Women's health in India - Knowledge (XXG)

22: 1614:. Barriers to seeking care include delays in the decision to seek care, arrival at a medical institution, and provision of quality care. Autonomy and empowerment are correlated with the decision to seek care; women who are more actively involved in their family's decision-making processes are able to choose to utilize maternal care resources. As a result, ANC utilization is lower for Muslim women and women in joint families. Custom may also dictate that maternal care is unnecessary, particularly during the first trimester which has the lowest rates of ANC utilization. The cost of institutional care may also cause women to seek alternative care, such as utilizing a 1350:. Gender discrimination begins before birth; females are the most commonly aborted sex in India. If a female fetus is not aborted, the mother's pregnancy can be a stressful experience, due to her family's preference for a son. Once born, daughters are prone to being fed less than sons, especially when there are multiple girls already in the household. As women mature into adulthood, many of the barriers preventing them from achieving equitable levels of health stem from the low status of women and girls in Indian society, particularly in the rural and poverty-affected areas. 1591: 1516: 63: 1426:—describes breakdown positions between individuals during cooperative decisions. When the breakdown position of one individual is less than the other person, the solution to any conflict will ultimately result in less favourable conditions for the first individual. In terms of women's health in India, the overall gender disadvantage facing women—represented by cultural and societal factors that favour men over women—negatively impacts their ability to make decisions with regards to seeking out healthcare. 1779:, fewer children in the home, lack of paid employment and excessive spousal alcohol use. There is also evidence to suggest that disadvantages associated with gender increase the risk for mental health disorders. Women who find it acceptable for men to use violence against female partners may view themselves as less valuable than men. In turn, this may lead women to seek out fewer avenues of healthcare inhibiting their ability to cope with various mental disorders. 1487:(NRHM). Some of its primary goals were to reduce infant mortality and also the maternal mortality ratio. Additionally, the NHRM aimed to create universal access to public health services and also balance the gender ratio. However, a 2011 research study conducted by Nair and Panda found that although India was able to improve some measures of maternal health since the enactment of the NHRM in 2005, the country was still far behind most emerging economies. 1838: 6155: 6165: 1430:

who attaches less value to their well-being. The health status of women in India relates to the perceived interest response because of the societal and cultural practices that create an environment where the self-worth of women is marginalised compared to men. Therefore, outcomes relating to healthcare decisions within households will favour the men, due to greater self-worth.

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Researchers believe that the reason for higher rates of domestic violence come from greater familial pressures resulting from poverty. Additionally the study found that women who were part of the labour force faced greater domestic violence. According to the researchers, working women may be upsetting the patriarchal power system within Indian households.

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to seek maternal care and is able to successfully access a medical facility, poor quality of care can deter care utilization. Resources such as midwives, qualified doctors, or ambulances are not readily available at all hospitals; rural areas are especially lacking in these resources, leading to significantly lower ANC utilization compared to urban areas.

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of the country. This includes, but is not limited to, westernised diet, greater urban concentrations of women, and later child bearing. Additionally, problems with India's health care infrastructure prevent adequate screenings and access for women, ultimately leading to lower health outcomes compared

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The prevalence of domestic violence in India is associated with the cultural norms of patriarchy, hierarchy, and multigenerational families. Patriarchal domination occurs when males use superior rights, privileges and power to create a social order that gives women and men differential gender roles.

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in the selection of their partner. Elder family members must find suitable husbands for young females in the households. If women are known to have adverse previous medical histories, their ability to find a partner is significantly reduced. This difference leads to diverging health outcomes for men

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status. Financial support, old age security, property inheritance, dowry and beliefs surrounding religious duties all contribute to the preference of sons over daughters. One of the main reasons behind the preference of sons is the potential burden of having to find grooms for daughters. Families of

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are particularly useful options for care in low-resource settings. Arrival at a medical institution is often largely complicated by distance. Women may not have access to transportation, or they may not be able to reach an institution for childbirth after labor has initiated. Even if a woman chooses

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A study by Choi in 2006 found that boys are more likely to receive immunisations than girls in rural areas. This finding has led researchers to believe that the sex of a child leads to different levels of health care being administered in rural areas. There is also a gender component associated with

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to the husband's family. The higher future financial burden of daughters creates a power structure that favours sons in household formation. Additionally, women are often perceived as being incapable of taking care of parents in old age, which creates even greater preference for sons over daughters.

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Many of the high rates of suicide found across India and much of south Asia have been correlated with gender disadvantage. Gender disadvantage is often expressed through domestic violence towards women. The suicide rate is particularly high among female sex workers in India, who face numerous forms

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including doctors and nurses. The health care system is also highly concentrated in urban areas. This results in many individuals in rural areas seeking care from unqualified providers with varying results. It has also been found that many individuals who claim to be physicians actually lack formal

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The perceived contribution response describes the more favourable position of an individual when the individual's contribution is perceived as contributing more to a group than other individuals. The more favourable perception gives the individual a better outcome in a bargaining solution. In terms

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The perceived interest response describes the outcome of a bargained decision when one individual attaches less value to his or her well-being. Any bargaining solution derived between the aforementioned individual and another individual will always result in a less favourable outcome for the person

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Men may feel threatened by the earning potential and independence of women and react violently to shift the gender power structure back in their favour. One of the largest factors associated with domestic violence against women was the prevalence of alcohol use by men within the households. A 2005

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One of the most common disorders that disproportionately affect women in low-income countries is depression. Indian women suffer from depression at higher rates than Indian men. Indian women who are faced with greater degrees of poverty and gender disadvantage show a higher rate of depression. The

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have been raising awareness about this issue. Women have higher mortality rates relating to cardiovascular disease than men in India because of differential access to health care between the sexes. One reason for the differing rates of access stems from social and cultural norms that prevent women

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However, maternal mortality is not identical across all of India or even a particular state; urban areas often have lower overall maternal mortality due to the availability of adequate medical resources. For example, states with higher literacy and growth rates tend to have greater maternal health

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Although India has witnessed dramatic growth over the last two decades, maternal mortality remains stubbornly high in comparison to many developing nations As a nation, India contributed nearly 20 percent of all maternal deaths worldwide between 1992 and 2006. Factors contributing to high maternal

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contributes to future economic disparities for mothers and their children. Poor maternal health often affects a child's health in adverse ways and also decreases a woman's ability to participate in economic activities. Therefore, national health programmes such as the National Rural Health Mission

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Women are negatively affected by the geographic bias within implementation of the current healthcare system in India. Of all health workers in the country, nearly two thirds are men. This especially affects rural areas where it has been found that out of all doctors, only 6 percent are women. This

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A 2012 study conducted by Kimuna, using data from the 2005-2006 India National Family Health Survey III, found that domestic violence rates vary across numerous sociological, geographical and economic measures. The study found that the poorest women fared worst among middle and high-income women.

