345:, D-Bennington, was a key figure in passing the resolution. He received a call from a constituent and became convinced that the strategy made sense. "I think it's an important resolution," Sears said. "Congress isn't going to act, and we've got to do something to get this country back under control." When the resolution reached the House, an emotional plea from South Burlington farmer Benjamin Brown brought about a sense of urgency. "What am I going to tell my children, what am I going to be able to say to them about this democracy?" Brown asked the legislators. "Vermont has an opportunity to lead right now it's not left and right, it's an issue of democracy," he said. Rep. Mike Yantachka, D-Charlotte, agreed. He described the resolution as, "an opportunity to kick-start a movement that I hope will spread throughout the country and let people become aware of the real problems we have with the influence of money on elections and on our public policy." In contrast to these views, Senate Minority Leader Joe Benning, R-Caledonia, saw the resolution as a grave mistake. "I see it as an attack on free speech," Benning said. "I did not want to give my vote to something that clearly restricts free speech, because I think the First Amendment is one of the most important amendments we have, if not the most important."
356:(D-NM) to address the influence of money in US elections, in the Senate Judiciary committee. Senator Leahy cited his home state's application for a convention to propose an amendment as part of his motivation, stating: "It is time for Congress to follow the lead of the states and build support for amending the Constitution to ensure that all Americans can exercise their First Amendment rights…. Vermonters have been leading the nation on this issue, and many in our country took note that our Legislature was the first to call for a constitutional convention for the purpose of drafting a remedy." "Not only have Vermonters urged me to advance a constitutional amendment in the Senate, but they have acted themselves on this vital issue by calling for a constitutional convention…. Vermont's call for a constitutional convention is a separate approach for amending the Constitution that can operate on a parallel track to the congressional approach that we are initiating today. It is my hope that the two efforts can work in tandem to create even more momentum on this critical issue."
444:"Citizens United opened the door to unlimited spending by shadowy, well-funded groups with no transparency or accountability – spending that drowns out the voice of the American voter and threatens the fundamental fairness of our democracy." Benson found some agreement across the aisle as Assemblyman Declan O'Scanlon, R-Little Silver, supported certain campaign funding restrictions. "We restrict corporations but not unions. Perhaps a convention like this would come up with solutions," O'Scanlon said. However, Assemblyman Michael Patrick Carroll, R-Morris Township, disagreed with the resolution. "America boosts a long and salutary tradition of robust forceful unrestrained political expression," Carroll said. "The influence of money is grossly understated. It profoundly insults the American people to imply or insert that they are so stupid that they can't make informed political decision that they cannot assess the merits of political arguments before them."
404:, R-Lemont, was the lone Republican state Senator to vote in favor of the resolution. On December 3, 2014, the Illinois House voted 74–40 in favor of the joint resolution, making Illinois the third state to pass such a resolution. The Illinois resolution called for a convention "in order to address concerns such as those raised by the decision of the United States Supreme Court in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission and related cases and events, including those occurring long before or afterward, or for a substantially similar purpose, and desires that the convention should be so limited."
384:, D-Santa Barbara, recognized young people for their contribution to countering the Citizens United decision. "They have taken the lead in this effort," she observed, "because they recognize that the future of democracy, that their futures, that the future of this nation...are very much at risk as a result of this decision. Money is not speech. Corporations are not people. And up until the Supreme Court decision that flipped that on its head, that was the standard in the United States of America."
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call for a general reexamination of the
Constitution, or it may be a relatively specific agreement among the legislatures about the desirability of a particular change. In any case, the function of the two thirds requirement in the application process is to ensure that no convention will be convened and no proposal made unless there is an agreement among an extraordinary majority of the governments of the States that would justify a responsive proposal and the ratification effort.
307:
460:. The language of the Rhode Island resolution called for a convention "in order to address concerns such as those raised by the decision of the United States Supreme Court in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission and related cases and events, including those occurring long before or afterward, or for a substantially similar purpose, and desires that the convention should be so limited."
525:. In the video, Uygur outlines issues Wolf PAC has with Common Cause, such as using paid lobbyists to thwart efforts of Wolf-PAC volunteers, using an appearance as a progressive organization despite having centrist goals, opposing the use of an Article V convention to create an amendment, and their lobbyists' attempts to rescind the bill Wolf PAC helped to pass in Vermont.
