schneider, Edgar W.;
5392:
5289:
939:
1136:
before an unstressed vowel within words, or before any vowel across a word boundary;
963:-internally, the vowel following the flap must not only be unstressed but also be a
3287:
3250:
2549:
1638:
945:
710:
614:
479:
449:
363:
5534:
5319:(2011). "The Syllable". In Goldsmith, John; Riggle, Jason; Yu, Alan C. L. (eds.).
5209:
5228:
871:, when placed between two vowels, provided the second vowel is unstressed (as in
786:
760:
734:
700:
438:
is perceived as a casual pronunciation intermediate between the "posh" affricate
6129:
6124:
5928:
5579:
5575:
5452:
5440:
5193:
4121:(where the merged consonant can surface as either an approximant or a flap) and
4019:, which comes at the beginning of a foot, and so must be pronounced as , like a
5171:
17:
6081:
5490:
5328:
5281:
5197:
4429:
3917:
In a dissertation in 1982, M.M. Withgott demonstrated that, among speakers of
3376:
2627:
2606:
2586:
2389:
2343:
2054:
800:
208:
5752:
5748:
999:
are not flapped in spite of the primary stress on the first syllables, while
5712:
395:
5672:
5552:
5260:
820:. Some linguists consider it obligatory for most American dialects to flap
5162:(2015). "North American English". In Reed, Marnie; Levis, John M. (eds.).
5495:
The Blackwell Companion to Phonology: Volume IV – Phonological Interfaces
1220:
1114:
960:
891:). This extends to morphological boundaries within compound words (as in
320:
853:
606:
404:
4096:
and it is always stigmatized. The application of that rule means that
27:
Phonetic change of -t- and -d- between vowels in some English dialects
5866:
5150:
5133:
895:). In addition to vowels, segments that may precede the flap include
533:
4517:
Since North American English normally lacks the distinction between
3889:
may be flapped yet still distinguished by the quality of the vowel:
5695:
International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English
4114:. The rule is typically not applied in the word-internal position.
3897:. Vowel duration may also be different, with a longer vowel before
4080:, which was then followed by the use of the prevailing variant of
474:
sound similar or identical. In similar positions, the combination
427:
198:
4107:
has a different phonemic form than the citation form of the verb
2525:
1276:
5983:
5870:
5447:. Vol. 1: Phonology. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 625–644.
5861:
Papers in Laboratory Phonology V: Acquisition and the lexicon
4760:
4758:
915:
is more common in Canadian English than in American English.
677:
4709:
4707:
4705:
5857:
Paradigm uniformity and the phonetics-phonology boundary
5724:. Linguistic Society of America. Chicago. Archived from
4883:
4881:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4633:
1100:
Given these intricacies, it is difficult to formulate a
957:) are the only possibilities in North American English.
4656:
4654:
4652:
4117:
The T-to-R rule has also been reported to occur in the
4620:
4618:
4072:
The origins of the T-to-R rule lie in the flapping of
1081:, in the United States, Southerners tend to pronounce
1069:
is also often realized as a nasal flap, so words like
5134:"Weak and semiweak phonological positions in English"
319:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
6062:
5996:
5847:
Syllable-Based Generalizations in English Phonology
5373:
Metrical Stress Theory: Principles and Case Studies
5323:(2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 164–196.
4076:and the subsequent reinterpretation of the flap as
1042:, for example, being flapped. This is known as the
517:pronounced with flapping may be heard as "budder".
5391:
938:) is observed in Australian English, while (with
5863:, 313-334. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5230:English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change
5067:
1211:, although it may still become in rapid speech.
1104:that accurately predicts flapping. Nevertheless,
4935:
4609:
1022:-initial positions. This prevents words such as
333:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
1251:are flapped. Some speakers, however, flap only
640:. That too results in a (variable) merger with
5836:Iverson, Gregory K. and Sang-Cheol Ahn. 2004.
5233:, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 87–103,
4737:
1108:postulates that it applies to alveolar stops:
5882:
5588:(18th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
5512:Iverson, Gregory K.; Ahn, Sang-Cheol (2007).
5202:The Cambridge History of the English Language
505:is sometimes perceived as the replacement of
287:
8:
5418:Irish English: History and Present-day Forms
1144:Exceptions include the preposition/particle
5842:. Language Sciences (Phonology of English).
5115:
5103:
4696:
4672:
4007:can be flapped as easily as in post-stress
1018:Word-medial flapping is also prohibited in
583:
5993:
5980:
5889:
5875:
5867:
5859:. In M. Broe and J. Pierrehumbert (eds.),
5019:
4824:
4494:Phonological history of English consonants
4169:
1281:
422:, a sound produced by briefly tapping the
294:
280:
36:
5542:
5149:
4971:
4764:
4713:
582:has traditionally been more widely used.
5585:Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary
4848:
1243:of the two phonemes, provided that both
1200:is frequently pronounced as , retaining
1168:may be flapped when intervocalic (as in
688:Examples of flapping in American English
6188:Splits and mergers in English phonology
5514:"English voicing in dimensional theory"
5497:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 2214–2235.
4983:
4725:
4660:
4643:
4565:
4510:
4133:(also across word boundaries), so that
1239:in appropriate environments, a partial
1049:In North American English, the cluster
848:, and more infrequently or variably in
628:, which occurs especially in the words
252:
177:
154:
99:
74:
51:
44:
5301:(2nd ed.). Insight Publications.
4923:
4800:
4776:
4749:
4170:
1282:
798:
520:In other dialects of English, such as
5839:English Voicing in Dimensional Theory
5164:The Handbook of English Pronunciation
5091:
5079:
5055:
5043:
5031:
4947:
4899:
4887:
4872:
4860:
4836:
4812:
4788:
4684:
4624:
4597:
4572:
1078:
1077:can become homophonous. According to
1057:) in the same environment as flapped
828:and an unstressed vowel. Flapping of
426:with the tongue, when placed between
7:
5627:An Introduction to English Phonetics
5007:
4995:
4959:
4911:
1105:
1043:
709:A recitation of the tongue twister "
323:. For the distinction between ,
5321:The Handbook of Phonological Theory
4585:
4031:or are at the beginning of a foot:
1172:). In Australian English, numerals
1148:and words derived from it, such as
370:; it is found in many varieties of
5667:. John Benjamins. pp. 45–67.
5445:A Handbook of Varieties of English
1139:when not in foot-initial position.
799:Problems playing these files? See
25:
430:. In London English, the flapped
5813:Wells, John C. (25 March 2011).
5796:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
5646:Sound Patterns of Spoken English
5299:VCE English Language: Exam Guide
5132:Bérces, Katalin Balogné (2011).
1271:, yielding a variable merger of
922:may also follow the flap (as in
784:
758:
732:
698:
5375:. University of Chicago Press.
5270:Canadian Journal of Linguistics
5196:(2001). "Canadian English". In
5068:Gussenhoven & Jacobs (2017)
4481:in the sense "resembling tar".
