606:
deploying a different antagonistic mechanism that gave it an advantage over one species but a disadvantage over others. Research further highlighted the importance of environmental factors including temperature, water potential, and invertebrate interactions in influencing competition. Findings suggested that competition increased decay, due to competition being expensive and saprotrophs needing to access more resources to fund it. Similarly, decay rates increased in smaller environments where natural resources were limited and competition intense. Interestingly, even though brown-rot fungi lack the ability to decompose lignin, a relatively energetically expensive molecule, brown-rot fungi were slightly more competitive than white-rot fungi since they could still access the relatively cheaper cellulose and hemicellulose and devote more energy to competition and less to extracting nutrients. Further evidence for white-rot fungi possessing long-term advantages was found in a study that determined that a longer time was required for white-rot fungal invasion of wood chips than for foliage litters. The data they collected on white-rot mass loss was sigmoid-shaped. This finding suggests that while white-rot fungi are not as competitive at decomposing carbon from common sources as other decomposers within the first year, but they proved to be more competitive after one year due to their specialized ability to access carbon from lignin.
539:, a low-redox-potential oxidase incapable of direct attack. Laccase can be used both in breaking and forming lignin. It cleaves lignin by reducing oxygen, creating a free radical which allows a hydroxyl radical (·OH) to attack the ring and deposit an alcohol group (OH). Deprotonation follows, resulting in the breaking of C-C (aryl-alphaC) bond into two aromatic rings. These products enter the fungal hyphae to be further broken down via catabolic processes. After the lignin complex is broken down, other saprotrophs can enter and begin degrading the newly created products. The final products of these transformations are carbon dioxide and water. While it is known that brown-rot fungi can also target lignin, they are only capable of modifying and are not capable of completely recycling it with a few exceptions. The ability to degrade lignin, previously supposed to only occur in white-rot fungi which have PODs, was found in
573:, a heteropolymer like cellulose that is not exclusively catabolized by white-rot fungi. The prevalent hemicellulose found in soft wood trees is Galactoglucomannan, a molecule made up of b-1,4-linked D-mannopyranose and D-glucopyranose units. Endo-1,4-b-D-mannanase breaks the prior linkages along the main chain of galactoglucomannan. Recent studies have found that LPMOs, previously only thought to be used in cellulose cleavage, were also found to be important in the catabolism of hemicellulose in conjunction with glycoside hydrolase enzymes (GHs). The availability of non white-rot fungi to catabolize cellulose and hemicellulose results in the creation of interspecific competition for access to these resources. Understanding the methods white-rot fungi use to dominate a resource and prevent competition will prove an important facet to understanding white-rot fungi.
155:
587:
had good growth, but in soil with natural microbiota present, white-rot growth was variable. Even though white-rot fungi have a very specialized process for acquiring carbon, they are still vulnerable to competitors. Researchers clarified that white-rot fungi survival is dependent on its ability to defend lignocellulose substrate against attack by soil microbiota and its ability to establish itself within the soil bulk. These findings suggest that white-rot fungi and soil microbiota remain largely antagonistic in interactions, with only the highly competitive
520:
49:
997:, the durability of wood and wood-based products to fungal decay can be classified into five categories: very durable (DC1); durable (DC2); moderately durable (DC3); slightly durable (DC4); and not durable (DC5). The durability to insect attacks can be categorized as durable (DC D); moderately durable (DC M); and not durable (DC S). Generally, the heartwood of durable tree species is considered as very durable, whereas the sapwood of all tree species is considered as not durable and is the most vulnerable.
647:(300-250 mya) there was a very high carbon accumulation. However, near the end of the Permian there was a sharp decline in carbon accumulation. White-rot fungi and their ability to cleave lignin evolved at the end of the Permian period. Researchers attempted to reconstruct the evolution of saprotrophic capabilities. Results suggested that white-rot saprotrophs were the common ancestors of brown-rot fungi and ectomycorrhiza (ECM), but that in the latter two groups genes coding for PODs were lost.
1149:
679:, which in 2003 constituted approximately 25% of total mushroom production. Due to white-rot fungiâs important ability to degrade lignin, they have been increasingly explored as potential sources in mycoremediation applications, applications focused on removing organic pollutants from the environment. All three enzyme types of lignin decomposition (LiPs, MnP, and Laccase) have been explored. White-rot fungi have been determined to degrade chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons (
767:
31:
65:
291:
374:
1349:
Christophe Klopp, Daniel Cullen, Ronald P de Vries, Allen C Gathman, Matthieu
Hainaut, Bernard Henrissat, Kristiina S HildĂ©n, Ursula KĂŒes, Walt Lilly, Anna Lipzen, Miia R MĂ€kelĂ€, Angel T Martinez, MĂ©lanie Morel-Rouhier, Emmanuelle Morin, Jasmyn Pangilinan, Arthur F J Ram, Han A B Wösten, Francisco J Ruiz-Dueñas, Robert Riley, Eric Record, Igor V Grigoriev, Marie-NoĂ«lle Rosso (2020).
662:
highlight the importance of taking plant evolution into account when analyzing the evolution of white-rot fungus. Researchers note that plant cell walls have been steadily increasing and show evidence of convergent evolution. White-rot PODs also demonstrated convergent evolution. As plant cell walls have become more efficient, so have the peroxidases that destroy them.
498:ââFe +â·OHâ+âOH The peroxidases used to oxidize lignin are lignin peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidase (MnP), and versatile peroxidase (VP). These peroxidases are commonly referred to as fungal class II peroxidases (PODs). Research suggests there may be another group of POD enzymes: basal peroxidases, including novel peroxidase (NoP). The NoP of
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cellulose and hemicellulose, they suggest that PODs developed after cellulolytic enzymes and that white-rot mechanisms were an elaboration based on the already existing saprotrophic model, not just on the utilization of PODs. Understanding the evolutionary development of white-rot fungi provides insight onto a variety of potential uses.
658:. One of the major findings was that ancestral versatile peroxidase (AVP) was not capable of functioning efficiently at low pH, a characteristic associated with modern LiPs. Findings also suggested that AVP possessed a much wider substrate specificity, the loss of which being an evolutionary cost of developing further specificity.
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release of PODs to lower the pH and create a more acidic habitat. The resulting conclusion is that peroxides not only make lignin accessible, but create a more accessible environment for white-rot fungi to compete in. Even with a specialized catabolic mechanism, competition remains a highly selective force on white-rot evolution.
397:
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occurs: âdeadlockâ, when neither species could dominate the other; and âreplacementâ when once species achieved complete colonization and replaced the other. A different study noted a third option: âreciprocal replacementâ when fungi successfully captured some territory and simultaneously lost other territory.
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and this brings physical and chemical changes to the wood. As a result, the permeability decreases while the natural durability increases. Thus, the extractives responsible for natural durability are mainly present in the heartwood, although they may also be contained in small amounts in the sapwood.
