385:
an intact category while lumping every other racial group into an indiscriminate category ("of color") replicates the marginalization that the term was intended to counter. Other commentators state that the term "people of color" is a misnomer and an arbitrary term in which people who are white are mislabeled as people of color. People of color also encompasses various heterogeneous groups which have little in common, with some arguing that
American culture as a whole does not deliberate on
463:
centering of Black and
Indigenous people in the acronym has been criticized as an unnecessary, unfounded, and divisive ranking of the oppression faced by the communities of color. The acronym's purposeful and definitional assertion that the historical and present-day suffering experienced by Black and Indigenous people is more significant in kind or degree than that of other non-white groups has been described as casting communities of color in an
401:
and Asian community leaders" to discuss "how can the problem of the so-called 'black/white binary' be tackled in the way it respects the diversity it ignores and helps build the broader constituency for racial social justice that is needed in the country" and to "open the way for a perhaps much-needed resetting of relations between these historically-discriminated against communities that can lead to a more useful etymology of this relationship".
49:
341:. The first is the "black–white" delineation; the second racial delineation is the one "between whites and everyone else", with whites being "narrowly construed" and everyone else being called "people of color". Because the term "people of color" includes vastly different people with only the common distinction of not being white, it draws attention to the perceived fundamental role of
173:, which some communities have faced. The term may also be used with other collective categories of people such as "communities of color", "men of color" (MOC), "women of color" (WOC), or "librarians of color". The acronym "BIPOC" refers to "black, indigenous, and other people of color" and aims to emphasize the historic oppression of black and indigenous people. The term "
400:
argues that the use of broad terms like "person of color" is offensive because it aggregates diverse communities and projects "a false unity" that "obscure the needs of
Latinos and Asians". Citing the sensitivity of the issue, FalcĂłn suggested that there should be "a national summit of Black, Latino
427:
label, rather than a racial category, and although many
Latinos may qualify as being "people of color", the indiscriminate labeling of all Latinos as "people of color" obscures the racial diversity that exists within the Latino population itself, and for this reason, some commentators have found the
384:
Many critics of the term, both white and non-white, object to its lack of specificity and find the phrase racially offensive. It has been argued that the term lessens the focus on individual issues facing different racial and ethnic groups, particularly
African Americans. Preserving "whiteness" as
467:
that obscures intersectional characteristics, similarities, and opportunities for solidarity in the struggle against racism. Critics argue that the systems of oppression foundational to U.S. history were not limited to the slavery and genocide suffered by Black and
Indigenous Americans, but also
450:
of black and indigenous people, which is argued to be superlative and distinctive in U.S. history at the collective level. The BIPOC Project promotes the term in order "to highlight the unique relationship to whiteness that
Indigenous and Black (African Americans) people have, which shapes the
462:
does not appear to have originated in the Black and
Indigenous American communities, as it had been adopted much more widely among white Democrats than among people of color in a 2021 national poll. Asian and Latino Americans have often been confused as to whether the term includes them. The
274:
used the term "citizens of color" in 1963, the phrase in its current meaning did not catch on until the late 1970s. In the late 20th century, the term "person of color" was introduced in the United States in order to counter the condescension implied by the terms "non-white" and
488:
stereotypes. Some critics advocate a return to "POC" for its emphasis on coalition-building, while others call for a contextual approach that names "the groups actually included and centered in the arguments themselves". The term has also been criticized for being redundant.
376:, "person of color" and its variants refer inclusively to all non-European peoples—often with the notion that there is political solidarity among them—and, according to one style guide, "are virtually always considered terms of pride and respect".
287:, popularized it at this time. By the late 1980s and early 1990s, it was in wide circulation. Both anti-racist activists and academics sought to move the understanding of race beyond the black–white dichotomy then prevalent.
476:. Noting that "Black and Indigenous people are not at the center of every contemporary racial issue", other commentators have found it problematic that the ascendancy of the term coincided with the pronounced rise in
169:, though members of these communities may prefer to view themselves through their cultural identities rather than color-related terminology. The term, as used in the United States, emphasizes common experiences of
658:
it is inevitable that
Canadians will absorb and be influenced by aspects of American culture – good and bad. But one that, regrettably, Canadian media are adopting with increasing regularity is the American term
408:
described "people of color" as "an awkward, bullshit, liberal-guilt phrase that obscures meaning rather than enhancing it", adding, "What should we call white people? 'People of no color'?"
758:
301:
In the twenty-first century, use of the term and the categorization continued to proliferate: for example, the Joint
Council of Librarians of Color (JCLC), a recurring conference of the
477:
480:. By rendering Asian Americans as an unnamed "remnant", critics argue that the acronym renders the racial discrimination they experience invisible, thereby perpetuating harmful
1972:
1061:
The term People of Color emerged in reaction to the terms "non-white" and "minority". … The term people of color attempts to counter the condescension implied in the other two.
