475:. Lotholders also complained that Graceland Cemetery had not notified them when bodies were to be disinterred, and refused to tell them where the bodies were being buried at Woodlawn. One lotholder who visited Woodlawn Cemetery claimed that bodies were being interred at a rate of 12 a day there, with graves just 8 to 9 inches (20 to 23 cm) apart (side by side and head to foot). Dr. Francis resigned as president of the Protective Association, and Mr. H.A. Davis was elected president. The lotholders adopted a constitution for their association, voted to sue the cemetery, and began raising funds for their lawsuit. The goal of the group was to construct a new cemetery, one ideally located and in a desirable area.
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Another typhoid outbreak in the summer of 1892 intensified the pressure to close
Graceland. Investigation by city health officials found that the soil in the southern part of the cemetery was so marshy that graves often filled with water when dug (and had to be bailed out before a coffin could be lowered). Officials asserted that the graves were also dug too close to one another so that the walls between graves often collapsed—allowing germs and disease from a nearby decomposing body to wash into the new, open grave. Eventually, pressure to close the cemetery became so strong that legislation was introduced in the waning days of the
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The city in 1901 asked the cemetery to donate 53 percent of its land for the construction of
Maryland Avenue and other streets. But the cemetery refused, arguing that federal law permitted only land sales. The city then offered the cemetery $ 75,000 to buy the needed land, but the Graceland Cemetery board declined the offer—arguing the land was worth close to $ 200,000. It was not until 1936, however, that Maryland Avenue was extended through the property. The city paid $ 317,500 for land to extend not only Maryland Avenue but also 17th Street and H Street NE. The extension was complete by June 1937.
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it closed, several hundred (perhaps thousands) of as-yet unused burial plots at
Graceland were owned by blacks. Although only 1,073 whites were buried at Graceland from 1880 to 1894 (just 0.8 percent of all white burials in the city, this was actually quite a substantial number for a racially integrated cemetery. Nonetheless, by February 1893 there were 5,700 interments at Graceland. Most of these were in a 100-foot (30 m) wide strip along the southern border. Lots here were the cheapest in the cemetery, largely due to its marshy nature.
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either the lotholders or board of directors, had joined with others to form the
Woodlawn Cemetery Association and purchase 30 acres (120,000 m) of land for a new cemetery. The Protective Association also claimed that the Graceland Cemetery Association was removing bodies from Graceland Cemetery without the consent of the lotholders, and without providing them with information on where their loved ones were being reburied. Finally, the Protective Association challenged the Act of August 3, 1894, as an
467:"), and preferred to receive money from the sale of Graceland now and make the choice of burial location themselves. J. Harry Smith, a local attorney, addressed the lotholders and urged them to sue to protect their rights. The lotholders voted to form the "Protective Association of the Lot and Site Owners of Graceland Cemetery", and elected Dr. John R. Frances president of the new organization. At a second meeting, held July 9, more than 400 lotholders appeared to support the nascent group.
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The regulations barring disinterment in the hot months were temporarily rescinded in June 1895, after a lengthy heat wave dried out the marshy ground (making corpses less likely to be in advanced decomposition). (Despite concerns, the dry weather indeed prevented decomposition and there were no odors emanating from the cemetery despite the large number of disinterments).
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years later, the citizens' group was still pushing for a park. Movement on a park finally occurred in 1907. H.B. 7354 provided $ 150,000 to purchase the cemetery for use as a city park. But the city commissioners opposed the plan, arguing that there wasn't enough residential development in the area to justify the move. The bill died at the end of the
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secretary, pointed out that the congressional legislation only allowed payments to be made to lot holders—not those who had made down payments but had never finished purchasing their lots. Meeds said he regretted that these individuals, many of them poor, would lose their down payments. But the law did not permit otherwise.
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were to be used to pay the debts of the cemetery association. Afterward, five percent of the proceeds went to the board of directors as compensation for their services. The remaining funds were then to be distributed among the lot holders on a pro-rate basis. Once disbursement was made, the board was ordered to dissolve.
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At a second meeting on July 23, the
Protective Association voiced its concerns in greater depth. Lotholders had not been given a choice in the selection of a site for the new cemetery, they said. The Graceland board of trustees had merely chosen the cheapest site they could find, cleared only five of
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The disinterment process was not without controversy. On July 1, 1895, a group of lot holders (most of them black) met to protest the removal of bodies from
Graceland Cemetery. The meeting was chaired by H.D. Davis, and W.P. Hall was elected secretary. The lotholders had a number of grievances. Many
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and left open for a minimum of 24 hours before the corpse could be removed. The commissioners also moved to ease the grief that some might feel as their loved ones were disinterred; the regulations prohibited the disinterment of anyone under the age of 12 unless one year had passed since their death.