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A 2012 study by Tarozzi have found the nutritional intake of early adolescents to be approximately equal. However, the rate of malnutrition increases for women as they enter adulthood. Furthermore, Jose et al. found that malnutrition increased for ever-married women compared to non-married women.

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In a response to the 2005-2006 India National Family Health Survey III, 31 percent of all women reported having been the victims of physical violence in the 12 months preceding the survey. However, the actual number of victims may be much higher. Women who are victimised by domestic violence may

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has attributed access to fewer household resources to their weaker bargaining power within the household. Furthermore, it has been found that Indian women frequently underreport illnesses. The underreporting of illness may be contributed to these cultural norms and gender expectations within the

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Gender inequalities, in turn, are directly related to poor health outcomes for women. Numerous studies have found that the rates of admission to hospitals vary dramatically with gender, with men visiting hospitals more frequently than women. Differential access to healthcare occurs because women

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Indian women have higher rates of suicide than women in most developed countries. Women in India also have a higher rate of suicide compared to men. The most common reasons cited for women's suicide are directly related to depression, anxiety, gender disadvantage and anguish related to domestic

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than men. However, women and men differ in the associated stigmas they must face. While men tend to suffer from occupational functioning, while women suffer in their marital functioning. The time of onset also plays a role in the stigmatisation of schizophrenia. Women tend to be diagnosed with

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and economic dependence on men, women are less likely to be taken to a hospital or receive medical care for health needs in comparison to men. This creates a greater risk for women to suffer from complications associated with HIV. There is also evidence to suggest that the presence of HIV/AIDS

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The high incidence of breast lumps among Adivasi women of Adilabad in Telangana has created apprehension of more serious health impacts for this remote population. "Leave alone breast cancer or any other type of carcinoma, even routine mammarian infections were unknown among indigenous people

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India legalised abortion through legislation in the early 1970s. However, access remains limited to cities. Less than 20 percent of health care centres are able to provide the necessary services for an abortion. The current lack of access is attributed to a shortage of physicians and lack of

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Currently, women in India face a multitude of health problems, which ultimately affect the aggregate economy's output. Addressing the gender, class or ethnic disparities that exist in healthcare and improving the health outcomes can contribute to economic gain through the creation of quality

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and physical health status is often dramatically impacted by the presence of malnutrition. India currently has one of the highest rates of malnourished women among developing countries. A study in 2000 found that nearly 70 percent of non-pregnant women and 75 percent of pregnant women were

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Pandey, Aparna; Sengupta, Priya Gopal; Mondal, Sujit Kumar; Gupta, Dhirendra Nath; Manna, Byomkesh; Ghosh, Subrata; Sur, Dipika; Bhattacharya, S.K. (2002). "Gender Differences in Healthcare-seeking during Common Illnesses in a Rural Community of West Bengal, India".

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is a major contributor to female mortality in India. Indians account for 60% of the world's heart disease burden, despite accounting for less than 20% of the world's population. Indian women have a particular high mortality from cardiac disease and NGOs such as the

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Amartya Sen's cooperative conflicts approach to gender biases frames women's gender disadvantage through three different responses: breakdown wellbeing, perceived interest and perceived contribution responses. The breakdown well-being response—derived from the

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The most common foetus that is aborted in India is a female one. Numerous factors contribute to the abortion of female foetuses. For example, women who are highly educated and had a first-born female child are the most likely to abort a female. The act of

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underreport or fail to report instances. This may be due to a sense of shame or embarrassment stemming from cultural norms associated with women being subservient to their husbands. Furthermore, underreporting by women may occur in order to protect

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rather than the emotional and psychological stressors that trigger the symptoms of depression. This often makes it difficult to accurately assess depression among women in India in light of no admonition of depression. Gender plays a major role in

1365:. Men use greater privileges and superior rights to create an unequal society that leaves women with little to no power. This societal structure is exemplified with women's low participation within India's national parliament and the labour force. 1745:

associated with negative medical histories. A study conducted by Pednekar et al. in 2011 found that out of 100 boys and girls with congenital heart disease, 70 boys would have an operation while only 22 girls will receive similar treatment.

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A disparity in access to maternal care between rural and urban populations is one of the ramifications of a highly concentrated urban medical system. According to Government of India National Family Health Survey (NFHS II, 1998–1999) the

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depression among Indian women. Mothers are often blamed for the birth of a female child. Furthermore, women who already have a female child often face additional pressures to have male children that add to their overall stress level.

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Maternal malnutrition has been associated with an increased risk of maternal mortality and also child birth defects. Addressing the problem of malnutrition would lead to beneficial outcomes for women and children.

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of women's health in India, males' perceived contribution to household productivity is higher than that of women, which ultimately affects the bargaining power that women have with regards to accessing healthcare.

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study conducted by Pradeep Panda and Bina Agarwal found that the incidence of domestic violence against women dropped dramatically with women's ownership of immovable property, which includes land and housing.

1860:. The effects of domestic violence go beyond the victim; generational and economic effects influence entire societies. Economies of countries where domestic violence is prevalent tend to have lower female 1942: 4406: 1552:

India is facing a growing cancer epidemic, with a large increase in the number of women with breast cancer. By the year 2020 nearly 70 percent of the world's cancer cases will come from

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must be analysed in relation to global health averages and also in comparison to men in India. Health is an important factor that contributes to human wellbeing and economic growth.

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schizophrenia later in life, oftentimes following the birth of their children. The children are often removed from the care of the ill mother, which may cause further distress.

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The preference for sons over daughters in India is rooted in social, economic and religious reasons. Women are often believed to be of a lower value in society due to their non-

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difficulties associated with interpersonal relationships—most often marital relationships—and economic disparities have been cited as the main social drivers of depression.

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women in India often have to pay a dowry and all expenses related to marriage in order to marry off a daughter, which increases the cost associated with having a daughter.