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Early peroxidases were unable to directly degrade lignin and relied on metal cations to separate phenol groups. Only later would peroxidases acquire the ability use a tryptophanyl radical, interacting with a bulky polymer at the surface of the peroxidase, to attack non-phenolic lignin. These findings
1348:
Shingo
Miyauchi, Hayat Hage, Elodie Drula, Laurence Lesage-Meessen, Jean-Guy Berrin, David Navarro, Anne Favel, Delphine Chaduli, Sacha Grisel, Mireille Haon, François Piumi, Anthony Levasseur, Anne Lomascolo, Steven Ahrendt, Kerrie Barry, Kurt M LaButti, Didier Chevret, Chris Daum, JérÎme Mariette,
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White-rot fungi have historically been valued as food, but in recent years exploration of their enzymatic capabilities has revealed white-rot fungiâs potential in depollution. White-rot fungi have long since been staples of human diet and remain an important source of nutrition for people around the
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brace that increases glycoside hydrolase activity, effectively lowering the activation cost of the reaction, making cleavage much cheaper, and therefore, more profitable for the fungi. Products from the cleavage are glucose and cellobiose. Another method involves endoglucanases hydrolyzing cellulose
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is another environmental problem. Different regulatory interventions have been undertaken worldwide to restrict their use in the wood industry, especially in timber for residential use. By the end of 2003, the U.S EPA and the wood industry agreed to discontinue the use of CCA in treating timber for
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lasts longer than other trees. Notably, the timber of these trees remain durable for a long-time period, even around a century, thereby they have been used as a reliable building material for centuries. Since the young trees do not produce enough protecting chemicals, some trees grow with a hollow,
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Brown-rot fungi and white-rot fungi have similar interspecific mycelial interactions. When white-rot fungal species occupied the same host distinct districts formed known as âdecay columnsâ. Interactions were classified as interspecific competition. There were two important results when competition
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species capable of establishing themselves with only negligible negative impact due to soil microbiota. Less competitive white-rot fungi either failed to establish or produced lower enzyme concentrations associated with respiration. Successful interactions are characterized by which microbe arrives
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A wide selection of timber preservation has been developed to give the wood an improved durability and to protect it from decay. The wood can be treated according to the purpose (biological protection, e.g. fungi, insects, marine organisms) and the environment (interior, exterior, above ground, in
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Findings suggested the important distinction between primary competition, that is competition to colonize unoccupied territory and antagonistic capture and defense of territory. Many competitive interactions were âintransitiveâ, meaning interactions involved more than two fungal species each often
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Since white-rot fungi aren't the only saprotrophs capable of accessing cellulose and hemicellulose, competition ensues. Researchers attempted to estimate the effect of competition on white rot fungi. They reported that in sterile environments with no microbiota competitors present, white-rot fungi
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Compared to other saprotrophs, white-rot fungi possess the specialized ability to cleave lignin into smaller, more processable molecules. Lignin is a biopolymer which combines with cellulose to form the lignocellulose complex, an important complex that confers strength and durability to plant cell
555:
While white-rot fungi specialized in catabolizing lignin, they are also capable of metabolizing other common organic forms of carbon like cellulose. Cellulose is also a laborious molecule to cleave. First, cellobiohydrolases, found in all white-rot fungi, hydrolyze the 1,4-beta-D-glycosidic bonds
506:
or contraction in the latter two groups. LiPs are oxidioreductases specific to lignin degradation. VPs are a class of peroxidase that combines elements of both LiPs and MnPs. LiPs and VPs are specific to heme product architecture allowing direct oxidation of benzene groups regardless of linkages.
142:
Wood decay fungi are considered key species in the forest ecosystems because the process of decomposing dead wood creates new habitats for other species, helps in the nutrient recycling, participate in the energy transportation and transformation and provides food to other species. They are also
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weapons utilized by white-rot fungi against competitor bacteria. Though the mechanism is unknown, researchers suggested that white-rot fungi may utilize lignin decomposing enzymes, hydroxyl radicals, and aryl alcohols to create a toxic environment. Further environmental manipulation involved the
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but not its lignin; white rot digests lignin as well. The residual products of decomposition from fungal action have variable pH, solubility and redox potentials. Over time this residue becomes incorporated in the soil and sediment so can have a noticeable effect on the environment of that area.
2357:
Floudas, D., Binder, M., Riley, R., Barry, K., Blanchette, R. A., Henrissat, B., MartĂnez, A.T., Otillar, R., Spatafora, J. W., Yadav, J. Y., Aerts, A., Benoit, I., Boyd, A., Carlson, A., Copeland, A., Coutinho, P. M., de Vries, R. P., Ferreira, P., Findley, K., & Hibbett, D. S. (2012). The
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Martinez, D., Larrondo, L. F., Putnam, N., Gelpke, M. D. S., Huang, K., Chapman, J., Helfenbein, K. G., Ramaiya, P., Detter, J. C., Larimer, F., Coutinho, P. M., Henrissat, B., Berka, R., Cullen, D., & Rokhsar, D. (2004). Genome sequence of the lignocellulose degrading fungus
Phanerochaete
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wood blocks resulted in a lower number of wood-inhabiting bacteria, even though lignin is not a food source of these bacteria. This finding points to an antagonistic relationship between white-rot fungi and bacteria that both compete for cellulose and hemicellulose, as well as the existence of
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Researchers attempted to further understand the evolutionary development of white-rot fungi by using bioinformatics. They analyzed sixty-two genomes of
Agaricomycetes of white-rot, brown-rot, ECM and other nutritional modes. Given that both white-rot and brown-rot share the ability to cleave
2929:
Binbuga, Nursen; Ruhs, Christopher; Hasty, Julia K.; Henry, William P.; Schultz, Tor P. (1 May 2008). "Developing environmentally benign and effective organic wood preservatives by understanding the biocidal and non-biocidal properties of extractives in naturally durable heartwood".
425:, because of their ability to access carbon pools that would otherwise remain inaccessible. The name âwhite rotâ derives from the white color and rotting texture of the remaining crystalline cellulose from wood degraded by these fungi. Most knowledge of white-rot fungi comes from
507:
Direct oxidation of benzene groups results in the creation of an unstable radical aromatic. However, the hydrogen peroxide, bound to the heme group on the heme pocket, is unable to access the bulky lignin due to steric hindrance. As a result, LiP and VP enzymes create a
343:, which may act as a microbial barrier. The bark acts as a form of protection for the more vulnerable interior of the plant. Soft-rot fungi are, apparently, not able to decompose matter as effectively as white-rot fungi, as they are less aggressive decomposers.
193:. As a result of this type of decay, the wood shrinks, shows a brown discoloration, and cracks into roughly cubical pieces, a phenomenon termed cubical fracture. The fungi of certain types remove cellulose compounds from wood, and hence the wood turns brown.
757:
was capable of biosorption of Hg, Cd, and Zn in low pH environments. The potential establishment of white-rot fungi as a stable mycoremediator remains an important future discovery. White-rot fungi remain an important source of great unrealized potential.
