29:
higher education institutions across the United States to address discriminatory hiring and promotion practices. They also successfully litigated over help-wanted advertisements being sex-segregated, extending military spousal benefits to husbands of female service personnel, and over the extent to which the
129:
for segregating employment advertisements by sex. NOW joined the effort, which escalated to the
Supreme Court, and ultimately eliminated the practice of sex-segregated advertising. Later that year, an internal disagreement over whether to pursue action in a pregnancy-discrimination case, which would
166:
from interfering in the careers of military spouses. Up to that point, servicemembers' spouses could be pressured to give up civilian careers because it was seen to infringe upon the amount of time they devoted to volunteer activities in the military community, and this was used to limit promotion
103:
of the Civil Rights Act, WEAL launched a national campaign filing a class action suit against every college and university in the United States. It was their most successful campaign to reduce sexism, as it allowed them to compile statistics on the level of discrimination in academia and press the
28:
women's rights organization founded in 1968 with the purpose of addressing discrimination against women in employment and education opportunities. Made up of conservative women, they used the court system to facilitate enforcing existing legislation. They are most known for filing cases against
161:
of 1978. Throughout the 1980s, WEAL worked on cases regarding women and the military, pressing for changes in the classification of jobs for which women were ineligible and the way military spouses were treated. In 1987, they won a case which barred the
157:, requiring HEW and the Department of Labor to enforce federal law and hire adequate staff to clear the pending cases of sex-discrimination. WEAL also sought to remove gender as a factor in insurance ratings and lobbied for passage of the
846:
123:, dealing with academic discrimination in pay and tenure. They filed complaints against academic institutions at the Office of Federal Contract Compliance. They also instituted a lawsuit against
105:
866:
72:
to ban sex discrimination in all programs which received federal funding and extend the equal opportunity employment provisions to educational institutions. They also pressed for the
738:
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in 1968 to include language that federal contractors could not discriminate on the basis of sex. As there was no exemption for educational institutions, as there had been in
780:
759:
871:
265:(Paris, France: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 1984) (French)) (author prof. Eng. lang. & culture, Univ. of Bordeaux III, France).
76:
to extend to administrative, executive, and professional employees the provision of equal pay for equal work and worked to promote investigation by the
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46:
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WEAL focused instead on equal opportunities for women in education, economics, and employment. Among their goals were to extend the
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764:. Sage Yearbooks in Women's Policy Studies. Vol. 7 (1st ed.). Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications.
694:
112:, and newsletters on issues of concern to women, including executive and legislative actions and court decisions.
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69:
831:
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WEAL established a tax-exempt fund which supported lawsuits and monitored implementation and enforcement of
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65:, nor controversial issues such as abortion, child care, divorce, violence against women, and sexuality.
96:
88:
710:"Women's Equity Action League. Records of the Women's Equity Action League, 1966-1979: A Finding Aid"
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211:
125:
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699:. National Women's Studies Association Conference, June 1982 Arcata, California. Washington, D.C.:
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to secure military benefits for the spouse of a female officer. In 1977, they won a court order in
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136:, caused Jane Pinker to resign from the board. She and WEAL members who followed her formed the
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439:"Group Says Universities Are Discriminating; Women's Equity Action League Files Charges"
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Origins of
Contemporary Feminism: Source of Difficulty for the Equal Rights Amendment
25:
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61:(NOW) by more conservative women. WEAL did not support the radical platforms of
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The Long War: A New
History of U.S. National Security Policy Since World War II
336:
110:
WEAL Washington Report, Better Late than Never: Financial Aid for Older Women
648:
100:
116:
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Those who remained with WEAL, filed a sex-discrimination case in 1973,
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on discrimination against women. They were strongly supportive of the
816:
Women's Equity Action League of
Massachusetts. Records, 1971-1992.
785:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: North American Publishing Company.
108:
to enforce the executive orders. The organization published the
41:
The Women's Equity Action League (WEAL) was founded in 1968, by
830:
Women's Equity Action League, Iowa
Division Records, 1972-1977
708:
Kraft, Katherine Gray; Stickney, Zephorene L. (October 2009).
647:. Vol. 2: G - Q (2006 reprint ed.). Abingdon, Oxon:
487:
485:
483:
481:
826:
http://socialarchive.iath.virginia.edu/ark:/99166/w6517mmw]
782:
North
American Reference Encyclopedia of Women's Liberation
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opportunities of servicemembers. WEAL dissolved in 1989.
343:. Arroyo Grande, California. 25 November 1971. p. 4
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could involve itself in the lives of military spouses.