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Constitution, but short of such a general undertaking, we think it would circumvent one of the central principles of the amendment process to allow the combining of calls on issues as disparate as reapportionment, abortion, or budgetary restraint, no one of which was deemed by two-thirds of the States as worthy of consideration.
421:
Lessig and what I call the 'new class,' the media and academics, to restrict people who don't have opinions for a living from participating. If you look at the media and academics, they look a lot less diverse in their ideological views than rich people. Rich people are pretty divided between
Republicans and Democrats."
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they may have a lot of disagreements. I believe this on health care and I believe that on health care. But the core of both movements is, we're tired of our corrupt government." Through Wolf-PAC, Uygur hoped to address what he believed to be the root-cause of this mutual anger: an errant campaign finance system.
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Unless the applications deal with the same issue, it would seem that the fundamental prerequisite of calling a convention, i.e., the existence of a national consensus that a constitutional change is desirable, is not satisfied. It is generally agreed that States may call for a general revision of the
170:
Wolf-PAC introduced its first convention call in Texas in 2013 and passed its first call in
Vermont in 2014. As of 2019, five states have passed Wolf-PAC's call for a convention to propose an amendment to reform the U.S. campaign finance system, and 24 more introduced the resolution for consideration
463:
The resolution received a vote in the House on the second to last day of session and was adopted in the Senate on the final day. The
Senators were so moved by the work of the dedicated volunteers that they took the time to give short speeches congratulating them for their work before the vote. While
339:. The language of the resolution called for a convention "for the sole purpose of proposing amendments to the Constitution of the United States of America that would limit the corrupting influence of money in our electoral process, including, inter alia, by overturning the Citizens United decision."
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testified before a House committee, saying: "My ideal amendment is one that secures
Congress the power to guarantee free and fair elections by making sure that we don't have a Congress that's dependent on raising millions...There are two things that have to change: the way we fund elections and the
284:
movement. He expressed that the frustration motivating the liberal Wall Street protest mirrored that which motivated the formation of the conservative Tea Party, saying "I think the Tea Party and Occupy Wall Street have a lot of similarities. You know, on the fringes, and when you get to the issues
500:
Wolf-PAC has argued that even if an unintended runaway convention was to occur, it would not pose a threat to the
Constitution because any amendment proposed by an Article V convention would still need to be ratified by a three-fourths supermajority of the states. Other groups that have called for
420:
professor of constitutional law, disagreed with his assessment. "I think it's a very bad idea," he opined. "I think we should have more speech at the time of elections. This seems to me to make the United States system a less participatory system...I see this as an attempt by people like
Professor
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became the second state lower chamber to pass a resolution calling for a constitutional convention. On June 23, 2014, California became the second state in the nation to pass a resolution. The language of the resolution called for a convention "for the sole purpose of proposing an amendment to the
314:
As a national group, Wolf PAC is working in all 50 states and reports over 20,000 volunteers. Note that it is not uncommon for an introduced resolution to be left to a committee where it dies after the legislative session of that state ends without any voting or sufficient votes to move the motion
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As we have suggested in the preceding discussion, the meaning of the
Convention Clause is simple and clear. A constitutional convention convenes, if at all, to make proposals responsive to a substantive consensus among the legislatures of the States. The consensus may be general or narrow. It may
439:
On
February 23, 2015, the New Jersey Assembly passed the resolution by a vote of 44–25, and New Jersey's became the fourth state legislature to adopt Wolf-PAC's amendment resolution. The resolution called for a convention for the purpose of "proposing amendments to the Constitution of the United
293:
Following the announcement of its founding, the foundations for Wolf-PAC including its website and its messaging were laid out by a handful of volunteers. Among the first volunteers of Wolf-PAC was current
National Director Michael Monetta, who signed up within hours of the announced launch. The
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If the determination of necessity for change is made by the states, the concrete proposal for change must be formulated by a convention. If the determination of necessity is made by the Congress, the concrete proposal must also be formulated by the Congress. However, even though the 'initiation
443:
The resolution had previously been passed by the state Senate. "A constitutional convention is clearly needed to correct the disastrous impact of recent court decisions on the integrity of elections in New Jersey and throughout the nation," declared Assemblyman Dan Benson, D-Hamilton Township.