106:
in wood is required for fungal colonization and proliferation. In nature, this process causes the breakdown of complex molecules and leads to the return of nutrients to the soil. Wood-decay fungi consume wood in various ways; for example, some attack the
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interactions have profound effects on forest biomes. White-rot fungi are characterized by their ability to break down the lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose of wood. As a result of this ability, white-rot fungi are considered a vital component of the
330:
Soft-rot fungi are able to colonise conditions that are normally too hot, cold or wet for brown- or white-rot to inhabit. They can also decompose woods containing high levels of protective from the compounds that are resistant to biological attack; the
528:
2423:
Nagy, L. G., Riley, R., Bergmann, P. J., KrizsĂĄn, K., Martin, F. M., Grigoriev, I. V., ... & Hibbett, D. S. (2017). Genetic bases of fungal white rot wood decay predicted by phylogenomic analysis of correlated gene-phenotype evolution.
2025:
Riley, R., Salamov, A. A., Brown, D. W., Nagy, L. G., Floudas, D., Held, B. W., & Grigoriev, I. V. (2014). Extensive
Sampling of Basidiomycete Genomes Demonstrates Inadequacy of the White-rot/brown-rot Paradigm for Wood Decay Fungi.
458:. Because of its high stability, lignin is incapable of being broken down through simple decomposition. As a result, white-rot fungi employ a series of enzymes that break lignin down into smaller aromatic rings. The relative abundance of
789:. This process creates individual patterns and shades of colour. The wood treated in this way is then excellently suited for the production of all kinds of design objects. In order to stabilise the wood structure weakened by the fungus,
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from their hyphae, an enzyme that breaks down cellulose in wood. This leads to the formation of microscopic cavities inside the wood and, sometimes, to a discoloration and cracking-pattern, similar to brown rot. Soft-rot fungi need
1962:
Bogan, B. W., Schoenike, B., Lamar, R. T., & Cullen, D. (1996). Manganese
Peroxidase mRNA and Enzyme Activity Levels During Bioremediation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soil with Phanerochaete chrysosporium.
893:). The natural durability varies between tree species, geographic regions, environmental conditions, growth stage, and increases with the age. Thereby, some trees are more resistant to fungal diseases and insects and their
2120:
Ademark, P., Varga, A., Medve, J., HarjunpÀÀ, V., Drakenberg, T., Tjerneld, F., & StÄlbrand, H. (1998). Softwood
Hemicellulose-Degrading Enzymes from Aspergillus niger: Purification and Properties of a ÎČ-mannanase.
547:, two brown-rot fungi, lacking PODs. While the general pathway is currently unknown, research supports the existence of a continuum of features that separate the two fungal types rather than distinct categories.
249:
Brown-rot fungal decay is characterised by extensive demethylation of lignins whereas white-rot tends to produce low yields of molecules with demethylated functional groups. There are very few brown rot fungi in
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Belluck, D. A.; Benjamin, S. L.; Baveye, P.; Sampson, J.; Johnson, B. (March 2003). "Widespread
Arsenic Contamination of Soils in Residential Areas and Public Spaces: An Emerging Regulatory or Medical Crisis?".
1610:
Vane, C. H., et al. (2006). "Bark decay by the white-rot fungus
Lentinula edodes: Polysaccharide loss, lignin resistance and the unmasking of suberin." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 57(1):
3000:
Brocco, Victor
Fassina; Paes, Juarez Benigno; Costa, Lais Gonçalves da; Brazolin, Sérgio; Arantes, Marina Donåria Chaves (January 2017). "Potential of teak heartwood extracts as a natural wood preservative".
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Lang, E., Eller, G., & Zadrazil, F. (1997). Lignocellulose Decomposition and Production of Ligninolytic Enzymes during Interaction of White Rot Fungi with Soil Microorganisms. Microbial Ecology, 34(1),
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Palmer, J. M., & Evans, C. S. (1983). The Enzymic Degradation of Lignin by White-Rot Fungi. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 300(1100), 293â303.
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Kohler, A., Kuo, A., Nagy, L. G., Morin, E., Barry, K. W., Buscot, F., ... & Martin, F. (2015). Convergent losses of decay mechanisms and rapid turnover of symbiosis genes in mycorrhizal mutualists.
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of lignin characteristically decreases when decayed by white-rot fungi. Since lignin is the specialized food source of white-rot fungi, understanding the two different catabolic pathways is important.
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is characterized by its inability to bind Mn and its low redox potential. PODs developed in the common ancestor of white-rot, brown-rot and mycorrhizal fungi but these enzyme families have undergone
3109:
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partially degrading cellulose. GH61 enzymes initiate a copper-dependent oxidative (LPMO) attack on crystalline cellulose. LPMOs boost degradation by activating oxygen using a copper-containing
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McClaugherty, C. A., Pastor, J., Aber, J. D., & Melillo, J. M. (1985). Forest Litter Decomposition in Relation to Soil Nitrogen Dynamics and Litter Quality. Ecology, 66(1), 266â275.
1902:
Floudas D, Binder M, Riley R, Barry K, Blanchette RA, Henrissat B, et al. (2012). "The Paleozoic Origin of Enzymatic Lignin Decomposition Reconstructed from 31 Fungal Genomes".
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Bissaro, B., RĂžhr, Ă
. K., MĂŒller, G., Chylenski, P., Skaugen, M., Forsberg, Z., & Eijsink, V. G. (2017). Oxidative Cleavage of Polysaccharides by Copper Enzymes Depends on H2O2.
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Arıca, M. Y., Bayramoǧlu, G., Yılmaz, M., BektaĆ, S., & Genç, Ă. (2004). Biosorption of Hg2+, Cd2+, and Zn2+ by Ca-Alginate and Immobilized Wood-Rotting fungus Funalia trogii.
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wood leads to results similar to those obtained with fungal decay. After the wood has been soaked, it is iced and then dried. The result is a very light wood with an almost black
561:
at random points before cellobiohydrolases cleave the chains, resulting in cellobiose. At the end of both processes, Beta-glucosidases further catabolize cellobiose into glucose.
739:, a process where biomass is utilized to remove solute wastes preventing pollution. Researchers studied the effect white-rot fungi could have on absorbing heavy metal ions via
1120:(EPA) recognized arsenic as a human carcinogen. Water contamination with arsenic and its compounds is a serious public health issue, and their release to the environment and
1096:, the treatability of woods can be categorized in four levels: (1) easy to treat; (2) moderately easy to treat; (3) difficult to treat; and (4) extremely difficult to treat.
2771:
Munir, Muhammad Tanveer; Pailhories, HĂ©lĂšne; Eveillard, Matthieu; Irle, Mark; Aviat, Florence; Dubreil, Laurence; Federighi, Michel; Belloncle, Christophe (1 May 2020).
1092:, and tree extracts, is another promising environmentally-friendly wood preservation method. The more permeable is the wood, the easier is it to treat. According to the
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Ayuso-FernĂĄndez, I., MartĂnez, A. T., & Ruiz-Dueñas, F. J. (2017). Experimental recreation of the evolution of lignin-degrading enzymes from the Jurassic to date.
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Insight on the evolutionary development of white-rot fungi comes from the evolution of lignin catabolism. Lignin is a precursor to the development of coal. During the
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Hu, Junyi; Shen, Yu; Pang, Song; Gao, Yun; Xiao, Guoyong; Li, Shujun; Xu, Yingqian (December 2013). "Application of hinokitiol potassium salt for wood preservative".