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An unknown but small number of burials occurred at
Graceland Cemetery after its August 3 closure. These occurred after the city government and Graceland Cemetery Association board of directors failed to adequately communicate with the sextons at the cemetery. But no burials were recorded after August
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in
Section 5 of the Act of May 5, 1870 ("An act to provide for the creation of corporations in the District of Columbia under general law", 16 Stat. 106). It was incorporated under the laws of the District of Columbia on September 30, 1871. Two weeks later, on October 16, 1871, the Graceland Cemetery
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There was also a major effort made to seize the former
Graceland Cemetery for use as a public park. In July 1895, the Northeast Citizens Association, an organization of local residents in the area near the cemetery, asked the city to purchase the burying ground and convert it into a public park. Six
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As expected, the City of
Washington pushed several street extensions through the former Graceland Cemetery tract. The most important of these was Maryland Avenue NE. In May 1895, the D.C. city commissioners announced plans to extend Maryland Avenue NE through the former grounds of the burial ground.
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against the Graceland Cemetery Association, barring further disinterments. The court gave the association until September 9 to reply to the injunction. The Protective Association alleged in its pleading that some members of the Board of Directors of Graceland had, without the consent or authority of
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Removing nearly 6,000 bodies from a cemetery was a task never before undertaken in Washington, D.C. Protecting public health, especially in the wake of complaints going back 15 years, was paramount. On September 5, 1894, the city commissioners adopted health regulations governing the disinterment of
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Section 2 of the Act required the Graceland Cemetery Association to remove all the bodies from the burial ground and reinter them at some other suitable cemetery or cemeteries in the District of Columbia. The board was authorized to subdivide and sell the land for any purpose. Proceeds from the sale
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in 1877. The D.C. Board of Public Health was worried, too, and it commissioned a study of the cemetery in late 1877 to study the issue. Although the Board found in January 1878 that the cemetery was not responsible for the typhoid outbreak, it expressed its concern that a major burying ground was so
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the second most popular. Graceland Cemetery was not very popular, however, until 1890. A total of 4,722 African Americans were buried there between 1880 and 1894 (just 4.7 percent of all black burials in the city), but it was the top burying ground for African Americans in 1890 and 1891. At the time
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About 42,000 burial lots existed at Graceland. Lot prices were initially held low, to encourage burials. Lot prices ranged from $ 3 in the marshy southern area to $ 22 for a prime hilltop site. Burial costs were also low: Opening and closing a grave cost just $ 4, while handling the body cost $ 5.
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When initially established, the District of Columbia encompassed a square 10 miles (16 km) on each side. The "Federal City", or "City of Washington", was not at that time expected to fill the entire district, however. To encourage development and the appearance of a thriving urban center, the
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newspaper was not the whole story, however. In fact, the railway had purchased the entire property. Only the reported acreage was to be used for streetcar tracks. The rest was to be used for the construction of an electric powerhouse, carhouse, maintenance shop, storehouse, and storage yard. The
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Identifying lotholders proved to be a difficult and time-consuming process. It was not until January 9, 1913, that the board of directors first advertised their willingness to distribute the proceeds from the sale of land to the lot holders. But there was still concern that not all lot holders had
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4 of 1892. Section 2 of the Joint Resolution gave the city commissioners broad power to make "police regulations". But questions were raised as to whether the Joint Resolution actually conferred the power to close Graceland Cemetery (e.g., was closure a police power?) In late March 1893, the D.C.
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Section 1 of the Act revoked the charter of the Graceland Cemetery Association. However, the board of directors was permitted to continue in order that it might carry out the provisions of the law. (It was also permitted to fill vacancies on the board by unanimous vote.) Section 1 also barred any
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Graceland Cemetery was created due to the need for a large, rural cemetery for African Americans in Washington, D.C., in the late 1800s. At the time, nearly all non-Catholic cemeteries in the city were racially segregated, with whites-only burial grounds refusing to inter black citizens on their
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The Graceland Cemetery Association put the cemetery up for sale on June 14, 1899. But there were no immediate offers for the land. Some individuals who made down payments on burial plots at Graceland Cemetery were still demanding their money back. But Benjamin Meeds, the cemetery association's
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The complaints did not end, however. In April 1892, a large number of local residents as well as physicians complained about the foul-tasting and smelling water in the vicinity of Graceland Cemetery. More than 200 local residents signed a petition asking the Board of Public Health to close it.