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of HIV/AIDS is higher for women than it is for men. As with other forms of women's health in India the reason for the disparity is multidimensional. Due to higher rates of

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on her part, and thus may hamper the usage of protective barriers during sex. Furthermore, one of the primary methods of contraception among women has historically been

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consists of a broad scope of measurements of mental well-being including depression, stress and measurements of self-worth. Numerous factors affect the prevalence of

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cases in India. The number of infections is rising in many locations in India; the rise can be attributed to cultural norms, lack of education, and lack of access to

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Ariana, Proochista and Arif Naveed. An Introduction to the Human Development Capability Approach: Freedom and Agency. London: Earthscan, 2009. 228-245. Print.

1324:. Gender inequality in India is exemplified by women's lower likelihood of being literate, continuing their education and participating in the labour force. 2862: 5675: 4477: 4430: 3666:

Ramakrishnan, Sivasubramanian; Khera, Rohan; et al. (2011). "Gender differences in the utilisation of surgery for congenital heart disease in India".

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has contributed to a skewed male to female ratio. As of the 2011 census, the sex ratio among children aged 0–6 continued a long trend towards more males.

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Jose, Sunny, and K Navaneetham. "A Factsheet on Women's Malnutrtion in India." Economic and Political Weekly. 43.33 (2008): 61-67. Web. 21 February 2013.

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Pereira, Bernadette; Andrew, Gracy; et al. (2007). "The explanatory models of depression in low income countries: Listening to women in India".

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mobility. Indian women are more likely to have difficulty traveling in public spaces than men, resulting in greater difficulty to access services.

6069: 4502: 4089: 1738:, women were less likely to be operated on than men because families felt that the scarring from surgery would make the women less marriageable. 1227: 1121: 4815: 1376:

Taken together, women are oftentimes seen less valuable than men. With lower involvement in the public sphere—as exemplified by the labour and

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Women are also seen as less valuable to a family due to marriage obligations. Although illegal, Indian cultural norms often force payment of a

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Sen, Gita; Iyer, Aditi (2012). "Who gains, who loses and how: Leveraging gender and class intersections to secure health entitlements".

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Das, Sushmita; Bapat, Ujwala; Shah More, Neena; Alcock, Glyn; Joshi, Wasundhara; Pantvaidya, Shanti; Osrin, David (9 September 2013).

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infection in a woman could result in lower or no marriage prospects, which creates greater stigma for women suffering from HIV/AIDS.

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belonging to the Gond, Pardhan, Kolam and Thotti," points out Dr. Thodsam Chandu, the District Immunisation Officer, himself a Gond.

1331:—which include social, economic, and political factors—that play a major role in the health outcomes of women in India and access to 6044: 5706: 4893: 4810: 4512: 4346: 4214: 3814: 2560:

Choi, Jin; Lee, Sang-Hyop (2006). "Does prenatal care increase access to child immunisations? Gender bias among children in India".

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Patel, Vikram; Rodrigues, Merlyn; et al. (2002). "Gender, Poverty and Postnatal Depression: A Study of Mothers in Goa India".

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typically are entitled to a lower share of household resources and thus utilise healthcare resources to a lesser degree than men.

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Kimuna, Sitawa; Yanyi, Djamba (2012). "Domestic Violence in India: Insights From the 2005—2006 National Family Health Survey".

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Stephens, Carolyn (1992). "Training Urban Traditional Birth Attendants: Balancing International Policy and Local Reality".

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and also lower infant mortality, reporting higher rates of maternal care utilization compared to their rural counterparts.

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Khera, R; Jain, S; Lodha, R; Ramakrishnan, S (April 2014). "Gender bias in child care and child health: global patterns".

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Marcus, Marina, Yasamy M, et al. "Depression: a global public health concern." World Federation of Mental Health. 6-8.

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has taken steps to alleviate some of the current gender inequalities. In 1992, the government of India established the

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Das, Sushmita; Bapat, Ujwala; More, Neena Shah; Chordhekar, Latika; Joshi, Wasundhara; Osrin, David (30 July 2010).

2711:"Are marginalised women being left behind? A population-based study of institutional deliveries in Karnataka, India" 6054: 6019: 5909: 5874: 5859: 5834: 5557: 5458: 5370: 5299: 5268: 5212: 5160: 4916: 4686: 4561: 4556: 4147: 2503:"Gender based within-household inequality in childhood immunisation in India: changes over time and across regions" 1922: 1902: 1832: 1177: 220: 203: 99: 45: 6099: 5999: 5934: 5914: 5864: 5849: 5844: 4049:

Panda, Pradeep; Agarwal, Bina (2005). "Marital violence, human development and women's property status in India".

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Cultural aspects also increase the prevalence of HIV infection. The insistence of a woman for a man to use a

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Pallikadavath, Saseeendran; Stones, R (2003). "Women's Reproductive Health Security and HIV/AIDS in India".

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Furthermore, it was found that families failed to seek medical treatment for their daughters because of the

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ranked India 132 out of 187 in terms of gender inequality. The value of this multidimensional indicator,

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system does not provide adequate measures such as free HIV testing, only further worsening the problem.

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Sen, Amartya. "Gender and cooperative conflicts." Wider Working Papers. 18. (1987) Web. 28 April 2013.

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translates into approximately 0.5 female allopathic physicians per 10,000 individuals in rural areas.

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Hussein, J.; Newlands, D.; D'Ambruoso, L.; Thaver, I.; Talukder, R.; Besana, G. (February 2010).

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At the turn of the 21st century India's health care system is strained in terms of the number of

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The low status of—and subsequent discrimination against—women in India can be attributed to many

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Grimes, David; Benson, Janie; et al. (2006). "Unsafe abortion: the preventable pandemic".

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leaves women as powerless targets of domestic violence. Men use domestic violence as a way of

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in rural areas is approximately 132 percent the number of maternal mortality in urban areas.