1219:Flapping is a specific type of
971:, morpheme-final or prevocalic
315:International Phonetic Alphabet
5629:. Edinburgh University Press.
5420:. Cambridge University Press.
4936:Ladefoged & Johnson (2011)
4610:Ladefoged & Johnson (2011)
494:sound similar or identical to
1:
5535:10.1016/j.langsci.2006.12.012
5210:10.1017/CHOL9780521264792.013
694:"Betty Botter" tongue twister
446:and the "rough" glottal stop
4738:Trudgill & Hannah (2008)
4023:at the beginning of a word.
4011:, in contrast to the medial
3877:In accents characterized by
644:, whereas the tap does not.
609:, another voiced variant of
555:Terminology and articulation
462:, the voiced counterpart of
5697:(5th ed.). Routledge.
5610:(6th ed.). Wadsworth.
5481:(2011). "Sound Change". In
5453:10.1515/9783110175325.1.625
5353:(4th ed.). Routledge.
5166:. Wiley. pp. 229–250.
4740:, pp. 24, 30, 35, 104.
4499:Regional accents of English
4063:Humu humu nuku nuku apu a‘a
1231:of the distinction between
1227:weakening. It leads to the
1129:, but with restrictions on
780:-voicing, and with flapping
540:, the flap is a variant of
368:voiced alveolar tap or flap
6204:
5819:John Wells's phonetic blog
5172:10.1002/9781118346952.ch13
5138:Journal of English Studies
4545:) and in prefixes such as
1263:is occasionally voiced to
816:is a prominent feature of
536:), and older varieties of
40:History and description of
29:
5992:
5979:
5904:
5798:(2nd ed.). Longman.
5606:; Johnson, Keith (2011).
5329:10.1002/9781444343069.ch6
5282:10.1017/S0008413100002024
5116:Collins & Mees (1990)
5104:Collins & Mees (1990)
4697:Collins & Mees (1990)
4673:Derrick & Gick (2011)
4084:, namely the approximant
754:with and without flapping
728:with and without flapping
584:Derrick & Gick (2011)
546:Pronunciation of English
155:Development of consonants
6021:Changes before historic
6013:Changes before historic
5753:10.1017/CBO9780511611766
5749:10.1017/CBO9780511611759
5349:; Jacobs, Haike (2017).
5020:Iverson & Ahn (2007)
4825:Brinton & Fee (2001)
4269:has an alternative form
4094:Northern England English
3712:ˈtuːɾəɹ,ˈtjuːɾəɹ,ˈtɪuɾəɹ
2846:ˈnuːɾəɹ,ˈnjuːɾəɹ,ˈnɪuɾəɹ
530:Northern England English
513:; for example, the word
5924:Anglo-Frisian languages
5693:; Hannah, Jean (2008).
5644:Shockey, Linda (2003).
5625:Ogden, Richard (2009).
5351:Understanding Phonology
4163:() vs. approximant for
1034:from flapping, despite
987:, etc.), so words like
478:may be pronounced as a
311:phonetic transcriptions
6173:North American English
5673:10.1075/veaw.g26.06tol
5394:Introductory Phonology
5261:10.1006/jpho.1998.0077
1142:
858:Received Pronunciation
818:North American English
682:
538:Received Pronunciation
308:This article contains
5956:Anglo-Norman language
5608:A Course in Phonetics
5390:Hayes, Bruce (2009).
5297:Fox, Kirsten (2011).
4123:South African English
1110:
1061:may be realized as a
850:South African English
681:
522:South African English
454:. In some varieties,
353:intervocalic flapping
101:Development of vowels
46:English pronunciation
32:Flap (disambiguation)
5986:Phonological history
5966:Early Modern English
5845:Kahn, Daniel. 1976.
5665:English in Australia
5483:van Oostendorp, Marc
5479:Hualde, José Ignacio
5249:Journal of Phonetics
5046:, pp. 250, 326.
4265:In Cardiff English.
4100:in the phrasal verb
619:voiced alveolar stop
366:process involving a
30:For other uses, see
6183:New Zealand English
5919:Proto-West-Germanic
5909:Proto-Indo-European
5718:Flapping in English
5439:; Kortmann, Bernd;
5347:Gussenhoven, Carlos
5094:, pp. 616–618.
4172:
4092:. It is applied in
3907:pre-fortis clipping
2324:fern-fir-fur merger
1515:fern-fir-fur merger
1495:fern-fir-fur merger
1284:
903:) and occasionally
414:is pronounced as a
392:New Zealand English
76:General development
6178:Australian English
6054:Trisyllabic laxing
6034:Close front vowels
5898:History of English
5741:Accents of English
5485:; Ewen, Colin J.;
5190:Brinton, Laurel J.
4675:, pp. 309–12.
4171:Homophonous pairs
1283:Homophonous pairs
911:). Flapping after
683:
262:History of English
6168:English phonology
6155:
6154:
6151:
6150:
6147:
6146:
6044:Great Vowel Shift
6029:Close back vowels
5815:"strong and weak"
5704:978-0-340-97161-1
5636:978-0-7486-2541-3
5595:978-0-521-15255-6
5562:on 15 April 2012.
5522:Language Sciences
5427:978-0-521-85299-9
5405:978-1-4051-8411-3
5338:978-1-4051-5768-1
5106:, pp. 91–92.
5058:, pp. 144–6.
5022:, pp. 262–3.
4767:, pp. 191–2.
4612:, pp. 175–6.
4485:
4484:
4273:, with an elided
3997:
3996:
3875:
3874:
3856:wine–whine merger
3836:wine-whine merger
2956:weak vowel merger
2793:weak vowel merger
2475:cot-caught merger
2191:cot-caught merger
2158:weak vowel merger
2138:cot-caught merger
2022:weak vowel merger
1972:weak vowel merger
1926:cot-caught merger
1893:cot-caught merger
1332:weak vowel merger
1102:phonological rule
789:
776:with and without
772:Pronunciation of
763:
746:Pronunciation of
737:
720:Pronunciation of
704:
602:, respectively).
349:alveolar flapping
304:
303:
178:Variable features
164:Single consonants
131:Great Vowel Shift
52:Historical stages
16:(Redirected from
6195:
6049:Open back vowels
6024:
6016:
5994:
5981:
5891:
5884:
5877:
5868:
5822:
5809:
5787:
5785:
5784:
5776:
5775:
5767:
5766:
5732:
5731:on 15 June 2001.
5730:
5723:
5708:
5686:
5659:
5640:
5621:
5617:978-1-42823126-9
5604:Ladefoged, Peter
5599:
5563:
5561:
5555:. Archived from
5546:
5529:(2–3): 247–269.
