762:, rather than the word, as the unit of address resolution. Address values which differ by one designate adjacent bytes in memory. This allows an arbitrary character within a character string to be addressed straightforwardly. A word can still be addressed, but the address to be used requires a few more bits than the word-resolution alternative. The word size needs to be an integer multiple of the character size in this organization. This addressing approach was used in the IBM 360, and has been the most common approach in machines designed since then.
327:
5688:," and it is composed of 24 bits representing either 6 decimal digits, or 4 alphanumerical characters. This quantum must contain a multiple of 4 and 6 bits to represent a whole number of decimal or alphanumeric characters. Twenty-four bits was found to be a good compromise between the minimum 12 bits, which would lead to a too-low transfer flow from a parallel readout core memory, and 36 bits or more, which was judged as too large an information quantum. The catena is to be considered as the equivalent of a
649:) one of the influences on unit of address resolution and the choice of word size. Before the mid-1960s, characters were most often stored in six bits; this allowed no more than 64 characters, so the alphabet was limited to upper case. Since it is efficient in time and space to have the word size be a multiple of the character size, word sizes in this period were usually multiples of 6 bits (in binary machines). A common choice then was the
534:, numerical values may be available in one or in several different sizes, but one of the sizes available will almost always be the word. The other sizes, if any, are likely to be multiples or fractions of the word size. The smaller sizes are normally used only for efficient use of memory; when loaded into the processor, their values usually go into a larger, word sized holder.
5712:
is designed to handle information relevant to any binary coded structure. Thus an 80-column punched card is considered as a 960-bit information item; 12 rows multiplied by 80 columns equals 960 possible punches; is stored as an exact image in 960 magnetic cores of the main memory with 2 card columns
5798:
is used here because a given character may be represented in different applications by more than one code, and different codes may use different numbers of bits (i.e., different byte sizes). In input-output transmission the grouping of bits may be completely arbitrary and have no relation to actual
754:
machine approach, address values which differ by one designate adjacent memory words. This is natural in machines which deal almost always in word (or multiple-word) units, and has the advantage of allowing instructions to use minimally sized fields to contain addresses, which can permit a smaller
867:
while extending processor capability. As a result, what might have been the central word size in a fresh design has to coexist as an alternative size to the original word size in a backward compatible design. The original word size remains available in future designs, forming the basis of a size
927:
and documentation define or refer to an older (and thus shorter) word-length than the full word length on the CPU that software may be compiled for. Also, similar to how bytes are used for small numbers in many programs, a shorter word (16 or 32 bits) may be used in contexts where the range of a
607:
In a given architecture, successive address values almost always designate successive units of memory; this unit is the unit of address resolution. In most computers, the unit is either a character (e.g. a byte) or a word. (A few computers have used bit resolution.) If the unit is a word, then a
638:
When a computer architecture is designed, the choice of a word size is of substantial importance. There are design considerations which encourage particular bit-group sizes for particular uses (e.g. for addresses), and these considerations point to different sizes for different uses. However,
836:
byte pointer contained the size of the byte in bits (allowing different-sized bytes to be accessed), the bit position of the byte within the word, and the word address of the data. Instructions could automatically adjust the pointer to the next byte on, for example, load and deposit (store)
765:
When the workload involves processing fields of different sizes, it can be advantageous to address to the bit. Machines with bit addressing may have some instructions that use a programmer-defined byte size and other instructions that operate on fixed data sizes. As an example, on the
460:(kW) meaning 1024 words (2) and megawords (MW) meaning 1,048,576 words (2). With standardization on 8-bit bytes and byte addressability, stating memory sizes in bytes, kilobytes, and megabytes with powers of 1024 rather than 1000 has become the norm, although there is some use of the
722:
Most of these machines work on one unit of memory at a time and since each instruction or datum is several units long, each instruction takes several cycles just to access memory. These machines are often quite slow because of this. For example, instruction fetches on an
792:
Individual bytes can be accessed on a word-oriented machine in one of two ways. Bytes can be manipulated by a combination of shift and mask operations in registers. Moving a single byte from one arbitrary location to another may require the equivalent of the following:
608:
larger amount of memory can be accessed using an address of a given size at the cost of added complexity to access individual characters. On the other hand, if the unit is a byte, then individual characters can be addressed (i.e. selected during the memory operation).
972:– because of the support for various sizes (and backward compatibility) in the instruction set, some instruction mnemonics carry "d" or "q" identifiers denoting "double-", "quad-" or "double-quad-", which are in terms of the architecture's original 16-bit word size.
506:
with earlier computers. If multiple compatible variations or a family of processors share a common architecture and instruction set but differ in their word sizes, their documentation and software may become notationally complex to accommodate the difference (see
5846:
refers to the number of words transmitted to or from an input-output unit in response to a single input-output instruction. Block size is a structural property of an input-output unit; it may have been fixed by the design or left to be varied by the program.
749:
The memory model of an architecture is strongly influenced by the word size. In particular, the resolution of a memory address, that is, the smallest unit that can be designated by an address, has often been chosen to be the word. In this approach, the
853:
operation rather than a multiplication. In some cases this relationship can also avoid the use of division operations. As a result, most modern computer designs have word sizes (and other operand sizes) that are a power of two times the size of a byte.
570:
When the processor reads from the memory subsystem into a register or writes a register's value to memory, the amount of data transferred is often a word. Historically, this amount of bits which could be transferred in one cycle was also called a
862:
As computer designs have grown more complex, the central importance of a single word size to an architecture has decreased. Although more capable hardware can use a wider variety of sizes of data, market forces exert pressure to maintain
679:. In this type of organization, an operand has no fixed length. Depending on the machine and the instruction, the length might be denoted by a count field, by a delimiting character, or by an additional bit called, e.g., flag, or
940:
as 16 bits, despite the fact that the API may be used on a 32- or 64-bit x86 processor, where the standard word size would be 32 or 64 bits, respectively. Data structures containing such different sized words refer to them as:
550:
Holders for memory addresses must be of a size capable of expressing the needed range of values but not be excessively large, so often the size used is the word though it can also be a multiple or fraction of the word
639:
considerations of economy in design strongly push for one size, or a very few sizes related by multiples or fractions (submultiples) to a primary size. That preferred size becomes the word size of the architecture.
5694:
Not wanting to call a "quantum" a word, or a set of characters a letter, (a word is a word, and a quantum is something else), a new word was made, and it was called a "catena." It is an
English word and exists in
770:("Stretch"), a floating point instruction can only address words while an integer arithmetic instruction can specify a field length of 1-64 bits, a byte size of 1-8 bits and an accumulator offset of 0-127 bits.
494:
led to the move to systems with word lengths that were a multiple of 8-bits, with 16-bit machines being popular in the 1970s before the move to modern processors with 32 or 64 bits. Special-purpose designs like
891:
referred to a 32-bit quantity; this terminology is the same as the terminology used for the PDP-11. This was in contrast to earlier machines, where the natural unit of addressing memory would be called a
445:
size, used to designate a location in memory, is typically a hardware word (here, "hardware word" means the full-sized natural word of the processor, as opposed to any other definition used).
