64:, serving as the commission's Superintendent, was able to convince the medical corps of the value of women working in 350 Commission or Army hospitals. North and South, over 20,000 women volunteered to work in hospitals, usually in nursing care. They assisted surgeons during procedures, gave medicines, supervised the feedings and cleaned the bedding and clothes. They gave good cheer, wrote letters the men dictated, and comforted the dying. A representative nurse was Helen L. Gilson (1835â1868) of Chelsea, Massachusetts, who served in Sanitary Commission. She supervised supplies, dressed wounds, and cooked special foods for patients on a limited diet. She worked in hospitals after the battles of Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg. She was a successful administrator, especially at the hospital for black soldiers at City Point, Virginia. The middle-class women North and South who volunteered provided vitally needed nursing services and were rewarded with a sense of patriotism and civic duty in addition to opportunity to demonstrate their skills and gain new ones, while receiving wages and sharing the hardships of the men.
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dressing as a man and enlisting in the Union Army to avoid detection. Loreta Janeta
Velazquez, on the other hand, was driven to enlist by more personal motivations; inspired by the example of Joan of Arc and other historical women warriors, she was idealistic about feminine potential on the battlefield, insisting that, "when women have rushed to the battlefield, they have invariably distinguished themselves." Sarah Rosetta Wakeman had been living as a man long before the outbreak of the war, hoping to find better-paying work on the riverboats of New York rather than as a female domestic servant. She was, therefore, compelled to enlist by an economic imperative; the prospect of steady pay as an enlisted soldier in the Union Army appeared to be preferable to the instability of day labor. Whatever the original motivations of the individual female soldiers, however, they ultimately took part in the war on similar terms as their male brothers-in-arms.
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exposed while wounded and receiving medical care in battlefront hospitals. Others, however, escaped detection for the entire war, and returned home to resume their normal lives and feminine gender expressionâwith a few notable exceptions. Female veteran Sarah
Edmonds, the runaway Canadian bride, lived under the masculine identity of Franklin Thompson for the rest of her life, and even was granted a pension for her service by Congress in 1886, while Jennie Hodgers continued living as Albert Cashier before being discovered and forced back into feminine dress after having been institutionalized for dementia in 1913. The participation of so many women in the Civil War, however, was an uncomfortable subject for the US Army for many decades; the fact of female service was officially denied by the army until well in the twentieth century.
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escaped comment in an army heavily dominated by adolescent boys, while their own feminine shapes could be obscured through breast-binding. Recruits deemed to be of ambiguous gender, for example, were often subjected to improvised tests to check their gendered responses. One such test was to toss a soldier an apple; if he held out his shirttails to catch the apple as if in an apron, he would be deemed to be a woman, and would be subject to further investigation. Female soldiers who were most successful at blending into military life were those who had been presenting as male even before they had enlisted: Sarah
Wakeman, for example, had been living as a man and working on canal boats in New York prior to joining the Union army, while Jennie Hodgers had likewise assumed a masculine identity long before the outbreak of the war.
193:
assembled all-female home guard militias, drilling firearms usage and training to protect their plantations, properties, and neighborhoods from Union invasion. Military training became mandatory at some private girls' academies. One female militia in LaGrange, Georgiaâa uniquely militarily vulnerable city, poised halfway between the industrial powerhouse of
Atlanta and the original Confederate capital at Montgomery, Alabamaâengaged in diplomatic negotiations with the invading Union army in April 1865, using the threat of violence to obtain a promise that their city would not be ransacked. As concerted a challenge to gender norms as these all-female militias would seem to pose, however, the participants were careful to otherwise keep well within gender norms, and to avoid the impression of usurping male protective roles.
201:
242:, for example, the perpetrator spent a month at the guardhouse for offering a mother a dollar and her daughter three dollars for sex. Federal troops who committed rape while invading the Southern states mostly took advantage of black rather than white women, and black soldiers were usually punished more severely for the crime than their white counterparts. Even so, the fear of rape was omnipresent among white Southern women facing the prospect of invasion without male protection; although specific numbers of victims are difficult to trace, the threat of sexual violence committed by Union soldiers lingered in Southern cultural memory long after the war ended.
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assumed male identities. The female soldiers were not operating within a vacuum, responding blindly to the stimulus of war. Unlike the members of the all-female militias, the female enlisted soldiers were drawn disproportionately from working- and lower-middle-class backgroundsâand therefore represented a radically different cultural milieu. Mid-nineteenth-century working-class culture, for example, was generally familiarâif not comfortableâwith female cross-dressing, with the phenomenon being prominently featured in popular theatrical and literary pieces with mass audiences.
395:. A newspaper estimated there were 5,000 public women in the District and another 2,500 in Alexandria and Georgetown, bringing the total to 7,500 by the war's third year. However, it was the towns located just outside the camps where prostitution was most prominent. These small towns were overrun by the sex trade when army troops set up nearby camps. One soldier wrote home to his wife, "It is said that one house in every ten is a bawdy houseâit is a perfect Sodom."
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related to the women wanting to spread venereal disease to the opposing troops. The term "public women" was coined for the women that became prostitutes. There was moral outrage at this rising employment, and law officials classified the people they arrested as such. The word "hooker" predates the Civil War, but became popularized due to Union
General Joseph Hooker's reputation of consorting with prostitutes. After the outbreak of war, the number of
257:. Paragraphs 44 and 47 of the Lieber Code contained provisions prohibiting several crimes including "(...) all rape (...) by an American soldier in a hostile country against its inhabitants (...) under the penalty of death, or such other severe punishment as may seem adequate for the gravity of the offense." Thus, the only enforcement mechanisms were the military commanders themselves, having the right to execute the soldiers immediately.
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445:, where they were not allowed off the ship and sent further along to Cincinnati. Many of the women became sick due to lack of food and were forced to turn around and return to Nashville. Once they arrived back in Nashville, Lt. Col. Spalding created a system of registration similar to European ones. He inadvertently created the first legal system of prostitution. This is the set of regulations he set up:
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238:. The Confederate records were destroyed, but a perusal of only five percent of Federal records reveal that over thirty court martial trials were held due to instances of rape; death by hanging or firing squad being the usual punishment if convicted. Sometimes, offering money for sex to a white woman of good standing was considered almost tantamount to rape; in the case of an Illinois private at
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substitutes used. The households were severely hurt by inflation in the cost of everyday items and the shortages of food, fodder for the animals, and medical supplies for the wounded. The
Georgia legislature imposed cotton quotas, making it a crime to grow an excess. But food shortages only worsened, especially in the towns.
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prominently featured an entire chapter on the female soldiers of the war. Although it establishes the fact that women warriors were objects of curiosity for the
American public, Moore significantly softened and romanticised their experiences in order to make them more palatable to a general audience.