5711: 5640: 5635: 5625: 5552: 5148: 5105: 5024: 4732: 4696: 4691: 4336: 4331: 4321: 4058: 4021: 4003: 3962: 3954: 3902: 3894: 3844: 3786: 3778: 3737: 3727: 3675: 3619: 3559: 3511: 3426: 3369: 3328: 3297: 3260: 3242: 3198: 3180: 3140:"Village in the City: Autonomy and Maternal Health-Seeking Among Slum Populations of Mumbai" 3139: 3077: 3067: 2999: 2952: 2902: 2833: 2774: 2732: 2722: 2672: 2618: 2608: 2569: 2532: 2522: 2458: 2396: 2350: 2307: 2255: 2173: 2165: 2113: 2021: 1856:

against women—is found across the world and is currently viewed as a hidden epidemic by the

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Badge, Vijay Loknath; Pandey, Minal; Solanki, Mridula J.; Shinde, Ratnendra Ramesh (2016).

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Women who are in the labour force in India often face greater risk of being the victims of

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mortality rates are often associated with utilization of antenatal care (ANC) prior to and

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Doshi, Sonal; Gandhi, Bindi (2008). "Women in India: The Context and Impact of HIV/AIDS".

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The primary driver of this difference is due to cultural standards that give women little

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rates—and the stigma of being less valuable within a family, women face a unique form of

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Thaddeus, S.; Maine, D. (July 1991). "Too far to walk: maternal mortality in context".

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is a major problem in India. Domestic violence—acts of physical, psychological, and

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from accessing appropriate care. For example, it was found that among patients with

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Much of the sudden increase in breast cancer cases is attributed to the rise in

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The role that gender plays in health care access can be determined by examining

901: 837: 667: 605: 552: 547: 392: 350: 235: 5014: 4878: 3848: 3782: 3596: 2778: 2311: 1676: 1454: 1358: 276: 198: 4017: 4008: 3958: 3898: 3732: 3440: 3383: 3342: 3256: 3194: 3185: 2613: 2462: 4219: 3679: 3333: 3316: 3247: 3231:"Prospective study of determinants and costs of home births in Mumbai slums" 2906: 2727: 1869: 1792: 1263: 1251: 712: 557: 424: 414: 281: 267: 183: 4035: 3976: 3916: 3856: 3800: 3751: 3716:"Illiteracy, low educational status, and cardiovascular mortality in India" 3687: 3631: 3571: 3525: 3448: 3391: 3274: 3212: 3117: 3091: 3013: 2964: 2847: 2746: 2684: 2632: 2581: 2546: 2470: 2408: 2362: 2319: 2269: 2223: 2187: 2125: 2104:

Raj, Anita (2011). "Gender equity and universal health coverage in India".

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indicate that India is one of the worst countries in the world in terms of

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Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women

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Bhate-Deosthali, Padma; Khatri, Ritu; Wagle, Suchitra (1 January 2011).

3317:"Maternal health-care utilization among women in an urban slum in Delhi" 2891:"Some Facts about Boy versus Girl Health Indicators in India: 1992—2005" 2663:

Rao, Mohan; Rao, Krishna (2011). "Human resources for health in India".

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National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories

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Journal of Indian Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health

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Shetty, Anita (2012). "India faces growing breast cancer epidemic".

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is gender specific selection of the distribution of food resources.

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5486: 4868: 4781: 4676: 4122: 1369: 158: 20: 1641:

As of July 2005, women represent approximately 40 percent of the

1523:

Nutrition plays a major role in and individual's overall health;

1519:

Poverty and malnutrition are common issues faced by Indian women.

1361:, hierarchy and multigenerational families contribute to Indian 788: 5778: 5070: 4752: 4093: 1250:

can be examined in terms of multiple indicators, which vary by

595: 3362:

BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology

2597:"The gender gap in mobility: A global cross-sectional study" 2595:

Mechakra-Tahiri, Samia; Freeman, Ellen; et al. (2012).

1943:

Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994

3315:

Garg, Suneela; Singh, M. M.; Agarwal, Paras (1 July 2007).

1395:

household. Gender also dramatically influences the use of

4084: 3110:

Newsletter (Women's Global Network on Reproductive Rights)

1668:, which does not protect against the transmission of HIV. 1292:

ranks India as a middle-income country. Findings from the

1258:

standing and culture. To adequately improve the health of

3883:"Living with schizophrenia in India: Gender Perspectives" 2010:"Achieving Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5 in India" 4836:

Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research

1532:

in terms of iron-deficiency. One of the main drivers of

1453:

training. Nearly 25 percent of physicians classified as

1085:

Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women

3941:

Shahmanesh, Maryam; Wayal, Sonali; et al. (2009).

1594:

Maternal health: parental awareness class for women in

3714:

Pednekar, Mangesh; Gupta, Rajeev; et al. (2011).

2863:"Survey of tribal women shows up breast abnormalities" 1786:

It was found that Indian women typically describe the

4831:

National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences

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Nayak, Madhabika; Patel, Vikram; et al. (2010).

2085:"Sustainability and Equity: A Better Future for All." 1823:

of discrimination for their gender and line of work.

6108: 6068: 5810: 5699: 5654: 5601: 5538: 5500: 5467: 5394: 5343: 5287: 5244: 5221: 5104: 5043: 4982: 4940: 4907: 4859: 4793: 4668: 4652: 4636: 4542: 4429: 4420: 4370: 4282: 4254: 4205: 4138: 2767:

Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment

4456:National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases 1312:(GII) is determined by numerous factors including 4407:Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation 1618:(traditional birth attendant) during childbirth. 1556:, with a fifth of those cases coming from India. 4826:Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences 4230:All India Institutes of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) 4085:Tathapi - a women's health resource organization 2079: 2077: 1274:and increased levels of savings and investment. 2152:Balarajan, Y; Selvaraj, S; et al. (2011). 1775:among women in India, including older age, low 1411:Cooperative conflicts approach to gender biases 1568:. As of 2012, India has a shortage of trained 5790: 5082: 4764: 4518:Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology 4483:Council of Scientific and Industrial Research 4105: 1228: 8: 2204:Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition 2054:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4478:Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation 3173:Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 5797: 5783: 5775: 5089: 5075: 5067: 4771: 4757: 4749: 4471:Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratories 4426: 4202: 4112: 4098: 4090: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2704: 2702: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 1572:and cancer centres, further straining the 1235: 1221: 1139:International Center for Research on Women 1108: 1066: 935: 823: 810: 747: 673: 581: 570: 95: 82: 39: 4927:Indian Association of Clinical Psychology 4493:Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology 4444:Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme 4402:Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation 4025: 4007: 3966: 3906: 3790: 3767:"Partner alcohol use, violence and women" 3741: 3731: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3545: 3543: 3515: 3430: 3373: 3332: 3264: 3246: 3202: 3184: 3147:Collected Papers on Gender Using DHS Data 3081: 3071: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3003: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2837: 2799:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, . 2736: 2726: 2622: 2612: 2536: 2526: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2259: 2177: 5686:Social impact of Indian television drama 4959:Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 4922:Indian Association of Private Psychiatry 4508:Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine 4215:Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) 3605:"Women's cardiovascular health in India" 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2067: 2065: 1836: 1589: 1514: 1207:Reproductive health in the United States 4503:Indian Institute of Chemical Technology 3936: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3881:Loganathan, Santosh; Murthy, R (2011). 3591: 3589: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2000: 1438:Problems with India's healthcare system 1111: 1069: 938: 826: 813: 750: 676: 584: 573: 504: 435: 381: 172: 98: 85: 53: 5056:Political abuse of psychiatry in India 4816:Central Institute of Psychiatry Ranchi 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 2820:Nair, Harish; Panda, Rajmohan (2011). 2658: 2656: 2382: 2380: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2047: 4787:Mental health and healthcare in India 3224: 3222: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3103: 3101: 1799:Women in India have a lower onset of 7: 4821:Institute of Mental Health, Amritsar 4498:Indian Institute of Chemical Biology 3321:Indian Journal of Community Medicine 2008:Chatterjee, A, and VP Paily (2011). 1958:Water supply and sanitation in India 1695:equipment to perform the procedure. 1302:United Nations Development Programme 1122:Office of Research on Women's Health 4439:National Centre for Disease Control 2709:Adamson, Paul; Krupp, Karl (2012). 1278:Gender bias in access to healthcare 1159:Society for Women's Health Research 1090:International Day of the Girl Child 4461:National Institute of Epidemiology 4451:Indian Council of Medical Research 3500:"HIV in India--A Complex Epidemic" 2861:Singh, S. Harpal (13 April 2015). 1963:Welfare schemes for women in India 1202:Birth control in the United States 14: 4894:Schizophrenia Research Foundation 4811:Bangur Institute of Neurosciences 4513:Institute of Microbial Technology 3947:American Journal of Public Health 2988:"Tackling breast cancer in India" 2451:Journal of Interpersonal Violence 2154:"Health care and equity in India" 1437: 1095:Commission on the Status of Women 1063:Politics, research & advocacy 251:Excessive gestational weight gain 6163: 6154: 6153: 4780: 4190:Universal Immunisation Programme 4121: 3375:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2009.02457.x 2355:10.1136/archdischild-2013-303889 2343:Archives of Disease in Childhood 2244:"Sex selected abortion in India" 2026:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2011.03112.x 1649:such as condoms. The government 403:Assisted reproductive technology 61: 5510:Proposed states and territories 4488:Central Drug Research Institute 3504:New England Journal of Medicine 2574:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.11.063 2401:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.05.035 1496:Health problems of tribal women 1322:labour force participation rate 586:Sexually transmitted infections 6121:British Indian Ocean Territory 4932:National Academy of Psychology 4889:The Live Love Laugh Foundation 4861:Non-governmental organizations 4466:National Institute of Virology 4180:Organ donation/transplantation 4063:10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.01.009 3837:Journal of Affective Disorders 1933:Men's rights movement in India 1320:, educational achievement and 1284:Gender discrimination in India 78:Reproductive and sexual health 1: 4841:State Mental Health Institute 4644:National Family Health Survey 4225:Auxiliary nurse midwife (ANM) 4207:Public health system in India 4080:National Commission for Women 3771:British Journal of Psychiatry 3564:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69481-6 3473:Economic and Political Weekly 3432:10.1016/S0968-8080(11)37560-X 3290:Social Science & Medicine 3005:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61017-4 2957:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60415-2 2677:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61888-0 2261:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61535-3 2170:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61894-6 2118:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)62112-5 1968:Women in agriculture in India 1938:National Commission for Women 1485:National Rural Health Mission 1478:National Commission for Women 1329:social determinants of health 1040:Social determinants of health 4952:Indian Journal of Psychiatry 4523:National Chemical Laboratory 3624:10.1136/heartjnl-2011-300957 3302:10.1016/0277-9536(92)90081-Z 3235:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 3073:10.1371/journal.pone.0013593 2889:Tarozzi, Alessandro (2012). 2528:10.1371/journal.pone.0035045 1978:Women in Indian Armed Forces 1035:Gender disparities in health 361:Mother-to-child transmission 5274:Water supply and sanitation 5044:Controversy & criticism 4235:Primary Health Centre (PHC) 3498:Steinbrook, Robert (2007). 