308:
731:
reduced this to 6 cycles, or 4 cycles if the instruction did not need both address fields). Instruction execution takes a variable number of cycles, depending on the size of the operands.
5678:
Internal data code is used: Quantitative (numerical) data are coded in a 4-bit decimal code; qualitative (alpha-numerical) data are coded in a 6-bit alphanumerical code. The internal
5569:
Although z/Architecture is an inherently 64-bit architecture, the term word still refers to a 32-bit quantity. However, in this table the sizes are treated as if a word were 64 bits.
7800:
777:
machine with storage-to-storage (SS) instructions, there are typically move instructions to copy one or multiple bytes from one arbitrary location to another. In a byte-oriented (
5699:
although it does not in French. Webster's definition of the word catena is, "a connected series;" therefore, a 24-bit information item. The word catena will be used hereafter.
5549:
849:
multiple of the unit of address resolution (byte or word). Converting the index of an item in an array into the memory address offset of the item then requires only a
6772:
5764:
486:
have no fixed word length at all. Early binary systems tended to use word lengths that were some multiple of 6-bits, with the 36-bit word being especially common on
7911:
7094:
301:
7613:
5701:
The internal code, therefore, has been defined. Now what are the external data codes? These depend primarily upon the information handling device involved. The
448:
Documentation for older computers with fixed word size commonly states memory sizes in words rather than bytes or characters. The documentation sometimes uses
621:, or a multiple of the "char" size that is a fraction of it. This is a natural choice since instructions and data usually share the same memory subsystem. In
5692:
in variable word length machines, but it cannot be called so, as it may contain several characters. It is transferred in series to and from the main memory.
7770:
7336:
7153:
6073:
560:
are designed with a size appropriate for the type of data they hold, e.g. integers, floating-point numbers, or addresses. Many computer architectures use
5663:
7116:
6338:
5950:
461:
294:
241:
1048:
in mind – can be recompiled to run on a variety of processors, even ones with different data word lengths or different address widths or both.
7765:
5792:
denotes a group of bits used to encode a character, or the number of bits transmitted in parallel to and from input-output units. A term other than
7837:
6709:
6343:
247:
7590:
6333:
6328:
2953:
1828:
230:
219:
5614:
8534:
7658:
6921:
6765:
6316:
6217:
5598:
208:
348:
8544:
7685:
1443:
6812:
845:
Different amounts of memory are used to store data values with different degrees of precision. The commonly used sizes are usually a
625:
the word sizes of instructions and data need not be related, as instructions and data are stored in different memories; for example,
7852:
7680:
7653:
7032:
6039:
6009:
5659:
2019:
924:
370:
7003:
928:
wider word is not needed (especially where this can save considerable stack space or cache memory space). For example, Microsoft's
667:) becomes eight bits. Word sizes thereafter are naturally multiples of eight bits, with 16, 32, and 64 bits being commonly used.
8667:
8230:
7123:
7089:
7084:
6968:
663:
design, which uses eight-bit characters and supports lower-case letters, the standard size of a character (or more accurately, a
281:
8642:
8539:
7940:
7847:
7648:
6891:
6869:
6758:
6467:
6066:
5929:
5900:
276:
271:
7387:
6822:
6584:
6389:
6321:
6283:
5993:
5752:
5729:
5737:
8718:
7842:
7690:
7524:
7138:
7099:
6956:
5444:
1083:
872:
680:
1209:
8279:
7478:
7133:
7128:
7062:
6874:
6484:
6414:
5509:
1033:
In general, new processors must use the same data word lengths and virtual address widths as an older processor to have
261:
198:
6998:
7906:
7603:
7301:
6739:
915:
family, of which processors of three different word lengths (16-bit, later 32- and 64-bit) have been released, while
341:
335:
8556:
8203:
7620:
7111:
7079:
6849:
6837:
6817:
6494:
6362:
6059:
5460:
531:
8647:
8610:
8600:
6988:
6672:
6624:
6536:
6514:
6509:
6437:
6303:
3721:
1041:
1034:
541:
195:
597:, the word-sized transfer is the one between the processor and the first level of cache; at lower levels of the
352:
8713:
8662:
8069:
8005:
7982:
7832:
7794:
7630:
7580:
7575:
7052:
6946:
6854:
6546:
6210:
3167:
2915:
561:
496:
6859:
781:) machine without SS instructions, moving a single byte from one arbitrary location to another is typically:
758:
When byte processing is to be a significant part of the workload, it is usually more advantageous to use the
433:
The size of a word is reflected in many aspects of a computer's structure and operation; the majority of the
8615:
8398:
8292:
8256:
8173:
8157:
7999:
7788:
7747:
7735:
7598:
7512:
7433:
7198:
6802:
6699:
6614:
5650:
987:
983:
399:
8421:
8393:
8303:
8268:
8017:
8011:
7993:
7727:
7721:
7625:
7529:
7420:
7359:
7221:
6864:
6442:
6298:
6257:
6252:
3541:
864:
527:
503:
258:
6016:(1213 pages) (NB. This is a single-volume edition. This work was also available in a two-volume version.)
904:
is 64 bits. They continued this 16-bit word/32-bit longword/64-bit quadword terminology with the 64-bit
8595:
8504:
8250:
7962:
7780:
7539:
7507:
7465:
7377:
7178:
6993:
6983:
6973:
6963:
6933:
6916:
6781:
6432:
6407:
6031:
5794:
5689:
4352:
3035:
1671:
642:
427:
5595:
The
Mathematical-Function Computation Handbook - Programming Using the MathCW Portable Software Library
1899:
8625:
8561:
8147:
7869:
7759:
7706:
7238:
6951:
6807:
6789:
6234:
6132:
6082:
5859:
5842:
2062:
1045:
933:
684:
622:
471:
160:
8672:
8274:
5903:. Report No. 673; Project No. TB3-0007 of the Research and Development Division, Ordnance Department
828:
Alternatively many word-oriented machines implement byte operations with instructions using special
437:
in a processor are usually word-sized and the largest datum that can be transferred to and from the
8703:
8657:
8477:
8328:
8310:
8262:
7916:
7863:
7668:
7663:
7640:
7556:
7438:
7293:
7188:
7047:
6704:
6682:
6609:
6462:
6454:
6374:
6203:
5815:
consists of the number of data bits transmitted in parallel from or to memory in one memory cycle.
4015:
4011:
614:
5515:
8708:
8529:
8521:
8373:
8348:
8152:
8027:
7551:
7492:
7372:
7104:
6832:
6687:
6667:
6619:
6594:
6379:
6348:
5989:
5725:
5628:
3834:
650:
646:
618:
557:
487:
434:
384:
236:
225:
5662:: Contrasts in Computers. ACM, New York, NY, US. pp. 130–133. IRE-ACM-AIEE '58 (Western).