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The existence of illicit female soldiers was an open secret in both the wartime Union and
Confederacy, with stories commonly shared in both soldiers' letters and newspaper articles. Awareness trickled out into the general publicâand civilians were fascinated by these women warriors. This curiosity is
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The overall decline in food supplies, made worse by the collapsing transportation system, led to serious shortages and high prices in urban areas. When bacon reached a dollar a pound in 1863, the poor women of
Richmond, Atlanta and many other cities began to riot; they broke into shops and warehouses
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Women had charge of making do. They cut back on purchases, brought out old spinning wheels and enlarged their gardens with peas and peanuts to provide clothing and food. They used ersatz substitutes when possible, but there was no real coffee and it was hard to develop a taste for the okra or chicory
125:
At the start of the war, Southern women zealously supported the men going off to war. They saw the men as protectors and invested heavily in the romantic idea of men fighting to defend the honor of their country, family, and way of life. Mothers and wives were able to keep in contact with their loved
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Upper-class plantation mistresses often had to manage the estates which the younger men had left behind. Overseers of the slaves were exempt from the draft, and usually remained on the plantations. Historian
Jonathan Wiener studied the census data on plantations in black-belt counties, 1850â70, and
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While men were fighting, many Northern wives needed to learn how to farm and do other manual labor. Besides having to tend to the home and children while the men were away at war, women also contributed supplies. Quilts and blankets were often given to soldiers. Some had encouraging messages sewn on
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was apprehended by Union soldiers wearing his wife's shawl for warmth. The false rumor quickly spread in the North that Davis was caught during his escape while dressed as a woman. Period drawings depicting Davis in full women's dress (bonnet included) were used to ridicule the Confederacy's former
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At camp, "barracks favorites" were available. These were inexpensive novels of a sexual nature. Photographs of nudity were available as well, and were purchased by both enlisted men and officers. These twelve by fifteen inch pictures cost $ 1.20 for a dozen, or ten cents for a single picture. These
225:
Women who passed the scrutiny of their fellow soldiers, however, were nonetheless expected to perform to the same standardâand so female soldiers largely blended in with their male fellows-in-arms, performing the same duties with fairly minimal risk of exposure. Those who were caught typically were
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is estimated at between 400 and 750, although an accurate count is impossible because the women had to disguise themselves as men. A Union officer was once quoted regarding how a Union sergeant was "in violation of all military law" by giving birth to child, and this was not the only case where the
496:
Women in the US were able to engage in the different societal spheres following the civil war. Typically, when women are allowed to stay post-civil war in positions that they gained in the social and political spheres, there is less chance of civil war recurring, whereas in the economic sphere, if
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Frances Hook, also known as Private Frank Miller, Frank Henderson, and Frank Fuller, was discovered to be a woman when she was wounded at the Battle of Fredericktown, Missouri. Afterwards, she enlisted in another regiment and was captured at Florence, Alabama, and imprisoned in Atlanta where again
221:
Regardless of generally warm popular opinion, however, female soldiers actually faced significant suspicion and opposition from within the armies themselves. Female soldiers were generally successful at physically disguising themselves; their shorter height, higher voices, and lack of facial hair
196:
The most dramatic and extreme challenge to gender roles, then, came with those women who participated in the Civil War as fully enlisted combatants. Though not particularly well known today, it is estimated that there are over 1000 women who enlisted in both the Union and Confederate armies under
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experienced its largest growth during 1861â1865. Some historians have speculated that this growth can be attributed to a depression, and the need for women to support themselves and their families while their husbands were away at war. Other historians considered the growth of prostitution to be
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cases. The total rate of venereal disease among the white Union troops was 82 cases per 1,000 men, where before and after the war the rate was 87 of 1,000. Union black troops, however, had rates of 34 per 1,000 for syphilis and 44 per 1,000 for gonorrhea. Cases were most prominent around larger
192:
The Civil War was generally a time of challenges to traditional gender norms, as women mobilized themselves to participate in the war effort and left the home in droves to serve as charity workers, nurses, clerks, farm laborers, and political activists. Across the Confederacy, upper-class women
102:
Several thousand women were just as active in nursing in the Confederacy, but were less well organized and faced severe shortages of supplies and a much weaker system of 150 hospitals. Nursing and vital support services were provided not only by matrons and nurses, but also by local volunteers,
208:
Women had different motivations for joining the army, just as did their male counterparts. A common reason was to escape pre-arranged marriages. Sarah Edmonds, for example, left her home in maritime Canada and fled to the United States to avoid marriageâbut took the ultimate protective step of
433:. Before the outbreak of the war, Nashville recorded 207 prostitutes; however, in 1863 reports claimed to have at least 1,500 prostitutes. The area where these prostitutes could be found was known as Smokey Row. In an infamous campaign to rid the city of the "public women", Lt. Col.
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were usually pictures of nude women doing innocent things; nude women that were engaging in actual sexual activity were usually not white, but either black or Native American. With the soldiers being far away from their wives and sweethearts, it is speculated these were used for
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That one skillful surgeon be appointed as a board of examination whose duty it was to be to examine personally, every week, each licensed prostitute, giving certificate soundness to those who were healthy and ordering into hospital those who were in the slightest degree
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ones who had chosen to enlist by writing them letters. African American women, on the other hand, had experienced the breakup of families for generations and were once again dealing with this issue at the outbreak of war.
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That a building suitable for a hospital for the invalids was to be taken for that purpose, and that a weekly tax of fifty cents was to be levied on each prostitute for the purpose of defraying the expense of said
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them. They also sent shirts, sheets, pillows, pillowcases, coats, vests, trousers, towels, handkerchiefs, socks, bandages, canned fruits, dried fruits, butter, cheese, wine, eggs, pickles, books, and magazines.
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found that the War did not drastically alter the responsibilities and roles of women. The age of the groom increased as younger women married older planters, and birth rates dropped sharply during 1863-68 during
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to seize food. The women expressed their anger at ineffective state relief efforts, speculators, merchants and planters. As wives and widows of soldiers they were hurt by the inadequate welfare system.
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that "loose males of the most abandoned character from other parts of the Confederacy" had moved to Richmond and "prostitutes of both sexes" openly displayed themselves in carriages and on sidewalks.
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For instance, Moore refers to one particular female soldier as an "American Joan of Arc", attempting to frame her wartime exploits within a recognisable paradigm of holy war and divine inspiration.
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reflected in the literature of the period. Wartime romance novels idealised these women as heroines sacrificing themselves for love of country and menfolk, while Frank Moore's popular 1866 history
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was in command that the term "hooker" was coined to describe them; however, the term had been in use since 1845. The number of prostitutes around Hooker's division only "cemented" the term.
269:" was not coined until thirty years after the war ended. However, no army soldiers were disciplined for such activity, although three pairs of Union Navy sailors were punished, all in 1865.
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That all public women found plying their vocation without a license and certificate were to be at once arrested and incarcerated in the workhouse for a period of not less than thirty days.
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true sex of a soldier was discovered due to childbirth. A captured Confederate officer whose true sex was previously unknown by the guards gave birth in a Union prison camp.
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60:, a federal civilian agency, handled most of the medical and nursing care of the Union armies, together with necessary acquisition and transportation of medical supplies.
