413:. But Metro declined the offer. Woodlawn reopened for burials in 1975, but by 1987 the cemetery was still decrepit. The WCPCA only raised enough money to pay for a twice-a-year grass and weed cutting. In 1981, the association approved a plan to improve Woodlawn by having more than 5 short tons (4.5 t) of fill dirt delivered to the cemetery. The goal was to use the earth to fill sunken graves and make it easier to maintain the grounds. Lacking funds for labor and equipment, however, a backhoe was used to move the fill dirt. This left a number of headstones buried under as much as 4 feet (1.2 m) of earth, and many others were damaged. The WCPCA acknowledged the situation was unfortunate, but made no plans to uncover the now-buried headstones. Financial problems at Woodlawn continued into the late 1980s.
369:
nearby water supply and creating a health hazard. The
Commissioners of the District of Columbia (the city's government) pressed for the closure of Graceland to accommodate the need for housing. With Graceland on the verge of closing, a number of white citizens decided that a new burial ground, much farther from any development, was needed. Woodlawn's incorporators consisted of five white men: Jesse E. Ergood, president; Charles C. Van Horn, secretary-treasurer; and directors Seymour W. Tullock, William Tindall, and Odell S. Smith. They formed the Woodlawn Cemetery Association, and were incorporated on January 8, 1895. A 22.5-acre (91,000 m) plot of land adjacent to Payne's Cemetery was purchased, a portion of which was the site of the
394:
The last burial was made there about 1969, with the total number of dead at the cemetery about 36,000. The
Woodlawn Cemetery Association passed into the control of local resident Louis H. Bell and his son Richard Bell in 1961. They planned to restore the cemetery by advertising its historic nature and importance to the African American community, and generate income for the restoration. But they discovered that empty sections of the cemetery contained burials. Lacking the funds to fully explore the cemetery and determine which spaces remained free, the Bells abandoned their restoration efforts and the cemetery fell further into disrepair.
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As the cemetery filled and space for burial became available in desegregated cemeteries, income from the sale of burial plots dropped significantly. White burials at
Woodlawn, once a significant source of income, plummeted after 1912. Lacking a perpetual care trust, the cemetery fell into disrepair.
700:
When initially established, the
District of Columbia encompassed a square 10 miles (16 km) on each side. The "Federal City", or "City of Washington", was not at that time expected to fill the entire district, however. To encourage development and the appearance of a thriving urban center, the
368:
Woodlawn
Cemetery was founded because of a crisis among the black burying grounds. Graceland Cemetery, founded in 1871 on the edge of the Federal City, was rapidly engulfed by residential development. By the early 1890s, the decomposition of bodies in the partially filled cemetery was polluting the
380:
Between May 14, 1895, and
October 7, 1898, nearly 6,000 sets of remains were transferred from Graceland Cemetery to several mass graves at Woodlawn Cemetery. Over the years, the closure of smaller churchyard cemeteries in the Federal City as well as some large burying grounds resulted in more mass
352:
The
District of Columbia was established in 1791, and for the first 160 years of its existence nearly all non-Catholic cemeteries in the city were segregated by race. Many cemeteries refused to bury African Americans, while others separated whites from "colored people" (African Americans, Native
389:
Woodlawn
Cemetery remained the preeminent cemetery for the city's African Americans into the 1950s. Nonetheless, records at the site were badly kept, and bodies were often buried in the incorrect plots. Woodlawn was an integrated cemetery, in that it accepted burials of both whites and blacks.
397:
In 1967, angry lotholders and their heirs decided to seize control of
Woodlawn Cemetery. The group was led by lotholder Willard Wimp; his son-in-law, attorney Emanuel Lipscomb; lotholder Bruce O. Hawkins; and attorney Harry B. Thornton. They incorporated the Woodlawn Cemetery Perpetual Care
434:(GPR) system. Tyrone F. General, president of the WCPCA, was trained for two years in the operation of the GPR system. Beginning in 2009, the WCPCA began scanning the entire cemetery to accurately determine the location of graves—a process that was estimated to take three years.
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1855:
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440:
In April 2016, a crew of 180 plus volunteers, organized by the U.S.Coast Guard
Liaison to Washington D.C, dedicated hours to clearing brush and other debris as part of an effort to restore historically important veteran's cemeteries in the region.
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Association (WCPCA), and sued the Bells. After a five-year legal battle, during which the cemetery association was declared bankrupt and the cemetery ruled to be abandoned, Louis Bell agreed to turn Woodlawn over to the WCPCA in 1972.
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graves. The last major transfer occurred from 1939 to 1940, when 139 full and partial sets of remains were relocated to Woodlawn. In all a dozen mass graves eventually came to exist at Woodlawn Cemetery.