8482:
8449:
8365:
8297:
8198:
8188:
8178:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8022:
7951:
7857:
7817:
7450:
7400:
7350:
7326:
7208:
7148:
7143:
7025:
6941:
6574:
6504:
6479:
6293:
6288:
6106:
6035:
6005:
5756:
5620:
5610:
4604:
1145:
969:
818:
806:
800:
728:
145:
140:
135:
5925:
5921:
5897:"A Logical Coding System Applied to the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)"
5892:
5866:
8652:
8585:
8426:
8333:
8287:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8064:
7934:
7901:
7812:
7807:
7716:
7568:
7563:
7546:
7534:
7473:
7037:
7015:
6901:
6879:
6797:
6719:
6604:
6402:
5679:
5646:
5602:
5484:
5480:
4875:
4559:
3490:
3453:
2504:
2186:
2159:
2122:
850:
778:
774:
751:
724:
598:
483:
403:
185:
180:
175:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
687:
in 4-bit digits, or in 6-bit characters, for numbers. This class of machines includes the
8566:
8551:
8499:
8403:
8378:
8215:
8208:
8059:
8054:
8049:
7988:
7896:
7886:
7608:
7443:
7395:
7158:
7042:
7010:
6911:
6906:
6827:
6724:
6589:
6541:
6474:
5744:
5733:
1575:
1323:
1141:
744:
740:
590:
438:
407:
170:
60:
55:
50:
5969:
Three instructions are grouped together into 128-bit sized and aligned containers called
5779:
Terms used here to describe the structure imposed by the machine design, in addition to
8677:
8511:
8494:
8487:
8383:
8240:
7977:
7891:
7822:
7405:
7367:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7020:
6844:
6677:
6499:
6489:
6397:
6001:
4958:
3243:
1239:
1161:
Five different cards were used for different functions, exact size of cards not known.
1014:, which is the 64-bit member of that architecture family, continues to refer to 16-bit
1011:
442:
441:
in a single operation is a word in many (not all) architectures. The largest possible
8697:
8472:
8388:
7428:
7410:
7203:
6896:
6599:
5829:
5821:
5702:
5685:
5432:
3968:
2603:
1177:
1071:
579:
475:
464:
449:
5896:
5632:
803:
the source word to align the desired byte to the correct position in the target word
593:, which typically has a width of a word or half-word. In memory subsystems that use
8682:
8620:
8436:
8413:
8225:
7946:
6884:
6556:
6531:
3648:
3136:
2877:
846:
653:, which is also a good size for the numeric properties of a floating point format.
5696:
8467:
8431:
8142:
8114:
7972:
7827:
6734:
6729:
6579:
6526:
6353:
5826:
4466:
3323:
2731:
2700:
2481:
2289:
1400:
929:
704:
626:
576:
150:
727:
take 8 cycles (160 μs) just to read the 12 digits of the instruction (the
8353:
8343:
8338:
8320:
8220:
8193:
7455:
7288:
7258:
6978:
6639:
6634:
6551:
6519:
6424:
6367:
5606:
4185:
4179:
3872:
3791:
3751:
2648:
1640:
991:
979:
821:
the registers containing the source and target words to insert the source byte
660:
95:
8444:
8441:
8183:
7253:
7231:
6714:
6692:
6649:
6644:
6311:
6267:
6226:
5816:
5684:
As to the internal information length, the information quantum is called a "
5496:
4880:
4728:
4117:
3919:
1976:
1544:
905:
594:
391:
214:
601:
larger transfers (which are a multiple of the word size) are normally used.
519:
Depending on how a computer is organized, word-size units may be used for:
8459:
7331:
7278:
6750:
6629:
6184:
6179:
6174:
5834:
5707:
4668:
3195:
3073:
2837:
2806:
2572:
2409:
2378:
2333:
2256:
2223:
1357:
767:
712:
708:
700:
696:
584:
17:
589:). In simple memory subsystems, the word is transferred over the memory
456:(kW) meaning for 65536 words, and sometimes uses them incorrectly, with
7268:
7226:
6158:
6153:
6051:
4811:
1868:
1797:
1761:
1724:
1719:
1609:
1475:
920:
692:
688:
479:
383:"qword" redirects here. For the linguistics term "question word", see
8571:
7283:
7248:
7213:
6122:
6101:
5960:. Vol. 3: Intel Itanium Instruction Set Reference. p. 3:293
5218:
5070:
5066:
4058:
3601:
2991:
1944:
880:
833:
675:
Early machine designs included some that used what is often termed a
544:
numerical values are typically either a word or a multiple of a word.
426:) is an important characteristic of any specific processor design or
5593:
Beebe, Nelson H. F. (2017-08-22). "Chapter I. Integer arithmetic".
919:
continues to designate a 16-bit quantity. As software is routinely
7741:
7273:
7243:
5819:
is thus defined as a structural property of the memory. (The term
5624:
5291:
5155:
5080:
4462:
3571:
3419:
3132:
2987:
2696:
2447:
2166:
2153:
1273:
965:
491:
502:
The size of a word can sometimes differ from the expected due to
470:
Several of the earliest computers (and a few modern as well) use
8605:
7753:
7673:
7263:
6247:
6127:
5801:
5788:
5760:
809:
the source word with a mask to zero out all but the desired bits
759:
664:
6754:
6199:
6055:
7193:
7183:
6242:
6096:
5781:
5682:
means that the instructions are coded in straight binary code.
5424:
4263:
4175:
1063:
976:
912:
876:
716:
657:
411:
320:
6195:
896:, while a quantity that is one half a word would be called a
617:
are normally the size of the architecture's word, such as in
564:
that are capable of storing data in multiple representations.
815:
AND the target word with a mask to zero out the target byte
5551:. This gives an equivalent of about 9.51 bits for 6 trits.
1040:
Often carefully written source code – written with
5649:(1958-05-08) . Written at Los Angeles, California, US.
5508:
The bit equivalent is computed by taking the amount of
5958:
Intel
Itanium Architecture Software Developer's Manual
755:
instruction size or a larger variety of instructions.
5755:/ The Maple Press Company, York, PA. pp. 39–40.
5518:
627:
the processor in the 1ESS electronic telephone switch
5825:
was coined for this purpose by the designers of the
8635:
8584:
8520:
8458:
8412:
8364:
8319:
8239:
8166:
8135:
8040:
7961:
7925:
7879:
7779:
7705:
7639:
7589:
7500:
7491:
7464:
7419:
7386:
7358:
7349:
7169:
7072:
7061:
6932:
6788:
6658:
6567:
6453:
6423:
6388:
6276:
6233:
6167:
6146:
6115:
6089:
5543:
1461:34 bit = 4-bit opcode plus 3×10 bit address
398:is the natural unit of data used by a particular
8124:
5805:, but respelled to avoid accidental mutation to
410:or the hardware of the processor. The number of
5926:"A Logical Coding System Applied to the ENIAC"
629:has 37-bit instructions and 23-bit data words.
499:, may have any word length from 4 to 80 bits.
6766:
6211:
6067:
5998:Computer Architecture: Concepts and Evolution
975:An example with a different word size is the
302:
8:
5868:Reference Manual 7030 Data Processing System
5749:Planning a Computer System – Project Stretch
5588:
5586:
824:STORE the result back in the target location
7771:Computer performance by orders of magnitude
6026:Ralston, Anthony; Reilly, Edwin D. (1993).