1930:
1774:
59:
306:
130:". In its current meaning, the term originated in, and is primarily associated with, the United States; however, since the 2010s, it has been adopted elsewhere in the
1870:
372:
all recommend the term "person of color" over other alternatives. Unlike "colored", which historically referred primarily to black people and is often considered
314:
142:
1998:
229:
cites usage of "people of colour" as far back as 1796. It was initially used to refer to light-skinned people of mixed African and European heritage. French
1809:
436:
The acronym BIPOC, referring to "black, indigenous, (and) people of color", first appeared around 2013. By June 2020, it was, according to Sandra Garcia of
775:
would say that what makes our struggles markedly different from minorities in the West is that we have to deal with Whiteness on top of Chinese supremacy.
1950:
1853:
1471:
1904:
865:
702:
548:
338:
318:
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898:
1735:
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1264:
1239:
1212:
841:
154:
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267:, "colored" was used as a label almost exclusively for black Americans, but the term eventually fell out of favor by the mid-20th century.
1013:
416:
310:
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argues that the term "people of color" is attractive because it unites disparate racial and ethnic groups into a larger collective in
2053:
2048:
1202:
615:
595:
93:
946:
442:, "ubiquitous in some corners of Twitter and Instagram", as racial justice awareness grew in the United States in the wake of the
503:
1840:
649:
1454:
1140:
346:
291:
732:
1080:
166:
759:"Chinese Privilege, Gender and Intersectionality in Singapore: A Conversation between Adeline Koh and Sangeetha Thanapal"
602:
For example, the person of color (POC) racial identity model describes racial identity development for people of color...
302:
543:
447:
190:
138:), including relatively limited usage in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Ireland, South Africa, and Singapore.
1691:
632:
a 'coloured woman' and admitted the term was 'outdated and offensive'... The politically correct term at present is '
75:
676:
294:
in 1977. The phrase was used as a method of communicating solidarity between non-white women that was, according to
323:
REFORMA: The National Association to Promote Library & Information Services to Latinos and the Spanish Speaking
158:
1981:
1594:
1057:
Teacher's Guide for in the Shadow of Race: Growing Up As a Multiethnic, Multicultural, and "Multiracial" American
290:
The phrase "women of color" was developed and introduced for wide use by a group of black women activists at the
1917:
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1613:
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1814:
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271:
182:
1879:
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469:
369:
162:
1110:
305:, which uses the "of color" designation for its five ethnic affiliate associations. They include: the
1580:
170:
71:
689:, is a term I have heard used more and more in Australia over the past few years, especially online.
1084:
1041:
888:
533:
528:
523:
485:
464:
386:
1271:
239:("people of color") to refer to people of mixed African and European ancestry who were freed from
2033:
1618:
1518:
1018:
893:
812:
772:
438:
356:
Use of the term "person of color", especially in the United States, is often associated with the
334:
264:
198:
2007:
787:
Franklin, Anderson J.; Boyd-Franklin, Nancy; Kelly, Shalonda (2006). "Racism and Invisibility".
1966:
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1235:
1208:
1174:
976:
837:
804:
591:
587:
146:
1229:
1166:
193:, the term may have entirely different connotations, however; for example, in South Africa, "
1775:"After Asian American Hate, I'm Reclaiming Racial Solidarity and the Term 'People of Color'"
796:
579:
558:
473:
397:
178:
1871:"Opinion: The term 'people of color' fails to be properly inclusive of the black community"
1301:
423:
has been criticized as inaccurate. The United States census denotes the term "Latino" as a
452:
235:
202:
150:
1892:
1905:"Readers React: The problem with 'people of color': It implies whiteness is the default"
1009:
518:
481:
357:
280:
276:
373:
298:, not based on "biological destiny" but instead a political act of naming themselves.