130:. Each produce different enzymes, can degrade different plant materials, and can colonise different environmental niches. Brown rot and soft rot both digest a tree's
3110:"Response to Requests to Cancel Certain Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA) Wood Preservative Products and Amendments to Terminate Certain Uses of other CCA Products"
1569:) on wheat straw lignin using pyrolysisâGCâMS in the presence of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH)." Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 60(1): 69-78.
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processes. This also kills the residual fungus after the desired pattern has been achieved, thus preserving the wood from being further consumed by the fungus.
735:. Noted limitations of white-rot fungi as pollutant cleaners is due to difficulty establishing the fungi in non-natural conditions. Other applications include
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Munir, Muhammad Tanveer; Pailhories, HĂ©lĂšne; Eveillard, Matthieu; Irle, Mark; Aviat, Florence; Federighi, Michel; Belloncle, Christophe (24 August 2020).
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Schilling, Marion; Farine, Sibylle; PĂ©ros, Jean-Pierre; Bertsch, Christophe; Gelhaye, Eric (2021-01-01), Morel-Rouhier, MĂ©lanie; Sormani, Rodnay (eds.),
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486:), a process completed via glyoxal oxidase (GLX). Extracellular hydrogen peroxide may be responsible for creation of hydroxyl radical (·OH) via the
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Wood decay fungi are dependent on wood. Due to forestry, cutting trees and removal of decaying wood, many species are classified as threatened.
1321:, using solid state 13C NMR and off-line TMAH thermochemolysis with GCâMS." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 55(3): 175-185.
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3240:. Fungi from different substrates / J. K. Misra, J. P. Tewari, S. K. Deshmukh, C. Vågvölgyi (eds). N. Y.: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis group.
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1761:"Structure, Organization, and Transcriptional Regulation of a Family of Copper Radical Oxidase Genes in the Lignin-Degrading Basidiomycete
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Silveira, Amanda G. Da; Santini, Elio J.; Kulczynski, Stela M.; Trevisan, RĂŽmulo; Wastowski, Arci D.; Gatto, Darci A. (7 December 2017).
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distribution. Those brown rot fungi between latitudes 23.5° and 35° are typically found at high elevations in pine forest regions, or in
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attack on the heme pocket, thus reducing the stability of lignin. The process starts with creation of extracellular hydrogen peroxide (H
1257:
Viitanen, T. et al. (2010). Towards modelling of decay risk of wooden materials. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 68:303-313.
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Different chemicals have been isolated from the heartwood of naturally rot-resistant trees and have shown to be protectants, including
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in order to synthesize enzymes, which they obtain either from the wood or from the environment. Examples of soft-rot-causing fungi are
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radical on their protein surface which allows long-range electron transfer from the aromatic substrate to the activated cofactor.
2544:
1093:
990:
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Morris, Paul I.; Stirling, Rod (September 2012). "Western red cedar extractives associated with durability in ground contact".
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Cohen, R.; Persky, L.; Hadar, Y. (2002). "Biotechnological applications and potential of wood-degrading mushrooms of the genus
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To gain insight on the evolution of lignolytic peroxidases, researchers resurrected ancestral lignolytic peroxidases from the
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Ayuso-FernĂĄndez, I., Ruiz-Dueñas, F. J., & MartĂnez, A. T. (2018). Evolutionary convergence in lignin-degrading enzymes.
2259:
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Jenna, Purhonen; Nerea, Abrego; Atte, Komonen; Seppo, Huhtinen; Heikki, Kotiranta; Thomas, LĂŠssĂže; Panu, Halme (2021-07-16).
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189:, it can diffuse rapidly through the wood, leading to a decay that is not confined to the direct surroundings of the fungal
154:
2141:"Discovery of LPMO Activity on Hemicelluloses Shows the Importance of Oxidative Processes in Plant Cell Wall Degradation"
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713:
271:
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is a generic name for certain species of brown-rot fungi. Brown-rot fungi of particular economic importance include
2311:"Impact of white-rot fungi on numbers and community composition of bacteria colonizing beech wood from forest soil"
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Verbist, Maxime; Nunes, Lina; Jones, Dennis; Branco, Jorge M. (2019). "Service life design of timber structures".
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1013:
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3218:(2nd ed.). Madison, WI: United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory
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Martinez D, Challacombe J, Morgenstern I, Hibbett D, Schmoll M, Kubicek CP, et al. (2009). Dixon RA (ed.).
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Wood-decay fungi can be classified according to the type of decay that they cause. The best-known types are
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2260:"Inoculum volume effects on competitive outcome and wood decay rate of brown-and white-rot basidiomycetes"
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103:
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654:, a basidiomycete order that emerged 150 mya, and analyzed the lineage from that ancestor to the modern
236:
231:
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220:
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2601:"Experimental Parameters Influence the Observed Antimicrobial Response of Oak Wood (Quercus petraea)"
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1911:
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266:(23.5° latitude), and most of these are found north of the 35° latitude, corresponding to a roughly
2650:
Singh, Tripti; Singh, Adya P. (September 2012). "A review on natural products as wood protectant".
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walls. Lignin is a macromolecule formed from the combination of many phenolic aromatic groups via
115:. The rate of decay of wooden materials in various climates can be estimated by empirical models.
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1945:
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1981:
Pogni R, Baratto MC, Teutloff C, Giansanti S, Ruiz-Dueñas FJ, Choinowski T, et al. (2006).
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specificity. The current and future applications of white-rot fungi as a potential component of
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185:) that is produced during the breakdown of hemicellulose. Because hydrogen peroxide is a small
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1351:"Conserved white-rot enzymatic mechanism for wood decay in the Basidiomycota genus Pycnoporus"
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1084:, etc. Treatment of timber with natural extractives derived from rot-resistant trees, such as
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Natural durability is the inherent capability of wood to tolerate and resist fungal decay and
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The first way white-rot fungi can break down lignin involves a high-redox-potential catalyzed
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53:
36:
30:
609:
Competition is not just limited between fungi. The presence of white rot fungi, in this case
3075:
3010:
2974:
2939:
2909:
2868:
2827:
2794:
2784:
2753:
2694:
2659:
2622:
2612:
2563:
2330:
2274:
2235:
2170:
2160:
2072:
2064:
1998:
1927:
1919:
1874:
1864:
1794:
1784:
1722:
1652:
1496:
1459:
1441:
1433:
1370:
1362:
1081:
976:
970:
903:
390:
263:
251:
3047:
2744:
Scheffer, T. C.; Morrell, Jeffrey J.; Laboratory, Oregon State University Forest Research.
1495:, Wood Degradation and Ligninolytic Fungi, vol. 99, Academic Press, pp. 175â207,
1064:
resins, wood acetylation, natural or biological preservation, such as treatment with heat (
2139:
Agger JW, Isaksen T, VĂĄrnai A, Vidal-Melgosa S, Willats WG, Ludwig R, et al. (2014).
2047:
Frandsen KE, Simmons TJ, Dupree P, Poulsen JN, Hemsworth GR, Ciano L, et al. (2016).
1296:
1029:
487:
442:
275:
92:. Some species of wood-decay fungi attack dead wood, such as brown rot, and some, such as
64:
2822:
Woodard, A.C.; Milner, H.R. (2016). "Sustainability of timber and wood in construction".