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has never occurred (since historically, Congress has pre-emptively proposed the amendment itself on several occasions when the states have come close to calling for one), it is unclear how such a convention would function in practice. While the convention called for by Wolf-PAC is one that is
297:
By 2013, a handful of states introduced resolutions for an Article V Convention to restore free and fair elections without being asked by Wolf-PAC, including Minnesota, Massachusetts, and California. Representative Burnam of Texas was the first to introduce Wolf-PAC's Free and Fair Elections
162:
Wolf-PAC was founded in October 2011 in response to the idea that big money interests had bought influence over American politics at the federal level and that this corrupt system had been entrenched by Supreme Court cases dating back decades that ruled many bipartisan campaign finance laws
153:
is too corrupted by big money and special interests to adequately address campaign finance reform, citing sources ranging from personal experience to a well known Princeton study. The organization works nationwide with state legislators using the state initiated convention procedure in
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We believe that, as a necessary incident of the power to call, Congress has the power initially to determine whether the conditions which give rise to its duty have been satisfied. Once a determination is made that the conditions are present, Congress' duty is clear–it 'shall' call a
47:
315:
forward (a death in committee). Such resolutions can simply be reintroduced in current legislative sessions until a vote is called. Only when bill(s) have passed in both legislative chambers would the state be listed as calling a limited convention of the states.
1223:
Convention planning proposals generally included… a concurrent resolution of 12 disapproval… of a proposed amendment a departure from the policy issue for which the convention had been called failure to follow procedures prescribed in the authorizing
492:
in scope to the topic of campaign finance reform, there is disagreement over whether delegates to the convention are legally bound from going beyond the established topic. This ambiguity has led to concerns that an Article V convention could lead to a
298:
resolution on February 21, 2013. That resolution included a "daisy chain," listing other convention calls on the same subject matter in order to ensure there could be no question about which ones were intended to count as part of the same application.
158:
to propose an amendment to fix the influence that big money and special interests have over the American government. Wolf-PAC asserts that applying for a convention will either directly result in the desired amendment or pressure Congress to act.
230:
The inspiration for Wolf-PAC's plan comes from previous efforts to call for a limited Article V convention that ultimately pressured Congress to propose an Amendment to the U.S. Constitution themselves. The group frequently cites the
1680:, Accessed May 5, 2014, "...Vermont became the first state to call for a convention to amend the U.S. Constitution to reverse the U.S. Supreme Court's Citizens United decision ... Monetta is the organizing director for Wolf PAC...
1016:
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United States Constitution that would limit corporate personhood for purposes of campaign finance and political speech and would further declare that money does not constitute speech and may be legislatively limited."
971:
652:
494:
473:
332:
258:. These studies readily examined the Article V process as applied to the states, and found multiple, well-maintained safety nets to assure an amendment called by convention could stay focused and effective.
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the Senators had instructed those watching that applause was forbidden in the gallery, after adopting the resolution unanimously in the Senate the Senators gave the Wolf-PAC volunteers a standing ovation.
391:
served as the volunteer State Leader for California and would later become National Director of Wolf-PAC, before stepping down to run for United States Senate. She continues to work with the organization.
1986:
1960:
210:(1978), which allowed independent expenditures by corporations to influence elections. Wolf-PAC has also cited subsequent cases as further demonstrating the need for a Constitutional Amendment, such as
579:
380:, the author of the resolution, remarked, "I doubt our founding fathers had the free-speech rights of multinational and foreign corporations in mind when they drafted the First Amendment." Senator
532:
in Hawaii and Maryland with lobbying groups such as Common Cause, which caused resolutions Wolf PAC supported in those states to be denied a vote, despite initially having heavy support.
1024:
1150:
Atkins, C. Clyde; Christopher, Warren; Dow, David; Feerick, John D.; Foley, Adrian M. Jr.; Hughes, Sarah T.; Sacks, Albert M.; Thompson, William S.; Witwer, Samuel W. (August 8, 1973).
171:
in 2019. Wolf-PAC has an active chapter in every state in the U.S. and has a membership that includes more than 50,000 volunteer sign ups. The organization has four full-time staffers.
1745:"Statement of Senator Patrick Leahy (D-Vt.), Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, Hearing On "Examining A Constitutional Amendment To Restore Democracy To The American People""
436:. Wolf-PAC saw the attendance by the latter group as a sign of concern from moneyed interests at the progress that has been made to counter the undue influence of money in elections.
240:
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unconstitutional. The name was intended to be a strong response to the aggressive tactics of the special interests the group was fighting against, as explained by Wolf-PAC founder
146:
formed in 2011 with the goal of adding an "amendment to the United States Constitution to ensure balance, integrity, and transparency to our national system of campaign finance".