5518:
5508:
5504:978-1-40518423-6
5474:
5431:
5409:
5397:
5386:
5364:
5360:978-1-35197471-4
5342:
5312:
5308:978-1-92141193-9
5293:
5264:
5243:
5223:
5185:
5181:978-1-11831447-0
5155:
5153:
5151:10.18172/jes.160
5119:
5113:
5107:
5101:
5095:
5089:
5083:
5077:
5071:
5065:
5059:
5053:
5047:
5041:
5035:
5029:
5023:
5017:
5011:
5005:
4999:
4993:
4987:
4981:
4975:
4972:Goldsmith (2011)
4969:
4963:
4957:
4951:
4945:
4939:
4938:, pp. 74–5.
4933:
4927:
4926:, pp. 84–9.
4921:
4915:
4909:
4903:
4897:
4891:
4890:, pp. 14–5.
4885:
4876:
4870:
4864:
4858:
4852:
4851:, pp. 57–8.
4846:
4840:
4834:
4828:
4822:
4816:
4810:
4804:
4798:
4792:
4786:
4780:
4774:
4768:
4765:Goldsmith (2011)
4762:
4753:
4747:
4741:
4735:
4729:
4723:
4717:
4714:Goldsmith (2011)
4711:
4700:
4699:, pp. 91–2.
4694:
4688:
4682:
4676:
4670:
4664:
4658:
4647:
4641:
4628:
4622:
4613:
4607:
4601:
4595:
4589:
4582:
4576:
4570:
4554:
4552:
4544:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4515:
4475:
4460:
4445:
4425:
4410:
4395:
4380:
4365:
4350:
4335:
4320:
4305:
4290:
4276:
4272:
4262:
4247:
4232:
4217:
4202:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4166:
4162:
4150:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4128:
4113:
4106:
4091:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4058:Fliberti gibety
3928:
3927:
3919:American English
3904:
3900:
3881:, such words as
3879:Canadian raising
3871:
3851:
3831:
3818:
3805:
3790:pane-pain merger
3785:
3772:
3757:pane-pain merger
3752:
3739:
3726:
3713:
3698:pane-pain merger
3693:
3680:
3667:
3647:
3634:
3621:
3608:
3595:
3582:
3569:
3556:
3543:
3530:
3517:
3504:
3491:
3478:
3465:
3452:
3437:meet-meat merger
3432:
3412:
3392:
3372:
3359:
3346:
3333:
3320:
3307:
3293:
3283:
3270:
3256:
3246:
3233:
3220:
3207:
3192:pane-pain merger
3187:
3174:
3161:
3148:
3135:
3122:
3102:
3087:
3074:
3061:
3048:
3035:
3022:
3009:
2996:
2983:
2970:
2951:
2938:
2925:
2912:
2899:
2886:
2873:
2860:
2847:
2834:
2821:
2808:
2788:
2775:
2762:
2742:
2729:
2716:
2703:
2690:
2670:
2657:
2644:
2622:
2602:
2582:
2569:
2555:
2545:
2532:
2515:meet-meat merger
2510:
2490:
2470:
2457:
2444:
2431:
2418:
2405:
2385:
2372:
2359:
2339:
2319:
2306:
2291:meet-meat merger
2286:
2273:
2260:
2245:
2232:
2219:
2206:
2186:
2173:
2153:
2133:
2120:
2107:
2094:
2074:
2050:
2037:
2017:
2004:
1991:
1967:
1954:
1941:
1921:
1908:
1888:
1875:
1862:
1849:
1836:
1823:
1810:
1797:
1784:
1771:
1749:
1736:
1723:
1710:
1697:
1684:
1671:
1658:
1644:
1634:
1621:
1608:
1595:
1582:
1569:
1556:
1543:
1530:
1510:
1490:
1477:
1464:
1451:
1438:
1425:
1412:
1399:
1386:
1373:
1360:
1347:
1327:
1314:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1210:
1203:
1199:
1167:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1013:secondary stress
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
949:
933:
930:before syllabic
929:
921:
914:
906:
898:
870:
866:
840:and (especially
831:
823:
815:
811:
791:
790:
765:
764:
739:
738:
706:
705:
680:
666:
654:
643:
627:
612:
549:
543:
526:Scottish English
512:
508:
504:
489:
477:
465:
461:
453:
445:
437:
413:
347:, also known as
330:
326:
296:
289:
282:
234:T-glottalization
37:
21:
6203:
6202:
6198:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6193:
6192:
6158:
6157:
6156:
6143:
6113:-glottalization
6058:
5988:
5975:
5900:
5895:
5853:Steriade, Donca
5830:
5828:Further reading
5825:
5812:
5806:
5790:
5782:
5773:
5764:
5735:
5728:
5721:
5711:
5705:
5691:Trudgill, Peter
5689:
5683:
5662:
5656:
5643:
5637:
5624:
5618:
5602:
5596:
5566:
5559:
5516:
5511:
5505:
5487:Hume, Elizabeth
5477:
5463:
5434:
5428:
5414:Hickey, Raymond
5412:
5406:
5389:
5383:
5367:
5361:
5345:
5339:
5317:Goldsmith, John
5315:
5309:
5296:
5267:
5246:
5241:
5226:
5220:
5188:
5182:
5160:Boberg, Charles
5158:
5131:
5127:
5122:
5114:
5110:
5102:
5098:
5090:
5086:
5078:
5074:
5066:
5062:
5054:
5050:
5042:
5038:
5030:
5026:
5018:
5014:
5010:, pp. 6–7.
5006:
5002:
4994:
4990:
4982:
4978:
4970:
4966:
4962:, pp. 4–5.
4958:
4954:
4946:
4942:
4934:
4930:
4922:
4918:
4910:
4906:
4898:
4894:
4886:
4879:
4871:
4867:
4859:
4855:
4849:Tollfree (2001)
4847:
4843:
4835:
4831:
4823:
4819:
4811:
4807:
4799:
4795:
4787:
4783:
4779:, p. 2230.
4775:
4771:
4763:
4756:
4748:
4744:
4736:
4732:
4724:
4720:
4712:
4703:
4695:
4691:
4683:
4679:
4671:
4667:
4659:
4650:
4642:
4631:
4623:
4616:
4608:
4604:
4596:
4592:
4583:
4579:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4558:
4557:
4543:/ʃ,tʃ,dʒ,k,ɡ,ŋ/
4535:palato-alveolar
4516:
4512:
4507:
4490:
4129:or the reduced
4119:Cardiff dialect
4070:
3915:
3913:Withgott effect
1223:, specifically
1217:
1065:. Intervocalic
1044:Withgott effect
1040:alphabetization
955:-glottalization
926:). Flapping of
832:also occurs in
806:
805:
797:
795:
794:
793:
792:
785:
782:
768:
767:
766:
759:
756:
742:
741:
740:
733:
730:
716:
715:
714:
713:" with flapping
707:
699:
696:
690:
684:
678:
673:
649:Cardiff English
557:
338:
337:
336:
300:
271:
248:
173:
150:
95:
70:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Withgott effect
15:
12:
11:
5:
6201:
6199:
6191:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6160:
6159:
6153:
6152:
6149:
6148:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6141:
6134:
6133:
6132:
6127:
6115:
6107:
6102:
6095:
6087:
6079:
6074:
6068:
6066:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6018:
6010:
6002:
6000:
5990:
5989:
5984:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5973:
5971:Modern English
5968:
5963:
5961:Middle English
5958:
5953:
5952:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5914:Proto-Germanic
5911:
5905:
5902:
5901:
5896:
5894:
5893:
5886:
5879:
5871:
5865:
5864:
5850:
5843:
5834:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5810:
5804:
5792:Wells, John C.
