269:
116:
239:
177:, Congressional delegate for the Territory of Hawaii; Atcherley's campaigns for office were noted as further impetus for the change. The bill prompted calls for prominent women in the territory to seek office, although as of September 2 it remained unclear whether they would be eligible for election, as President
126:
Women who sought election to the
Territorial Legislature immediately after the ratification of the 19th Amendment were apparently unaware that the amendment only gave them the right to vote, and not necessarily the right to hold elected office. In October 1920,
93:
716:
741:
97:
31:
204:
became the first woman in the Hawaii
Territorial Legislature and specifically the Hawaii Territorial House of Representatives. She was elected as a Republican to represent
736:
146:. Irwin ruled that the women's names could not legally be removed from the ballot, but also stated that they were not eligible for office under Section 24 of the
107:. This had been understood as a part of the goal of the suffrage movement in Hawaii, influenced by the extent of women's political power prior to the overthrow.
500:
85:
674:
58:. The overthrow therefore led to a reduction in the rights of women to be involved in government in Hawaii. Hawaiian culture historically involved a
721:
158:
165:, aligned with Irwin's 1920 ruling. However, in June 1922, a bill modifying the Organic Act to allow women to hold office in Hawaii passed in the
726:
621:
166:
669:
489:
139:, then Territorial Secretary, did not believe he had the authority to remove the women's names from the ballot and deferred the issue to
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in 1912. Continued suffrage organizing by a multi-ethnic group of women in Hawaii played a role in the eventual ratification of the
51:
27:
268:
104:
19:
711:
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had not yet signed and the nomination deadline was
September 7. Harding signed the bill into law on September 15, 1922.
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706:
570:
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The Hawaii
Territorial Legislature adjourned for the final time on May 2, 1959, when Hawaii became a state and the
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282:
173:
as well, with the
President expected to sign shortly after. The bill's passage fulfilled a campaign promise by
154:
482:
Women, state, and territorial legislators, 1895 - 1995: a state-by-state analysis, with rosters of 6,000 women
150:
which stated that only "a male citizen of the United States" would have the right to hold territorial office.
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63:
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by white businessmen in 1893, the new rulers barred women from voting in the elections of the new
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55:
23:
626:
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205:
178:
153:
In 1922, Atcherley once again campaigned for office; advice received by
Territorial Governor
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136:
67:
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prior to the overthrow, the common women could not vote but noble women could serve as
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dictated that only "a male citizen of the United States" could hold territorial office.
661:
540:
238:
695:
597:
575:
223:
217:
81:
122:'s campaigns helped prompt federal action to make women eligible for Hawaii office
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Very soon after the passage of the amendment, women began seeking election to the
38:
almost immediately began seeking election to the
Territorial Legislature, but the
548:
71:
59:
643:
606:
454:
501:"How the 19th Amendment Complicated the Status and Role of Women in Hawai'i"
272:
Percentage of the Hawaii
Territorial Legislature composed of women each year
35:
75:
22:
was a complex process. Women did not have the right to vote in the
267:
233:
131:
of Oahu was running for
Territorial Senate as a Democrat, and
670:"First Women to Serve in State and Territorial Legislatures"
226:
became the first woman in the Hawaii
Territorial Senate.
208:
in 1924 after a previous unsuccessful campaign in 1922.
249:
92:
shortly after the overthrow, with Dowsett founding the
397:
309:
307:
305:
303:
100:
on August 18, 1920, granting women the right to vote.
98:
Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
94:
National Women's Equal Suffrage Association of Hawai'i
32:
Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
382:
644:"Women preparing to make campaign for legislature"
411:
409:
277:Disestablishment of Hawaii Territorial Legislature
593:"Women Of Hawaii Eligible To Seat In Legislature"
337:
169:. On September 1, 1922, the bill passed in the
717:History of women's rights in the United States
367:
352:
742:Members of the Hawaii Territorial Legislature
571:"Women May Run For Office, But Rest Doubtful"
8:
549:"Hawaii women now have right to hold office"
161:, responsible for the administration of the
521:Apple, Russ; Apple, Peg (October 6, 1971).