3419:Reproductive Health Matters 2562:Social Science and Medicine 2389:Social Science and Medicine 613:Pelvic inflammatory disease 563:Hormone replacement therapy 164:Reproductive system disease 6221: 5161:Public distribution system 4917:Indian Psychiatric Society 1923:Gender inequality in India 1903:Domestic violence in India 1833:Domestic violence in India 1830: 1811: 1761: 1718: 1687: 1634: 1583: 1508: 1505:Malnutrition and morbidity 1483:In 2005 India enacted the 1441: 1414: 1327:Gender is one of the main 1281: 1183:Women's health in Ethiopia 1149:Black Women's Health Study 221:Complications of pregnancy 204:Obstetrics and gynaecology 6195:Women's health by country 6149: 5676:Films about social issues 4910:professional associations 3849:10.1016/j.jad.2006.09.025 3783:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.068049 3652:Indian Heart Association 2869:– via thehindu.com. 2806:23 September 2011 at the 2779:10.1080/10911350802068300 2312:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.1.43 1988:Women's suffrage in India 1913:Female foeticide in India 1862:labour participation rate 1858:World Health Organization 1346:within the household and 1172:Women's health by country 1127:Women's Health Initiative 965:Major depressive disorder 816:Non-communicable diseases 769:Intimate partner violence 110:External female genitalia 5870:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 4163:Healthcare system reform 4009:10.1186/1471-2458-13-817 3959:10.2105/ajph.2008.149930 3899:10.1177/1363461511418872 3887:Transcultural Psychiatry 3733:10.1186/1471-2458-11-567 3186:10.4103/2249-4863.201157 3046:Pathak, Praveen (2010). 2986:Thorat, Mangesh (2012). 2826:Journal of Global Health 2614:10.1186/1471-2458-12-598 2463:10.1177/0886260512455867 1983:Women's Reservation Bill 1736:congenital heart disease 1731:Indian Heart Association 1450:healthcare professionals 1306:Human Development Report 708:Gynaecological disorders 486:Contraceptive prevalence 371:Compulsory sterilization 68:Symbol of women's health 16:Demographic health topic 6131:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 5144:National Pension System 4851:Yerwada Mental Hospital 4395:National Health Mission 4269:Pharmaceutical industry 3680:10.1136/hrt.2011.224410 3334:10.4103/0970-0218.36829 3248:10.1186/1471-2393-10-38 2895:CESifo Economic Studies 2728:10.1186/1471-2458-12-30 1928:Gender pay gap in India 1773:mental health disorders 1378:political participation 1314:maternal mortality rate 1310:Gender Inequality Index 1262:multiple dimensions of 1248:Women's health in India 1188:Women's health in India 1178:Women's health in China 984:Urinary tract infection 744:Non-reproductive health 26:Community health worker 5805:Women's health in Asia 5482:Caste-related violence 5198:Universal basic income 5098:Social issues in India 4799:other in-patient units 4385:Ayushman Bharat Yojana 4297:Cardiovascular disease 4292:Disease-related deaths 3654:Why South Asians Facts 2501:Singh, Ashish (2012). 1846: 1777:educational attainment 1764:Mental health in India 1726:Cardiovascular disease 1701:sex-selective abortion 1598: 1520: 885:Cardiovascular disease 753:Violence against women 626:Female genital cutting 491:Contraceptive security 466:Hormonal contraception 408:In vitro fertilization 383:Reproductive life plan 226:Hyperemesis gravidarum 37: 5681:Freedom of expression 4899:Vandrevala Foundation 4874:The Alternative Story 4795:Psychiatric hospitals 4312:Enterovirus 71 (EV71) 2907:10.1093/cesifo/ifs013 1908:Dowry system in India 1874:controlling behaviour 1840: 1762:Further information: 1719:Further information: 1715:Cardiovascular health 1593: 1518: 1511:Malnutrition in India 1509:Further information: 1382:gender discrimination 1357:. Societal forces of 1030:Healthcare inequality 1008:Sociocultural factors 801:Gender discrimination 601:Human papilloma virus 322:Vesicovaginal fistula 24: 6045:United Arab Emirates 5530:Separatist movements 5051:Erwadi fire incident 4995:Radhika Chandiramani 4973:Mens Sana Monographs 4185:Vaccination in India 4148:Disease surveillance 1554:developing countries 1294:World Economic Forum 1144:Nurses' Health Study 1045:Reproductive justice 989:Urinary incontinence 456:Intrauterine devices 327:Rectovaginal fistula 317:Obstetrical fistulae 246:Gestational diabetes 241:Obstetrical bleeding 216:Adolescent pregnancy 194:Gravidity and parity 189:Unintended pregnancy 6072:limited recognition 5568:Illegal immigration 5213:Widening income gap 5030:Girindrasekhar Bose 4884:Lifeline Foundation 4660:Million Death Study 4132:Healthcare in India 3558:(9550): 1908–1919. 3517:10.1056/nejmp078009 3064:2010PLoSO...513593P 2998:(9834): 2340–2341. 2519:2012PLoSO...735045S 2254:(9798): 1217–1218. 2242:Raj, Anita (2011). 1684:Reproductive rights 1566:developed countries 1444:Healthcare in India 1417:Capability approach 1399:and utilisation of 1344:resource allocation 1333:healthcare in India 1050:Women's empowerment 895:Alzheimer's disease 461:Oral contraceptives 346:Perinatal mortality 88:Reproductive health 6205:Maternity in India 5520:Religious violence 5381:Female infanticide 5366:Child prostitution 5183:Standard of living 4380:Ministry of Health 4170:Hospitals in India 4153:Health informatics 1847: 1599: 1574:health care system 1521: 1467:maternal mortality 1154:Cartwright Inquiry 921:Autoimmune disease 853:Endometrial cancer 828:Gynecologic cancer 658:Sexual intercourse 496:Planned parenthood 476:Male contraceptive 100:Reproductive tract 38: 6177: 6176: 6114:other territories 5772: 5771: 5558:Human trafficking 5371:Child trafficking 5300:Domestic violence 5269:Natural disasters 5264:Manual scavenging 5124:Farmers' suicides 5064: 5063: 4990:H. Narayan Murthy 4746: 4745: 4687:Human trafficking 4569:Cholera pandemics 4538: 4537: 4412:Ministry of Ayush 4351:outbreak progress 4250: 4249: 4051:World Development 3996:BMC Public Health 3720:BMC Public Health 3674:(23): 1920–1925. 3479:(39): 4173–4181. 2951:(9820): 992–993. 2715:BMC Public Health 2601:BMC Public Health 2395:(11): 1802–1811. 2112:(9766): 618–619. 1918:Feminism in India 1850:Domestic violence 1843:domestic violence 1827:Domestic violence 1690:Abortion in India 1637:HIV/AIDS in India 1612:during childbirth 1474:Indian government 1298:gender inequality 1245: 1244: 1134: 1133: 1107: 1106: 999: 998: 934: 933: 880: 879: 863:Papanicolaou test 809: 808: 779:Sexual harassment 764:Domestic violence 735: 734: 731: 730: 727: 726: 723: 722: 621: 620: 312:Retained placenta 231:Ectopic pregnancy 6212: 6167: 6157: 6156: 6126:Christmas Island 5812:Sovereign states 5799: 5792: 5785: 5776: 5764:Police brutality 5553:Groom kidnapping 5515:Ethnic relations 5376:Female foeticide 5091: 5084: 5077: 5068: 5025:Shekhar Seshadri 4785: 4784: 4773: 4766: 4759: 4750: 4552:Global pandemics 4427: 4342:Blue-ear disease 4337:Pneumonic plague 4302:Chronic diseases 4203: 4175:Medical colleges 4126: 4125: 4114: 4107: 4100: 4091: 4067: 4066: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4029: 4011: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3970: 3938: 3921: 3920: 3910: 3878: 3861: 3860: 3843:(1–3): 209–218. 3832: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3794: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3745: 3735: 3711: 3700: 3699: 3663: 3657: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3609: 3593: 3584: 3583: 3547: 3538: 3537: 3519: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3468: 3453: 3452: 3434: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3377: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3336: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3268: 3250: 3226: 3217: 3216: 3206: 3188: 3164: 3151: 3150: 3144: 3135: 3122: 3121: 3105: 3096: 3095: 3085: 3075: 3043: 3026: 3025: 3007: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2940: 2927: 2924: 2911: 2910: 2886: 2871: 2870: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2841: 2817: 2811: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2773:(3–4): 413–442. 2762: 2751: 2750: 2740: 2730: 2706: 2697: 2696: 2671:(9765): 587–98. 2660: 2651: 2648: 2637: 2636: 2626: 2616: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2540: 2530: 2498: 2483: 2482: 2446: 2413: 2412: 2384: 2375: 2374: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2295: 2282: 2281: 2263: 2239: 2228: 2227: 2198: 2192: 2191: 2181: 2164:(9764): 505–15. 