5788:
5737:Wells, John C.
5733:
5709:
5703:
5687:
5681:
5660:
5654:
5641:
5635:
5622:
5616:
5600:
5594:
5564:
5509:
5503:
5475:
5461:
5437:Burridge, Kate
5432:
5426:
5410:
5404:
5387:
5381:
5365:
5359:
5343:
5337:
5313:
5307:
5294:
5276:(3): 307–319.
5265:
5255:(3): 283–310.
5244:
5239:
5224:
5218:
5186:
5180:
5156:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5108:
5096:
5084:
5082:, p. 370.
5072:
5070:, p. 217.
5060:
5048:
5036:
5034:, p. 144.
5024:
5012:
5000:
4988:
4986:, p. 635.
4984:Horvath (2004)
4976:
4974:, p. 192.
4964:
4952:
4950:, p. 252.
4940:
4928:
4916:
4904:
4892:
4877:
4865:
4863:, p. 251.
4853:
4841:
4839:, p. 248.
4829:
4827:, p. 428.
4817:
4805:
4803:, p. 236.
4793:
4791:, p. 143.
4781:
4769:
4754:
4752:, p. 115.
4742:
4730:
4726:Shockey (2003)
4718:
4716:, p. 191.
4701:
4689:
4687:, p. 326.
4677:
4665:
4661:Shockey (2003)
4648:
4646:, p. 284.
4644:de Jong (1998)
4629:
4627:, p. 249.
4614:
4602:
4590:
4577:
4575:, p. 325.
4564:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4489:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4476:
4471:
4468:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4456:
4453:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4441:
4438:
4434:
4433:
4426:
4421:
4418:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4406:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4391:
4388:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4376:
4373:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4346:
4343:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4331:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4316:
4313:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4286:
4283:
4279:
4278:
4263:
4258:
4255:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4243:
4240:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4198:
4195:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4184:
4179:
4069:
4066:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3985:
3980:
3978:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3960:
3955:
3953:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3934:
3932:
3931:Initial-type t
3914:
3911:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3852:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3839:
3832:
3827:
3824:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3793:
3786:
3781:
3778:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3753:
3748:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3706:
3702:
3701:
3694:
3689:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3652:pen-pin merger
3648:
3643:
3640:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3433:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3417:pen-pin merger
3413:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3397:pen-pin merger
3393:
3388:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3373:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3284:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3247:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3188:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3107:pen–pin merger
3103:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2952:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2789:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2747:pen–pin merger
2743:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2675:pen–pin merger
2671:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2623:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2603:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2583:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2546:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2511:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2495:pen-pin merger
2491:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2471:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2386:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2340:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2320:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2287:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2187:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2154:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2079:pen-pin merger
2075:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2059:pen-pin merger
2051:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2018:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1976:toe-tow merger
1968:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1889:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1754:pen–pin merger
1750:
1745:
1742:
1741:centre; center
1738:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1635:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1511:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1491:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1229:neutralization
1216:
1213:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1093:with or and
1028:spirantization
796:
783:
770:
769:
757:
744:
743:
731:
718:
717:
708:
697:
692:
691:
686:
685:
676:
675:
674:
672:
669:
617:) is a simple
556:
553:
424:alveolar ridge
402:stop consonant
376:North American
331:⟩, see
307:
306:
305:
302:
301:
299:
298:
291:
284:
276:
273:
272:
270:
269:
264:
258:
255:
254:
253:Related topics
250:
249:
247:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
214:L-vocalization
211:
206:
201:
196:
183:
180:
179:
175:
174:
172:
171:
166:
160:
157:
156:
152:
151:
149:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
107:
104:
103:
97:
96:
94:
93:
88:
86:In Old English
82:
79:
78:
72:
71:
69:
68:
66:Middle English
63:
57:
54:
53:
49:
48:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6200:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6140:
6139:
6135:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6122:
6121:
6120:
6116:
6114:
6112:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6100:
6096:
6094:
6093:-vocalization
6092:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6069:
6067:
6065:
6061:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6019:
6017:
6011:
6009:
6008:
6004:
6003:
6001:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5982:
5978:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5931:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5906:
5903:
5899:
5892:
5887:
5885:
5880:
5878:
5873:
5872:
5869:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5851:
5848:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5827:
5820:
5816:
5811:
5807:
5805:0-582-36467-1
5801:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5780:
5771:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5727:
5720:
5719:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5682:90-272-4884-2
5678:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5661:
5657:
5651:
5648:. Blackwell.
5647:
5642:
5638:
5632:
5628:
5623:
5619:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5591:
5587:
5586:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5568:Jones, Daniel
5565:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5523:
5515:
5510:
5506:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5462:3-11-017532-0
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5433:
5429:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5401:
5398:. Blackwell.
5396:
5395:
5388:
5384:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5304:
5300:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5245:
5242:
5240:1-85359-032-0
5236:
5232:
5231:
5225:
5221:
5219:0-521-26479-0
5215:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5130:
5129:
5124:
5118:, p. 99.
5117:
5112:
5109:
5105:
5100:
5097:
5093:
5088:
5085:
5081:
5076:
5073:
5069:
5064:
5061:
5057:
5052:
5049:
5045:
5040:
5037:
5033:
5028:
5025:
5021:
5016:
5013:
5009:
5004:
5001:
4997:
4992:
4989:
4985:
4980:
4977:
4973:
4968:
4965:
4961:
4956:
4953:
4949:
4944:
4941:
4937:
4932:
4929:
4925:
4924:Bérces (2011)
4920:
4917:
4913:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4896:
4893:
4889:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4875:, p. xv.
4874:
4869:
4866:
4862:
4857:
4854:
4850:
4845:
4842:
4838:
4833:
4830:
4826:
4821:
4818:
4815:, p. xi.
4814:
4809:
4806:
4802:
4801:Boberg (2015)
4797:
4794:
4790:
4785:
4782:
4778:
4777:Hualde (2011)
4773:
4770:
4766:
4761:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4750:Hickey (2007)
4746:
4743:
4739:
4734:
4731:
4728:, p. 30.
4727:
4722:
4719:
4715:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4693:
4690:
4686:
4681:
4678:
4674:
4669:
4666:
4663:, p. 29.
4662:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4606:
4603:
4600:, p. 92.