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was constructed across the street from Graceland. By January 1878, a large number of new homes had been constructed near the burying ground. The stench of decomposing bodies and the smell and foul taste of burials left in the local water supply greatly alarmed local residents, who suffered an
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The city's rapidly increasing African American population desperately needed a new cemetery. In 1870, a group of progressive white citizens decided to buy a plot of land just beyond the border of the Federal City and build a racially integrated cemetery. Graceland Cemetery was chartered by an
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title to burial lots, and denied that lotholders were not told when loved ones were disinterred. They acknowledged that some lotholders wanted their family members removed to a burial ground other than Woodlawn Cemetery. They said they were willing to reimburse they lotholders for reasonable
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Section 2 of the Joint Resolution read: "That the Commissioners of the District of Columbia are hereby authorized and empowered to make and enforce all such reasonable and usual police regulations in addition to those already made under the act of January twenty-sixth, eighteen hundred and
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From 1871 to 1873, Graceland Cemetery was landscaped and numerous trees were planted. Winding walkways were laid out through the cemetery's gently rolling hills, and an expensive caretaker's house was constructed. The southern half of the property sloped to the south. There were several
216:. Graceland Cemetery was closed by an Act of Congress on August 3, 1894. Removal of remains was also bitterly contested, but a court ruled in the summer of 1895 that the lot holders did not have the right to prevent their removal. Most of the bodies at Graceland were reinterred at
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purchased 40,090 square feet (3,724 m) of land for $ 26,000. This included a 100-foot (30 m) long section of land on 15th Street NE and a 400-foot (120 m) long section of land on H Street NE to accommodate a streetcar line extension. The square footage reported by
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By January 1897, the cemetery was close to running out of money to continue the process. The cemetery sought to mortgage its property to raise the necessary funds, but lacked the legal authority to do so. It sought the assistance of Congress, and in January 1897 Senator
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bodies at Graceland. The regulations prohibited disinterments in June, July, August, and September (the hottest months of the year, and the months in which corpses would be decomposing most rapidly), and required reinterments within 24 hours. If the deceased had died of
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wanted to see Graceland subdivided into building lots rather than sold as a large parcel, for subdivided land would sell at a higher cost. Others did not want to see their loved ones buried at Woodlawn Cemetery (which was denigrated as "unenclosed forest and a
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The Advisory Board was first mentioned in city newspapers in September 1879. At that time, the Advisory Board members consisted of W.O. Denison, chair, and Dr. William Tindall, Dr. S.S. Stearns, C. Parkinson, W.H. Gafford, John G. Auld, and Dr. F.A. Ashford,
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of the D.C. Supreme Court for help. The trustees, they said, had made an effort to distribute the proceeds, but were unable to determine who the $ 115,248.65 should go to. Justice Barnard appointed an auditor to receive claims and make the disbursements.
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The board was first mentioned in city newspapers in September 1879. At that time, the board members consisted of Dr. Otis F. Presbrey, president; F.C. Cate, secretary-treasurer; and Samuel Norment, Thomas L. Tullock (or Tulloch), and Benjamin Freeman,
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Meanwhile, several of Graceland Cemetery's directors formed the Woodlawn Cemetery Association, which was incorporated on January 8, 1895. They subsequently purchased a 22.5-acre (91,000 m) plot of land adjacent to Payne's Cemetery across the
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Graceland Cemetery was governed by a Board of Directors. The board consisted of a president, secretary-treasurer, and three directors. A seven-member Advisory Board was also established to advise the Board of Directors on cemetery operations.
212:. When the cemetery encountered financial problems, the owners attempted to sell the land. This led to a lengthy and bitter battle involving the Graceland Cemetery Association, lot holders, the government of the District of Columbia, and the
612:. The bill passed the Senate, but died at the end of the 60th Congress on March 3, 1909. The Northeast Citizens Association continued to press for a park in 1909, and Senator Scott introduced a new bill (S.B. 158) in February 1910 in the
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With funds secured, Graceland Cemetery rapidly disinterred the remaining bodies. By early November 1897, nearly all the graves had been emptied. Cemetery officials estimated that disinterals would be finished by January 1, 1898.
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editorialized in favor of the bill. The legislation was strongly opposed by Frank Presbrey, the president of Graceland Cemetery, and the Graceland board of directors. The bill died when Congress adjourned on March 3, 1893.
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Eastern Methodist Cemetery was founded in 1824 by the Methodist Society at Ebenezer Station, commonly called the Fourth Street Methodist Church. The cemetery was also known as Ebenezer Cemetery or Old Ebenezer
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As disinterments accelerated through late 1895 and early 1896, Graceland Cemetery began to incur substantial expenses. By the end of 1896, the cemetery had disinterred 637 bodies at a cost of $ 5,002.57.
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The cemetery opened about April 1873. In its first nine months of operation, about 40 burials occurred. Nearly all of these were along the cemetery's southern boundary, which ran along Benning Road.