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4103:
488:
After the war, many Southern men felt their manhood diminished in a manner some historians dubbed a "crisis of gender"; a crisis exacerbated after Confederate president
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841:
Quinn, E. Moore (May 2010). "'I have been trying very hard to be powerful "nice" âŠ': the correspondence of Sister M. De Sales (Brennan) during the American Civil War".
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By summer 1861, the Union naval blockade virtually shut down the export of cotton and the import of manufactured goods. Food that formerly came overland was cut off.
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Lisa Tendrich Frank, ââWith Hearts Nerved by the Necessity for Prompt Actionâ: Southern Women, Mobilization, and the Wartime State,â in Giesberg and Miller, 56.
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Eggleston, Larry. âWomen of the Civil War: Extraordinary Stories of Soldiers, Spies, Nurses, Doctors, Crusaders, and Others.â (McFarland, 2015) pgs 12-15
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153:. However, plantation mistresses were not more likely to operate plantations than in earlier years, nor was there a lost generation of women without men.
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That a license be issued to each prostitute, a record of which was to be kept at this office, together with the number and street of her residence.
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74:, and Annie Wittenmeyer played leadership roles. After the war some nurses wrote memoirs of their experiences; examples include Dix, Livermore,
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39:. The advent of photography and easier media distribution, for example, allowed for greater access to sexual material for the common soldier.
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35:, and attitudes were affected by the conflict, especially by the absence of menfolk at home and the emergence of new roles for women such as
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Scholars have tried to ascertain if certain Civil War figures were homosexual. The most notable of these was Confederate major general
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2137:
775:
528:
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53:
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1966:
Telford, Jennifer Casavant, and Thomas Lawrence Long. "Gendered spaces, gendered pages: Union women in Civil War nurse narratives."
825:
800:
750:
562:
378:
57:
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533:
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Numbers for Confederates are unknown, but are assumed to be less, due to Confederate soldiers being less likely to be in cities.
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One thing that came from the spread of pornography during the war was the rise of anti-pornography forces; in particular, the
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2187:
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2657:
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Demeritt, Jacqueline H.R.; Nichols, Angela D.; Kelly, Eliza G. (3 July 2014). "Female Participation and Civil War Relapse".
987:
4000:
3921:
3738:
3204:
2662:
2470:
283:
1429:
1025:
Teresa Crisp Williams, and David Williams, "'The Women Rising': Cotton, Class, and Confederate Georgia's Rioting Women",
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2067:
2706:
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4183:
4010:
3893:
3871:
3800:
3715:
2776:
2577:
2455:
2437:
1828:
Fahs, Alice. "The Feminized Civil War: Gender, Northern Popular Literature, and the Memory of the War, 1861â1900."
1706:
Anderson, J. L. "The Vacant Chair on the Farm: Soldier Husbands, Farm Wives, and the Iowa Home Front, 1861â1865,"
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3538:
2836:
2751:
2667:
2317:
2242:
970:
1411:
Feimster, Crystal M. "General Benjamin Butler and the Threat of Sexual Violence during the American Civil War."
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2801:
2766:
2701:
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2637:
2367:
1838:
Faust, Drew Gilpin. "âTrying to Do a Man's Businessâ: Slavery, Violence and Gender in the American Civil War."
578:
Schultz, Jane E. (Winter 1992). "The inhospitable hospital: gender and professionalism in Civil War medicine".
513:
1067:
Jonathan M. Wiener. "Female Planters and Planters' Wives in Civil War and Reconstruction Alabama, 1850-1870".
310:, and not just for entertainment. Only three of the novels are still known to exist; they are located at the
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1281:
Women in the Civil War: Extraordinary Stories of Soldiers, Spies, Nurses, Doctors, Crusaders, and Others (
469:
465:
407:
3673:
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Cashin, Joan E. "Torn Bonnets and Stolen Silks: Fashion, Gender, Race, and Danger in the Wartime South."
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Brown, Alexis Girardin. "The Women Left Behind: Transformation of the Southern Belle, 1840â1880" (2000)
278:
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71:
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2021:"Bonnet Brigades at Fifty: Reflections on Mary Elizabeth Massey and Gender in Civil War History,"
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858:
723:
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362:
315:
287:
150:
91:
87:
79:
75:
28:
3442:
17:
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2197:
1913:
1871:
1815:
1805:
1791:
1781:
1753:
1693:
1319:
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See Fraser Easton, "Gender's Two Bodies: Women Warriors, Female Husbands, and Plebeian Life,"
1120:, ed. Judith Giesberg and Randall Miller (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2018), 72-73.
956:
821:
796:
771:
746:
715:
558:
273:
876:
Wells, Cheryl A. (Winter 2001). "Battle time: gender, modernity, and Confederate hospitals".
472:, and was one of the few industries to cross enemy lines throughout the duration of the war.
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3417:
3412:
3345:
3284:
3279:
3234:
2901:
2736:
2726:
2632:
2612:
2607:
2357:
2347:
2307:
1935:
Nelson, Michael C. "Writing during wartime: gender and literacy in the American Civil War."
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707:
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skyrocketed. In 1864, there were 450 brothels in Washington, and over 75 brothels in nearby
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341:
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following behind marching troops. Popular legend has it that they were so common around the
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3543:
3512:
3422:
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3314:
2342:
2312:
2132:
1926:
1903:
1270:
Ziparo, âNorthern Women, the State, and Wartime Mobilization,â in Giesberg and Miller, 73.
489:
434:
403:
246:
94:, which was primarily a disaster relief agency but which also supported nursing programs.
1961:
South Carolina Civilians in Sherman's Path: Stories of Courage Amid Civil War Destruction
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However, this is not to say women were not available for sex. Prostitutes were among the
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3472:
3432:
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3299:
3254:
2533:
2374:
2362:
1992:
1809:
1069:
518:
411:
204:
Sarah Rosetta Wakeman, i.e. Pvt. Lyons Wakeman of the 153rd New York Volunteer Infantry
67:
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3274:
3244:
3214:
2552:
2177:
1954:
1785:
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949:
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677:
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607:
501:
334:
326:
266:
239:
1907:
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3898:
3810:
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3698:
3678:
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1142:
Erin Blakemore, âAn All-Woman Confederate Militia Guarded Their Georgia Hometown,â
383:
307:
83:
61:
1727:
Campbell, D'Ann, and Richard Jensen. "Gendering Two Wars" in Gabor S. Boritt, ed.
1038:
Michael B. Chesson, "Harlots or Heroines? A New Look at the Richmond Bread Riot."
621:
Wood, Ann Douglas (1972). "The war within a war: women nurses in the Union Army".
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women keep those positions, then there is a higher chance of civil war recurring.
129:
1644:
253:, which amongst other things contained one of the first explicit prohibitions on
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2267:
2247:
1997:
Young, Elizabeth. "A Wound of One's Own: Louisa May Alcott's Civil War Fiction"
418:
358:
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32:
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Ersatz in the Confederacy: Shortages and Substitutes on the Southern Homefront
854:
1456:
1323:
3876:
430:
349:
719:
161:
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Jessica Ziparo, âNorthern Women, the State, and Wartime Mobilization,â in
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711:
669:
634:
3881:
656:
Miller, Edward A. (1997). "Angel of Light: Helen L. Gilson, army nurse".