2358:
Paleozoic Origin of Enzymatic Lignin Decomposition Reconstructed from 31 Fungal Genomes.
230:(cellar fungus), which may attack timber in buildings. Other brown-rot fungi include the
2449:) Using Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 57(5): 514â517.
2326:
2231:
2156:
1915:
1860:
1780:
1621:
Hoff JA, Klopfenstein NB, McDonald GI, Tonn JR, Kim MS, Zambino PJ, et al. (2004).
1429:
1332:
2831:
2799:
2772:
2627:
2600:
2567:
2240:
2215:
2175:
2140:
2077:
2048:
1879:
1840:
1799:
1760:
1464:
1413:
1375:
1162:
1134:
1121:
841:
833:
786:
503:
405:
58:
2978:
2216:"Outcome of interspecific interactions among brown-rot and white-rot wood decay fungi"
3248:
2898:"Efficiency of natural wood extractives as wood preservatives against termite attack"
2585:
2335:
2310:
2286:
1656:
1508:
1049:
958:
914:
890:
886:
862:
770:
700:
640:
570:
459:
409:
166:
135:
89:
3095:
2951:
2914:
2897:
2706:
2671:
1949:
1742:
1622:
1289:
675:
world. White-rot fungi are commercially grown as a source of food â for example the
1587:. British Mycological Society. Symposium. Cambridge University Press. p. 159.
1561:
1559:
1527:
1234:
1154:
1057:
1053:
947:
936:
836:. This protective feature is attributable to specific biological compounds, called
740:
422:
317:
108:
3014:
2873:
2856:
2773:"Testing the Antimicrobial Characteristics of Wood Materials: A Review of Methods"
290:
3187:
2278:
1983:"A Tryptophan Neutral Radical in the Oxidized State of Versatile Peroxidase from
1414:"Wood-inhabiting fungal responses to forest naturalness vary among morpho-groups"
882:
736:
651:
623:
2789:
2617:
1849:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1759:
Wymelenberg AV, Sabat G, Mozuch M, Kersten PJ, Cullen D, Blanchette RA (2006).
1500:
1437:
840:
that are toxic to wood-destroying organisms. Along with the treeâs growth, the
777:
A special way of giving grown wood an unusual structure is to infect it with a
373:
2698:
2663:
1726:
1144:
1085:
920:
878:
850:
805:
785:). The fungus penetrates the layers of the wood and changes the nature of the
778:
508:
475:
463:
438:
413:
311:
196:
Brown rot in a dry, crumbly condition is sometimes incorrectly referred to as
99:
94:
1664:
1455:
1366:
416:
that are capable of decomposing many tree species. It is now recognized that
2165:
1923:
1869:
1130:
964:
874:
870:
866:
845:
589:
557:
332:
300:
279:
170:
131:
3087:
3079:
2986:
2882:
2808:
2636:
2344:
2184:
2086:
2012:
2003:
1982:
1941:
1888:
1808:
1734:
1473:
1384:
527:
3164:
2857:"Tannic extract potential as natural wood preservative of Acacia mearnsii"
2068:
3030:"Arsenic, Inorganic CASRN 7440-38-2 | DTXSID4023886 | IRIS | US EPA, ORD"
2476:
2099:
Brady, S. K., Sreelatha, S., Feng, Y., Chundawat, S. P., & Lang, M. J
1789:
1350:
1177:
1109:
1073:
1037:
925:
858:
306:
186:
2943:
1446:
17:
1932:
1105:
1089:
1025:
854:
829:
708:
688:
644:
536:
340:
209:
3129:"Wood preservation facilities, chromated copper arsenate: chapter B-1"
3213:
2757:
1126:
894:
821:
794:
336:
112:
81:
1987:: A Combined Multifrequency EPR and Density Functional Theory Study"
1841:"Genome, Transcriptome, and Secretome Analysis of Wood Decay Fungus
356:
3186:
Schwarze, Francis W. M. R.; Engels, Julia; Mattheck, Claus (2000).
208:, as wood must be damp to decay, although it may become dry later.
3146:
2745:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1061:
808:. This result, which also occurs very rarely in nature, is called
801:
790:
765:
618:
526:
518:
396:
395:
363:
289:
190:
153:
63:
47:
29:
1690:
chrysosporium strain RP78. Nature Biotechnology, 22(6), 695â700.
1203:
Building Pathology: Deterioration, Diagnostics, and Intervention
906:. Tree species that have significant natural durability include
793:
or plastics are usually introduced into the material by special
85:
27:
Any species of fungus that digests moist wood, causing it to rot
1334:
Colonization Patterns of Wood-inhabiting Fungi in Boreal Forest
1313:
Vane, C. H., et al. (2005). "Decay of cultivated apricot wood (
2746:"Natural durability of wood: a worldwide checklist of species"
1069:
684:
380:
159:
2723:. Vancouver, B.C.: Douglas & McIntyre. 1984. p. 22.
2028:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3127:
Canada, Environment and Climate Change (26 February 2014).
2497:
1228:"Wood Decay in Living and Dead Trees: A Pictorial Overview"
1104:
Over the years a lot of concerns have arisen regarding the
1012:
ground, in water) of its use. Timber preservatives include
2560:
Long-term Performance and Durability of Masonry Structures
2309:
Folman LB, Klein Gunnewiek PJ, Boddy L, De Boer W (2008).
1674:– via U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service.
1076:, impregnation using biopolymers from agricultural waste (
173:
that form the wood structure. Cellulose is broken down by
2441:
Vane, C. H. (2003). "Monitoring Decay of Black Gum Wood (
1565:
Vane, C. H., et al. (2001). "The effect of fungal decay (
339:, which are difficult for fungi to decompose, as well as
3151:
Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority
2547:. APA â The Engineered Wood Association. 17 August 2022.
1845:
Supports Unique Mechanisms of Lignocellulose Conversion"
389:"White rot" redirects here. For the onion pathogen, see
102:
and colonize living trees. Excessive moisture above the
1534:
Mycelium running: how mushrooms can help save the world
602:
between two white-rot fungi was noted to be very rare.
535:
The second mechanism for breaking down lignin involves
3147:"New restrictions in place for arsenic-treated timber"
1489:"Chapter Six - Wood degradation in grapevine diseases"
335:
of many woody plants contains a high concentration of
2258:
Fukasawa Y, Gilmartin EC, Savoury M, Boddy L (2020).
898:
rotten trunk at an early age. However, the stands of
143:
used as indicator species for conservation projects.
3212:White, Robert H.; Ross, Robert J. (November 2014).
2049:"The Molecular Basis of Polysaccharide Cleavage by
773:
with case made of wood showing induced fungal decay
2721:Cedar: tree of life to the Northwest Coast Indians
1623:"Fungal Endophytes in Woody Roots of Douglas-Fir (
1531:
743:, a linear polysaccharide composed of 1,4-linked
3231:Wasser, Zmitrovich I. V.; Engels, Tura (2014).
2408:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2145:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2107:Degrades Cellulose in Single Cellobiose Steps.
1125:residential use. Its use is also prohibited in
569:Another main food source of white-rot fungi is
433:. White-rot fungi show strong participation in
404:White-rot fungi are a type of fungi comprising
2896:Syofuna, A; Banana, A.Y; Nakabonge, G (2012).