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The WCPCA established a five-year fundraising plan in 1987 to put the cemetery on a more even financial footing. Some financial assistance came in the form of a small annual grant from
430:. The cemetery received a major boost when Congress appropriated $ 300,000 in 2000 to help the WCPCA clean up the burying ground. The grant allowed the WCPCA to lease (for $ 30,000) a
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721:. Beyond the Federal City was the County of Washington. Georgetown was a distinct entity from both. All three entities merged into a single unified governmental entity in 1908.
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Americans, and Asians). By the 1880s, most of the city's African American population lived in the eastern part of the Federal City and Washington County and east of the
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There are many nationally and locally prominent African Americans buried at Woodlawn Cemetery. Among these are eight people for whom local public schools are named.
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With little funds and relying primarily on volunteer help, the WCPCA worked for two decades to restore Woodlawn Cemetery. Reclamation went slowly. When the
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in 1873 was initially buried at Graceland Cemetery in 1887. He may have been moved to Woodlawn Cemetery in 1895, but if so then his grave is unmarked.
731:
655:
594:
1396:
509:, the first African American ever elected to Congress, was also buried at Graceland and later moved to Woodlawn. His grave, however, is marked.
494:
777:
Richardson, Steven J. "The Burial Grounds of Black Washington: 1880–1919." Records of the Columbia Historical Society. 52 (1989), pp. 304–326
358:
678:
Nelson E. Weatherless (1866–1943), local educator and member, D.C. Board of Examiners (which licensed attorneys in the District of Columbia)
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According to the Internal Revenue Service, the WCPCA's 501(c)(3) charitable status was revoked on May 15, 2013 and reinstated the same day.
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The Archaeological Investigation of Walter C. Pierce Community Park and Vicinity, 2005–2012: Report to the Public, May 2013
635:
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336:, in the United States. The 22.5-acre (91,000 m) cemetery contains approximately 36,000 burials, nearly all of them
898:
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1319:(Report). District of Columbia Department of Parks and Recreation and the District of Columbia Department of Health.
1792:
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706:
598:
569:
1333:
Sluby, Paul E. Jr. (Spring–Summer 1989). "Woodlawn Cemetery, Washington, D.C.: Brief History and Inscriptions".
1274:
The Guide to Black Washington: Places and Events of Historical and Cultural Significance in the Nation's Capital
850:
Simpson, Anne (February 20, 1986). "Cemeteries Give History Lessons: Ex-Policeman Slowly Rebuilds D.C.'s Past".
604:
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in the early 1970s, the WCPCA offered to sell the western half of the cemetery to Metro to accommodate the
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Whitefield McKinlay (1852–1941), realtor, banker, collector of the Port of Georgetown, and confidante of
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651:
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964:
Wheeler, Linda (November 16, 1987). "Officials Disagree On Best Way to Save Historic SE Cemetery".
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362:
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Menard was elected to the House of Representatives to fill the unexpired term of the incumbent in
502:
427:
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365:(now the site of Fletcher-Johnson Elementary School and the Fletcher-Johnson Recreation Center).
734:. Racist elements in his district challenged his being seated in the House, and he never served.
577:(1856–1913), physician and D.C. school board member for whom Francis Junior High School is named
390:
Internally, however, it was segregated, with Caucasians being buried in a whites-only section.
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361:(what is now Hechninger Mall at the corner of Maryland Avenue NE and Bladensburg Road NE) and
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638:(1852–1925), bibliographer, author, politician, historian, and assistant librarian at the
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Winfield Scott Montgomery (1853–1928), Professor of Ancient and Modern Languages at
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Jesse Lawson (1856–1927), attorney and educator who co-founded and was president of
377:. Burial plots were quickly laid out, and Woodlawn Cemetery opened on May 13, 1895.
28:
1805:
University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places
1324:
Richardson, Steven J. (1989). "The Burial Grounds of Black Washington: 1880–1919".
668:
141:
823:
Gilliam, Dorothy (December 13, 1980). "Are Our Dead Truly Gone and Forgotten?".
527:
282:
269:
146:
979:
Beasley, Maurine (March 26, 1973). "'Where Dead Can Lie Until They Arise'".
506:
619:–1936) social activist and educator, co-founder of Frelinghuysen University
419:
declared the cemetery so choked with weeds in 1987 that it was impassable.
1856:
Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.
932:
Alcindor, Yamiche (July 30, 2009). "Seeing Where the Bodies Are Buried".
1255:
Biographical Directory of the South Carolina Senate: 1776–1985. Volume 1
1294:
Harlem Renaissance Lives: From the African American National Biography
516:
Amanda Bowen, founder of the Teachers' Benefit and Annuity Association
1800:
List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places
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357:. Just two cemeteries met the needs of the city's black populace:
754:
1335:
Journal of the Afro-American Historical and Genealogical Society
583:(1886-1910), American educator and founder of Alpha Kappa Alpha
1345:
1253:
Bailey, N. Louise; Morgan, Mary L.; Taylor, Carolyn R. (1986).