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stage' and the 'formulation stage' are linked in this fashion, the two stages are distinct activities, as evidenced by their division in the state-initiated amendment process.
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243:, which was proposed after 29 states called for a convention for direct election of senators. The Congressional Research Service refers to this as the "prodding effect."
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Rhode Island adopted their resolution on June 17, 2016, the fifth state to do so. The resolution was introduced in the House by Representative
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194:(BCRA) of 2003, commonly known as McCain-Feingold. Uygur, though, says he was motivated principally by the major precedents that lead to
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Cenk Uygur published a video on The Young Turk's YouTube channel on April 4, 2017, discussing Washington D.C.-based lobbying group
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1314:"Constitutional Convention—Limitation of Power to Propose Amendments to the Constitution, 3 U.S. Op. Off. Legal Counsel 390"
1259:"Constitutional Convention—Limitation of Power to Propose Amendments to the Constitution, 3 U.S. Op. Off. Legal Counsel 16"
264:, a Harvard professor and constitutional law scholar, provided input on the amendment process in the founding of Wolf-PAC.
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John P. Kaminski, Gaspare J. Saladino, Richard Leffler, Charles H. Schoenleber, Margaret A. Hogan, and Jonathan M. Reid.
232:
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1152:"Report to the Attorney General, Limited Constitutional Conventions under Article V of the United States Constitution"
1090:"Report to the Attorney General, Limited Constitutional Conventions under Article V of the United States Constitution"
2201:
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2077:"New Jersey Lawmakers Call For U.S. Constitutional Convention - John Celock | Writer, Media Affairs Advisor, author"
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A resolution to call for a constitutional convention to overturn Citizens United was introduced on August 11, 2014.
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Testimony before the New Jersey Senate included speeches from Wolf PAC volunteers as well as an appearance from
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1043:"The Article V Convention for Proposing Constitutional Amendments: Historical Perspectives for Congress, p. 10"
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Uygur later published videos in May 2017 alleging that Democratic strategists at the national level have begun
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1936:"Testimony of Alison Hartson in support of SCR 131 and SR 100 before the Hawaii Senate Judiciary Committee"
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1017:"§ 10.10(b)(iv) The Seventeenth Amendment as a Response to State Calls for a Constitutional Convention"
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passed the resolution by a vote of 95–43, making Vermont the first state in the nation to call for an
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2175:"The Other Way to Amend the Constitution: The Article V Constitutional Convention Amendment Process"
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381:
30:
This article is about the political action committee. For the group in professional wrestling, see
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first National Director, Christopher Campbell, was hired shortly after the official announcement.
1722:"Leahy Announces June 3 Hearing On Constitutional Amendment To Rein In Massive Campaign Spending"
1204:"The Article V Convention to Propose Constitutional Amendments: Contemporary Issues for Congress"
281:
2026:"Amendment to Ban Money From Politics Passes NJ State Committee, Now Goes to NJ Senate for Vote"
1526:"Massachusetts HD 2684, Resolutions calling on Congress to convene a Constitutional Convention"
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passed JRS 27, a Wolf PAC-backed resolution, in a bipartisan 25 to 2 vote. On May 2, 2014, the
2604:
2001:"Illinois one step away from calling for US Constitutional Convention – Illinois News Network"
1691:"Vermont Senate minority leader: Convention of states an attack on free speech - Watchdog.org"
991:
976:
The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution, Volume XXIII: New York, No. 5
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1724:(Press release). Washington D.C.: U.S. Senator Patrick Leahy of Vermont. United States Senate
505:, are often faced with the idea of a runaway convention, and respond with the same argument.
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Map showing states which have called for an Article V convention as advocated by Wolf PAC.
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1881:"Historic Anti-Corruption bill AJR1 Passes in California - Article 5 Convention State 2"
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580:"An Article V Convention of States as a Constitutional Initiatiave at the Federal Level"
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Vermont first state to call for constitutional convention to get money out of politics
653:"Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens"
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of Vermont scheduled a June 3 hearing for S.J Res 19, a proposed amendment by Senator
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926:(Interview). Interviewed by Sam Kessler. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University
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1961:"Illinois calls for convention to overturn 'Citizens United' | The Rock River Times"
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States that would limit the corrupting influence of money in our political system."
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ability to eliminate entities like Super PACs from dominating the political arena."