2149: 2138: 2137: 2101: 2088: 2083:United Nations. 2081: 2072: 2069: 2060: 2059: 2053: 2045: 2005: 1814:Suicide in India 1788:somatic symptoms 1721:Obesity in India 1424:Nash equilibrium 1237: 1230: 1223: 1109: 1067: 936: 824: 811: 748: 674: 582: 571: 307:Cesarian section 302:Obstructed labor 96: 83: 65: 40: 6220: 6219: 6215: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6190:Health in India 6180: 6179: 6178: 6173: 6145: 6113: 6104: 6085:Northern Cyprus 6071: 6064: 5806: 5803: 5773: 5768: 5695: 5650: 5597: 5578:Organised crime 5563:Illegal housing 5534: 5496: 5463: 5439:Menstrual taboo 5390: 5386:Street children 5339: 5310:Family planning 5283: 5240: 5217: 5100: 5095: 5065: 5060: 5039: 5035:M. Sarada Menon 4978: 4936: 4909: 4903: 4855: 4798: 4789: 4779: 4777: 4747: 4742: 4664: 4648: 4632: 4606:Other outbreaks 4534: 4422: 4416: 4366: 4278: 4246: 4240:Mohalla Clinics 4201: 4134: 4120: 4118: 4076: 4071: 4070: 4048: 4047: 4043: 3989: 3988: 3984: 3940: 3939: 3924: 3893:(569): 569–84. 3880: 3879: 3864: 3834: 3833: 3820: 3812: 3808: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3713: 3712: 3703: 3665: 3664: 3660: 3651: 3647: 3607: 3595: 3594: 3587: 3549: 3548: 3541: 3510:(11): 1089–93. 3497: 3496: 3492: 3470: 3469: 3456: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3287: 3286: 3282: 3228: 3227: 3220: 3166: 3165: 3154: 3142: 3138:Matthews, Zoe. 3137: 3136: 3125: 3107: 3106: 3099: 3045: 3044: 3029: 2985: 2984: 2980: 2942: 2941: 2930: 2925: 2914: 2888: 2887: 2874: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2819: 2818: 2814: 2808:Wayback Machine 2798: 2794: 2764: 2763: 2754: 2708: 2707: 2700: 2662: 2661: 2654: 2649: 2640: 2594: 2593: 2589: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2500: 2499: 2486: 2448: 2447: 2416: 2386: 2385: 2378: 2340: 2339: 2335: 2300:Am J Psychiatry 2297: 2296: 2285: 2241: 2240: 2231: 2200: 2199: 2195: 2151: 2150: 2141: 2103: 2102: 2091: 2082: 2075: 2070: 2063: 2046: 2007: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1953:Sexism in India 1898: 1870:power structure 1854:sexual violence 1835: 1829: 1816: 1810: 1766: 1760: 1723: 1717: 1692: 1686: 1639: 1633: 1603:maternal health 1588: 1586:Menstrual taboo 1582: 1580:Maternal health 1550: 1513: 1507: 1498: 1493: 1446: 1440: 1419: 1413: 1286: 1280: 1241: 1212: 1211: 1194:Family planning 1173: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1064: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1025:Gender equality 1009: 1001: 1000: 995: 930: 876: 858:Cervical cancer 805: 745: 737: 736: 719: 688:Sex differences 672: 648:Forced marriage 617: 569: 521:Menstrual cycle 500: 441:Family planning 431: 377: 341:Maternal deaths 334:Postpartum care 292:Multiple births 174:Maternal health 168: 80: 70: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6218: 6216: 6208: 6207: 6202: 6200:Women in India 6197: 6192: 6182: 6181: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6171: 6161: 6150: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6117: 6115: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6076: 6074: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5816: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5801: 5794: 5787: 5779: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5740: 5739: 5734: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5703: 5701: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5672: 5671: 5660: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5607: 5605: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5573:Illegal mining 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5544: 5542: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5506: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5477:Caste politics 5473: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5429:Women's health 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5400: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5361:Child marriage 5358: 5353: 5347: 5345: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5325:Nuclear family 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5281: 5279:Water disputes 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5259:Climate change 5256: 5250: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5238: 5233: 5227: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5188:Street vendors 5185: 5180: 5179: 5178: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5157: 5156: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5114:Communications 5110: 5108: 5102: 5101: 5096: 5094: 5093: 5086: 5079: 5071: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5058: 5053: 5047: 5045: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 5000:Bhargavi Davar 4997: 4992: 4986: 4984: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4976: 4969: 4962: 4955: 4947: 4945: 4941:Mental health 4938: 4937: 4935: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4913: 4911: 4908:Mental health 4905: 4904: 4902: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4865: 4863: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4802: 4800: 4791: 4790: 4778: 4776: 4775: 4768: 4761: 4753: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4672: 4670: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4662: 4656: 4654: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4646: 4640: 4638: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4630: 4629: 4628: 4626:Bubonic plague 4623: 4618: 4613: 4603: 4602: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4566: 4565: 4564: 4559: 4548: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4532: 4527: 4526: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4480: 4475: 4474: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4448: 4447: 4446: 4435: 4433: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4398: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4376: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4288: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4260: 4258: 4252: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4244: 4243: 4242: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4211: 4209: 4200: 4199: 4197:Women's health 4194: 4193: 4192: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4166: 4165: 4155: 4150: 4144: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4119: 4117: 4116: 4109: 4102: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4082: 4075: 4074:External links 4072: 4069: 4068: 4057:(5): 823–850. 4041: 3982: 3953:(7): 1239–46. 3922: 3862: 3818: 3806: 3777:(3): 192–199. 3757: 3701: 3658: 3656:26 April 2015. 3645: 3618:(6): 456–459. 3601:Patel, Anushka 3585: 3539: 3490: 3454: 3405: 3368:(3): 304–313. 3348: 3307: 3296:(6): 811–817. 3280: 3218: 3179:(4): 759–764. 3152: 3123: 3097: 3027: 2978: 2928: 2912: 2901:(2): 296–321. 2872: 2853: 2812: 2792: 2752: 2698: 2652: 2638: 2587: 2552: 2484: 2457:(4): 773–807. 2414: 2376: 2333: 2283: 2229: 2210:(4): 306–311. 