1280:"[No. 4.] Joint resolution to regulate licenses to proprietors of theaters in the city of Washington, District of Columbia, and for other purposes. Fifty-Second Congress, Sess. 1. Res. 4"
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Because of District regulations prohibiting the removal of bodies during summer months and the impact of injunction, only 400 bodies had been disinterred from Graceland Cemetery by September 23.
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408:. The House bill was H.R.6915, and the Senate bill (once more sponsored by Senator Gallinger) was S.2245. Once again, the legislation was strongly supported by the city commissioners. The
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eighty-seven, as they may deem necessary for the protection of lives, limbs, health, comfort and quiet of all persons and the protection of all property within the District of Columbia."
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Although at times popular with the city's black community, Graceland never quite caught on. The Columbian Harmony Cemetery was the city's most popular African American cemetery, with
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616:. The Senate approved the bill, which still provided $ 150,000 for land purchases, in February 1911. But once more, the legislation died when Congress adjourned on March 3, 1911.
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enacted legislation to prohibit interments at any burying ground inside the limits of the Federal City and to ban the establishment of new burial grounds within the Federal City.
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815:. Beyond the Federal City was the County of Washington. Georgetown was a distinct entity from both. All three entities merged into a single unified governmental entity in 1890.
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The Graceland Cemetery Association replied to the injunction in late September. The cemetery's attorneys asserted before the court that the lotholders did not, in fact, have
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Association acquired 30 acres (120,000 m) for a burying ground on a tract of land bounded by Bladensburg Road NE, K Street NE, 17th Street NE, and Benning Road NE.
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The Statutes at Large of the United States of America From August, 1893, to March, 1895, and Recent Treaties, Conventions, and Executive Proclamations. Volume 28
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With congressional action having, for the time being, failed, city residents pressured the city to act under power granted to the District of Columbia under
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The incorporators included Thomas Logan Tullock and Seymour W. Tullock, the latter of whom was elected vice president of the cemetery association.
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Richardson, Steven J. "The Burial Grounds of Black Washington: 1880–1919." Records of the Columbia Historical Society. 52 (1989), pp. 304–326
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been identified. Board members Seymour W. Tullock, Benjamin N. Meeds, Clarence J. Norment, William Tindall, and Odell S. Smith asked Justice
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The final disposition of Graceland Cemetery (and the source of the $ 115,248.65 disbursed to lot holders) came in 1901. In December, the
554:) sponsored legislation to permit the cemetery to mortgage its land. The House and Senate quickly passed the legislation, and President
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further interments at the burial ground as of the date of enactment. A fine of $ 100 to $ 500 was imposed for violations of the law.
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301:, fences, and other improvements cost significantly more.) In comparison, at the highly popular (and almost all-white)
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A portion of Maryland Avenue NE runs through a portion of the former cemetery. Most of the cemetery was purchased by
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companies, was across the street. The cemetery was on top of a hill, which gave it excellent views of the city and
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property. By 1850, there were 16 cemeteries in the city of Washington, but only three served African Americans: (
2346:
Sluby, Paul E. Jr. (Spring–Summer 1989). "Woodlawn Cemetery, Washington, D.C.: Brief History and Inscriptions".
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Simpson, Anna (February 20, 1986). "Cemeteries Give History Lessons: Ex-Policeman Slowly Rebuilds D.C.'s Past".
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712:(1838–1893), the first African American ever elected to Congress (believed moved in 1895 to Woodlawn Cemetery)
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the site's 30 acres (120,000 m), laid out two incomplete roads through the site, and refused to build a
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to close the cemetery. The D.C. City Commissioners supported the bill, H.B. 9874, which was introduced by
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price paid by the railway totaled $ 116,155.80. By 1917, the value of the land had risen to $ 227,466.
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followed suit on July 6. The full Senate passed the bill on July 23, and the House on August 3, 1894.
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and turned into a powerhouse and streetcar operations complex. This land later became Hechinger Mall.
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454:. Burial plots were quickly laid out on this property, and Woodlawn Cemetery opened on May 13, 1895.
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Menard was elected to the House of Representatives to fill the unexpired term of the incumbent in
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Eminent and Representative Men of Virginia and the District of Columbia in the Nineteenth Century
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community. From 1884 to 1885, more than 1,200 bodies were transferred to Graceland Cemetery from
867:. Racist elements in his district challenged his being seated in the House, and he never served.
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when Graceland closed. But the evidence is incomplete, and burial at Graceland is not confirmed.
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Assistant Attorney said he doubted that closure fell under the general police regulatory power.
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The Washington Railway and Electric Company spun off its power operations into a new company,
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With the cemetery's affairs in the hands of the auditor, the board of directors dissolved.
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New legislation to bar further interments at Graceland Cemetery was introduced into the
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Report of the Government of the District of Columbia for the Year Ended June 30, 1937
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Richardson, Steven J. (1989). "The Burial Grounds of Black Washington: 1880-1919".