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874:(Interview). Interviewed by George Prentice. Boise, Idaho: Boise State Public Radio
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978:. Wisconsin Historical Society Press. Archived from the original on July 29, 2021
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847:(Interview). Interviewed by Jennifer Briney. Congressional Dish. p. 1:40:00
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On April 9, 2014, SJR 42 passed the Illinois Senate by a 37–15 vote. State Sen.
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1425:"Cenk Uygur On Similarities Between Occupy Wall Street And Tea Party Movements"
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Uygur announced the formation and launch of Wolf-PAC on October 19, 2011, in
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368:, but was voted down in the Judiciary Committee. On January 30, 2014, the
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reports, Wolf-PAC also heavily relies on primary source reports from the
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The catalyst behind much of the modern campaign finance reform effort is
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736:"How Wolf-PAC Changes Minds - Money Out of Politics! (w/ Mike Monetta)"
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California Passes Historic Measure to Restore Free and Fair Elections
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1021:
Treatise on Constitutional Law Substance and Procedure, 5th Ed., v. 2
1788:"Bill Text - AJR-32 Federal constitutional convention: application"
1548:"California AJR 1, Relative to a federal constitutional convention"
167:, "from now on, they're not coming for us, we're coming for them."
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894:"In Supreme Court Ruling on Campaign Finance, the Public Dissents"
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Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution
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Find Out How Left-Wing Group Betrayed Progressives (Common Cause)
1855:"California seeks constitutional convention over Citizens United"
1649:"Will This Be The First State To Help Get Money Out of Politics?"
1595:
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1399:"Cenk Uygur Launches New Effort To Separate Money And Politics"
348:
On May 15, 2014, following the passage of JRS 27, U.S. Senator
2284:"Dispelling the "Runaway Convention" Myth - U.S. Term Limits"
204:(1976), which equated campaign spending with free speech and
1570:"Wolf PAC Call for Volunteers - Get Money Out of Politics!"
794:"Texas House Joint Resolution 94, 83rd Legislative Session"
1622:
Wolf PAC Hawaii Unanimously Takes House of Representatives
1372:"2013 Texas Resolution: Wolf PAC meets with ArticleV.org"
2149:"At R.I. State House, Wolf PAC lobbyists made late push"
376:
The state Senate voted 23–11 to support the resolution.
1770:"AJR 32 - California Assembly (20112012) - Open States"
1493:
The unnamed organizer shown at 3:18 is Michael Monetta
946:"Nebraska 106th Legislature, Legislative Resolution 9"
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to not bring to a vote SJR12, which was passed in the
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1908:
Why Alison Hartson Decided To Fight Money In Politics
1370:
Monetta, Michael; Fieldman, Samuel (March 10, 2013).
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Monetta, Michael; Fieldman, Samuel (August 8, 2019).
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TEKA of Political Science and International Relations
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Second Constitutional Convention of the United States
1550:. 2013-2014 California Legislature. December 3, 2012
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On March 20, 2012, resolution was introduced in the
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John Celock | Writer, Media Affairs Advisor, author
1528:. 188th Massachusetts Legislature. January 22, 2013
972:"N.Y. Calls For a Second Constitutional Convention"
951:. Nebraska Unicameral Legislature. January 16, 2019
767:"Cenk Announces Wolf-PAC.com at Occupy Wall Street"
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1669:MORGAN TRUE, March 5, 2014, Brattleboro Reformer,
1023:. West, a Thomson Reuters business. Archived from
920:"Politics and Populism: Interview with Cenk Uygur"
704:Hartson, Alison; Monetta, Michael (May 11, 2017).
996:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
407:Prior to the House vote, Harvard Law professor
213:American Tradition Partnership, Inc. v. Bullock
27:American nonpartisan political action committee
1506:. 88th Minnesota Legislature. January 10, 2013
1378:(Interview). Interviewed by Dan Marks. YouTube
605:"COMMITTEE DETAILS FOR COMMITTEE ID C00485102"
226:Research into the Article V convention process
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651:Martin Gilens & Benjamin I. Page (2014).
237:New York and Virginia called for a convention
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2638:Campaign finance reform in the United States
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2357:Why an Article V Convention Is A GOOD Thing
1000:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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2121:Rhode Island Demands Money Out Of Politics
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2643:United States political action committees
2334:Wolf-PAC Maryland Is Working Hard FOR YOU
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207:First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti
2183:Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy
1750:. Washington D.C.: United States Senate
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1088:Markman, Stephen (September 10, 1987).