325:
675:National Conference of State Legislatures
313:
159:United States Department of the Interior
114:
737:Women territorial legislators in Hawaii
299:
285:therefore became its legislative body.
167:United States House of Representatives
74:, judges, governors, and could become
7:
415:
135:of Maui was seeking a seat as well.
427:
185:First successful elections of women
523:"This day in our Hawaiian history"
499:McGreevy, Nora (August 13, 2020).
62:understanding of power. Under the
14:
441:"HAWAII: The Souvenir Collectors"
111:Initial campaigns and eligibility
52:overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom
28:overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom
237:
722:Presidency of Warren G. Harding
105:Hawaii Territorial Legislature
20:Hawaii Territorial Legislature
1:
630:. October 23, 1920. p. 3
18:The election of women to the
484:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
763:
727:Women's suffrage in Hawaii
230:Further elections of women
215:
193:
30:. Upon the passage of the
747:Women in Hawaii politics
283:Hawaii State Legislature
155:Wallace Rider Farrington
622:"Hawaiian Women Barred"
480:Cox, Elizabeth (1996).
64:constitutional monarchy
554:Honolulu Star-Bulletin
528:Honolulu Star-Bulletin
399:Honolulu Star-Bulletin
326:Apple & Apple 1971
273:
246:This section is empty.
129:Mary Haʻaheo Atcherley
123:
649:The Daily Post Herald
601:. September 1, 1922.
384:The Daily Post Herald
271:
118:
88:began organizing for
712:1922 in American law
702:Government of Hawaii
557:. September 20, 1922
506:Smithsonian Magazine
171:United States Senate
148:Hawaiian Organic Act
40:Hawaiian Organic Act
652:. September 2, 1922
579:. February 10, 1922
163:Territory of Hawaii
732:Politics of Hawaii
707:Hawaii Legislature
274:
124:
86:Wilhelmine Dowsett
56:Republic of Hawaii
24:Republic of Hawaii
627:Morning Oregonian
491:978-0-7864-0078-2
449:. June 22, 1959.
339:Morning Oregonian
266:
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202:Rosalie Keliʻinoi
196:Rosalie Keliʻinoi
190:Rosalie Keliʻinoi
179:Warren G. Harding
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248:You can help by
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175:Harry A. Baldwin
141:Attorney General
137:Curtis P. Iaukea
90:women's suffrage
68:Hawaiian Kingdom
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678:. March 6, 2019
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34:, women gained
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120:Mary Atcherley
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680:. Retrieved
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660:– via
654:. Retrieved
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632:. Retrieved
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610:. Retrieved
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581:. Retrieved
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559:. Retrieved
552:
539:– via
533:. Retrieved
531:. p. 23
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458:. Retrieved
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250:adding to it
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224:Elsie Wilcox
221:
218:Elsie Wilcox
212:Elsie Wilcox
199:
152:
125:
102:
82:Emma Nakuina
80:
49:
17:
15:
473:Works cited
144:Harry Irwin
72:ambassadors
60:matriarchal
696:Categories
682:January 6,
656:January 6,
634:January 6,
612:January 6,
583:January 6,
561:January 6,
535:January 6,
512:January 6,
289:References
257:March 2024
50:After the
46:Background
26:after the
607:8750-457X
460:April 29,
455:0040-781X
416:NCSL 2019
294:Citations
222:In 1933,
200:In 1925,
157:from the
428:Cox 1996
36:suffrage
76:monarch
66:of the
605:
488:
453:
206:Kapaʻa
371:1922b
356:1922a
684:2024
658:2024
636:2024
614:2024
603:ISSN
585:2024
563:2024
537:2024
514:2024
486:ISBN
462:2022
451:ISSN
446:Time
401:1922
386:1922
341:1920
84:and
252:.
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672:.
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624:.
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573:.
551:.
525:.
503:.
443:.
408:^
302:^
78:.
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255:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