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Graceland Cemetery. House of Representatives, 52d Congress, 2d session, Report 1293
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521:, Chief Justice of the D.C. Supreme Court, dissolved the temporary injunction.
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The lotholders' lawsuit was initially successful. On August 26, 1895, Judge
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Alias "Paine:" Lewis Thornton Powell, the Mystery Man of Lincoln Conspiracy
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Brown, Merrill (September 30, 1979). "Mall Seen As Stimulus For H Street".
722:, may have been buried at Graceland Cemetery but disinterred and moved to
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Raising Her Voice: African-American Women Journalists Who Changed History
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The Graceland Cemetery Association won the day, and on October 12, 1895,
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Biographical Directory of the South Carolina Senate: 1776-1985. Volume 1
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1899 advertisement announcing the sale of Graceland Cemetery property.
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John Hartwell Cook (1839–1879), a graduate of the first class of the
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here, and this area was somewhat marshy. The eastern terminus of the
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Journal of the Afro-American Historical and Genealogical Society
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2196:
Bailey, N. Louise; Morgan, Mary L.; Taylor, Carolyn R. (1986).
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signed it into law on March 3, 1897 (his last day in office).
2339:
Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C.
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Graceland Cemetery Association of the District of Columbia
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in 1873 (believed removed in 1895 to Woodlawn Cemetery)
2279:
Henry, William Wirt; Spofford, Ainsworth Rand (1893).
2200:. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press.
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501:
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
2109:"A D.C. Cemetery's Dead Come to Life Again On Stage"
754:(1803–1880), African American journalist, lecturer,
441:, the open grave was required to be saturated with
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2219:The Day Lincoln Was Shot: An Illustrated Chronicle
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2250:Swing Along: The Musical Life of Will Marion Cook
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329:Although Graceland Cemetery was intended to be a
2384:. Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky.
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2455:African-American cemeteries in Washington, D.C.
2405:. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
2274:. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
2242:. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
412:favorably reported the bill on July 5, and the
2268:Committee on the District of Columbia (1894).
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2435:African-American history of Washington, D.C.
2357:"Philip Reid, the Slave Who Rescued Freedom"
2303:. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company.
2285:. Madison, Wisc.: Brant and Fuller. p.
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675:South Carolina's at-large congressional seat
414:Senate Committee on the District of Columbia
33:1893 map (detail) showing Graceland Cemetery
2430:1894 disestablishments in the United States
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740:atop the United States Capitol (removed to
410:House Committee on the District of Columbia
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921:Committee on the District of Columbia 1894
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736:(1820–1892), a former slave who cast the
124:secular and public; closed August 3, 1894
16:Former cemetery in Washington, D.C., U.S.
795:boundaries of the Federal City were the
2425:1871 establishments in Washington, D.C.
2322:. Westminster, Md.: Willow Bend Books.
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2015:"Sharp Tilt Marks Last Pepco Hearing".
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621:Washington Railway and Electric Company
428:Final disposition of Graceland Cemetery
225:Washington Railway and Electric Company
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1908:"Getting Ready for an Active Season".
1613:"Would Not Enjoin Removal of Bodies".
1201:"For and Against Graceland Cemetery".
865:Louisiana's 2nd congressional district
671:United States House of Representatives
2420:Former cemeteries in Washington, D.C.
2355:Smolenyak, Megan S. (May–June 2009).
2253:. New York: Oxford University Press.
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7:
1668:"Allows Cemetery to Secure a Loan".
514:disinterment and reinterment costs.
2450:Cemeteries established in the 1870s
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1289:. February 26, 1892. Archived from
2107:Brown, DeNeen L. (March 6, 2011).
2007:"Power Company Closing Its Case".
1039:"Meeting of the Board of Health".
663:African Methodist Episcopal Church
654:African Methodist Episcopal Church
240:, or "Old Ebenezer Cemetery"; the
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2445:Near Northeast (Washington, D.C.)
1653:"Money Wanted to Remove Bodies".
1602:. September 24, 1895. p. 10.
1584:. September 24, 1895. p. 12.
1408:"Rules For Disinterring Bodies".
803:, Boundary Avenue NW and NE (now
2096:. February 23, 1895. p. 14.
2068:Bailey, Morgan & Taylor 1986
1961:"Part of Cemetery Transferred".
1852:. September 10, 1901. p. 3.
1547:. September 6, 1895. p. 12.
1083:. September 24, 1879. p. 4.
1065:. September 23, 1879. p. 4.
720:assassination of Abraham Lincoln
27:
2399:United States Congress (1895).
2238:Board of Commissioners (1937).
1996:. December 16, 1916. p. 2.
1965:. December 18, 1901. p. 16
1957:. December 16, 1901. p. 10
1942:. February 12, 1911. p. 8.