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501:similar Article V conventions, such as
2051:"Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 132"
1941:. Washington D.C.: Hawaii State Senate
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1257:Hammond, Larry A. (January 16, 1979).
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2103:"Rhode Island General Assembly S2589"
1397:Blumenthal, Paul (October 20, 2011).
1015:Ronald D. Rotunda and John E. Nowak.
519:New Mexico's House of Representatives
7:
2228:"The Logical Path to End Corruption"
1312:Harmon, John M. (October 10, 1979).
823:"Vermont Joint Senate Resolution 27"
706:"The Logical Path to End Corruption"
2202:"The Honest Path to Save Democracy"
1483:. The Young Turks. January 30, 2012
1457:. The Young Turks. October 22, 2012
1097:United States Department of Justice
2147:Bogdan, Jennifer (June 20, 2016).
1934:Hartson, Alison (March 19, 2019).
839:Fieldman, Samuel (July 14, 2019).
509:Ongoing conflict with Common Cause
246:In addition to three contemporary
25:
2658:Organizations established in 2011
2653:2011 establishments in California
2308:The Young Turks (April 6, 2017),
1841:"Assembly Joint Resolution No. 1"
1052:. Congressional Research Service.
1576:. The Young Turks. April 7, 2013
1477:"Wolf-PAC: Fight $ In Politics"
1423:Hall, Colby (October 24, 2011).
1202:Neale, Thomas (March 29, 2016).
841:"CD200: How to End Legal Bribes"
2354:The Young Turks (May 1, 2017),
2331:The Young Turks (May 1, 2017),
1743:Leahy, Patrick (June 3, 2014).
1596:"States - Volunteer - Wolf PAC"
1211:Congressional Research Service
607:. Federal Elections Commission
248:Congressional Research Service
192:Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act
1:
456:and in the Senate by Senator
156:Article V of the Constitution
1720:Carle, David (May 5, 2014).
1451:"Wolf PAC: A Call To Action"
2648:The Young Turks (talk show)
1987:"Illinois General Assembly"
479:"Runaway convention" theory
235:, which was proposed after
142:is an American nonpartisan
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1792:leginfo.legislature.ca.gov
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144:political action committee
86:Political action committee
29:
675:10.1017/S1537592714001595
578:Wieciech, Tomasz (2018).
370:California State Assembly
366:California State Assembly
44:
1156:American Bar Association
1099:: Page 5. Archived from
924:Harvard Political Review
661:Perspectives on Politics
434:Americans for Prosperity
256:American Bar Association
418:Northwestern University
337:campaign finance reform
323:On March 21, 2014, the
190:, which overturned the
2173:Rogers, James (2007).
1348:Cite journal requires
1293:Cite journal requires
1238:Cite journal requires
1183:Cite journal requires
1131:Cite journal requires
378:Assemblyman Mike Gatto
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187:Citizens United v. FEC
59:; 12 years ago
1321:Department of Justice
1266:Department of Justice
918:(February 26, 2017).
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252:Department of Justice
241:Seventeenth Amendment
149:Wolf-PAC argues that
57:October 19, 2011
2589:Francesca Fiorentini
1701:on December 22, 2015
1676:May 5, 2014, at the
765:(October 19, 2011).
517:'s efforts to lobby
485:Article V convention
387:High school teacher
333:Article V convention
280:in the midst of the
2083:. February 23, 2015
1967:on December 8, 2014
1939:(Written Testimony)
1748:(Written Testimony)
1403:The Huffington Post
1027:on August 13, 2019.
800:. February 21, 2013
382:Hannah-Beth Jackson
180:Supreme Court cases
41:
2288:www.TermLimits.com
2153:Providence Journal
2057:on August 22, 2016
1915:. November 2, 2017
868:"Con-Con Part Two"
845:Congressional Dish
495:runaway convention
312:
302:Passed resolutions
289:Early organization
282:Occupy Wall Street
268:Launch of Wolf-PAC
2625:
2624:
2605:Justice Democrats
2577:
2576:
1504:"Minnesota SF 17"
1050:CRS Report R42592
1041:Thomas H. Neale.