345:
2002:
1850:
1054:
Jessica Fordham Kidd. "Privation and Pride: Life in Blockaded Alabama".
969:
Jessica Fordham Kidd, "Privation and Pride: Life in Blockaded Alabama,"
1975:
Occupied women: gender, military occupation, and the American civil war
1833:
1043:
897:
599:
388:
36:
2059:
1739:
1430:"Prosecuting Crimes of Sexual Violence in an International Tribunal"
1312:"What trans soldier Albert Cashier can teach Trump about patriotism"
1729:
War Comes Again: The Civil War and World War II: Comparative Vistas
591:
1232:(Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 2002), 145-46.
397:
199:
168:
160:
1230:
They Fought Like Demons: Women Soldiers in the American Civil War
2009:
Disarming the Nation: women's writing and the American Civil War
1847:
Army at Home: Women and the Civil War on the Northern Home Front
1001:
Reconstruction In Georgia: Economic, Social, Political 1865â1872
254:
4679:
List of films and television shows about the American Civil War
4224:
3613:
3177:
2400:
2101:
2063:
1868:
War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa
402:
Days after the Union recaptured the city, Memphis slave trader
464:
Prostitution experienced a large growth and spread across the
86:(1821–1912) gained fame for her nursing work during the
2050:
Southern women in Civil War, free books to borrow or download
1133:, ed. Muriel Phillips Joslyn (Gretna, LA: Pelican, 1996), 45.
2028:
Cashin, Joan E. "American Women and the American Civil War"
1982:
Civil War as a Crisis in Gender: Augusta, Georgia, 1860-1890
1775:
Battle Scars: Gender and Sexuality in the American Civil War
696:"Civil War nurse, Civil War nursing: Rebecca Usher of Maine"
2055:
Unions women in Civil War, free books to borrow or download
2037:
Women and the American Civil War: an annotated bibliography
1944:
Daughters of the Union: Northern Women Fight the Civil War.
1857:
Women and the American Civil War: North-South Counterpoints
818:
Worth a Dozen Men: Women and Nursing in the Civil War South
1909:
The Story the Soldiers Wouldn't Tell: Sex in the Civil War
215:
Women and the Civil War: Their Heroism and Their Sacrifice
1715:
Patriotic Toil: Northern Women and the American Civil War
344:. Among white Union soldiers there was a total of 73,382
1895:(1966), excellent overview North and South; reissued as
1690:
With Pleasure: Thoughts on the Nature of Human Sexuality
1341:
1339:
282:
reported on May 13, 1862, that since the moving of the
1208:
She Went to the Field: Women Soldiers of the Civil War
1169:
She Went To the Field: Women Soldiers of the Civil War
1283:
Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2015), 2; Michael Bronski,
1129:
Anne J. Bailey, âThe Defenders: The Nancy Harts,â in
379:
Prostitution in the United States § 19th century
90:. She was an energetic organizer who established the
1371:(Wichita, KS, University Press of Kansas, 2006), 49.
934:
Trials and Triumphs: American Woman in the Civil War
768:
Our Army Nurses: Stories from Women in the Civil War
4671:
4556:
4498:
4443:
4352:
4241:
4154:
4133:
4091:
4063:
4054:
3907:
3659:
3624:
3531:
3400:
3393:
3333:
3197:
3190:
3115:
2862:
2855:
2686:
2542:
2501:
2469:
2436:
2429:
2293:
2211:
2112:
1787:
Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America
1679:
Bibliography of the American Civil War § Women
1245:(Hartford, CT: Scranton & Co., 1866), 529-535.
1243:Women of the War: Their Heroism and Self-Sacrifice
1930:Sexual Misbehavior in the Civil War: A Compendium
1893:Bonnet Brigades: American Women and the Civil War
1434:Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law
743:A Strong-Minded Woman: The Life of Mary Livermore
4365:Confederate States presidential election of 1861
429:The most notorious area for prostitution was in
1423:
1421:
4189:Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.
1855:Giesberg, Judith, and Randall M. Miller, eds.
1455:. United States War Department. Archived from
1197:(Hartford, CT: W.S. Williams & Co., 1865).
689:
687:
2075:
1451:Francis Lieber; et al. (24 April 1863).
1266:
1264:
920:Wisconsin Women in the War between the States
8:
1886:Women during the Civil War: An Encyclopedia.
1773:Clinton, Catherine, and Silber, Nina, eds.
1766:Clinton, Catherine, and Silber, Nina, eds.
103:slaves, free blacks, and prisoners of war.
4238:
4221:
4060:
3621:
3610:
3397:
3194:
3187:
3174:
2859:
2433:
2426:
2397:
2109:
2098:
2082:
2068:
2060:
1146:, 25 June 2018, accessed 1 December 2018.
1086:. Civilwar.org. 2013-01-25. Archived from
1040:Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
421:'s Main Street brothel ("Shooting Affray"
180:List of female American Civil War soldiers
165:Sarah Emma Edmonds, i.e. Franklin Thompson
1973:Whites, LeeAnn, and Alecia P. Long, eds.
955:. Oxford University Press (US). pp.
4736:Social history of the American Civil War
2278:Treatment of slaves in the United States
1768:Divided Houses: Gender and the Civil War
936:. Michigan State University. p. 23.
793:Clara Barton: In the Service of Humanity
479:
128:
4021:Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War
2193:South Carolina Declaration of Secession
1012:Stephanie McCurry, "'Bread or Blood!'"
545:
4006:Modern display of the Confederate flag
2203:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers
1504:Abramson p. 180, D'Emilio pp. 131,132
922:(Wisconsin History Commission, 1911).
745:. University of Massachusetts Press.
524:History of women in the United States
437:loaded the women on to the steamboat
7:
1347:A Queer History of the United States
1285:A Queer History of the United States
4360:Committee on the Conduct of the War
4036:United Daughters of the Confederacy
1811:Don't Know Much About the Civil War
1228:DeAnne Blanton and Lauren M. Cook,
766:Gardner Holland, Mary, ed. (1895).
406:, a brother of Confederate officer
4430:U.S. Presidential Election of 1864
3769:impeachment managers investigation
2148:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
1369:Women on the Civil War Battlefront
1084:"Female Soldiers in the Civil War"
555:Dorothea Dix: New England Reformer
529:Medicine in the American Civil War
245:On 24 April 1863, Union President
25:
3855:Reconstruction military districts
2303:Abolitionism in the United States
2258:Plantations in the American South
2173:Origins of the American Civil War
1171:(Guildford, CT: TwoDot, 2006), 1.
297:, although it is still disputed.
234:Some soldiers engaged in acts of
174:she was discovered to be a woman.
58:United States Sanitary Commission
4709:
4700:
4699:
3838:Enforcement Act of February 1871
3811:Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867
1750:Public Women and the Confederacy
1118:Women and the American Civil War
820:. University of Virginia Press.