1927:. February 21, 1910. p. 2.
1912:. October 17, 1909. p. 10.
1810:. December 12, 1901. p. 8.
1780:. January 10, 1913. p. 14.
1765:. January 25, 1913. p. 17.
1732:. January 18, 1902. p. 12.
1702:. November 11, 1897. p. 9.
1698:"Removed to Other Graveyards".
1672:. January 26, 1895. p. 10.
1657:. January 27, 1897. p. 10.
1639:. January 26, 1897. p. 11.
1617:. October 13, 1895. p. 12.
1558:"Object to Removal of Bodies".
1412:. September 6, 1894. p. 7.
1216:"A New Hotel and Cattle Yard".
998:. February 10, 1893. p. 3.
682:Howard University School of Law
608:) introduced a new bill in the
2247:Carter, Marva Griffin (2008).
2019:. February 1, 1917. p. 2.
2011:. January 31, 1917. p. 11
1867:. February 2, 1907. p. 6.
1747:. January 9, 1913. p. 10.
1268:. February 7, 1893. p. 5.
1253:. February 8, 1893. p. 8.
1249:"Against Graceland Cemetery".
1205:. February 5, 1893. p. 7.
1043:. January 28, 1874. p. 4.
746:National Harmony Memorial Park
246:Mount Pleasant Plains Cemetery
145:
1:
2376:Streitmatter, Rodger (1994).
2318:Pippenger, Wesley E. (2004).
2223:. Dallas: Taylor Publishing.
1882:. April 19, 1908. p. 18.
1598:"Graceland Officials Reply".
1562:. August 28, 1895. p. 7.
1397:. August 25, 1894. p. 8.
1322:. March 22, 1893. p. 12.
1318:"Graceland Cemetery Rights".
1235:. April 11, 1892. p. 11.
978:. August 27, 1895. p. 1.
958:. March 21, 1893. p. 16.
698:(removed in February 1895 to
2057:. March 17, 1893. p. 6.
1981:. June 27, 1902. p. 12.
1897:. March 24, 1908. p. 2.
1848:"Citizens of the East End".
1717:. June 14, 1899. p. 10.
1687:. March 4, 1897. p. 18.
1517:. July 24, 1895. p. 10.
684:and later Dean of the school
278:, one of the city's largest
2440:History of Washington, D.C.
1837:. July 9, 1895. p. 12.
1821:Board of Commissioners 1937
1776:"Orders Sale of Cemetery".
1532:. July 24, 1895. p. 1.
1528:"Their Dead at Graceland".
1493:. July 10, 1895. p. 7.
1442:. June 8, 1895. p. 10.
1427:. June 5, 1895. p. 10.
1381:United States Congress 1895
1370:. July 26, 1894. p. 1.
1220:. June 21, 1873. p. 1.
994:"Crowding Out Cemeteries".
661:(1825–1887), bishop of the
652:(1825–1893), bishop of the
614:61st United States Congress
610:60th United States Congress
598:59th United States Congress
525:Completion of disinterments
406:53rd United States Congress
349:52nd United States Congress
325:Complaints about operations
2471:
2297:Ownsbey, Betty J. (1993).
2053:"A Leader of His People".
1973:. June 26, 1902. p. 7
1953:"Electric Line Proposed".
1878:"Adverse Report on Park".
1863:"Adverse Report on Park".
1795:. May 16, 1895. p. 7.
1743:"District Supreme Court".
1355:. July 6, 1894. p. 1.
1264:"The Graceland Cemetery".
1173:. July 2, 1895. p. 3.
1169:"Colored Owners Protest".
1105:. July 7, 1894. p. 1.
1061:"The Graceland Cemetery".
742:Columbian Harmony Cemetery
600:on March 3, 1907. Senator
238:Eastern Methodist Cemetery
1992:"Statement by W.F. Ham".
1340:. May 9, 1894. p. 7.
1079:"City Talk and Chatter".
933:Henry & Spofford 1893
644:Notable former interments
316:neighborhood east of the
140:30 acres (120,000 m)
38:
26:
2320:Dead People On the Move!
1977:"Permit to Lay Tracks".
1969:"Permit to Lay Tracks".
1923:"Amends District Code".
1806:"Need of Public Parks".
1635:"District in Congress".
1513:"Graceland Lot Owners".
1423:"Out to the Northeast".
1351:"District in Congress".
1186:, pp. 314–315, 326.
974:"Graceland Restrained".
724:Holmead's Burying Ground
248:). On June 5, 1852, the
210:Holmead's Burying Ground
1728:"Buildings Torn Down".
1438:"Removal of the Dead".
1393:"Their Places Filled".