798:capitol.texas.gov
557:Justice Democrats
530:whisper campaigns
402:Christine Radogno
219:McCutcheon v. FEC
137:
136:
115:National Director
16:(Redirected from
2665:
2554:Cara Santa Maria
2514:Ken Klippenstein
2417:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2264:on April 8, 2017
2260:. Archived from
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2234:. April 12, 2017
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2208:. April 20, 2017
2198:
2192:
2191:
2179:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2053:. Archived from
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2030:Aware & Fair
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1963:. Archived from
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1940:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1749:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1697:. Archived from
1687:
1681:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1629:. March 19, 2015
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1500:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1367:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1346:
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1336:
1330:
1328:
1318:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1281:
1275:
1273:
1263:
1254:
1248:
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1241:
1236:
1234:
1226:
1220:
1218:
1208:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1171:
1165:
1163:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1119:
1113:
1111:
1106:on July 15, 2016
1105:
1094:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1047:
1038:
1032:
1028:
1012:
1006:
1005:
995:
987:
985:
983:
967:
961:
960:
958:
956:
950:
942:
936:
935:
933:
931:
912:
906:
905:
903:
901:
890:
884:
883:
881:
879:
863:
857:
856:
854:
852:
836:
830:
829:
827:
819:
810:
809:
807:
805:
790:
784:
783:
781:
779:
759:
753:
752:
750:
748:
734:(May 16, 2014).
728:
722:
721:
719:
717:
701:
695:
694:
692:
690:
685:on April 6, 2020
684:
678:. Archived from
677:
657:
648:
642:
641:
639:
637:
623:
617:
616:
614:
612:
601:
595:
594:
584:
575:
503:U.S. Term Limits
201:Buckley v. Valeo
133:
130:
67:
65:
60:
49:
42:
21:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2593:
2573:
2494:Jordan Chariton
2477:
2436:
2408:
2405:The Young Turks
2401:
2371:
2362:
2360:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2339:
2337:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2316:
2314:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2290:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2265:
2254:"Why Wolf PAC?"
2252:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2235:
2232:The Young Turks
2226:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2209:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2128:. June 21, 2016
2118:
2117:
2113:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2084:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2060:
2058:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2034:
2032:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2007:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1916:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1891:
1889:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1861:. June 25, 2014
1853:
1852:
1848:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1822:
1821:. June 23, 2014
1811:
1810:
1806:
1796:
1794:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1753:
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1747:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1678:Wayback Machine
1668:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1602:
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1568:
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1531:
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1519:
1509:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1486:
1484:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1460:
1458:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1434:
1432:
1431:. Mediaite, LLC
1422:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1381:
1379:
1369:
1368:
1361:
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1311:
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1306:
1292:
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1271:
1269:
1261:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1237:
1227:
1216:
1214:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1182:
1172:
1161:
1159:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1130:
1120:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1014:
1013:
1009:
988:
981:
979:
969:
968:
964:
954:
952:
948:
944:
943:
939:
929:
927:
914:
913:
909:
899:
897:
892:
891:
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877:
875:
865:
864:
860:
850:
848:
838:
837:
833:
825:
821:
820:
813:
803:
801:
792:
791:
787:
777:
775:
763:The Young Turks
761:
760:
756:
746:
744:
732:The Young Turks
730:
729:
725:
715:
713:
703:
702:
698:
688:
686:
682:
655:
650:
649:
645:
635:
633:
625:
624:
620:
610:
608:
603:
602:
598:
582:
577:
576:
569:
565:
538:
511:
481:
476:
470:
450:
427:
409:Lawrence Lessig
398:
362:
321:
304:
291:
270:
262:Lawrence Lessig
228:
196:Citizens United
182:
177:
127:
116:
63:
61:
58:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2671:
2669:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2630:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2569:Michael Tracey
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2529:Christy Lemire
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2504:Alonso Duralde
2501:
2496:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2473:Aida Rodriguez
2470:
2468:Ben Mankiewicz
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2377:
2370:
2369:
2346:
2323:
2300:
2275:
2245:
2219:
2193:
2165:
2139:
2111:
2094:
2068:
2042:
2017:
1992:
1978:
1952:
1926:
1898:
1872:
1846:
1832:
1804:
1779:
1774:openstates.org
1761:
1735:
1712:
1682:
1662:
1640:
1612:
1587:
1561:
1539:
1517:
1495:
1468:
1442:
1415:
1389:
1359:
1350:|journal=
1304:
1295:|journal=
1249:
1240:|journal=
1194:
1185:|journal=
1142:
1133:|journal=
1080:
1055:
1033:
1007:
962:
937:
907:
885:
858:
831:
811:
785:
754:
723:
696:
668:(3): 564–581.