534:Women in the American Revolution
4623:New York City Gold Hoax of 1864
4485:When Johnny Comes Marching Home
4046:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
2001:48#3 (1996), pp. 439â474
1790:. University of Chicago Press.
1195:Nurse and Spy in the Union Army
18:Women in the American Civil War
4746:Sexuality in the United States
3726:Southern Homestead Act of 1866
1870:. Cambridge University Press.
1752:. Marquette University Press.
1731:(Oxford UP, 1995), pp 101â124.
1692:. Oxford University Press US.
1522:Davis p. 280, Goldstein p. 342
932:Culpepper, Marilyn M. (1994).
694:Leonard, Elizabeth D. (1995).
1:
4141:Ladies' Memorial Associations
3843:Enforcement Act of April 1871
3739:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
1349:(Boston, Beacon Press, 2011).
1287:(Boston, Beacon Press, 2011).
1027:Georgia Historical Quarterly,
484:Caricature of Jefferson Davis
4274:Confederate revolving cannon
4016:Sons of Confederate Veterans
3887:South Carolina riots of 1876
3865:Indian Council at Fort Smith
3816:South Carolina riots of 1876
3781:Knights of the White Camelia
2273:Slavery in the United States
1932:(Xlibris Corporation, 2006).
1645:10.1080/13698249.2014.966427
1310:Gabbatt, Adam (2017-08-22).
1158:Bailey, âThe Defenders,â 46.
791:Burton, David Henry (1995).
741:Hamand Venet, Wendy (2005).
557:. Harvard University Press.
4751:Gender in the United States
4628:New York City riots of 1863
4453:Battle Hymn of the Republic
4204:United Confederate Veterans
4041:Children of the Confederacy
4031:United Confederate Veterans
4026:Southern Historical Society
2658:Price's Missouri Expedition
2128:Timeline leading to the War
2030:Journal of Military History
2011:(U of Chicago Press, 1999).
1984:(U of Georgia Press, 2000).
1946:(Harvard UP, 2005). 332 pp.
1937:Journal of American Studies
1830:Journal of American History
1184:180 (August 2003), 131-174.
947:Clinton, Catherine (2000).
272:There was only one case of
4772:
4741:History of human sexuality
4596:Confederate Secret Service
4184:Grand Army of the Republic
4076:Grand Army of the Republic
3894:Southern Claims Commission
1963:(The History Press, 2012).
1951:I'll pass for your comrade
1676:
376:
340:This led to many cases of
186:female soldiers in the war
177:
4695:
4584:Confederate States dollar
4395:Habeas Corpus Act of 1863
4390:Emancipation Proclamation
4284:Medal of Honor recipients
4237:
4220:
4172:Confederate Memorial Hall
3974:Confederate Memorial Hall
3947:Confederate History Month
3927:Civil War Discovery Trail
3828:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867
3634:Reconstruction Amendments
3620:
3609:
3186:
3173:
2425:
2396:
2243:Emancipation Proclamation
2108:
2097:
1717:(Cornell UP, 1998), 294pp
1453:"The Lieber Code of 1863"
1073:(1977) 30#2. pp. 135-149.
971:Alabama Heritage Magazine
878:Journal of Social History
855:10.1080/09670881003725929
553:Brown, Thomas J. (1998).
441:. The women were sent to
276:reported during the war.
133:Richmond bread riot, 1863
4658:U.S. Sanitary Commission
4569:Battlefield preservation
4475:Marching Through Georgia
4400:Hampton Roads Conference
4375:Confiscation Act of 1862
4370:Confiscation Act of 1861
4146:U.S. national cemeteries
3952:Confederate Memorial Day
3937:Civil War Trails Program
3806:New Orleans riot of 1866
1832:85.4 (1999): 1461â1494.
951:Southern Families at War
816:Hilde, Libra R. (2012).
514:American Civil War spies
4579:Confederate war finance
4199:Southern Cross of Honor
4167:1938 Gettysburg reunion
4162:1913 Gettysburg reunion
3860:Reconstruction Treaties
3833:Enforcement Act of 1870
3716:Freedman's Savings Bank
2333:Lane Debates on Slavery
2158:LincolnâDouglas debates
2032:(2017) 81#1 pp 199â204.
2025:(2015) 61#4 pp 400â444.
1953:(2008), women soldiers
1851:excerpt and text search
1382:They Fought Like Demons
1298:Women in the Civil War,
988:excerpt and text search
4638:Richmond riots of 1863
4564:Baltimore riot of 1861
4344:U.S. Military Railroad
4264:Confederate Home Guard
3996:Historiographic issues
3962:Historical reenactment
2461:Revenue Cutter Service
2328:William Lloyd Garrison
2237:Dred Scott v. Sandford
1897:Women in the Civil War
1738:61#4 (2015): 338â361.
1193:See Sarah E. Edmonds,
1042:92#2 (1984): 131â175.
1029:(2002) 86#12 pp. 49â83
982:Mary Elizabeth Massey
485:
426:
408:Nathan Bedford Forrest
205:
175:
166:
134:
4603:Great Revival of 1863
4480:Maryland, My Maryland
4269:Confederate railroads
3932:Civil War Roundtables
3801:Meridian riot of 1871
3796:Memphis riots of 1866
2353:George Luther Stearns
2338:Elijah Parish Lovejoy
2231:Crittenden Compromise
1993:online free to borrow
1955:online free to borrow
1016:(2011) 50#3 pp 36â41.
999:C. Mildred Thompson,
890:10.1353/jsh.2001.0149
712:10.1353/cwh.1995.0039
670:10.1353/cwh.1997.0010
635:10.1353/cwh.1972.0046
483:
410:, shot a mate of the
401:
377:Further information:
279:The Richmond Dispatch
203:
178:Further information:
172:
164:
132:
4490:Daar kom die Alibama
4405:National Union Party
4081:memorials to Lincoln
4001:Lost Cause mythology
3706:Eufaula riot of 1874
3694:Confederate refugees
2907:District of Columbia
2534:Union naval blockade
2380:Underground Railroad
2168:Nullification crisis
1970:38.2 (2012): 97â105.
1864:Goldstein, Joshua S.
1842:4.2 (1992): 197â214.
1840:Gender & History
1415:138, no. 2, 126-127.
1402:Lowry pp.124,131,132
1279:Larry G. Eggleston,
1058:(2006) 82. pp. 8-15.
1003:(1915), pp 14â17, 22
843:Irish Studies Review
423:Memphis Daily Appeal
393:Alexandria, Virginia
355:Nashville, Tennessee
320:Bloomington, Indiana
4648:Supreme Court cases
4415:Radical Republicans
4194:Old soldiers' homes
4178:Confederate Veteran
4104:artworks in Capitol
3823:Reconstruction acts
3684:Colfax riot of 1873
2648:Richmond-Petersburg
2253:Fugitive slave laws
2183:Popular sovereignty
2163:Missouri Compromise
2153:Kansas-Nebraska Act
2035:McDevitt, Theresa.