847:
Women's political advocacy groups in the United States
614:"10. The Changing Moral Contract for Military Service"
468:
466:
337:"Local Women Attend Women's Equity Action League Meet"
585:. Hartford, Connecticut. 27 October 1987. p. 10A
403:
401:
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366:
364:
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419:Castro, Ginette, trans. Elizabeth Loverde-Bagwell,
385:Castro, Ginette, trans. Elizabeth Loverde-Bagwell,
306:Castro, Ginette, trans. Elizabeth Loverde-Bagwell,
249:Castro, Ginette, trans. Elizabeth Loverde-Bagwell,
106:
Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, (HEW)
761:Women in Washington: Advocates for Public Policy
577:"Order Bars Limits on Careers of Military Wives"
381:
379:
867:Defunct organizations based in Washington, D.C.
284:. Lincoln, Nebraska. 26 August 1972. p. 7
743:. Lexington, Massachusetts: Lexington Books.
491:
8:
551:
527:
84:and worked with NOW in support of the ERA.
672:Encyclopedia of Women and American Politics
821:, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
812:, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
276:"Equity League Founder: Women 'Wising Up'"
251:American Feminism: A Contemporary History
832:http://collguides.lib.uiowa.edu/?IWA0696
740:Women's Organizations' Use of the Courts
645:Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties
872:1968 establishments in Washington, D.C.
242:
133:Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur
718:Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study
701:Education Resources Information Center
539:
515:
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87:In 1969, WEAL members discovered that
824:Women's Equity Action League Records
668:"Women's Equity Action League (WEAL)"
472:
323:
7:
720:, Harvard University. Archived from
563:
407:
370:
220:Carol Burroughs Grossman (1980-1982)
263:Radioscopie du féminisme américain
49:. The organization was founded in
14:
641:"National Organization for Women"
862:Organizations based in Cleveland
616:. In Bacevich, Andrew J. (ed.).
437:Wentworth, Eric (26 June 1970).
341:Five Cities Times-Press-Recorder
74:Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938
253:(N.Y.: N.Y. Univ. Press, 1990 (
59:National Organization for Women
857:1989 disestablishments in Ohio
208:Doris Kluge Seward (1975-1976)
1:
427:, pp. 62 and see pp. 216–218.
95:in 1965, had been amended by
779:White, William Jr. (1972).
716:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
693:Foss, Karen A. (June 1982).
666:Ford, Lynne E., ed. (2010).
643:. In Finkelman, Paul (ed.).
217:Cristine Candela (1978-1980)
159:Pregnancy Discrimination Act
121:Education Amendments of 1972
18:Women's Equity Action League
852:1968 establishments in Ohio
758:Tinker, Irene, ed. (1983).
187:Elizabeth Boyer (1968-1969)
140:and successfully litigated
888:
47:2nd wave feminist movement
703:. ED 222 409; SO 014 290.
639:Davis, Martha F. (2018).
622:Columbia University Press
492:Kraft & Stickney 2009
190:Nancy Dowding (1969-1970)
57:, as a "spin-off" of the
737:O'Connor, Karen (1980).
281:The Lincoln Journal Star
261:)), p. 264 (trans. from
70:Civil Rights Act of 1964
449:Times-Post News Service
150:Frontiero v. Richardson
78:Civil Rights Commission
674:. New York, New York:
620:. New York, New York:
444:Albany Democrat-Herald
199:Sally Mann (1971-1972)
91:, signed by President
82:Equal Rights Amendment
63:women's liberationists
164:Department of Defense
97:Executive Order 11375
89:Executive Order 11246
53:and headquartered in
31:Department of Defense
724:on 14 September 2017
651:. pp. 633–635.
624:. pp. 405–455.
612:Burk, James (2007).
582:The Hartford Courant
171:National presidents:
126:The Pittsburgh Press
819:Schlesinger Library
810:Schlesinger Library
807:Records, 1967-1990.
676:Infobase Publishing
314:, pp. 62 & 176.
447:. Albany, Oregon.
43:Elizabeth M. Boyer
685:978-1-4381-1032-5
658:978-1-351-26978-0
631:978-0-231-50586-4
421:American Feminism
387:American Feminism
308:American Feminism
155:Adams v. Califano
93:Lyndon B. Johnson
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589:21 November
540:Tinker 1983
516:Tinker 1983
504:Tinker 1983
455:21 November
451:. p. 5
347:20 November
288:20 November
232:(1989-1990)
226:(1982-1988)
214:(1976-1978)
205:(1972-1974)
841:Categories
473:White 1972
324:Davis 2018
237:References
649:Routledge
564:Burk 2007
408:Ford 2010
371:Foss 1982
101:Title VII
425:op. cit.
393:, p. 62.
391:op. cit.
312:op. cit.
117:Title IX
24:, was a
606:Sources
142:LaFleur
130:become
119:of the
37:History
789:
768:
747:
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257:
196:(1970)
175:": -->
714:Oasis
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626:ISBN
591:2019
457:2019
349:2019
290:2019
255:ISBN
177:edit
22:WEAL
16:The
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