5495:The UNIVAC 1005 addresses core using 5-bit
478:, typically having a word size of 10 or 12
8236:
7876:
7497:
7355:
7069:
6773:
6759:
6751:
6218:
6204:
6196:
6074:
6060:
6052:
1055:
832:in registers or memory. For example, the
452:correctly, sometimes with rounding, e.g.,
309:
295:
31:
5928:. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, US:
5899:. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, US:
5523:
5517:
645:size was in the past (pre-variable-sized
371:Learn how and when to remove this message
8119:
812:LOAD the word containing the target byte
797:LOAD the word containing the source byte
788:STORE the result back in the target byte
334:This article includes a list of general
5582:
5472:
923:from one word-length to the next, some
879:to be a 32-bit successor of the 16-bit
257:
194:
159:
39:
34:
5597:(1 ed.). Salt Lake City, UT, US:
2954:Saturn Launch Vehicle Digital Computer
964:A similar phenomenon has developed in
27:Base memory unit handled by a computer
5799:characters. (The term is coined from
1026:s, and additionally features 128-bit
900:. In fitting with this scheme, a VAX
7:
7742:Floating-point operations per second
5973:. Each bundle contains three 41-bit
5599:Springer International Publishing AG
4300:, 1 d, ... 31 d, 1 bit, ... 32 bit
1444:Fast Universal Digital Computer M-2
5874:. IBM. August 1961. pp. 50–57
575:in some environments (such as the
508:
340:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
5660:Western Joint Computer Conference
8668:Semiconductor device fabrication
6028:Encyclopedia of Computer Science
402:design. A word is a fixed-sized
325:
35:Computer architecture bit widths
8643:History of general-purpose CPUs
6870:Nondeterministic Turing machine
5994:Brooks, Jr., Frederick Phillips
5930:Ballistic Research Laboratories
5901:Ballistic Research Laboratories
5770:from the original on 2017-04-03
5730:Brooks, Jr., Frederick Phillips
5669:from the original on 2017-04-03
5512:provided by the trit, which is
2823:1 c, 2 c, 6 c, 7 c, 11 c, 12 c
2395:1 c, 2 c, 6 c, 7 c, 11 c, 12 c
6823:Deterministic finite automaton
5932:. Section VIII: Modified ENIAC
5753:McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.
5538:
5532:
994:architecture, there are 8-bit
656:After the introduction of the
1:
7614:Simultaneous and heterogenous
6284:Arbitrary-precision or bignum
5652:System design of the Gamma 60
5439:: word size of architecture,
2240:1 c, 2 c, 4 c, 5 c, 7 c, 8 c
1078:: word size of architecture,
887:for a 16-bit quantity, while
735:Word, bit and byte addressing
8298:Integrated memory controller
8280:Translation lookaside buffer
7479:Memory dependence prediction
6922:Random-access stored program
6875:Probabilistic Turing machine
5544:{\displaystyle \log _{2}(3)}
7754:Synaptic updates per second
5977:and a 5-bit template field.
1037:with that older processor.
683:. Such machines often use
671:Variable-word architectures
8735:
8158:Heterogeneous architecture
7080:Orthogonal instruction set
6850:Alternating Turing machine
6838:Quantum cellular automaton
6090:Platform-independent units
5479:Many early computers were
5461:Integer (computer science)
738:
604:Unit of address resolution
382:
8648:Microprocessor chronology
8611:Dynamic frequency scaling
7766:Cache performance metrics
6625:Strongly typed identifier
5607:10.1007/978-3-319-64110-2
5419:
1058:
1042:source-code compatibility
567:Memory–processor transfer
562:general-purpose registers
497:digital signal processors
414:or digits in a word (the
406:handled as a unit by the
8663:Hardware security module
8006:Digital signal processor
7983:Graphics processing unit
7795:Graphics processing unit
6116:Platform-dependent units
5951:"4. Instruction Formats"
3168:Gemini Guidance Computer
2916:Apollo Guidance Computer
8616:Dynamic voltage scaling
8399:Memory address register
8293:Branch target predictor
8257:Address generation unit
8000:Physics processing unit
7789:Central processing unit
7748:Transactions per second
7736:Instructions per second
7659:Array processing (SIMT)
6803:Stored-program computer
6700:Parametric polymorphism
5738:"4: Natural Data Units"
988:System/370 architecture
984:System/360 architecture
911:Another example is the
482:digits, and some early
355:more precise citations.
8422:Hardwired control unit
8304:Memory management unit
8269:Memory management unit
8018:Secure cryptoprocessor
8012:Tensor Processing Unit
7994:Vision processing unit
7728:Cycles per instruction
7722:Instructions per cycle
7669:Associative processing
7360:Instruction pipelining
6782:Processor technologies
5922:Clippinger, Richard F.
5893:Clippinger, Richard F.
5713:occupying one catena.
5545:
3542:Four-Phase Systems AL1
865:backward compatibility
537:Floating-point numbers
504:backward compatibility
490:. The introduction of
259:Decimal floating-point
8505:Sum-addressed decoder
8251:Arithmetic logic unit
7378:Classic RISC pipeline
7332:Epiphany architecture
7179:Motorola 68000 series
6032:Van Nostrand Reinhold
5546:
5443:: variable size, wm:
4469:) (w/floating point)
4353:Motorola 68000 series
1305:{2 d, 4 d, 6 d, 8 d}
1082:: variable size, wm:
623:Harvard architectures
428:computer architecture
196:Binary floating-point
8719:Units of information
8626:Performance per watt
8204:replacement policies
7870:Package on a package
7760:Performance per watt
7664:Pipelined processing
7434:Tomasulo's algorithm
7239:Clipper architecture
7095:Application-specific
6808:Finite-state machine
6083:Units of information
5516:
5140:(in 128-bit bundles)
2173:up to 3 trytes
2073:, 79 bit, 8 d, 15 d
2063:Autonetics Recomp II
1303:(2 d, 4 d, 6 d, 8 d)
1046:software portability
1035:binary compatibility
934:programming language
785:LOAD the source byte
685:binary-coded decimal
677:variable word length
615:Machine instructions
472:binary-coded decimal
8658:Digital electronics
8311:Instruction decoder
8263:Floating-point unit
7917:Soft microprocessor
7864:System in a package
7439:Reservation station
6969:Transport-triggered
6705:Primitive data type
6610:Recursive data type
6463:Algebraic data type
6339:Quadruple precision
5990:Blaauw, Gerrit Anne
5785:, are listed below.
5726:Blaauw, Gerrit Anne
5510:information entropy
5499:for row and column.