1939:31.1 (1997): 43â68.
1912:. Stackpole Books.
1904:Lowry, Thomas Power
1428:Kuo, Peggy (2002).
795:. Greenwood Press.
333:when Union general
331:Army of the Potomac
72:Mary Ann Bickerdyke
31:, sexual behavior,
4469:A Lincoln Portrait
4410:Politicians killed
4334:U.S. Balloon Corps
4329:Union corps badges
4109:memorials to Davis
3979:Disenfranchisement
3850:Reconstruction era
3731:Timber Culture Act
3689:Compromise of 1877
2653:FranklinâNashville
2323:Frederick Douglass
2226:Cornerstone Speech
2143:Compromise of 1850
2091:American Civil War
2007:Young, Elizabeth.
1999:American Quarterly
1987:Wiley, Bell Irwin
1977:(LSU Press, 2009).
1968:Medical humanities
1884:Harper, Judith E.
1845:Giesberg, Judith.
1746:Clinton, Catherine
1710:(2007) 66: 241â265
1540:Davis pp. 231, 232
1380:Blanton and Cook,
973:(2006) 82 pp 8â15.
486:
427:
363:Richmond, Virginia
348:cases and 109,397
316:Indiana University
206:
176:
167:
135:
98:Confederate nurses
92:American Red Cross
88:American Civil War
80:Sarah Emma Edmonds
76:Sarah Palmer Young
29:American Civil War
4723:
4722:
4691:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4521:Italian Americans
4506:African Americans
4463:John Brown's Body
4216:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4129:
4128:
3967:Robert E. Lee Day
3711:Freedmen's Bureau
3674:BrooksâBaxter War
3605:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3389:
3388:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3160:
2578:Northern Virginia
2524:Trans-Mississippi
2497:
2496:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2284:Uncle Tom's Cabin
2221:African Americans
2023:Civil War History
1989:Confederate Women
1919:978-0-8117-1515-7
1877:978-0-521-00180-9
1821:978-0-380-71908-2
1814:. HarperCollins.
1806:Davis, Kenneth C.
1797:978-0-226-14264-7
1759:978-0-87462-332-1
1736:Civil War History
1699:978-0-19-514609-7
1686:Abramson, Paul R.
1603:Clinton pp.25â26d
1345:Michael Bronski,
1131:Confederate Women
700:Civil War History
658:Civil War History
623:Civil War History
417:in the parlor of
274:male prostitution
16:(Redirected from
4763:
4713:
4703:
4702:
4526:Native Americans
4511:German Americans
4304:Partisan rangers
4299:Official Records
4239:
4222:
4114:memorials to Lee
4061:
3622:
3611:
3398:
3195:
3188:
3175:
3148:Washington, D.C.
2942:Indian Territory
2902:Dakota Territory
2860:
2777:Chancellorsville
2568:Jackson's Valley
2558:Blockade runners
2434:
2427:
2398:
2358:Thaddeus Stevens
2348:Lysander Spooner
2308:Susan B. Anthony
2110:
2099:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2061:
2039:(Praeger, 2003).
1980:Whites, LeeAnn.
1927:Lowry, Thomas P.
1923:
1881:
1825:
1801:
1763:
1724:62#4 pp 759â778.
1703:
1666:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1613:
1612:Clinton pp.27â28
1610:
1604:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1496:
1495:Lowry pp.113,118
1493:
1487:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1425:
1416:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1385:
1378:
1372:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1350:
1343:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1307:
1301:
1294:
1288:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1259:
1256:Women of the War
1252:
1246:
1239:
1233:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1211:
1204:
1198:
1191:
1185:
1182:Past and Present
1178:
1172:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1150:
1140:
1134:
1127:
1121:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1080:
1074:
1065:
1059:
1056:Alabama Heritage
1052:
1046:
1036:
1030:
1023:
1017:
1010:
1004:
997:
991:
980:
974:
967:
961:
960:
954:
944:
938:
937:
929:
923:
916:
910:
909:
873:
867:
866:
838:
832:
831:
813:
807:
806:
788:
782:
781:
763:
757:
756:
738:
732:
731:
691:
682:
681:
653:
647:
646:
618:
612:
611:
575:
569:
568:
550:
425:, June 13, 1862)
367:Washington, D.C.
342:venereal disease
312:Kinsey Institute
295:Patrick Cleburne
21:
4771:
4770:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4683:
4667:
4552:
4516:Irish Americans
4494:
4439:
4348:
4339:U.S. Home Guard
4279:Field artillery
4233:
4232:
4208:
4150:
4125:
4087:
4056:
4050:
3942:Civil War Trust
3909:
3903:
3791:Ethnic violence
3776:KirkâHolden war
3655:
3616:
3593:
3527:
3385:
3329:
3182:
3157:
3111:
2864:
2851:
2682:
2663:Sherman's March
2643:Bermuda Hundred
2538:
2493:
2465:
2421:
2420:
2384:
2343:J. Sella Martin
2313:James G. Birney
2289:
2207:
2133:Bleeding Kansas
2121:
2104:
2093:
2088:
2046:
2018:
1959:Stokes, Karen.
1949:Silvey, Anita.
1920:
1902:
1888:(2004). 472 pp.
1878:
1862:
1822:
1804:
1798:
1780:
1760:
1744:
1713:Attie, Jeanie.
1700:
1684:
1681:
1675:
1673:Further reading
1670:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1621:Goldstein p.275
1620:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1379:
1375:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1344:
1337:
1328:
1326:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1295:
1291:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1262:
1253:
1249:
1240:
1236:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1205:
1201:
1192:
1188:
1179:
1175:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1141:
1137:
1128:
1124:
1115:
1111:
1107:Goldstein p.110
1106:
1102:
1093:
1091:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1066:
1062:
1053:
1049:
1037:
1033:
1024:
1020:
1014:Civil War Times
1011:
1007:
998:
994:
981:
977:
968:
964:
946:
945:
941:
931:
930:
926:
918:Ethel A. Hurn,
917:
913:
875:
874:
870:
840:
839:
835:
828:
815:
814:
810:
803:
790:
789:
785:
778:
765:
764:
760:
753:
740:
739:
735:
693:
692:
685:
655:
654:
650:
620:
619:
615:
577:
576:
572:
565:
552:
551:
547:
542:
510:
490:Jefferson Davis
478:
435:George Spalding
404:John N. Forrest
381:
375:
303:
263:
247:Abraham Lincoln
232:
182:
159:
157:Female soldiers
123:
114:
109:
100:
56:(1861â65), the
50:
45:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4769:
4767:
4759:
4758:
4756:Gender history
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4728:
4727:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4707:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4675:
4673:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4663:Women soldiers
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4618:Naming the war
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4449:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4254:Campaign Medal
4251:
4245:
4243:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4229:Related topics
4226:
4225:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4067:
4065:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3976:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3957:Decoration Day
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3913:
3911:
3910:Reconstruction
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3764:second inquiry
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3728:
3721:Homestead Acts
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3669:Alabama Claims
3665:
3663:
3661:Reconstruction
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3649:15th Amendment
3646:
3644:14th Amendment
3641:
3639:13th Amendment
3630:
3628:
3618:
3617:
3614:
3607:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3270:J. E. Johnston
3267:
3265:A. S. Johnston
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3205:R. H. Anderson
3201:
3199:
3192:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3067:South Carolina
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3042:North Carolina
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2868:
2866:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2767:Fredericksburg
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2707:Wilson's Creek
2704:
2699:
2693:
2691:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2519:Lower Seaboard
2516:
2511:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2475:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2431:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2375:Harriet Tubman
2372:
2371:
2370:
2363:Charles Sumner
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2299:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2217:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2198:States' rights
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2113:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2045:
2044:External links
2042:
2041:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2017:
2016:Historiography
2014:
2013:
2012:
2005:
1995:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1947:
1942:Silber, Nina.