2022:
1544:
1513:
833:
The Cost of Racism for People of Color: Contextualizing Experiences of Discrimination
816:
580:
405:
342:
468:
included the Asian American and Latino American experiences of oppression under the
629:
498:
424:
390:
295:
284:
248:
189:", and is now considered a racial pejorative. Elsewhere in the world, and in other
127:
921:
831:
712:
361:
230:
131:
1114:
1088:
625:
553:
350:
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244:
17:
1676:
808:
1854:"Why Labeling Antonio Banderas A 'Person Of Color' Triggers Such A Backlash"
1571:"What Does BIPOC Stand For? What the Phrase Means and Why It's So Important"
1472:"Why Labeling Antonio Banderas A 'Person Of Color' Triggers Such A Backlash"
1076:
420:
194:
35:
800:
973:
Transamerican Literary Relations and the Nineteenth-Century Public Sphere
508:
1614:"BIPOC or POC? Equity or Equality? The Debate Over Language on the Left"
322:
256:
240:
214:
208:
174:
31:
1265:"Stanford Graduate School of Business Writing and Editing Style Guide"
364:
from the American Heritage Guide to Contemporary Usage and Style, the
247:, this term was used to distinguish between slaves who were mostly "
177:" was originally equivalent in use to the term "person of color" in
1893:"Yara Rodrigues Fowler | White Latinos · LRB 5 November 2020"
252:
186:
126:) is primarily used to describe any person who is not considered "
1953:. dropoutnation. Archived from the original on December 26, 2022
1841:"Adam: Why the term 'people of colour' is offensive to so many"
650:"Adam: Why the term 'people of colour' is offensive to so many"
283:
activists in the U.S., influenced by radical theorists such as
745:
in this country have to pay for once they get their first job?
42:
58:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1690:
Andrea Plaid; Christopher MacDonald-Dennis (April 9, 2021).
867:
The American Heritage Guide to Contemporary Usage and Style
703:"People of colour in Ireland need allies 'not bystanders'"
243:
in the Americas. In South Carolina and other parts of the
141:
In the United States, the term is involved in the various
1931:"I am no 'person of colour', I am a black African woman"
1595:"BIPOC: What does it mean and where does it come from?"
1231:
Teaching for Diversity and Social Justice: A Sourcebook
227:
American Heritage Guide to Contemporary Usage and Style
67:
1999:"As a black woman, I hate the term 'people of colour'"
1369:
1367:
733:"Six things white people have that black people don't"
1982:"How Brahmins lead the fight against white privilege"
1428:
1426:
1413:
1411:
1409:
947:"Warning: Why using the term 'coloured' is offensive"
1725:
1723:
1721:
1228:
Maurianne Adams; Lee Anne Bell; Pat Griffin (1997).
830:
Alvin N. Alvarez; Helen A. Neville (March 1, 2016).
677:"Who identifies as a person of colour in Australia?"
1538:
1536:
1396:
1394:
478:
anti-Asian hate crimes during the COVID-19 pandemic
1918:"Is Spain's Antonio Banderas an 'actor of color'?"
1495:"Is Spain's Antonio Banderas an 'actor of color'?"
1171:American Mixed Race: The Culture of Microdiversity
30:For the historic term for a non-white person, see
997:Black Charlestonians: a Social History 1822-1885.
616:"The Political Correctness of 'People of Colour'"
1971:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1134:
1132:
455:for all people of color within a U.S. context".
307:Black Caucus of the American Library Association
181:, but usage of the appellation "colored" in the
1692:"'BIPOC' Isn't Doing What You Think It's Doing"
206:
1081:"Are Immigrants and Refugees People of Color?"
882:
880:
859:
857:
855:
853:
771:living in a supposedly decolonized Singapore,
1141:"Loretta Ross on the Phrase "Women of Color""
1071:
1069:
315:Asian Pacific American Librarians Association
56:The examples and perspective in this article
34:. For the Southern African ethnic group, see
8:
1173:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 55–56.
201:and is sometimes applied to other groups in
2008:"The Phrase 'People of Color' Needs to Die"
1891:Fowler, Yara Rodrigues (November 5, 2020).
975:. Cambridge University Press. p. 91.
663:" to describe all those who are not white.
337:, in the United States there are two main
1644:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHarmon2021 (
873:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 356.
94:Learn how and when to remove this message
1734:sfn error: no target: CITEREFPlaid2021 (
1385:
582:Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology
1951:"The Misnomer Called 'People of Color'"
1949:Holzman, Michael (September 19, 2015).
1373:
1358:
1055:Christine Clark, Teja Arboleda (1999).
628:had to apologise for calling fellow MP
570:
549:Race and ethnicity in the United States
319:Chinese American Librarians Association
1964:
1810:"Opinion: Why I want BIPOC to go away"
1639:
1432:
1417:
1322:
926:. Smithsonian Institution. p. 290
731:Pillay, Verashni (February 23, 2015).
345:in the United States. Joseph Tuman of
255:" and free people who were primarily "
27:Term for a person considered non-white
1916:Laborde, Antonia (January 17, 2020).
1852:Benavides, LucĂa (February 9, 2020).
1729:
1493:Laborde, Antonia (January 17, 2020).
1449:. New Yorker: Hyperion. p. 163.
1346:
1334:
1039:"The Black Press at 150", editorial,
945:Butterly, Amelia (January 27, 2015).
757:Thanapal, Sangeetha (March 4, 2015).