1290:Microorganisms causing decay in trees and wood
1606:
1604:
781:fungus by storing it in a humid environment (
751:. The findings from the study indicated that
8:
1397:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
3215:Wood and Timber Condition Assessment Manual
2545:"EN 350: 2016 (updated) | APAwood - Europe"
1285:
1283:
2445:) During Growth of the Shiitake Mushroom (
445:merit greater study of these saprotrophs.
3207:Mycorrhizal fungi and soil carbon storage
2913:
2872:
2798:
2788:
2626:
2616:
2334:
2239:
2214:Owens EM, Reddy CA, Grethlein HE (1994).
2174:
2164:
2076:
2002:
1931:
1878:
1868:
1798:
1788:
1646:
1463:
1445:
1374:
437:, culminating in the evolution of lignin
294:Wood decay fungus growing on rotting wood
3189:Fungal Strategies of Wood Decay in Trees
2861:Anais da Academia Brasileira de CiĂȘncias
2824:Sustainability of Construction Materials
1192:
2539:
2537:
2535:
1965:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
1769:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
1715:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
1390:
1206:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 106.
1168:Compartmentalization of decay in trees
3165:"EUR-Lex - 32003L0002 - EN - EUR-Lex"
2253:
2251:
2209:
2207:
2196:
2194:
2042:
2040:
1754:
1752:
1685:
1683:
1681:
995:APA â The Engineered Wood Association
470:Lignin metabolism through peroxidases
204:replaced the general use of the term
7:
3068:International Journal of Toxicology
2051:Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases
1046:light organic solvent preservatives
1036:, oil-based preservatives, such as
800:A special icing process applied to
258:zones. Most brown rot fungi have a
3255:Fungal tree pathogens and diseases
2832:10.1016/B978-0-08-100370-1.00007-X
2568:10.1016/B978-0-08-102110-1.00011-X
2241:10.1111/j.1574-6941.1994.tb00086.x
1277:. University of Edinburgh (2005?).
594:first and establishes a foothold.
25:
2967:Journal of Environmental Sciences
1275:Wood decay and wood-rotting fungi
705:polychlorinated dibenzo(p)dioxins
515:Lignin metabolism through laccase
2336:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2007.00425.x
1657:10.1111/j.1439-0329.2004.00367.x
1147:
986:(Taiwan cypress), among others.
902:are more naturally durable than
693:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
372:
355:
2915:10.4067/S0718-221X2012000200003
2521:. bm-online.de. 6 November 2018
2519:"Mit Hilfe von VĂ€terchen Frost"
2426:Molecular biology and evolution
1991:Journal of Biological Chemistry
1118:Environmental Protection Agency
670:Current and future applications
111:in wood, and some others decay
2479:. mortalitas.eu. February 2016
2460:Journal of Hazardous Materials
1538:. Random House, Inc. pp.
1493:Advances in Botanical Research
1337:(PhD thesis). UmeÄ University.
1:
3015:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.11.074
3003:Journal of Cleaner Production
2979:10.1016/S1001-0742(14)60621-5
2902:Maderas. Ciencia y tecnologĂa
2874:10.1590/0001-3765201720170485
582:White rot competitive ability
3054:. World Health Organization.
2279:10.1016/j.funeco.2020.100938
1585:Aspects of Tropical Mycology
2687:Wood Science and Technology
2652:Wood Science and Technology
1763:Phanerochaete chrysosporium
714:Phanerochaete chrysosporium
431:Phanerochaete chrysosporium
165:Brown-rot fungi break down
3281:
2790:10.3390/antibiotics9050225
2750:ir.library.oregonstate.edu
2618:10.3390/antibiotics9090535
2391:Biotechnology for biofuels
1501:10.1016/bs.abr.2021.05.007
1438:10.1038/s41598-021-93900-7
1299:. University of Minnesota.
1200:Harris, Samuel Y. (2001).
1078:biological modified timber
1018:alkaline copper quaternary
1004:
974:(Canary Islands juniper),
946:(kauri), and trees of the
388:
2699:10.1007/s00226-011-0459-2
2664:10.1007/s00226-011-0448-5
2315:FEMS Microbiology Ecology
2220:FEMS Microbiology Ecology
2103:Cellobiohydrolase 1 from
1727:10.1007/s00253-002-0930-y
1583:. In Isaac, Susan (ed.).
1014:chromated copper arsenate
983:Chamaecyparis taiwanensis
697:polychlorinated biphenyls
435:interspecific competition
2123:Journal of Biotechnology
909:Lagarostrobos franklinii
565:Hemicellulose metabolism
541:Botryobasidium botryosum
68:Dry rot and water damage
2362:, 336(6089), 1715â1719.
2166:10.1073/pnas.1323629111
2057:Nature Chemical Biology
1924:10.1126/science.1221748
1870:10.1073/pnas.0809575106
1823:Nature Chemical Biology
1579:Ryvarden, Leif (1993).
1331:Olsson, Jörgen (2008).
1066:thermally modified wood
298:Soft-rot fungi secrete
44:, a type of brown-rot).
3080:10.1080/10915810305087
2109:Nature Communications
2004:10.1074/jbc.M510424200
1627:) and Ponderosa Pine (
1367:10.1093/dnares/dsaa011
1080:), covering wood with
774:
749:alpha-L-guluronic acid
532:
524:
401:
295:
162:
104:fibre saturation point
69:
61:
45:
3234:Wood-inhabiting fungi
2069:10.1038/nchembio.2029
1625:Pseudotsuga menziesii
1094:EN 350:2016 standards
991:EN 350:2016 standards
962:(Western red cedar),
769:
611:Hypholoma fasciculare
530:
522:
399:
293:
237:Phaeolus schweinitzii
221:Fibroporia vaillantii
200:in general. The term
158:Cubical brown rot on
157:
67:
51:
34:Wood decay caused by
33:
3153:. 22 September 2014.
3133:Government of Canada
1790:10.1128/AEM.00375-06
1581:"Tropical polypores"
1317:) by the ascomycete
1116:. In 1986, the U.S.
953:Chamaecyparis obtusa
904:second-growth stands
762:Induced fungal decay
551:Cellulose metabolism
324:Kretzschmaria deusta
274:regions such as the
98:(honey fungus), are
2944:10.1515/HF.2008.038
2327:2008FEMME..63..181F
2232:1994FEMME..14...19O
2157:2014PNAS..111.6287A
1916:2012Sci...336.1715F
1910:(6089): 1715â1719.
1861:2009PNAS..106.1954M
1781:2006ApEnM..72.4871V
1430:2021NatSR..1114585J
965:Thujopsis dolabrata
732:Pleurotus ostreatus
720:Trametes versicolor
427:Coriolus versicolor
243:Fomitopsis pinicola
224:(mine fungus), and
84:that digests moist
3265:Wood decomposition
2105:Trichoderma reesei
1418:Scientific Reports
1319:Hypocrea sulphurea
1295:2020-02-20 at the
1034:potassium silicate
968:(Hinoki asunaro),
956:(Hinoki cypress),
826:woodboring beetles
816:Natural durability
775:
726:Bjerkandere adusta
643:(360-300 mya) and
615:Resinicium bicolor
533:
525:
456:oxidative coupling
402:
296:
260:geographical range
227:Coniophora puteana
163:
80:is any species of
78:xylophagous fungus
70:
62:
46:
3199:978-3-540-67205-0
3169:Eur-lex.europa.eu
2477:"Gestocktes Holz"
2151:(17): 6287â6292.