718:, a conspirator in the
519:Edward Franklin Bingham
169:The Political Graveyard
105:38.900585°N 76.981879°W
1938:"Park for Northeast".
1833:"Northeast Citizens".
1791:"The Second Section".
1580:"Graceland Cemetery".
1543:"Graceland Cemetery".
1489:"Graceland Cemetery".
1366:"Mr. Vilas' Defense".
1231:"Graceland Cemetery".
1101:"Graceland Cemetery".
1009:"Real Estate Gossip".
954:"Graceland Cemetery".
534:
356:Jacob Harold Gallinger
214:United States Congress
2215:Bak, Richard (1998).
566:Disbursement of funds
532:
284:United States Capitol
110:38.900585; -76.981879
2159:, pp. 256, 328.
2092:"Douglass' Memory".
1893:"Park Bill Passed".
1296:on September 8, 2014
1154:, pp. 315, 326.
935:, pp. 327, 333.
744:in 1895 and then to
688:Anna Murray-Douglass
220:in Washington, D.C.
2291:Graceland Cemetery.
2113:The Washington Post
2070:, pp. 246–248.
2055:The Washington Post
2040:The Washington Post
2032:The Washington Post
1979:The Washington Post
1778:The Washington Post
1730:The Washington Post
1700:The Washington Post
1670:The Washington Post
1655:The Washington Post
1615:The Washington Post
1600:The Washington Post
1560:The Washington Post
1530:The Washington Post
1440:The Washington Post
1425:The Washington Post
1410:The Washington Post
1395:The Washington Post
1338:The Washington Post
1320:The Washington Post
1251:The Washington Post
1203:The Washington Post
1171:The Washington Post
1130:, pp. 311–312.
1081:The Washington Post
996:The Washington Post
809:East Capitol Street
807:), 15th Street NE,
728:Rock Creek Cemetery
704:Rochester, New York
700:Mount Hope Cemetery
546:and Representative
486:issued a temporary
484:D.C. Superior Court
384:The Washington Post
303:Rock Creek Cemetery
101: /
1336:"District Notes".
710:John Willis Menard
696:Frederick Douglass
650:John Mifflin Brown
535:
497:Due Process Clause
242:Harmoneon Cemetery
182:Graceland Cemetery
174:Graceland Cemetery
162:Graceland Cemetery
22:Graceland Cemetery
2361:Ancestry Magazine
2181:Streitmatter 1994
1761:"Legal Notices".
1683:"Acts Approved".
738:Statue of Freedom
638:Hechinger Company
587:Post-cemetery use
548:Joseph W. Babcock
495:violation of the
250:D.C. City Council
218:Woodlawn Cemetery
179:
178:
2462:
2406:
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2383:
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2098:
2097:
2094:The Evening Star
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2021:
2020:
2017:The Evening Star
2012:
2009:The Evening Star
2004:
1998:
1997:
1994:The Evening Star
1989:
1983:
1982:
1974:
1971:The Evening Star
1966:
1963:The Evening Star
1958:
1955:The Evening Star
1950:
1944:
1943:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1925:The Evening Star
1920:
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1899:
1898:
1895:The Evening Star
1890:
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1850:The Evening Star
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1835:The Evening Star
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1808:The Evening Star
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1793:The Evening Star
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1745:The Evening Star
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1715:The Evening Star
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1685:The Evening Star
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1637:The Evening Star
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1582:The Evening Star
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1545:The Evening Star
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1491:The Evening Star
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1368:The Evening Star
1363:
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1353:The Evening Star
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1295:
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1266:The Evening Star
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1237:
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1233:The Evening Star
1228:
1222:
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1218:The Evening Star
1213:
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1103:The Evening Star
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1063:The Evening Star
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1045:
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1041:The Evening Star
1036:
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1011:The Evening Star
1006:
1000:
999:
991:
980:
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976:The Evening Star
971:
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956:The Evening Star
951:
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792:
786:
782:
752:Maria W. Stewart
694:and the wife of
626:The Evening Star
556:Grover Cleveland
493:unconstitutional
480:Louis E. McComas
443:chloride of lime
393:Joint Resolution
371:John J. Hemphill
314:Marshall Heights
310:Payne's Cemetery
297:(Grave markers,
276:Columbia Railway
206:African American
202:Washington, D.C.
200:neighborhood of
147:
116:
115:
113:
112:
111:
106:
102:
99:
98:
97:
94:
65:Washington, D.C.
31:
19:
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2139:
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2127:
2117:
2115:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2082:, pp. 5–6.