7:
1880:"Latinos and the 'Of Color' Problem"
1470:LucĂa Benavides (February 9, 2020).
1400:
1115:"Seeing More Than Black & White"
901:from the original on January 4, 2018
614:Askari, Javahir (October 10, 2019).
366:Stanford Graduate School of Business
185:gradually came to be restricted to "
1795:
1773:Mistinguette Smith (May 11, 2021).
1760:
1748:
1712:
1543:Garcia, Sandra E. (June 16, 2020).
1512:Garcia, Sandra E. (June 17, 2020).
586:. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. p.
451:experiences of and relationship to
417:white Hispanic and Latino Americans
311:American Indian Library Association
111:
1997:Shoneye, Tolani (April 22, 2018).
1980:Khan, Razib (September 17, 2020).
999:University of Arkansas Press, 1994
887:Landgraf, Greg (January 2, 2018).
675:Pearson, Luke (December 1, 2017).
514:Discrimination based on skin color
25:
1929:Lamuye, Adebola (July 31, 2017).
1869:Bland, Trinity (April 14, 2020).
1808:Moore, Teresa (3 February 2022).
864:Houghton Mifflin Company (2005).
715:held an online conversation with
701:Freyne, Patrick (June 18, 2020).
446:. The term aims to emphasize the
1878:Falcon, Angelo (April 3, 2018).
1254:Houghton Mifflin Company, p. 319
1234:. Psychology Press. p. 98.
648:Adam, Mohammed (June 11, 2020).
504:Black, Asian and minority ethnic
47:
1612:Amy Harmon (November 1, 2021).
1569:Sager, Jessica (June 9, 2020).
333:According to Stephen Satris of
1014:"On language: People of color"
347:San Francisco State University
1:
1545:"Where Did BIPOC Come From?"
1514:"Where Did BIPOC Come From?"
303:American Library Association
143:definitions of non-whiteness
836:. Amer Psychological Assn.
292:National Women's Conference
270:Although American activist
70:, discuss the issue on the
2070:
1665:Virginia Law Review Online
920:Trigger, Bruce G. (1978).
789:Journal of Emotional Abuse
159:Pacific Islander Americans
29:
2039:Race in the United States
1201:Tuman, Joseph S. (2003).
1059:. Routledge. p. 17.
971:Brickhouse, Anna (2009).
620:Political Animal Magazine
199:multiracial ethnic groups
2054:Linguistic controversies
2049:Sociological terminology
1169:. In Zack, Naomi (ed.).
1165:Satris, Stephen (1995).
1839:Adam, Mohammed (2020).
1445:Carlin, George (1997).
1298:"Editorial Style Guide"
1296:Mount Holyoke College.
1815:San Francisco Examiner
1659:Deo, Meera E. (2021).
763:b2o: an online journal
685:POC, which stands for
444:murder of George Floyd
411:The use of the phrase
329:Political significance
272:Martin Luther King Jr.
207:
183:Southern United States
2006:Young, Damon (2020).
1277:on September 15, 2012
1012:(November 20, 1988).
801:10.1300/J135v06n02_02
741:Guess what else most
636:(abbreviated to PoC).
539:Political correctness
470:Chinese Exclusion Act
370:Mount Holyoke College
197:" refers to multiple
163:multiracial Americans
1304:on September 9, 2011
1204:Communicating terror
578:Jackson, Yo (2006).
472:and the doctrine of
396:Political scientist
76:create a new article
68:improve this article
1145:Sociological Images
1042:The Washington Post
737:Mail & Guardian
534:Political blackness
529:Perpetual foreigner
524:Oppression Olympics
486:perpetual foreigner
465:oppression Olympics
448:historic oppression
387:economic inequality
191:dialects of English
1763:, p. 135-136.
1751:, p. 126-127.
1715:, p. 126-130.
1619:The New York Times
1549:The New York Times
1519:The New York Times
1167:"'What Are They?'"
1111:Elizabeth Martinez
1019:The New York Times
894:American Libraries
719:living in Ireland.
681:ABC Radio National
439:The New York Times
428:term misleading.
353:with one another.
335:Clemson University
265:American Civil War
1909:Los Angeles Times
1661:"Why BIPOC Fails"
1241:978-0-415-91057-6
1214:978-0-7619-2765-5
1091:on April 18, 2010
1079:(July 10, 2007).
995:Powers, Bernard.
843:978-1-4338-2095-3
634:People of Colour'
147:African Americans
104:
103:
96:
78:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
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769:person of colour
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717:people of colour
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687:person of colour
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661:people of colour
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559:Visible minority
474:manifest destiny
212:
179:American English
167:Latino Americans
155:Native Americans
136:person of colour
120:persons of color
113:
99:
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50:
43:
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2029:Person of color
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1935:The Independent
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