4599:
4594:
4591:
4587:
4581:
4578:
4574:
4569:
4566:
4560:
4548:
4540:
4536:
4514:
4511:
4504:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4487:
4480:
4477:
4472:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4447:
4442:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4412:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4397:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4362:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4322:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4307:
4302:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4292:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4268:
4264:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4244:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4204:
4199:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4174:
4168:
4158:
4154:
4143:
4136:
4124:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4089:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4030:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3923:morphological
3920:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3289:
3285:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2298:Hetty; Hettie
2297:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2057:accents with
2056:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1505:Birdy; Birdie
1504:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1286:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1242:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1212:
1207:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1138:
1135:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1032:Mediterranean
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
966:
962:
958:
956:
954:
947:
941:
940:nasal release
937:
925:
918:
910:
902:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
846:Irish English
843:
839:
835:
827:
819:
804:
802:
781:
779:
775:
755:
753:
749:
729:
727:
723:
712:
695:
689:
670:
668:
664:
658:
650:
645:
639:
635:
631:
625:
620:
616:
608:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
568:
567:
563:
554:
552:
550:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
518:
516:
499:
497:
493:
487:
481:
473:
469:
459:
451:
443:
435:
429:
425:
421:
417:
411:
406:
403:
400:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
374:, especially
373:
369:
365:
361:
359:
354:
350:
346:
342:
334:
322:
318:
316:
312:
297:
292:
290:
285:
283:
278:
277:
275:
274:
268:
265:
263:
260:
259:
257:
256:
251:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
193:
189:
185:
184:
182:
181:
176:
170:
167:
165:
162:
161:
159:
158:
153:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
108:
106:
105:
102:
98:
92:
89:
87:
84:
83:
81:
80:
77:
73:
67:
64:
62:
59:
58:
56:
55:
50:
47:
43:
39:
38:
33:
19:
6137:
6118:
6110:
6098:
6090:
6082:
6076:
6006:
5944:Northumbrian
5860:
5856:
5846:
5838:
5818:
5795:
5779:0-52128541-0
5770:0-52128540-2
5761:0-52129719-2
5740:
5726:the original
5717:
5694:
5664:
5655:0-63123079-3
5645:
5626:
5607:
5583:
5580:Esling, John
5576:Setter, Jane
5572:Roach, Peter
5557:the original
5526:
5520:
5494:
5444:
5441:Upton, Clive
5417:
5393:
5382:0-22632104-5
5372:
5369:Hayes, Bruce
5350:
5320:
5298:
5273:
5269:
5252:
5248:
5229:
5201:
5194:Fee, Margery
5163:
5141:
5137:
5125:Bibliography
5111:
5099:
5092:Wells (1982)
5087:
5080:Wells (1982)
5075:
5063:
5056:Hayes (2009)
5051:
5044:Wells (1982)
5039:
5032:Hayes (2009)
5027:
5015:
5003:
4998:, p. 7.
4991:
4979:
4967:
4955:
4948:Wells (1982)
4943:
4931:
4919:
4914:, p. 5.
4907:
4900:Wells (2011)
4895:
4888:Hayes (1995)
4873:Wells (2000)
4868:
4861:Wells (1982)
4856:
4844:
4837:Wells (1982)
4832:
4820:
4813:Jones (2011)
4808:
4796:
4789:Hayes (2009)
4784:
4772:
4745:
4733:
4721:
4692:
4685:Wells (1982)
4680:
4668:
4625:Wells (1982)
4605:
4598:Ogden (2009)
4593:
4580:
4573:Wells (1982)
4568:
4547:re-, e-, de-
4546:
4541:consonants (
4513:
4478:
4266:
4156:
4152:
4151:(making the
4141:
4134:
4116:
4108:
4101:
4097:
4071:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4043:
4040:Abra cadábra
4039:
4038:
4035:Navra tilóva
4034:
4033:
4025:
4020:
4017:mìlitarístic
4016:
4012:
4008:
4005:càpitalístic
4004:
4000:
3998:
3988:
3982:
3974:
3963:
3957:
3949:
3936:
3916:
3901:than before
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3288:yod-dropping
3251:yod-dropping
2865:nitre; niter
2626:
2625:In the term
2550:yod-dropping
1639:yod-dropping
1272:
1225:intervocalic
1218:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1079:Wells (1982)
1074:
1070:
1048:
1039:
1036:capitalistic
1035:
1031:
1027:
1024:militaristic
1023:
1017:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
967:one (namely
959:
952:
935:
923:
908:
900:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
862:
808:Flapping of
807:
777:
773:
751:
747:
725:
721:
711:Betty Botter
687:
671:Distribution
656:
646:
637:
633:
629:
615:glottal stop
604:
599:
595:
591:
587:
579:
575:
571:
565:
561:
558:
519:
514:
501:Flapping of
500:
495:
491:
471:
467:
394:, where the
364:phonological
357:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
339:
327:and ⟨
309:
203:
191:
187:
5929:Old English
5491:Rice, Keren
5198:Algeo, John
5008:Vaux (2000)
4996:Vaux (2000)
4960:Vaux (2000)
4912:Vaux (2000)
4068:T-to-R rule
4050:Rázz matàzz
3999:The medial
2894:odour; odor
1170:go to sleep
1117:other than
1106:Vaux (2000)
838:New Zealand
121:Close front
61:Old English
6162:Categories
6064:Consonants
6039:Diphthongs
5949:West Saxon
5713:Vaux, Bert
4561:References
4553:elsewhere.
4430:h-dropping
4145:/ˈstaːrɪŋ/
4138:/ˈstaːtɪŋ/
4102:to shut up
3377:non-rhotic
3341:sadder day
2628:Mardi Gras
2607:non-rhotic
2587:non-rhotic
2404:ˈd͡ʒɔɪɾ̃ɪŋ
2390:cot-caught
2344:non-rhotic
2055:non-rhotic
1289:/-t-,-nt-/
1164:, wherein
1063:nasal flap
979:preceding
834:Australian
824:between a
801:media help
559:The terms
388:Australian
209:H-dropping
126:Diphthongs
116:Close back
6105:Rhoticity
6085:-dropping
5471:243507016
5290:231889893
5144:: 75–96.
4586:Fox (2011
4549:, and as
4455:starring
4452:starting
4327:daughter
4315:kar(r)ee
4045:Ala kazám
3941:flapped-t
3905:, due to
3574:slighting
3379:accents.
3345:ˈsæɾəɹdeɪ
2609:accents.
2589:accents.
2346:accents.
1953:dɪˈluːɾəd
1770:ˈt͡ʃæɾ̃ɪŋ
1309:aboarding
1294:/-d-,-n-/
1215:Homophony
1194:carpenter
1053:(but not
490:, making
480:nasalized
418:alveolar
396:voiceless
229:Rhoticity
136:Open back
6130:stopping
6125:fronting
6077:Flapping
6072:Clusters
5855:. 1999.
5794:(2000).
5739:(1982).