2078:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2037:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2014:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1968:
1960:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1940:The Sunday Star
1937:
1936:
1932:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1910:The Sunday Star
1907:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1880:The Sunday Star
1877:
1876:
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1865:The Sunday Star
1862:
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1215:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1199:
1190:
1184:Richardson 1989
1182:
1178:
1168:
1167:
1158:
1152:Richardson 1989
1150:
1146:
1140:Richardson 1989
1138:
1134:
1128:Richardson 1989
1126:
1122:
1116:Richardson 1989
1114:
1110:
1100:
1099:
1088:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1060:
1059:
1048:
1038:
1037:
1018:
1013:. May 18, 1895.
1008:
1007:
1003:
993:
992:
983:
973:
972:
963:
953:
952:
939:
931:
927:
919:
902:
896:Richardson 1989
894:
890:
885:
881:
872:
871:
862:
858:
852:
848:
842:
838:
832:
828:
823:
819:
813:Anacostia River
793:
789:
783:
779:
769:
659:Richard H. Cain
646:
602:Nathan B. Scott
589:
568:
527:
473:receiving vault
460:
452:Anacostia River
430:
402:
343:near to homes.
327:
318:Anacostia River
267:
258:Act of Congress
233:
198:Carver Langston
196:located in the
109:
107:
103:
100:
95:
92:
90:
88:
87:
67:
61:Carver Langston
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2259:
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2229:
2212:
2206:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2173:
2169:Smolenyak 2009
2161:
2157:Pippenger 2004
2149:
2147:, p. 152.
2137:
2135:, p. 186.
2125:
2099:
2084:
2072:
2060:
2045:
2042:. p. MD5.
2022:
1999:
1984:
1945:
1930:
1915:
1900:
1885:
1870:
1855:
1840:
1825:
1813:
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1496:
1481:
1469:
1457:
1445:
1430:
1415:
1400:
1385:
1383:, p. 220.
1373:
1358:
1343:
1325:
1307:
1287:Legisworks.org
1271:
1256:
1238:
1223:
1208:
1188:
1176:
1156:
1144:
1142:, p. 312.
1132:
1120:
1118:, p. 317.
1108:
1086:
1068:
1046:
1016:
1001:
981:
961:
937:
925:
900:
898:, p. 310.
888:
878:
877:
876:
870:
869:
856:
846:
836:
826:
817:
805:Florida Avenue
787:
776:
775:
774:
773:
768:
765:
764:
763:
760:women's rights
749:
731:
713:
707:
685:
678:
669:member of the
656:
645:
642:
588:
585:
567:
564:
544:James McMillan
526:
523:
459:
456:
429:
426:
401:
398:
379:South Carolina
368:Representative
331:rural cemetery
326:
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266:
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188:(120,000
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2209:
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2199:
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2183:, p. 24.
2182:
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2171:, p. 55.
2170:
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2018:
2010:
2003:
2000:
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1980:
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1874:
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1866:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1829:
1826:
1823:, p. 58.
1822:
1817:
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1802:
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1509:
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1501:
1497:
1492:
1485:
1482:
1479:, p. 75.
1478:
1473:
1470:
1467:, p. 70.
1466:
1461:
1458:
1455:, p. 71.
1454:
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2116:. Retrieved
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2034:. p. K3
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1300:September 7,
1298:. Retrieved
1291:the original
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923:, p. 1.
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756:abolitionist
716:Lewis Powell
692:abolitionist
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157:Find a Grave
2080:Carter 2008
1713:"Notices".
734:Philip Reid
577:Job Barnard
108: /
83:Coordinates
51:May 5, 1870
48:Established
2414:Categories
2341:: 304–326.
2329:0788431943
2310:089950874X
2230:0878332006
2207:0872494799
2118:August 29,
1477:Sluby 1989
1465:Sluby 1989
1453:Sluby 1989
834:directors.
811:, and the
801:Rock Creek
767:References
667:Republican
511:fee simple
488:injunction
439:diphtheria
433:23, 1894.
96:76°58′55″W
93:38°54′02″N
2350:: 70–100.
875:Citations
785:Cemetery.
552:Wisconsin
280:streetcar
265:Operation
184:was a 30-
148:of graves
2133:Bak 1998
844:members.
762:activist
748:in 1959)
381:). Even
231:Creation
194:cemetery
129:Owned by
56:Location
2363:: 54–56
499:of the
482:of the
458:Lawsuit
400:Closure
353:Senator
340:typhoid
312:in the
272:springs
72:Country
43:Details
2388:
2326:
2307:
2257:
2227:
2204:
758:, and
366:) and
244:, and
1294:(PDF)
1283:(PDF)
772:Notes
673:from
634:Pepco
335:hotel
151:5,795
2386:ISBN
2369:2014
2324:ISBN
2305:ISBN
2255:ISBN
2225:ISBN
2202:ISBN
2120:2014
1302:2014
665:and
186:acre
137:Size
121:Type
2287:333
726:or
702:in
604:(R-
550:(R-
146:No.
2416::
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2013:;
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