1326:
Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C.
1291:
Gates, Henry Louis Jr.; Higginbotham, Evelyn Brooks (2009).
244:
219:
194:
129:
530:, and first black Senator to serve a full term in Congress
632:
and noted African American physician in Washington, D.C.
1031:"Activist strive to preserve historic black cemeteries"
1257:. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press.
647:(1888-1950), educator and founder of Alpha Kappa Alpha
863:
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899:"A D.C. Cemetery's Dead Come to Life Again On Stage"
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History of the National Register of Historic Places
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1433:List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state
1075:
463:, a play about the cemetery, was produced by the
1221:"Volunteers Fight to Preserve Woodlawn Cemetery"
1008:"Volunteers clean up historic Woodlawn Cemetery"
1881:African-American cemeteries in Washington, D.C.
1876:Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Washington, D.C.)
1825:National Register of Historic Places portal
1272:Fitzpatrick, Sandra; Goodwin, Maria R. (2001).
426:, a predominantly African American cemetery in
892:
890:
888:
1357:
1297:. Cambridge, Mass.: Oxford University Press.
554:(1846–1927), educator, lawyer, and journalist
16:African American cemetery in Washington, D.C.
8:
499:South Carolina's at-large congressional seat
101:Woodlawn Cemetery Perpetual Care Association
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1871:1970 disestablishments in Washington, D.C.
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1373:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
818:
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597:, and the first president of what is now
170:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
701:boundaries of the Federal City were the
1866:1895 establishments in Washington, D.C.
746:
693:
1312:Mack, Mark; Belcher, Mary (May 2013).
755:"National Register Information System"
732:Louisiana's 2nd congressional district
495:United States House of Representatives
385:Closure, reopening, and current status
1861:Former cemeteries in Washington, D.C.
1183:
867:
837:
803:
595:Virginia's 4th congressional district
7:
760:National Register of Historic Places
542:(1881–1946), playwright and educator
342:National Register of Historic Places
227:Show map of the District of Columbia
548:(1869–1944), composer and violinist
1788:National Historic Preservation Act
1134:"John Wesley Cromwell (1846–1927)"
897:Brown, DeNeen L. (March 6, 2011).
663:(1855–1943), a messenger with the
14:
709:, Boundary Avenue NW and NE (now
665:United States Department of State
564:and owner of a major stop on the
1830:
1829:
1818:
1064:Bailey, Morgan & Taylor 1986
1052:Bailey, Morgan & Taylor 1986
1006:Pauley, Scott (April 22, 2016).
452:became involved with the WCPCA.
340:. The cemetery was added to the
243:
236:
218:
211:
193:
186:
27:
1219:Ford, Sam (February 28, 2011).
591:Howard University School of Law
589:(1829–1897), first Dean of the
568:, who was involved in the 1858
512:Other notable burials include:
405:began laying the route for the
93:secular and public; closed 1970
1741:Federated States of Micronesia
1387:Architectural style categories
1276:. New York: Hippocrene Books.
1120:Fitzpatrick & Goodwin 2001
650:Frederick C. Revels (?–1897),
424:National Harmony Memorial Park
328:is a historic cemetery in the
300:
114:
1:
1208:. August 27, 1897. p. 2.
1076:Gates & Higginbotham 2009
636:Daniel Alexander Payne Murray
613:
252:Show map of the United States
1200:. March 28, 1898. p. 11
1157:Notable Black American Women
1092:. March 15, 1946. p. 9.
202:Show map of Washington, D.C.
53:; 129 years ago
1897:
1793:Historic Preservation Fund
1772:American Legation, Morocco
1204:"Death of Major Revells".
1088:"Miss Mary Burrill Dies".
593:, member of Congress from
479:Woodlawn Cemetery in 2010.
465:Young Playwrights' Theater
109:22.5 acres (91,000 m)
1813:
1734:Lists by associated state
599:Virginia State University
570:Oberlin-Wellington Rescue
319:
299:NRHP reference
180:
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38:
26:
1715:Northern Mariana Islands
605:Frelinghuysen University
522:(1841–1898), Republican
432:ground penetrating radar
33:View from the front gate
1155:Carney, Jessie (2003).
1136:. Encyclopedia Virginia
880:Mack & Belcher 2013
645:Sarah Meriwether Nutter
630:Alcorn State University
1710:Minor Outlying Islands
1693:Lists by insular areas
1407:Keeper of the Register
675:was named in his honor
480:
344:on December 20, 1996.
1412:National Park Service
1392:Contributing property
1196:"The Colored Guard".