5715:(2000).
5582:(eds.).
5570:(2011).
5553:18496590
5493:(eds.).
5443:(eds.).
5416:(2007).
5371:(1995).
4584:E.g. in
4488:See also
4459:ˈstɑːɾɪŋ
4285:borough
4257:borough
4157:starring
4153:starting
4142:starring
4135:starting
4105:/ʃʊrˈʊp/
3777:weighted
3725:ˈtwiːɾəd
3692:ˈtɹeɪɾəɹ
3594:ˈstʌɾ̃ɪŋ
3590:stunning
3587:stunting
3581:ˈslaɪɾɪŋ
3551:skidding
3548:skitting
3473:shunning
3470:shunting
3404:scenting
3338:Saturday
3332:ˈseɪɾ̃ɪŋ
3325:sainting
3212:righting
3117:plodding
3114:plotting
3086:ˈpliːɾɪŋ
3082:pleading
3079:pleating
3073:ˈplæɾ̃ɪŋ
3069:planning
3066:planting
2924:ˈpeɪɾ̃ɪŋ
2917:painting
2662:meant it
2649:mattocks
2397:jointing
2392:merger.
2384:ˈd͡ʒɑɾ̃i
2318:ˈhɜːɹɾɪŋ
2231:ˈɡɹeɪɾəɹ
2218:ˈɡɹeɪɾəɹ
2152:ˈfjuːɾəl
2036:ɪˈluːɾəd
2016:əˈluːɾəd
1966:ˈdoʊɾ̃ət
1962:doughnut
1959:don't it
1913:daunting
1900:daunting
1880:daughter
1841:courting
1831:chording
1828:courting
1805:clodding
1802:clotting
1765:Channing
1761:chanting
1633:ˈbɹuːɾəɹ
1607:ˈbliːɾɪŋ
1603:bleeding
1600:bleating
1326:əˈlaɪɾəd
1319:alighted
1313:əˈbɔɹɾɪŋ
1306:aborting
1255:but not
1221:lenition
1182:eighteen
1178:fourteen
1174:thirteen
1162:together
1158:tomorrow
1115:sonorant
1113:after a
961:Morpheme
917:Syllabic
893:whatever
889:get over
842:Northern
826:stressed
657:hospital
638:whatever
634:hospital
580:flapping
578:, while
572:flapping
399:alveolar
360:-voicing
341:Flapping
325:/ /
321:Help:IPA
267:Spelling
204:Flapping
169:Clusters
91:In Scots
5939:Mercian
5934:Kentish
5544:2390816
5200:(ed.).
4533:before
4420:horror
4387:Lottie
4379:ˈd͡ʒɛɾi
4360:horror
4357:hotter
4282:butter
4212:Barrie
4197:barrel
4194:battle
4109:to shut
3991:alistic
3977:aristic
3895:writing
3887:writing
3870:ˈɹaɪɾɪŋ
3863:writing
3850:ˈwaɪɾəɹ
3830:ˈwiːɾəd
3823:wheated
3817:ˈwɪɾ̃əɹ
3800:wedding
3797:wetting
3784:ˈweɪɾəd
3751:ˈweɪɾəɹ
3721:tweeded
3718:tweeted
3685:traitor
3679:ˈtoʊɾɪŋ
3675:toading
3666:ˈtaɪɾəl
3642:tinning
3639:tenting
3633:ˈtɛɾ̃əɹ
3620:ˈtɛɾ̃əɹ
3577:sliding
3568:ˈsɔɹɾɨd
3555:ˈskɪɾɪŋ
3542:ˈsaɪɾɨd
3529:ˈsɪɾ̃əɹ
3516:ˈsaɪɾəɹ
3509:sighter
3503:ˈsaɪɾɨd
3496:sighted
3486:shudder
3483:shutter
3477:ˈʃʌɾ̃ɪŋ
3460:said it
3451:ˈsɛɾ̃ɨt
3444:sent it
3431:ˈsiːɾɪŋ
3427:seeding
3424:seating
3411:ˈsɪɾ̃ɪŋ
3407:sinning
3391:ˈsɪɾ̃əd
3384:scented
3364:saunter
3358:ˈseɪɾəɹ
3328:seining
3282:ˈɹuːɾəɹ
3265:rodding
3262:rotting
3245:ˈɹuːɾəɹ
3219:ˈɹaɪɾɪŋ
3186:ˈɹeɪɾɨd
3169:pudding
3166:putting
3160:ˈpʌɾ̃ɪŋ
3156:punning
3153:punting
3147:ˈpaʊɾəɹ
3121:ˈplɒɾɪŋ
3101:ˈplɪɾ̃i
3060:ˈplæɾəd
3056:plaided
3053:platted
2978:padding
2975:patting
2950:ˈpæɹəɾi
2937:ˈpæɾ̃ɪŋ
2933:panning
2930:panting
2920:paining
2885:ˈnoʊɾɨd
2872:ˈnaɪɾəɹ
2859:ˈnaɪɾəɹ
2852:nighter
2833:ˈniːɾəɹ
2829:kneader
2787:ˈmoʊɾəl
2669:ˈmɪɾ̃ɨt
2656:ˈmæɾəks
2621:ˈmɑːɹɾi
2544:ˈluːɾəɹ
2509:ˈliːɾəɹ
2436:knotted
2400:joining
2314:herding
2311:hurting
2285:ˈhiːɾɨd
2272:ˈhɑːɹɾi
2244:ˈgɹɪɾəd
2240:gridded
2237:gritted
2224:greater
2205:ˈgoʊɾəd
2185:ˈgɑɾ̃əɹ
2178:gaunter
2172:ˈgɑɹɾəɹ
2168:guarder
2132:ˈfɑɾ̃əl
2119:ˈflʌɾəɹ
2115:flooder
2112:flutter
2106:ˈfeɪɾɨd
2012:alluded
1996:doughty
1949:deluded
1946:diluted
1920:ˈdɑɾ̃ɪŋ
1916:donning
1907:ˈdɔɾ̃ɪŋ
1903:dawning
1848:ˈkɔɹɾɪŋ
1844:cording
1835:ˈkɔɹɾɪŋ
1822:ˈkoʊɾɪŋ
1815:coating
1809:ˈklɒɾɪŋ
1796:ˈsaɪɾəɹ
1783:ˈsaɪɾɨd
1748:ˈsɪɾ̃əɹ
1722:ˈkɑɹɾɪŋ
1718:carding
1715:carting
1709:ˈkæɾ̃ən
1696:ˈkæɾ̃ən
1683:ˈkæɾ̃əɹ
1653:budding
1650:butting
1629:brooder
1620:ˈboʊɾɪŋ
1613:boating
1594:ˈblæɾəɹ
1590:bladder
1587:blatter
1564:bidding
1561:bitting
1542:ˈbaɪɾɪŋ
1525:bedding
1522:betting
1476:ˈbiːɾɪŋ
1472:beading
1469:beating
1437:ˈbæɾ̃əɹ
1407:add 'em
1381:add 'em
1206:voicing
1186:seventy
1154:tonight
1097:with .