1997:(14): 9517â9526.
1985:Pleurotus eryngii
1594:978-0-521-45050-8
1567:Agaricus bisporus
1549:978-1-58008-579-3
1213:978-0-471-33172-8
1173:Wood preservation
1042:pentachlorophenol
1007:Wood preservation
1001:Wood preservation
989:According to the
943:Agathis australis
931:Podocarpus totara
824:attacks, such as
745:beta-D-mannuronic
677:shiitake mushroom
545:Jappia argillacea
272:coniferous forest
252:tropical climates
215:Serpula lacrymans
175:hydrogen peroxide
54:Fomes fomentarius
37:Serpula lacrymans
16:(Redirected from
3272:
3241:
3239:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3203:
3173:
3172:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3114:Federal Register
3106:
3100:
3099:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3025:
3019:
3018:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2876:
2867:(4): 3031â3038.
2852:
2846:
2845:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2802:
2792:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2630:
2620:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2541:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2473:
2467:
2456:
2450:
2447:Lentinula edodes
2439:
2433:
2421:
2415:
2414:(25), 6428-6433.
2404:
2398:
2387:
2381:
2369:
2363:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2338:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2264:
2255:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2211:
2202:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2178:
2168:
2136:
2130:
2118:
2112:
2111:6, 10149 (2015).
2097:
2091:
2090:
2080:
2044:
2035:
2034:(27), 9923-9928.
2023:
2017:
2016:
2006:
1978:
1972:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1935:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1882:
1872:
1855:(6): 1954â1959.
1836:
1830:
1829:(10), 1123-1128.
1819:
1813:
1812:
1802:
1792:
1775:(7): 4871â4877.
1756:
1747:
1746:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1691:
1687:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1650:
1635:Forest Pathology
1618:
1612:
1608:
1599:
1598:
1576:
1570:
1563:
1554:
1553:
1537:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1467:
1449:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1388:
1378:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1328:
1322:
1315:Prunus armeniaca
1311:
1300:
1287:
1278:
1271:
1258:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1233:. Archived from
1232:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1197:
1157:
1152:
1151:
1150:
977:Cedrus atlantica
971:Juniperus cedrus
950:family, such as
900:old-growth trees
887:sesquiterpenoids
834:marine organisms
711:when studied in
656:P. chrysosporium
617:, on sterilized
391:Allium white rot
376:
359:
264:Tropic of Cancer
218:(true dry rot),
88:, causing it to
57:is a stem decay
21:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3245:
3244:
3237:
3230:
3221:
3219:
3211:
3200:
3185:
3182:
3180:Further reading
3177:
3176:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3116:. 9 April 2003.
3108:
3107:
3103:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3027:
3026:
3022:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2731:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2693:(5): 991â1002.
2684:
2683:
2679:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2578:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2543:
2542:
2533:
2524:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2503:
2501:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2482:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2466:(1-3), 191-199.
2457:
2453:
2443:Nyssa sylvatica
2440:
2436:
2422:
2418:
2405:
2401:
2388:
2384:
2374:Nature genetics
2370:
2366:
2356:
2352:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2262:
2257:
2256:
2249:
2213:
2212:
2205:
2199:
2192:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2119:
2115:
2098:
2094:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2024:
2020:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1971:(7), 2381-2386.
1961:
1957:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1843:Postia placenta
1838:
1837:
1833:
1820:
1816:
1758:
1757:
1750:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1679:
1669:
1667:
1648:10.1.1.180.5697
1629:Pinus ponderosa
1620:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1564:
1557:
1550:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1511:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1389:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1312:
1303:
1297:Wayback Machine
1288:
1281:
1272:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1183:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1102:
1082:copper sheathes
1009:
1003:
980:(Atlas cedar),
818:
764:
754:Fungalia trogii
672:
637:
584:
579:
567:
553:
517:
500:Postia placenta
497:
493:
488:Fenton reaction
485:
481:
472:
451:
443:mycoremediation
394:
387:
386:
385:
384:
383:
377:
368:
367:
366:
360:
349:
288:
276:Rocky Mountains
254:or in southern
184:
180:
152:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3278:
3276:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3228:
3209:
3204:
3198:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3156:
3138:
3119:
3101:
3074:(2): 109â128.
3057:
3039:
3020:
2992:
2957:
2938:(3): 264â269.
2921:
2908:(2): 155â163.
2888:
2847:
2840:
2814:
2763:
2736:
2729:
2712:
2677:
2658:(5): 851â870.
2642:
2591:
2576:
2550:
2531:
2510:
2489:
2468:
2451:
2434:
2416:
2399:
2382:
2364:
2350:
2321:(2): 181â191.
2301:
2292:
2267:Fungal Ecology
2247:
2203:
2190:
2131:
2113:
2092:
2063:(4): 298â303.
2036:
2018:
1973:
1955:
1894:
1831:
1814:
1748:
1701:
1692:
1677:
1641:(4): 255â271.
1613:
1600:
1593:
1571:
1555:
1548:
1519:
1479:
1404:
1340:
1323:
1301:
1279:
1259:
1250:
1219:
1212:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1163:Snag (ecology)
1159:
1158:
1142:
1139:
1135:European Union
1122:soil pollution
1101:
1098:
1005:Main article:
1002:
999:
844:converts into
817:
814:
763:
760:
671:
668:
636:
633:
628:bacteriostatic
583:
580:
578:
575:
566:
563:
552:
549:
516:
513:
504:secondary loss
495:
491:
483:
479:
471:
468:
450:
447:
410:basidiomycetes
406:agaricomycetes
378:
371:
370:
369:
361:
354:
353:
352:
351:
350:
348:
345:
307:fixed nitrogen
287:
284:
182:
178:
151:
148:
59:plant pathogen
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3277:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3236:
3235:
3229:
3217:
3216:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3134:
3130:
3123:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3061:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3035:
3034:cfpub.epa.gov
3031:
3028:US EPA, ORD.
3024:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3009:: 2093â2099.
3008:
3004:
2996:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2961:
2958:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2932:Holzforschung
2925:
2922:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2848:
2843:
2841:9780081009956
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2737:
2732:
2730:0-88894-437-3
2726:
2722:
2716:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2577:9780081021101
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2551:
2546:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2500:. eisbuche.de
2499:
2493:
2490:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2380:(4), 410-415.
2379:
2375:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2132:
2129:(3), 199-210.
2128:
2124:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2052:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1986:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1844:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1721:(5): 582â94.