1940:
1933:
1924:
1918:
1900:
1891:Massey, Mary.
1889:
1882:
1876:
1860:
1853:
1843:
1836:
1826:
1820:
1802:
1796:
1782:D'Emilio, John
1778:
1771:
1764:
1758:
1742:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1708:Annals of Iowa
1704:
1698:
1677:Main article:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1665:Abramson p.180
1658:
1639:(3): 346â368.
1623:
1614:
1605:
1596:
1587:
1578:
1569:
1560:
1551:
1542:
1533:
1524:
1515:
1506:
1497:
1488:
1479:
1470:
1443:
1417:
1404:
1395:
1386:
1373:
1367:Richard Hall,
1360:
1351:
1335:
1302:
1289:
1272:
1260:
1247:
1234:
1221:
1212:
1199:
1186:
1173:
1160:
1151:
1135:
1122:
1109:
1100:
1075:
1070:Alabama Review
1060:
1047:
1031:
1018:
1005:
992:
975:
962:
939:
924:
911:
884:(2): 409â428.
868:
849:(2): 213â233.
833:
826:
808:
801:
783:
777:978-1889020044
776:
758:
751:
733:
706:(3): 190â207.
683:
648:
629:(3): 197â212.
613:
592:10.1086/494734
586:(2): 363â392.
570:
563:
544:
543:
541:
538:
537:
536:
531:
526:
521:
519:Gender history
516:
509:
506:
477:
474:
462:
461:
458:
454:
450:
374:
371:
327:camp followers
302:
299:
286:'s capital to
262:
259:
231:
228:
184:The number of
158:
155:
151:Reconstruction
122:
119:
113:
110:
108:
105:
99:
96:
68:Mary Livermore
49:
46:
44:
41:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4768:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4706:
4698:
4697:
4694:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4670:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4633:Photographers
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4608:Gender issues
4606:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4436:
4435:War Democrats
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4425:Union Leagues
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4324:Turning point
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4294:Naval battles
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4122:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4057:and memorials
4053:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3917:Commemoration
3915:
3914:
3912:
3906:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3759:first inquiry
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3679:Carpetbaggers
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3612:
3608:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3102:West Virginia
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3022:New Hampshire
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2982:Massachusetts
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2722:Hampton Roads
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2712:Fort Donelson
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2553:Anaconda Plan
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2529:Pacific Coast
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2263:Positive good
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2178:Panic of 1857
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2138:Border states
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1459:on 2001-04-07
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1241:Frank Moore,
1238:
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1213:
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1187:
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1167:Bonnie Tsui,
1164:
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1123:
1119:
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1090:on 2015-08-15
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802:9780313289453
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752:9781558495135
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564:9780674214880
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502:Comstock laws
498:
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335:Joseph Hooker
332:
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317:
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298:
296:
291:
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285:
281:
280:
275:
270:
268:
267:homosexuality
261:Homosexuality
260:
258:
256:
252:
248:
243:
241:
240:Camp Dennison
237:
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55:
47:
42:
40:
38:
34:
30:
19:
4607:
4574:Bibliography
4557:Other topics
4499:By ethnicity
4467:
4420:Trent Affair
4319:Signal Corps
4176:
3899:White League
3786:Ku Klux Klan
3699:Confederados
3626:Constitution
3498:D. D. Porter
3351:Breckinridge
3062:Rhode Island
3057:Pennsylvania
2812:Spotsylvania
2772:Stones River
2752:2nd Bull Run
2702:1st Bull Run
2588:Stones River
2489:Marine Corps
2456:Marine Corps
2295:Abolitionism
2282:
2235:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2008:
1998:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1908:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1867:
1856:
1846:
1839:
1829:
1810:
1786:
1774:
1767:
1749:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1689:
1661:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1617:
1608:
1599:
1594:Clinton p.25
1590:
1585:Clinton p.20
1581:
1576:Clinton p.14
1572:
1567:Clinton p.16
1563:
1558:Clinton p.10
1554:
1545:
1536:
1531:Lowry p. 104
1527:
1518:
1509:
1500:
1491:
1482:
1473:
1461:. Retrieved
1457:the original
1446:
1437:
1433:
1412:
1407:
1398:
1389:
1381:
1376:
1368:
1363:
1354:
1346:
1327:. Retrieved
1316:The Guardian
1315:
1305:
1297:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1255:
1250:
1242:
1237:
1229:
1224:
1215:
1207:
1202:
1194:
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1181:
1176:
1168:
1163:
1154:
1143:
1138:
1130:
1125:
1117:
1112:
1103:
1092:. Retrieved
1088:the original
1078:
1068:
1063:
1055:
1050:
1039:
1034:
1026:
1021:
1013:
1008:
1000:
995:
983:
978:
965:
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942:
933:
927:
919:
914:
881:
877:
871:
846:
842:
836:
817:
811:
792:
786:
767:
761:
742:
736:
703:
699:
664:(1): 17â37.
661:
657:
651:
626:
622:
616:
583:
579:
573:
554:
548:
499:
495:
487:
463:
438:
428:
422:
413:
384:Prostitution
382:
373:Prostitution
353:cities like
339:
324:
308:masturbation
304:
292:
277:
271:
264:
244:
233:
224:
220:
214:
211:
207:
195:
191:
183:
147:
143:
139:
136:
124:
115:
101:
84:Clara Barton
66:
62:Dorothea Dix
51:
33:gender roles
26:
4380:Copperheads
4092:Confederate
3984:Black Codes
3310:E. K. Smith
3191:Confederate
3138:New Orleans
3133:Chattanooga
2997:Mississippi
2897:Connecticut
2865:territories
2856:Involvement
2817:Cold Harbor
2807:Fort Pillow
2797:Chattanooga
2792:Chickamauga
2742:Seven Pines
2732:New Orleans
2697:Fort Sumter
2638:Valley 1864
2471:Confederacy
2268:Slave Power
2248:Fire-Eaters
1549:Clinton p.9
1513:Lowry p. 56
1486:Lowry p.110
1477:Lowry p.109
1393:Lowry p.123
1296:Eggleston,
493:president.