1009:Keating
965:reduced
934:(as in
907:(as in
899:(as in
881:wedding
877:writing
854:Cockney
774:seventy
607:Cockney
576:tapping
528:, some
405:phoneme
380:Cardiff
372:English
362:, is a
345:tapping
313:in the
5998:Vowels
5802:
5783:
5777:,
5774:
5768:,
5765:
5759:
5751:,
5701:
5679:
5652:
5633:
5614:
5592:
5551:
5541:
5501:
5469:
5459:
5424:
5402:
5379:
5357:
5335:
5305:
5288:
5237:
5216:
5178:
4588::158).
4474:ˈtɑːɾi
4470:tarry
4467:tarty
4440:Perry
4437:petty
4417:otter
4405:marry
4402:matty
4390:lorry
4375:jerry
4372:jetty
4345:ferry
4342:Fetty
4334:ˈdɔːɾə
4312:catty
4300:carry
4297:catty
4254:but a
4242:berry
4239:betty
4227:Barry
4224:batty
4209:batty
4201:ˈbæɾəl
4189:Notes
4029:stress
3891:riding
3883:riding
3866:riding
3843:whiter
3826:weeded
3813:winner
3810:winter
3804:ˈwɛɾɪŋ
3771:ˈwɑɾəl
3767:waddle
3764:wattle
3744:waiter
3688:trader
3672:toting
3646:ˈtɪɾɪŋ
3626:tenter
3616:tenner
3613:tenter
3607:ˈtɑɹɾi
3564:sordid
3561:sorted
3525:sinner
3522:sinter
3490:ˈʃʌɾəɹ
3464:ˈsɛɾɨt
3457:set it
3447:senate
3371:ˈsɔɾ̃ə
3306:ˈɹʌɾ̃i
3290:after
3275:router
3269:ˈɹɒɾɪŋ
3253:after
3238:rooter
3232:ˈɹoʊɾi
3228:roadie
3215:riding
3206:ˈɹæɾəl
3202:raddle
3199:rattle
3182:raided
3173:ˈpʊɾɪŋ
3143:powder
3140:pouter
3134:ˈpɒɾɨd
3130:podded
3127:potted
3092:plenty
3047:ˈpɛɾəl
3043:peddle
3040:pettle
3034:ˈpɛɾəl
3027:pettle
3021:ˈpɛɾəl
3017:peddle
3008:ˈpɛɾəl
2982:ˈpæɾɪŋ
2969:ˈpæɾəɹ
2965:padder
2962:patter
2946:parody
2943:parity
2898:ˈoʊɾəɹ
2839:neuter
2826:neater
2820:ˈmʌɾəɹ
2816:mudder
2813:mutter
2807:ˈmɑɾəl
2800:mottle
2780:motile
2774:ˈmɪɾ̃i
2770:Minnie
2761:ˈmɪɾ̃i
2741:ˈmɪɾ̃i
2728:ˈmɛɾəl
2724:meddle
2721:mettle
2715:ˈmɛɾəl
2708:mettle
2702:ˈmɛɾəl
2698:meddle
2689:ˈmɛɾəl
2665:minute
2652:Maddox
2643:ˈmæɾəɹ
2639:madder
2636:matter
2601:ˈmæɾ̃ə
2581:ˈmæɾ̃ə
2577:manner
2568:ˈmæɾ̃ə
2552:after
2540:lewder
2537:looter
2531:ˈlɪɾəl
2522:little
2505:leader
2489:ˈlɪɾ̃i
2469:ˈlɑɾəd
2465:lotted
2462:lauded
2456:ˈlæɾəɹ
2452:ladder
2449:latter
2443:ˈnɒɾɨd
2439:nodded
2426:kiddie
2417:ˈkɪɾɨd
2413:kidded
2410:kitted
2380:Johnny
2377:jaunty
2371:ˈaɪɾəɹ
2358:ˈɪɾ̃əɹ
2351:inter-
2331:inter-
2281:heeded
2278:heated
2265:hearty
2259:ˈɡɹɪɾi
2254:Griddy
2250:gritty
2227:grader
2214:grader
2211:grater
2201:goaded
2198:goated
2165:garter
2148:feudal
2145:futile
2128:faunal
2125:fontal
2073:ˈɪɾ̃əɹ
2032:eluded
2029:eluted
2009:eluted
2003:ˈdaʊɾi
1990:ˈdɑɾəɹ
1986:dodder
1983:dotter
1940:ˈdɛɾəɹ
1936:deader
1933:debtor
1887:ˈdɑɾəɹ
1883:dodder
1861:ˈkʌɾəl
1857:cuddle
1854:cuttle
1818:coding
1744:sinner
1702:canton
1692:cannon
1689:canton
1679:canner
1676:canter
1657:ˈbʌɾɪŋ
1641:after
1626:bruter
1616:boding
1568:ˈbɪɾɪŋ
1555:ˈbɪɾəɹ
1551:bidder
1548:bitter
1538:biding
1535:biting
1529:ˈbɛɾɪŋ
1509:ˈbəɹɾi
1502:Bertie
1489:ˈbəɹɾi
1485:birdie
1482:Bertie
1459:baddie
1450:ˈbæɾəɹ
1446:badder
1443:batter
1433:banner
1430:banter
1417:auntie
1378:at 'em
1365:at 'em
1322:elided
1301:Notes
1273:little
1241:merger
1192:, and
1190:ninety
1180:, and
1160:, and
1095:winner
1091:winter
1087:winner
1083:winter
1075:winner
1071:winter
1030:, and
1007:, and
995:, and
993:retail
973:/i,oʊ/
942:) and
936:button
924:bottle
909:faulty
885:loader
873:butter
856:, and
752:winner
748:winter
726:ladder
722:latter
630:little
600:murder
598:, and
588:autumn
534:Scouse
532:(like
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496:winner
492:winter
472:ladder
468:latter
428:vowels
416:voiced
384:Ulster
329:
194:merger
192:caught
5729:(PDF)
5722:(PDF)
5560:(PDF)
5517:(PDF)
5467:S2CID
5286:S2CID
4539:velar
4505:Notes
4479:Tarry
4444:ˈpɛɾi
4428:With
4409:ˈmæɾi
4394:ˈlɒɾi
4364:ˈhɒɾə
4349:ˈfɛɾi
4330:Dora
4319:ˈkæɾi
4304:ˈkæɾi
4289:ˈbʌɾə
4261:ˈbəɾə
4246:ˈbɛɾi
4231:ˈbæɾi
4216:ˈbæɾi
4112:/ʃʊt/
4090:]
4086:[
4054:But:
4009:cátty
3854:With
3846:wider
3834:With
3788:With
3780:waded
3755:With
3747:wader
3738:ˈʌɾəɹ
3734:udder
3731:utter
3708:Tudor
3705:tutor
3696:With
3662:tidal
3659:title
3650:With
3629:tenor
3603:tardy
3600:tarty
3538:sided
3535:sited
3512:cider
3499:sided
3435:With
3415:With
3395:With
3387:synod
3367:sauna
3354:Seder
3351:satyr
3319:ˈɹʌɾi
3315:ruddy
3312:rutty
3302:runny
3299:runty
3286:With
3278:ruder
3249:With
3241:ruder
3190:With
3179:rated
3105:With
3096:Pliny
3030:pedal
3014:petal
3004:pedal
3001:petal
2995:ˈpæɾi
2991:paddy
2988:patty
2954:With
2911:ˈɒɾəɹ
2907:odder
2904:otter
2891:oater