5277:8 bit, ... 120 bit
4356:(w/floating point)
4184:(w/floating point:
1052:Table of word sizes
558:Processor registers
523:Fixed-point numbers
488:mainframe computers
8530:Integrated circuit
8374:Processor register
8028:Baseband processor
7373:Operand forwarding
6833:Cellular automaton
6668:Abstract data type
6349:Extended precision
6308:Reduced precision
5647:Dreyfus, Phillippe
5541:
4959:IBM z/Architecture
4519:8 bit, ... 120 bit
3139:Guidance Computer
2703:Guidance Computer
2514:1 bit, ... 64 bit,
871:In the mid-1970s,
647:character encoding
619:RISC architectures
474:rather than plain
385:Interrogative word
8691:
8690:
8580:
8579:
8199:Instruction cache
8189:Scratchpad memory
8036:
8035:
8023:Network processor
7952:Network on a chip
7907:Ultra-low-voltage
7858:Multi-chip module
7701:
7700:
7487:
7486:
7474:Branch prediction
7451:Register renaming
7345:
7344:
7327:VISC architecture
7149:Quantum computing
7144:VISC architecture
7026:Secondary storage
6942:Microarchitecture
6902:Register machines
6748:
6747:
6480:Associative array
6344:Octuple precision
6193:
6192:
6168:Metric byte units
5975:instruction slots
5616:978-3-319-64109-6
5483:, and a few were
5450:
5449:
5431:: characters, d:
5141:
2564:1 bit, ... 8 bit
2272:(4 d, ... 102 d)
2162:(~9.5 bits)
1146:Analytical engine
1070:: characters, d:
970:assembly language
960:(64 bits/8 bytes)
954:(32 bits/4 bytes)
948:(16 bits/2 bytes)
484:decimal computers
381:
380:
373:
319:
318:
16:(Redirected from
8726:
8653:Processor design
8545:Power management
8427:Instruction unit
8288:Branch predictor
8237:
7935:System on a chip
7877:
7717:Transistor count
7641:Flynn's taxonomy
7498:
7356:
7159:Addressing modes
7070:
7016:Memory hierarchy
6880:Hypercomputation
6798:Abstract machine
6775:
6768:
6761:
6752:
6720:Type constructor
6605:Opaque data type
6537:Record or Struct
6334:Double precision
6329:Single precision
6220:
6213:
6206:
6197:
6147:Metric bit units
6076:
6069:
6062:
6053:
6046:
6045:
6030:(3rd ed.).
6023:
6017:
6015:
5986:
5980:
5979:
5966:
5965:
5955:
5947:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5937:
5918:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5908:
5889:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5879:
5873:
5864:
5856:
5850:
5849:
5838:
5776:
5775:
5769:
5745:Buchholz, Werner
5742:
5734:Buchholz, Werner
5722:
5716:
5715:
5711:
5680:instruction code
5675:
5674:
5668:
5657:
5643:
5637:
5636:
5590:
5570:
5567:
5561:
5560:Three-state sign
5558:
5552:
5550:
5548:
5547:
5542:
5528:
5527:
5506:
5500:
5493:
5487:
5477:
5358:
5357:
5353:
5340:
5339:
5335:
5322:
5321:
5317:
5309:
5308:
5304:
5266:
5265:
5261:
5248:
5247:
5243:
5235:
5234:
5230:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5174:
5173:
5169:
5139:
5128:
5127:
5123:
5110:
5109:
5105:
5097:
5096:
5092:
5056:
5055:
5051:
5043:
5042:
5038:
5030:
5029:
5025:
5008:
5007:
5003:
4988:
4987:
4983:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4936:
4935:
4931:
4910:
4909:
4905:
4897:
4896:
4892:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4795:
4794:
4790:
4776:
4775:
4771:
4758:
4757:
4753:
4745:
4744:
4740:
4708:
4707:
4703:
4695:
4694:
4690:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4620:
4619:
4615:
4575:
4574:
4570:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4496:
4495:
4491:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4428:
4427:
4423:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4085:
4084:
4080:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3454:Electrologica X8
3378:
3377:
3373:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3099:
3098:
3094:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2187:Electrologica X1
2104:
2103:
2099:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1056:
779:byte-addressable
775:byte-addressable
752:word-addressable
725:IBM 1620 Model I
634:Word size choice
599:memory hierarchy
588:
376:
369:
365:
362:
356:
351:this article by
342:inline citations
329:
328:
321:
311:
304:
297:
32:
21:
8734:
8733:
8729:
8728:
8727:
8725:
8724:
8723:
8714:Primitive types
8694:
8693:
8692:
8687:
8673:Tick–tock model
8631:
8587:
8576:
8516:
8500:Address decoder
8454:
8408:
8404:Program counter
8379:Status register
8360:
8315:
8275:Load–store unit
8242:
8235:
8162:
8131:
8032:
7989:Image processor
7964:
7957:
7927:
7921:
7897:Microcontroller
7887:Embedded system
7875:
7775:
7708:
7697:
7635:
7585:
7483:
7460:
7444:Re-order buffer
7415:
7396:Data dependency
7382:
7341:
7171:
7165:
7064:
7063:Instruction set
7057:
7043:Multiprocessing
7011:Cache hierarchy
7004:Register/memory
6928:
6828:Queue automaton
6784:
6779:
6749:
6744:
6725:Type conversion
6660:
6654:
6590:Enumerated type
6563:
6449:
6443:null-terminated
6419:
6384:
6272:
6229:
6224:
6194:
6189:
6163:
6142:
6111:
6085:
6080:
6050:
6049:
6042:
6025:
6024:
6020:
6012:
5988:
5987:
5983:
5963:
5961:
5953:
5949:
5948:
5944:
5935:
5933:
5920:
5919:
5915:
5906:
5904:
5891:
5890:
5886:
5877:
5875:
5871:
5862:
5858:
5857:
5853:
5840:
5832:
5810:
5786:
5773:
5771:
5767:
5740:
5724:
5723:
5719:
5705:
5700:
5693:
5683:
5672:
5670:
5666:
5655:
5645:
5644:
5640:
5617:
5601:. p. 970.