2193: 2139: 2089: 2073: 2061: 1999: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1973:Women in India 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1868:The resultant 1831:Main article: 1828: 1825: 1812:Main article: 1809: 1806: 1759: 1756: 1716: 1713: 1685: 1682: 1673:mortality rate 1647:contraceptives 1635:Main article: 1632: 1629: 1581: 1578: 1561:Westernisation 1549: 1546: 1506: 1503: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1442:Main article: 1439: 1436: 1415:Main article: 1412: 1409: 1397:antenatal care 1355:cultural norms 1318:fertility rate 1290:United Nations 1279: 1276: 1260:women in India 1243: 1242: 1240: 1239: 1232: 1225: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1198: 1197: 1185: 1180: 1174: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1162: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1124: 1116: 1115: 1105: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1074: 1073: 1071:United Nations 1065: 1062: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1053: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1003: 1002: 997: 996: 994: 993: 992: 991: 986: 981: 971: 970: 969: 968: 967: 957: 946: 943: 942: 932: 931: 929: 928: 923: 918: 917: 916: 915: 914: 899: 898: 897: 887: 881: 878: 877: 875: 874: 872:Ovarian cancer 869: 868: 867: 866: 865: 855: 848:Uterine cancer 845: 840: 834: 831: 830: 820: 819: 807: 806: 804: 803: 798: 793: 792: 791: 784:Sexual assault 781: 776: 771: 766: 760: 757: 756: 746: 743: 742: 739: 738: 733: 732: 729: 728: 725: 724: 721: 720: 718: 717: 716: 715: 705: 700: 695: 690: 684: 681: 680: 671: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 643:Child marriage 640: 639: 638: 633: 631:Clitoridectomy 622: 619: 618: 616: 615: 610: 609: 608: 598: 592: 589: 588: 578: 577: 568: 567: 566: 565: 555: 550: 545: 540: 539: 538: 533: 526:Menstrual aids 523: 518: 512: 509: 508: 502: 501: 499: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 471:Tubal ligation 468: 463: 458: 453: 447: 444: 443: 433: 432: 430: 429: 428: 427: 422: 412: 411: 410: 405: 400: 389: 386: 385: 379: 378: 376: 375: 374: 373: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 337: 336: 331: 330: 329: 324: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 274: 273: 272: 271: 270: 265: 255: 254: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 218: 213: 211:Antenatal care 208: 207: 206: 196: 191: 180: 177: 176: 170: 169: 167: 166: 161: 156: 154:Fallopian tube 151: 146: 141: 136: 135: 134: 129: 124: 123: 122: 106: 103: 102: 92: 91: 81: 76: 75: 72: 71: 66: 58: 57: 55:Women's health 51: 50: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6217: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6160: 6152: 6151: 6148: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6111: 6107: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6095:South Ossetia 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6067: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5809: 5800: 5795: 5793: 5788: 5786: 5781: 5780: 5777: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5754:Superstitions 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5732:Homosexuality 5730: 5729: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5698: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5653: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5600: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5537: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5499: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5470: 5466: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5409:Bride burning 5407: 5405: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5393: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5342: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5243: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5220: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5177: 5174: 5173: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5092: 5087: 5085: 5080: 5078: 5073: 5072: 5069: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5042: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5020:Indira Sharma 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4970: 4968: 4967: 4963: 4961: 4960: 4956: 4954: 4953: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4939: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4858: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4801: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4783: 4774: 4769: 4767: 4762: 4760: 4755: 4754: 4751: 4739: 4738:Vegetarianism 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4703:Socioeconomic 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4667: 4661: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4651: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4608: 4607: 4604: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4570: 4567: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4554: 4553: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4541: 4531: 4528: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4452: 4449: 4445: 4442: 4441: 4440: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4428: 4425: 4419: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4369: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4275: 4274:Biotechnology 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4253: 4241: 4238: 4237: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4204: 4198: 4195: 4191: 4188: 4187: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4164: 4161: 4160: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4115: 4110: 4108: 4103: 4101: 4096: 4095: 4092: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4077: 4073: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4045: 4042: 4037: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3986: 3983: 3978: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3918: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3819: 3816: 3810: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3761: 3758: 3753: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3662: 3659: 3655: 3649: 3646: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3592: 3590: 3586: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3546: 3544: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3494: 3491: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3455: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3425:(37): 32–41. 3424: 3420: 3416: 3409: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3352: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3311: 3308: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3284: 3281: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3225: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3141: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3112:(36): 22–24. 3111: 3104: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2982: 2979: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2929: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2913: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2857: 2854: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2816: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2802: 2801:"About NHRM." 2796: 2793: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2591: 2588: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2568:(1): 107–17. 2567: 2563: 2556: 2553: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2513:(4): e35045. 2512: 2508: 2504: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2349:(4): 369–74. 2348: 2344: 2337: 2334: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2197: 2194: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2086: 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1537: 1535: 1531: 1526: 1525:psychological 1517: 1512: 1504: 1502: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1486: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1468: 1462: 1458: 1456: 1451: 1445: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1425: 1418: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1402: 1401:immunisations 1398: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1349: 1348:public sphere 1345: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1316:, adolescent 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1285: 1277: 1275: 1273: 1272:human capital 1267: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1256:socioeconomic 1253: 1249: 1238: 1233: 1231: 1226: 1224: 1219: 1218: 1216: 1215: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1195: 1191: 1190: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1169: 1168: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1113:United States 1110: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1068: 1060: 1059: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 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