2881:noded
2878:noted
2868:nidor
2855:nidor
2842:nuder
2803:model
2791:With
2783:modal
2767:minty
2754:minty
2745:With
2734:minty
2711:medal
2695:metal
2685:medal
2682:metal
2673:With
2617:Mardi
2614:Marty
2597:manor
2594:manta
2574:manta
2564:manna
2561:manta
2548:With
2513:With
2502:liter
2493:With
2485:Lenny
2482:linty
2473:With
2430:ˈkɪɾi
2423:kitty
2388:With
2367:eider
2354:inner
2338:ˈɪɾ̃ə
2322:With
2305:ˈhɛɾi
2301:heady
2289:With
2268:hardy
2189:With
2181:goner
2156:With
2136:With
2102:faded
2099:fated
2093:ˈeɪɾə
2077:With
2069:inner
2066:enter
2049:ˈɪɾ̃ə
2042:enter
2020:With
1999:dowdy
1970:With
1924:With
1891:With
1874:ˈkʌɾi
1870:cuddy
1867:cutty
1792:cider
1789:citer
1779:sided
1776:cited
1752:With
1735:ˈkæɾi
1731:caddy
1728:catty
1705:canon
1670:ˈbʌɾi
1666:buddy
1663:butty
1637:With
1581:ˈbɪɾi
1577:biddy
1574:bitty
1513:With
1493:With
1463:ˈbæɾi
1456:batty
1424:ˈæɾ̃i
1420:Annie
1411:ˈæɾəm
1398:ˈæɾəm
1385:ˈæɾəm
1372:ˈæɾəm
1359:ˈæɾ̃i
1355:Annie
1352:anti-
1346:ˈæɾ̃i
1342:Annie
1330:With
1269:]
1265:[
1150:today
1125:, or
1005:motto
997:latex
989:botox
975:, or
948:]
944:[
901:party
665:]
661:[
626:]
622:[
596:otter
592:Berta
544:(see
509:with
488:]
484:[
482:flap
452:]
448:[
444:]
440:[
436:]
432:[
355:, or
317:(IPA)
199:Drawl
146:Pre-R
141:Pre-L
5800:ISBN
5757:ISBN
5699:ISBN
5677:ISBN
5650:ISBN
5631:ISBN
5612:ISBN
5590:ISBN
5549:PMID
5499:ISBN
5457:ISBN
5422:ISBN
5400:ISBN
5377:ISBN
5355:ISBN
5333:ISBN
5303:ISBN
5235:ISBN
5214:ISBN
5176:ISBN
4537:and
4521:and
4424:ˈɒɾə
4271:/bə/
4186:IPA
4140:and
4098:shut
3987:capi
3973:mili
3962:capi
3948:mili
3885:and
3225:roti
2757:mini
2737:many
2526:Lidl
2364:iter
2334:in a
2045:in a
1974:and
1404:atom
1394:Adam
1391:atom
1368:Adam
1339:ante
1298:IPA
1277:Lidl
1275:and
1247:and
1235:and
1204:and
1198:/nt/
1085:and
1073:and
1055:/nd/
1051:/nt/
1038:and
1020:foot
1001:pity
812:and
750:and
724:and
636:and
564:and
562:flap
476:/nt/
470:and
420:flap
390:and
6023:/r/
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5745:doi
5669:doi
5539:PMC
5531:doi
5449:doi
5325:doi
5278:doi
5257:doi
5206:doi
5168:doi
5146:doi
4551:/ə/
4531:/ɪ/
4527:/ɪ/
4523:/ə/
4519:/ɪ/
4275:/t/
4267:But
4182:/r/
4177:/t/
4165:/r/
4161:/t/
4149:/r/
4131:/ɪ/
4127:/ə/
4082:/r/
4078:/r/
4074:/t/
4015:in
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3983:vs.
3958:vs.
3952:ary
3937:vs.
3903:/t/
3899:/d/
3375:In
3292:/ɹ/
3255:/ɹ/
2605:In
2585:In
2554:/l/
2342:In
2089:Ada
2086:eta
2053:In
1643:/ɹ/
1261:/t/
1257:/d/
1253:/t/
1249:/d/
1245:/t/
1237:/d/
1233:/t/
1209:/t/
1202:/n/
1166:/t/
1067:/n/
1059:/t/
985:/k/
981:/ŋ/
977:/ɪ/
969:/ə/
932:/n/
928:/t/
920:/l/
913:/l/
905:/l/
897:/r/
869:/d/
867:or
865:/t/
830:/t/
822:/t/
814:/d/
810:/t/
653:/d/
647:In
642:/d/
611:/t/
605:In
574:or
566:tap
551:).
548:/r/
542:/r/
511:/d/
507:/t/
503:/t/
464:/t/
442:tsʰ
343:or
188:Cot
6164::
6138:Wh
6119:Th
6099:Ng
5817:.
5755:.
5675:.
5578:;
5574:;
5547:.
5537:.
5527:29
5525:.
5519:.
5489:;
5465:.
5455:.
5331:.
5284:.
5274:56
5272:.
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5212:.
5192:;
5174:.
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4880:^
4757:^
4704:^
4651:^
4632:^
4617:^
4432:.
4277:.
3966:al
3909:.
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3858:.
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2081:.
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2024:.
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1497:.
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1196:,
1188:,
1176:,
1156:,
1152:,
1146:to
1121:,
1046:.
1026:,
1015:.
1003:,
991:,
983:,
883:,
879:,
875:,
860:.
852:,
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667:.
632:,
594:,
590:,
524:,
498:.
486:ɾ̃
386:,
382:,
378:,
351:,
244:WH
239:TH
219:NG
6111:T
6091:L
6083:H
6007:A
5890:e
5883:t
5876:v
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5658:.
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4902:.
4155:–
4088:ɹ
4021:t
4013:t
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3989:t
3975:t
3964:t
3950:t
1267:d
1133:;
1131:n
1127:ŋ
1123:m
1119:l
953:t
950:(
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778:t
663:d
624:d
460:/
458:d
456:/
450:ʔ
434:ɾ
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295:e
288:t
281:v
224:R
190:–
111:A
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