419:Puss Pettus
359:New Orleans
284:Confederacy
251:Lieber Code
249:signed the
121:Confederacy
52:During the
27:During the
4730:Categories
4613:Juneteenth
4134:Cemeteries
4011:Red Shirts
3922:Centennial
3872:Red Shirts
3280:Longstreet
3210:Beauregard
3153:Winchester
3128:Charleston
3097:Washington
3032:New Mexico
3027:New Jersey
2887:California
2863:States and
2847:Five Forks
2832:Mobile Bay
2802:Wilderness
2782:Gettysburg
2762:Perryville
2747:Seven Days
2678:Appomattox
2603:Gettysburg
2563:New Mexico
2430:Combatants
2405:Combatants
2318:John Brown
1633:Civil Wars
1440:: 306â307.
1329:2023-08-09
1094:2015-08-09
443:Louisville
414:Carondelet
265:The term "
4591:Espionage
4385:Diplomacy
4353:Political
4309:POW camps
4055:Monuments
3882:Scalawags
3877:Redeemers
3615:Aftermath
3564:Pinkerton
3503:Rosecrans
3468:McClellan
3371:Memminger
3107:Wisconsin
3072:Tennessee
2992:Minnesota
2967:Louisiana
2842:Nashville
2787:Vicksburg
2717:Pea Ridge
2668:Carolinas
2623:Red River
2618:Knoxville
2598:Tullahoma
2593:Vicksburg
2573:Peninsula
2545:campaigns
2411:Campaigns
2188:Secession
1722:Historian
1653:143906397
1324:0261-3077
906:145675218
863:144279525
678:144006247
643:143174815
608:143761860
457:hospital.
453:diseased.
431:Tennessee
412:USS
350:gonorrhea
107:Homefront
54:Civil War
4705:Category
4546:Seminole
4536:Cherokee
4289:Medicine
4242:Military
4155:Veterans
3989:Jim Crow
3754:timeline
3549:Ericsson
3532:Civilian
3513:Sheridan
3473:McDowell
3433:Farragut
3418:Burnside
3408:Anderson
3401:Military
3381:Stephens
3341:Benjamin
3334:Civilian
3220:Buchanan
3198:Military
3143:Richmond
3092:Virginia
3037:New York
3012:Nebraska
3002:Missouri
2987:Michigan
2977:Maryland
2962:Kentucky
2937:Illinois
2912:Delaware
2892:Colorado
2877:Arkansas
2837:Franklin
2757:Antietam
2628:Overland
2583:Maryland
2502:Theaters
2408:Theaters
1906:(1994).
1866:(2003).
1808:(1999).
1784:(1997).
1748:(1999).
1688:(2002).
1463:10 March
1413:Daedalus
1384:, 167-68
1044:in JSTOR
990:pp 71â73
728:45269493
720:27652391
508:See also
389:brothels
346:syphilis
288:Richmond
4672:Related
4541:Choctaw
4531:Catawba
4314:Rations
4259:Cavalry
4121:Removal
3749:efforts
3733:of 1873
3579:Stevens
3574:Stanton
3559:Lincoln
3518:Sherman
3453:Halleck
3443:Frémont
3428:Du Pont
3366:Mallory
3325:Wheeler
3260:Jackson
3240:Forrest
3180:Leaders
3123:Atlanta
3087:Vermont
3007:Montana
2947:Indiana
2922:Georgia
2917:Florida
2882:Arizona
2872:Alabama
2822:Atlanta
2737:Corinth
2689:battles
2633:Atlanta
2613:Bristoe
2514:Western
2509:Eastern
2414:Battles
2213:Slavery
2117:Origins
2103:Origins
1991:(1975)
1849:(2009)
1777:(2006).
1254:Moore,
1144:History
986:(1952)
898:3790195
600:3174468
301:In camp
43:Nursing
37:nursing
4715:Portal
4653:Tokens
3589:Welles
3569:Seward
3554:Hamlin
3523:Thomas
3458:Hooker
3423:Butler
3376:Seddon
3361:Hunter
3346:Bocock
3320:Taylor
3315:Stuart
3305:Semmes
3285:Morgan
3245:Gorgas
3225:Cooper
3116:Cities
3052:Oregon
3017:Nevada
2957:Kansas
2927:Hawaii
2827:Crater
2727:Shiloh
2687:Major
2673:Mobile
2543:Major
2417:States
2368:Caning
2003:Online
1916:
1899:(1994)
1874:
1859:(2018)
1834:Online
1818:
1794:
1770:(1992)
1756:
1740:online
1696:
1651:
1322:
1258:, 533.
1206:Tsui,
904:
896:
861:
824:
799:
774:
749:
726:
718:
676:
641:
606:
598:
561:
476:Legacy
439:Idahoe
365:; and
78:, and
4458:Dixie
4445:Music
4064:Union
3908:Post-
3744:trial
3544:Chase
3539:Adams
3508:Scott
3483:Meigs
3478:Meade
3448:Grant
3438:Foote
3413:Buell
3394:Union
3356:Davis
3300:Price
3290:Mosby
3235:Ewell
3230:Early
3215:Bragg
3077:Texas
2972:Maine
2932:Idaho
2438:Union
1649:S2CID
902:S2CID
894:JSTOR
859:S2CID
724:S2CID
674:S2CID
639:S2CID
604:S2CID
596:JSTOR
580:Signs
540:Notes
470:South
466:North
112:Union
48:Union
4643:Salt
4249:Arms
4099:List
4071:List
3584:Wade
3493:Pope
3463:Hunt
3295:Polk
3255:Hood
3250:Hill
3082:Utah
3047:Ohio
2952:Iowa
2484:Navy
2479:Army
2451:Navy
2446:Army
1914:ISBN
1872:ISBN
1816:ISBN
1792:ISBN
1754:ISBN
1694:ISBN
1465:2020
1320:ISSN
1210:, 24
822:ISBN
797:ISBN
772:ISBN
747:ISBN
716:PMID
559:ISBN
468:and
255:rape
236:rape
230:Rape
3488:Ord
3275:Lee
1641:doi
886:doi
851:doi
708:doi
666:doi
631:doi
588:doi
318:in
314:of
4732::
1647:.
1637:16
1635:.
1438:34
1436:.
1432:.
1420:^
1338:^
1318:.
1314:.
1300:2.
1263:^
957:16
900:.
892:.
882:35
880:.
857:.
847:18
845:.
770:.
722:.
714:.
704:41
702:.
698:.
686:^
672:.
662:43
660:.
637:.
627:18
625:.
602:.
594:.
584:17
582:.
504:.
361:;
357:;
322:.
82:.
70:,
2083:e
2076:t
2069:v
1922:.
1880:.
1824:.
1800:.
1762:.
1702:.
1655:.
1643::
1467:.
1332:.
1149:.
1097:.
959:.
908:.
888::
865:.
853::
830:.
805:.
780:.
755:.
730:.
710::
680:.
668::
645:.
633::
610:.
590::
567:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