5592:
5591:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5573:
5568:
5564:
5559:
5555:
5519:
5514:
5513:
5507:
5503:
5494:
5490:
5478:
5474:
5469:
5457:
5414:
5409:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5395:
5390:
5383:
5381:
5376:
5355:
5351:
5350:
5337:
5333:
5332:
5319:
5315:
5314:
5306:
5302:
5301:
5263:
5259:
5258:
5245:
5241:
5240:
5232:
5228:
5227:
5194:
5190:
5189:
5185:
5171:
5167:
5166:
5158:
5125:
5121:
5120:
5107:
5103:
5102:
5094:
5090:
5089:
5053:
5049:
5048:
5040:
5036:
5035:
5027:
5023:
5022:
5005:
5001:
5000:
4996:
4985:
4981:
4980:
4972:
4968:
4967:
4933:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4907:
4903:
4902:
4894:
4890:
4889:
4878:
4837:
4833:
4832:
4824:
4820:
4819:
4792:
4788:
4787:
4773:
4769:
4768:
4755:
4751:
4750:
4742:
4738:
4737:
4705:
4701:
4700:
4692:
4688:
4687:
4630:
4626:
4625:
4617:
4613:
4612:
4572:
4568:
4567:
4539:
4535:
4534:
4526:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4507:
4493:
4489:
4488:
4480:
4476:
4475:
4442:
4438:
4437:
4425:
4421:
4420:
4410:
4406:
4405:
4395:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4317:
4313:
4312:
4289:
4285:
4284:
4276:
4272:
4271:
4235:
4231:
4230:
4214:
4199:
4195:
4194:
4183:
4170:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4082:
4078:
4077:
4014:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3268:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3145:11 bit, 24 bit
3135:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3026:
3025:7 bit (typical)
3024:
2983:
2911:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2709:11 bit, 24 bit
2699:
2583:0 c, ... 255 c
2557:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2515:
2507:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2271:
2252:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2032:
2028:
2027:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1879:1 d, ... 100 d
1808:0 c, ... 255 c
1739:
1722:
1715:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1620:0 c, ... 511 c
1523:
1519:
1518:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1324:Manchester Baby
1311:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1294:
1292:
1278:
1276:
1269:
1267:
1144:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1108:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1054:
982:family. In the
860:
843:
747:
745:byte addressing
741:word addressing
739:Main articles:
737:
673:
636:
582:
517:
465:binary prefixes
450:metric prefixes
408:instruction set
388:
377:
366:
360:
357:
347:Please help to
346:
330:
326:
315:
286:
253:
190:
155:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8732:
8730:
8722:
8721:
8716:
8711:
8706:
8696:
8695:
8689:
8688:
8686:
8685:
8680:
8678:Pin grid array
8675:
8670:
8665:
8660:
8655:
8650:
8645:
8639:
8637:
8633:
8632:
8630:
8629:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8592:
8590:
8582:
8581:
8578:
8577:
8575:
8574:
8569:
8564:
8559:
8554:
8549:
8548:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8526:
8524:
8518:
8517:
8515:
8514:
8512:Barrel shifter
8509:
8508:
8507:
8502:
8495:Binary decoder
8492:
8491:
8490:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8464:
8462:
8456:
8455:
8453:
8452:
8447:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8418:
8416:
8410:
8409:
8407:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8384:Stack register
8381:
8376:
8370:
8368:
8362:
8361:
8359:
8358:
8357:
8356:
8351:
8341:
8336:
8331:
8325:
8323:
8317:
8316:
8314:
8313:
8308:
8307:
8306:
8295:
8290:
8285:
8284:
8283:
8277:
8266:
8260:
8254:
8247:
8245:
8234:
8233:
8228:
8223:
8218:
8213:
8212:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8176:
8170:
8168:
8164:
8163:
8161:
8160:
8155:
8150:
8145:
8139:
8137:
8133:
8132:
8130:
8129:
8128:
8127:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8046:
8044:
8038:
8037:
8034:
8033:
8031:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8009:
8003:
7997:
7991:
7986:
7980:
7978:AI accelerator
7975:
7969:
7967:
7959:
7958:
7956:
7955:
7949:
7944:
7941:Multiprocessor
7938:
7931:
7929:
7923:
7922:
7920:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7892:Microprocessor
7889:
7883:
7881:
7880:By application
7874:
7873:
7867:
7861:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7823:Tile processor
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7804:
7803:
7792:
7785:
7783:
7777:
7776:
7774:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7757:
7751:
7745:
7739:
7733:
7732:
7731:
7719:
7713:
7711:
7703:
7702:
7699:
7698:
7696:
7695:
7694:
7693:
7683:
7678:
7677:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7651:
7645:
7643:
7637:
7636:
7634:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7617:
7616:
7611:
7609:Hyperthreading
7601:
7595:
7593:
7591:Multithreading
7587:
7586:
7584:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7572:
7571:
7561:
7560:
7559:
7554:
7544:
7543:
7542:
7537:
7527:
7522:
7521:
7520:
7515:
7504:
7502:
7495:
7489:
7488:
7485:
7484:
7482:
7481:
7476:
7470:
7468:
7462:
7461:
7459:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7447:
7446:
7441:
7431:
7425:
7423:
7417:
7416:
7414:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7392:
7390:
7384:
7383:
7381:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7368:Pipeline stall
7364:
7362:
7353:
7347:
7346:
7343:
7342:
7340:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7321:
7320:
7319:
7317:z/Architecture
7314:
7309:
7304:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7235:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7175:
7173:
7167:
7166:
7164:
7163:
7162:
7161:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7120:
7119:
7109:
7108:
7107:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7076:
7074:
7067:
7059:
7058:
7056:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7029:
7028:
7023:
7021:Virtual memory
7013:
7008:
7007:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6960:
6959:
6949:
6944:
6938:
6936:
6930:
6929:
6927:
6926:
6925:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6888:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6845:Turing machine
6842:
6841:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6805:
6800:
6794:
6792:
6786:
6785:
6780:
6778:
6777:
6770:
6763:
6755:
6746:
6745:
6743:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6696:
6695:
6685:
6680:
6678:Data structure
6675:
6670:
6664:
6662:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6571:
6569:
6565:
6564:
6562:
6561:
6560:
6559:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6523:
6522:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6471:
6470:
6459:
6457:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6447:
6446:
6445:
6435:
6429:
6427:
6421:
6420:
6418:
6417:
6412:
6411:
6410:
6405:
6394:
6392:
6386:
6385:
6383:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6371:
6370:
6360:
6359:
6358:
6357:
6356:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6325:
6324:
6319:
6317:Half precision
6314:
6304:Floating point
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6280:
6278:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6239:
6237:
6231:
6230:
6225:
6223:
6222:
6215:
6208:
6200:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6171:
6169:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6161:
6156:
6150:
6148:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6119:
6117:
6113:
6112:
6110:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6093:
6091:
6087:
6086:
6081:
6079:
6078:
6071:
6064:
6056:
6048:
6047:
6040:
6018:
6010:
6002:Addison-Wesley
6000:(1 ed.).
5981:
5942:
5924:(1948-09-29).
5913:
5895:(1948-09-29).