765:National Park Service
536:(1879–1950), educator
534:Roscoe Conkling Bruce
478:
283:38.88500°N 76.93861°W
70:4611 Benning Road SE,
1767:District of Columbia
667:so revered that the
624:Booker T. Washington
587:John Mercer Langston
566:Underground Railroad
552:John Wesley Cromwell
444:In 2018, members of
411:Benning Road station
1163:. pp. 399–40.
1054:, pp. 246–248.
1033:. 26 September 2023
981:The Washington Post
966:The Washington Post
934:The Washington Post
903:The Washington Post
852:The Washington Post
825:The Washington Post
715:East Capitol Street
713:), 15th Street NE,
656:Capital City Guards
640:Library of Congress
416:The Washington Post
288:38.88500; -76.93861
279: /
1132:Gunter, Donald W.
1012:Joint Base Journal
827:. pp. B1, B3.
558:Wilson Bruce Evans
503:John Willis Menard
481:
471:Notable interments
456:In popular culture
428:Landover, Maryland
371:American Civil War
359:Graceland Cemetery
1843:
1842:
1397:Historic district
1231:on March 12, 2014
882:, pp. 43–45.
767:. March 13, 2009.
450:Alpha Kappa Alpha
446:Delta Sigma Theta
338:African Americans
326:Woodlawn Cemetery
323:
322:
315:December 20, 1996
162:Woodlawn Cemetery
147:Woodlawn Cemetery
22:Woodlawn Cemetery
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1227:. Archived from
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520:Blanche K. Bruce
403:Washington Metro
363:Payne's Cemetery
334:Washington, D.C.
332:neighborhood of
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673:Edward A. Savoy
661:Edward A. Savoy
654:and Commander,
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575:John R. Francis
540:Mary P. Burrill
487:Richard H. Cain
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1170:978-0810391772
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1066:, p. 727.
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996:, p. 316.
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936:. p. DE1.
915:
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854:. p. MD5.
842:
830:
808:
791:
789:, p. 306.
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1161:Gale Research
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983:. p. C1.
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968:. p. D1.
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839:
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581:Marjorie Hill
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560:(1824–1898),
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312:Added to NRHP
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1629:Rhode Island
1624:Pennsylvania
1604:North Dakota
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1247:Bibliography
1233:. Retrieved
1229:the original
1224:
1214:
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1156:
1150:
1138:. Retrieved
1127:
1089:
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906:. Retrieved
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669:Liberty ship
562:abolitionist
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375:Fort Chaplin
367:
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324:
142:Find a Grave
1760:Other areas
1720:Puerto Rico
1554:Mississippi
1469:Connecticut
1159:. Detroit:
1037:31 December
617: 1857
528:Mississippi
286: /
262:Coordinates
132:.woodlawndc
48:Established
1850:Categories
1669:Washington
1589:New Mexico
1584:New Jersey
1459:California
1328:: 304–326.
1283:0781808715
1264:0872494799
1235:August 29,
1184:Sluby 1989
908:August 29,
868:Sluby 1989
838:Sluby 1989
804:Sluby 1989
717:, and the
707:Rock Creek
683:References
491:Republican
274:76°56′19″W
1679:Wisconsin
1644:Tennessee
1549:Minnesota
1524:Louisiana
1337:: 70–100.
742:Citations
507:Louisiana
467:in 2011.
407:Blue Line
271:38°53′6″N
117:of graves
1835:Category
1664:Virginia
1614:Oklahoma
1594:New York
1569:Nebraska
1559:Missouri
1544:Michigan
1534:Maryland
1519:Kentucky
1499:Illinois
1474:Delaware
1464:Colorado
1454:Arkansas
461:Woodlawn
306:96001499
98:Owned by
66:Location
1781:Related
1684:Wyoming
1659:Vermont
1564:Montana
1504:Indiana
1484:Georgia
1479:Florida
1449:Arizona
1439:Alabama
1225:TBD.com
1140:22 June
524:Senator
348:History
125:Website
80:Country
56: (
43:Details
1619:Oregon
1574:Nevada
1514:Kansas
1489:Hawaii
1444:Alaska
1380:Topics
1301:
1280:
1261:
1167:
120:36,000
1751:Palau
1649:Texas
1529:Maine
1494:Idaho
1317:(PDF)
688:Notes
652:Major
526:from
497:from
1705:Guam
1654:Utah
1609:Ohio
1509:Iowa
1299:ISBN
1278:ISBN
1259:ISBN
1237:2014
1165:ISBN
1142:2015
1039:2023
910:2014
671:USS
489:, a
448:and
134:.org
106:Size
90:Type
58:1895
51:1895
505:of
373:'s
301:No.
130:www
115:No.
1852::
1223:.
1202:;
1098:^
1020:^
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811:^
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763:.
757:.
705:,
614:c.
1435::
1365:e
1358:t
1351:v
1307:.
1286:.
1267:.
1239:.
1173:.
1144:.
1041:.
1014:.
912:.
612:(
60:)
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