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1617:
1614:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1529:
1528:Stamets, Paul
1523:
1520:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1405:
1400:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1344:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1240:on 2022-01-24
1236:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1215:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1196:
1193:
1186:
1184:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:propiconazole
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1008:
1000:
998:
996:
992:
987:
985:
984:
979:
978:
973:
972:
967:
966:
961:
960:
959:Thuja plicata
955:
954:
949:
945:
944:
939:
938:
933:
932:
927:
923:
922:
918:(ipil), some
917:
916:
915:Intsia bijuga
912:(Huon pine),
911:
910:
905:
901:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
863:plicatic acid
860:
856:
852:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
815:
813:
811:
807:
803:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
772:
771:Ballpoint pen
768:
761:
759:
756:
755:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
733:
728:
727:
722:
721:
716:
715:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
669:
667:
663:
659:
657:
653:
648:
646:
642:
641:Carboniferous
634:
632:
629:
625:
620:
616:
612:
607:
603:
601:
595:
592:
591:
581:
576:
574:
572:
571:hemicellulose
564:
562:
559:
550:
548:
546:
542:
538:
531:Hemicellulose
529:
521:
514:
512:
510:
505:
501:
489:
477:
469:
467:
465:
461:
460:phenylpropane
457:
448:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
419:
415:
411:
407:
398:
392:
382:
375:
365:
362:White rot on
358:
346:
344:
342:
338:
334:
328:
326:
325:
320:
319:
314:
313:
308:
303:
302:
292:
285:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
262:north of the
261:
257:
253:
247:
245:
244:
239:
238:
233:
229:
228:
223:
222:
217:
216:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
192:
188:
176:
172:
168:
167:hemicellulose
161:
156:
149:
147:
144:
140:
137:
136:hemicellulose
133:
129:
125:
121:
116:
114:
110:
109:carbohydrates
105:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
66:
60:
56:
55:
50:
43:
39:
38:
32:
19:
3233:
3220:. Retrieved
3214:
3192:. Springer.
3188:
3168:
3159:
3150:
3141:
3132:
3122:
3113:
3104:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3051:
3042:
3033:
3023:
3006:
3002:
2995:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2864:
2860:
2850:
2823:
2817:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2749:
2739:
2720:
2715:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2608:
2604:
2594:
2559:
2553:
2523:. Retrieved
2513:
2502:. Retrieved
2492:
2481:. Retrieved
2471:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2359:
2353:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2295:
2270:
2266:
2226:(1): 19â24.
2223:
2219:
2148:
2144:
2134:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2031:
2027:
2021:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1695:
1668:. Retrieved
1638:
1634:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1584:
1574:
1566:
1533:
1522:
1512:, retrieved
1492:
1482:
1447:10138/332607
1424:(1): 14585.
1421:
1417:
1407:
1393:cite journal
1358:
1355:DNA Research
1354:
1343:
1333:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1253:
1242:. Retrieved
1235:the original
1222:
1202:
1195:
1182:
1155:Fungi portal
1112:contents of
1103:
1058:imidacloprid
1054:tebuconazole
1022:copper azole
1010:
988:
981:
975:
969:
963:
957:
951:
948:Cupressaceae
941:
937:Vitex lucens
935:
929:
919:
913:
907:
883:thujaplicins
837:
819:
809:
799:
783:fungal decay
782:
776:
752:
741:alginic acid
730:
724:
718:
712:
673:
664:
660:
655:
649:
638:
624:bactericidal
614:
610:
608:
604:
596:
588:
585:
568:
554:
544:
540:
534:
499:
473:
452:
449:Biochemistry
430:
426:
423:carbon cycle
418:saprotrophic
403:
329:
322:
318:Ceratocystis
316:
310:
299:
297:
248:
241:
235:
232:sulfur shelf
225:
219:
213:
205:
201:
197:
195:
164:
145:
141:
127:
123:
119:
117:
93:
77:
73:
71:
52:
42:true dry rot
41:
35:
3052:www.who.int
2973:: S32âS35.
2826:: 129â157.
2777:Antibiotics
2605:Antibiotics
2562:: 311â336.
2432:(1), 35-44.
1933:10261/60626
1670:22 December
1273:J. Deacon,
851:polyphenols
838:extractives
737:biosorption
652:Polyporales
464:side chains
414:ascomycetes
412:, and some
379:... and on
3249:Categories
3222:31 January
2783:(5): 225.
2611:(9): 535.
2525:2020-03-31
2504:2020-03-31
2498:"Eisbuche"
2483:2020-03-31
2397:(1), 1-13.
2273:: 100938.
1514:2023-03-29
1244:2018-02-28
1187:References
1133:, and the
1086:hinokitiol
940:(puriri),
934:(totara),
921:Eucalyptus
881:and other
879:hinokitiol
875:tropolones
867:flavonoids
509:tryptophan
476:peroxidase
439:catabolism
312:Chaetomium
95:Armillaria
74:wood-decay
3260:Dead wood
3048:"Arsenic"
2758:1957/7736
2586:116669346
2289:. 100938.
2287:216224049
1711:Pleurotus
1665:1437-4781
1643:CiteSeerX
1509:238920143
1456:2045-2322
1131:Australia
924:species (
891:α-cadinol
871:mesquitol
846:heartwood
810:ice-beech
779:parasitic
635:Evolution
600:Mutualism
590:Pleurotus
558:histidine
523:Cellulose
347:White rot
301:cellulase
280:Himalayas
256:temperate
202:brown rot
171:cellulose
150:Brown rot
132:cellulose
128:white rot
120:brown rot
100:parasitic
3096:20986621
3088:12745992
2987:25078835
2952:97166844
2883:29236851
2809:32370037
2707:15869687
2672:16934998
2637:32847132
2345:18199083
2185:24733907
2087:26928935
2013:16443605
1950:37121590
1942:22745431
1889:19193860
1809:16820482
1743:45444911
1735:11956739
1530:(2005).
1474:34272417
1385:32531032
1293:Archived
1178:Wood ear
1141:See also
1110:chromium
1074:tung oil
1048:(LOSP),
1038:creosote
1024:(CuAz),
926:ironbark
859:gmelinol
830:termites
709:azo dyes
490:: Fe +âH
286:Soft rot
187:molecule
124:soft rot
40:(called
18:Wood rot
2800:7277147
2628:7558063
2360:Science
2323:Bibcode
2228:Bibcode
2176:4035949
2153:Bibcode
2078:4817220
1912:Bibcode
1904:Science
1880:2644145
1857:Bibcode
1800:1489383
1777:Bibcode
1465:8285386
1426:Bibcode
1376:7406137
1106:arsenic
1090:tannins
1026:borates
1020:(ACQ),
1016:(CCA),
993:by the
855:lignans
842:sapwood
689:lindane
645:Permian
577:Ecology
537:laccase
341:suberin
337:tannins
278:or the
210:Dry rot
206:dry rot
198:dry rot
3196:
3094:
3086:
2985:
2950:
2881:
2838:
2807:
2797:
2727:
2705:
2670:
2635:
2625:
2584:
2574:
2343:
2285:
2183:
2173:
2085:
2075:
2011:
1948:
1940:
1887:
1877:
1807:
1797:
1741:
1733:
1663:
1645:
1611:14-23.
1591:
1546:
1507:
1472:
1462:
1454:
1383:
1373:
1210:
1127:Canada
1100:Safety
1030:sodium
895:timber
889:(e.g.
877:(e.g.
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