643:
627:"The Solution"
618:
596:
566:
564:
561:
560:
559:
554:
549:
544:
537:
534:
510:
507:
480:
477:
469:
466:
449:
446:
426:
423:
397:
394:
389:Alison Hartson
361:
358:
343:Sen Dick Sears
325:Vermont Senate
320:
317:
303:
300:
290:
287:
269:
266:
233:Bill of Rights
227:
224:
181:
178:
176:
173:
135:
134:
125:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
55:
51:
50:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2670:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2559:Michael Shure
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2544:Dylan Ratigan
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2524:Kyle Kulinski
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2463:John Iadarola
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2432:Ana Kasparian
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2398:
2393:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2359:
2358:
2350:
2347:
2336:
2335:
2327:
2324:
2313:
2312:
2304:
2301:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2176:
2169:
2166:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2140:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1937:
1930:
1927:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1899:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1808:
1805:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1746:
1739:
1736:
1723:
1716:
1713:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1616:
1613:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1416:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1390:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1342:
1335:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1305:
1300:
1287:
1280:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1250:
1245:
1232:
1225:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1195:
1190:
1177:
1170:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1125:
1118:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1081:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1051:
1044:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1011:
1008:
1003:
999:
993:
977:
973:
966:
963:
947:
941:
938:
925:
921:
917:
911:
908:
895:
889:
886:
873:
872:Idaho Matters
869:
862:
859:
846:
842:
835:
832:
824:
818:
816:
812:
799:
795:
789:
786:
774:
773:
768:
764:
758:
755:
743:
742:
737:
733:
727:
724:
711:
707:
700:
697:
681:
676:
671:
667:
663:
662:
654:
647:
644:
632:
628:
622:
619:
606:
600:
597:
592:
588:
581:
574:
572:
568:
562:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
547:Move to Amend
545:
543:
540:
539:
535:
533:
531:
526:
524:
520:
516:
508:
506:
504:
498:
496:
491:
486:
478:
475:
467:
465:
461:
459:
458:Joshua Miller
455:
447:
445:
441:
437:
435:
430:
424:
422:
419:
415:
414:John McGinnis
410:
405:
403:
395:
393:
390:
385:
383:
379:
374:
371:
367:
359:
357:
355:
351:
350:Patrick Leahy
346:
344:
340:
338:
334:
330:
329:Vermont House
326:
318:
316:
308:
301:
299:
295:
288:
286:
283:
279:
278:Zuccotti Park
275:
274:New York City
267:
265:
263:
259:
257:
253:
249:
244:
242:
238:
234:
225:
223:
221:
220:
215:
214:
209:
208:
203:
202:
197:
193:
189:
188:
179:
175:Early history
174:
172:
168:
166:
160:
157:
152:
147:
145:
141:
132:
126:
122:
118:
112:
109:
105:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
84:
80:
77:
74:
70:
56:
52:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
2609:
2564:David Sirota
2519:Nomiki Konst
2489:Ti-Hua Chang
2448:Brett Erlich
2403:
2361:, retrieved
2356:
2349:
2338:, retrieved
2333:
2326:
2315:, retrieved
2310:
2303:
2291:. Retrieved
2287:
2278:
2266:. Retrieved
2262:the original
2257:
2248:
2236:. Retrieved
2231:
2222:
2210:. Retrieved
2205:
2196:
2187:
2181:
2168:
2156:. Retrieved
2152:
2142:
2130:. Retrieved
2125:
2120:
2114:
2097:
2087:December 11,
2085:. Retrieved
2080:
2071:
2061:November 30,
2059:. Retrieved
2055:the original
2045:
2035:December 11,
2033:. Retrieved
2029:
2020:
2010:December 11,
2008:. Retrieved
2004:
1995:
1981:
1971:December 11,
1969:. Retrieved
1965:the original
1955:
1943:. Retrieved
1929:
1917:. Retrieved
1912:
1907:
1901:
1892:December 11,
1890:, retrieved
1884:
1875:
1865:December 11,
1863:. Retrieved
1858:
1849:
1835:
1823:. Retrieved
1818:
1813:
1807:
1795:. Retrieved
1791:
1782:
1773:
1764:
1752:. Retrieved
1738:
1726:. Retrieved
1715:
1705:December 11,
1703:. Retrieved
1699:the original
1695:Watchdog.org
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