5884:
5851:
5717:
5638:
5615:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5562:
5553:
5540:
5537:
5534:
5531:
5526:
5522:
5501:
5488:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5463:
5456:
5453:
5448:
5447:
5433:decimal digits
5417:
5416:
5411:
5404:
5399:
5392:
5387:
5378:
5373:
5369:
5368:
5365:
5362:
5348:
5330:
5298:
5295:
5289:
5285:
5284:
5281:
5278:
5275:
5256:
5224:
5221:
5216:
5212:
5211:
5208:
5205:
5187:
5182:
5163:
5160:
5153:
5149:
5148:
5145:
5142:
5136:
5118:
5086:
5083:
5078:
5074:
5073:
5063:
5060:
5020:
4998:
4997:1 d, ... 31 d
4964:
4961:
4956:
4952:
4951:
4948:
4945:
4921:
4918:
4887:
4884:
4873:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4862:
4857:
4848:
4817:
4814:
4809:
4805:
4804:
4801:
4798:
4784:
4766:
4734:
4731:
4726:
4722:
4721:
4718:
4713:
4685:
4680:
4674:
4671:
4666:
4662:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4650:
4641:
4610:
4607:
4602:
4598:
4597:
4594:
4591:
4586:
4583:
4565:
4562:
4557:
4553:
4552:
4549:
4546:
4517:
4504:
4473:
4470:
4460:
4456:
4455:
4452:
4449:
4418:
4392:
4360:
4357:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4310:
4301:
4269:
4266:
4261:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4228:
4211:
4192:
4189:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4157:
4136:
4133:
4123:
4120:
4115:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4102:
4075:
4070:
4064:
4061:
4056:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4043:
4030:
4027:
4021:
4018:
4016:MOS Tech. 6502
4012:MOS Tech. 6501
4009:
4005:
4004:
4001:
3996:
3983:
3980:
3974:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3930:
3925:
3922:
3917:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3904:
3891:
3888:
3878:
3875:
3870:
3866:
3865:
3862:
3857:
3848:
3845:
3840:
3837:
3832:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3819:
3806:
3803:
3797:
3794:
3789:
3785:
3784:
3781:
3776:
3766:
3763:
3757:
3754:
3749:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3727:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3690:
3672:
3654:
3651:
3646:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3622:
3612:
3607:
3604:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3577:
3574:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3547:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3523:
3514:
3496:
3493:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3464:
3459:
3456:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3430:
3425:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3390:
3329:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3279:
3270:
3269:1 d, ... 16 d
3249:
3246:
3244:IBM System/360
3241:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3228:
3219:
3210:
3201:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3116:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3002:
2997:
2994:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2959:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2938:
2929:
2926:
2921:
2918:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2888:
2883:
2880:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2848:
2843:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2737:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2672:
2654:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2618:
2609:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2542:bit (integer),
2540:
2522:
2517:
2516:1 d, ... 16 d
2512:
2509:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2458:
2453:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2363:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2304:
2295:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2268:
2265:
2259:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2192:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2163:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2094:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2039:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2004:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1839:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1728:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1702:
1688:
1682:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1651:1 d, ... 10 d
1649:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1555:1 d, ... 10 d
1553:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1516:
1502:
1499:
1481:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1428:
1414:
1411:
1406:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1385:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1334:
1329:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1296:
1283:
1280:
1279:{w/Panel #26}
1271:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1245:
1242:
1240:Harvard Mark I
1237:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1122:
1117:
1110:
1105:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1072:decimal digits
1053:
1050:
1022:s, and 64-bit
1012:z/Architecture
962:
961:
955:
949:
936:definition of
932:maintains the
859:
856:
842:
839:
826:
825:
822:
816:
813:
810:
804:
798:
790:
789:
786:
736:
733:
672:
669:
635:
632:
631:
630:
612:
609:
605:
602:
568:
565:
555:
552:
548:
545:
542:floating-point
538:
535:
524:
516:
513:
439:working memory
379:
378:
333:
331:
324:
317:
316:
314:
313:
306:
299:
291:
288:
287:
285:
284:
279:
274:
268:
265:
264:
255:
254:
252:
251:
245:
239:
234:
228:
223:
217:
212:
205:
202:
201:
192:
191:
189:
188:
183:
178:
173:
167:
164:
163:
157:
156:
154:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
47:
44:
43:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8731:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8701:
8699:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8649:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8640:
8638:
8634:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8593:
8591:
8589:
8583:
8573:
8570:
8568:
8565:
8563:
8560:
8558:
8555:
8553:
8550:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8532:
8531:
8528:
8527:
8525:
8523:
8519:
8513:
8510:
8506:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8497:
8496:
8493:
8489:
8486:
8485:
8484:
8481:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8473:Demultiplexer
8471:
8469:
8466:
8465:
8463:
8461:
8457:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8419:
8417:
8415:
8411:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8394:Memory buffer
8392:
8390:
8389:Register file
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8371:
8369:
8367:
8363:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8346:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8329:Combinational
8327:
8326:
8324:
8322:
8318:
8312:
8309:
8305:
8302:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8264:
8261:
8258:
8255:
8252:
8249:
8248:
8246:
8244:
8238:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8181:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8171:
8169:
8165:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8141:
8140:
8138:
8134:
8126:
8123:
8122:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8047:
8045:
8043:
8039:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8013:
8010:
8007:
8004:
8001:
7998:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7970:
7968:
7966:
7960:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7942:
7939:
7936:
7933:
7932:
7930:
7924:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7884:
7882:
7878:
7871:
7868:
7865:
7862:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7802:
7799:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7790:
7787:
7786:
7784:
7782:
7778:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7761:
7758:
7755:
7752:
7749:
7746:
7743:
7740:
7737:
7734:
7729:
7726:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7714:
7712:
7710:
7704:
7692:
7689:
7688:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7656:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7646:
7644:
7642:
7638:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7606:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7596:
7594:
7592:
7588:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7570:
7567:
7566:
7565:
7562:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7549:
7548:
7545:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7532:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7510:
7509:
7506:
7505:
7503:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7490:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7471:
7469:
7467:
7463:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7436:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7429:Scoreboarding
7427:
7426:
7424:
7422:
7418:
7412:
7411:False sharing
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7393:
7391:
7389:
7385:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7365:
7363:
7361:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7348:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7322:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7299:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7219:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7204:Stanford MIPS
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7176:
7174:
7168:
7160:
7157:
7156:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7118:
7115:
7114:
7113:
7110:
7106:
7103:
7102:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7077:
7075:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7065:architectures
7060:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7033:Heterogeneous
7031:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7018:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6986:
6985:
6984:Memory access
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6958:
6955:
6954:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6937:
6935:
6931:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6917:Random-access
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6904:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6897:Stack machine
6895:
6893:
6890:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6847:
6846:
6843:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6813:with datapath
6811:
6810:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6795:
6793:
6791:
6787:
6783:
6776:
6771:
6769:
6764:
6762:
6757:
6756:
6753:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6694:
6691:
6690:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6665:
6663:
6657:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6600:Function type
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6572:
6570:
6566:
6558:
6555:
6554:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6521:
6518:
6517:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6469:
6466:
6465:
6464:
6461:
6460:
6458:
6456:
6452:
6444:
6441:
6440:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6426:
6422:
6416:
6413:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6400:
6399:
6396:
6395:
6393:
6391:
6387:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6369:
6366:
6365:
6364:
6361:
6355:
6352:
6351:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6307:
6306:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6281:
6279:
6275:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6240:
6238:
6236:
6235:Uninterpreted
6232:
6228:
6221:
6216:
6214:
6209:
6207:
6202:
6201:
6198:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6166:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6145:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6114:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6077:
6072:
6070:
6065:
6063:
6058:
6057:
6054:
6043:
6041:0-442-27679-6
6037:
6033:
6029:
6022:
6019:
6013:
6011:0-201-10557-8
6007:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5985:
5982:
5978:
5976:
5972:
5959:
5952:
5946:
5943:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5917:
5914:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5888:
5885:
5870:
5869:
5861:
5855:
5852:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5836:
5831:
5828:
5824:
5823:
5818:
5814:
5808:
5804:
5803:
5797:
5796:
5791:
5790:
5784:
5783:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5721:
5718:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5698:
5691:
5687:
5681:
5665:
5661:
5654:
5653:
5648:
5642:
5639:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5589:
5587:
5583:
5576:
5566:
5563:
5557:
5554:
5535:
5529:
5524:
5520:
5511:
5505:
5502:
5498:
5492:
5489:
5486:
5482:
5476:
5473:
5466:
5462:
5459:
5458:
5454:
5452:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5412:
5405:
5400:
5393:
5388:
5386:
5379:
5377:architecture
5374:
5371:
5370:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5349:
5347:
5343:
5331:
5329:
5325:
5312:
5299:
5296:
5293:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5282:
5279:
5276:
5273:
5269:
5257:
5255:
5251:
5238:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5200:
5188:
5183:
5181:
5177:
5164:
5161:
5157:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5146:
5143:
5137:
5135:
5131:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5100:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5046:
5033:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5011:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4978:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4943:
4939:
4925:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4913:
4900:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4877:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4830:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4785:
4783:
4779:
4767:
4765:
4761:
4748:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4698:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4623:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4532:
4518:
4515:
4511:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4486:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4435:
4431:
4419:
4416:
4403:
4399:
4393:
4390:
4386:
4373:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4323:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4295:
4282:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4229:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4209:
4205:
4193:
4190:
4187:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4088:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3969:Motorola 6800
3967:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3482:6 bit, 7 bit
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3411:6 bit, 9 bit
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3368:
3355:
3342:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3296:
3292:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3159:4 bit, 5 bit
3158:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3102:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2763:
2750:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2640:6 bit, 9 bit
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2555:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2215:5 bit, 6 bit
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2165:up to 6
2164:
2161:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2095:
2093:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1936:5 bit, 6 bit
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1718:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1517:
1515:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1297:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1277:(w/Panel #16)
1275:
1272:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1130:
1123:
1118:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1097:
1095:architecture
1092:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1006:s and 64-bit
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
978:
973:
971:
967:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
943:
942:
939:
935:
931:
926:
922:
918:
914:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
890:
886:
882:
878:
875:designed the
874:
869:
866:
858:Size families
857:
855:
852:
848:
841:Powers of two
840:
838:
835:
831:
830:byte pointers
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
795:
794:
787:
784:
783:
782:
780:
776:
771:
769:
763:
761:
756:
753:
746:
742:
734:
732:
730:
726:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
670:
668:
666:
662:
659:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
633:
628:
624:
620:
616:
613:
610:
606:
603:
600:
596:
592:
586:
581:
578:
574:
569:
566:
563:
559:
556:
553:
549:
546:
543:
539:
536:
533:
529:
525:
522:
521:
520:
515:Uses of words
514:
512:
510:
509:Size families
505:
500:
498:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
468:
466:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
386:
375:
372:
364:
354:
350:
344:
343:
337:
332:
323:
322:
312:
307:
305:
300:
298:
293:
292:
290:
289:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
269:
267:
266:
263:
260:
256:
249:
246:
243:
240:
238:
235:
232:
229:
227:
224:
221:
218:
216:
213:
210:
207:
206:
204:
203:
200:
197:
193:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
168:
166:
165:
162:
158:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
62:
59:
57:
54:
52:
49:
48:
46:
45:
42:
38:
33:
30:
19:
8683:Chip carrier
8621:Clock gating
8540:Mixed-signal
8437:Write buffer
8414:Control unit
8226:Clock signal
8041:
7965:accelerators
7947:Cypress PSoC
7604:Simultaneous
7517:
7421:Out-of-order
7053:Neuromorphic
6934:Architecture
6892:Belt machine
6885:Zeno machine
6818:Hierarchical
6505:Intersection
6262:
6137:
6027:
6021:
5997:
5984:
5974:
5970:
5968:
5962:. Retrieved
5957:
5945:
5934:. Retrieved
5916:
5905:. Retrieved
5887:
5876:. Retrieved
5867:
5854:
5841:
5820:
5812:
5806:
5800:
5793:
5787:
5780:
5778:
5772:. Retrieved
5748:
5720:
5677:
5671:. Retrieved
5651:
5641:
5594:
5565:
5556:
5504:
5491:
5475:
5451:
5440:
5436:
5428:
5420:
5384:
5359:
5345:
5341:
5327:
5323:
5310:
5294:and ARMv9-A
5271:
5267:
5253:
5249:
5236:
5202:
5198:
5179:
5175:
5133:
5129:
5115:
5111:
5098:
5057:
5044:
5031:
5017:
5013:
5009:
4993:
4989:
4976:
4941:
4937:
4923:
4915:
4911:
4898:
4859:
4854:
4850:
4845:
4841:
4828:
4786:
4781:
4777:
4763:
4759:
4746:
4715:
4709:
4696:
4682:
4677:
4652:
4647:
4643:
4638:
4634:
4621:
4588:
4580:
4576:
4543:
4530:
4513:
4509:
4501:
4497:
4484:
4446:
4433:
4429:
4414:
4401:
4397:
4388:
4384:
4371:
4334:
4321:
4307:
4303:
4297:
4293:
4280:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4207:
4203:
4159:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4129:
4125:
4104:
4099:
4086:
4072:
4067:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4023:
3998:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3976:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3932:
3927:
3906:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3884:
3880:
3859:
3854:
3850:
3842:
3821:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3799:
3778:
3773:
3769:
3759:
3729:
3705:
3701:
3687:
3683:
3669:
3665:
3649:CDC STAR-100
3632:
3628:
3624:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3579:
3549:
3525:
3520:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3461:
3440:
3435:
3427:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3366:
3353:
3340:
3307:
3294:
3290:
3276:
3272:
3264:
3260:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3203:
3154:
3137:Minuteman II
3118:
3113:
3100:
3086:
3081:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2972:
2961:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2923:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2885:
2878:SDS 9 Series
2864:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2811:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2761:
2748:
2718:
2682:
2677:
2671:, 6 d, 12 d
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2577:
2558:
2553:
2537:
2533:
2519:
2468:
2463:
2455:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2417:
2383:
2365:
2360:
2346:
2341:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2261:
2228:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2178:4 trit
2130:
2109:
2105:
2091:
2077:
2070:
2049:
2044:
2036:
2006:
2001:
1984:
1963:
1952:
1931:
1926:
1912:
1907:
1873:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1802:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1748:
1743:
1733:
1704:
1699:
1685:
1679:
1645:
1614:
1596:
1591:
1583:
1549:
1531:
1527:
1513:
1496:
1492:
1456:
1451:
1430:
1425:
1408:
1387:
1382:
1365:
1344:
1339:
1331:
1289:
1285:
1247:
1217:
1196:
1188:
1164:
1153:
1102:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1059:
1039:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
974:
963:
957:
951:
945:
937:
916:
910:
901:
897:
893:
888:
884:
883:. They used
870:
861:
847:power of two
844:
837:operations.
829:
827:
791:
772:
764:
757:
748:
721:
676:
674:
655:
641:
637:
611:Instructions
572:
540:Holders for
526:Holders for
518:
501:
469:
457:
454:65 kilowords
453:
447:
432:
423:
419:
415:
395:
389:
367:
358:
339:
40:
29:
8468:Multiplexer
8432:Data buffer
8143:Single-core
8115:bit slicing
7973:Coprocessor
7828:Coprocessor
7709:performance
7631:Cooperative
7621:Speculative
7581:Distributed
7540:Superscalar
7525:Instruction
7493:Parallelism
7466:Speculative
7298:System/3x0
7170:Instruction
6947:Von Neumann
6860:Post–Turing
6735:Type theory
6730:Type system
6580:Bottom type
6527:Option type
6468:generalized
6354:Long double
6299:Fixed point
5833: [
5706: [
5410:resolution
5401:Instruction
4467:Intel 80386
3835:Calcomp 900
3491:SDS Sigma 7
3324:UNIVAC 1108
3184:13 bit, 26
3131:Autonetics
2732:UNIVAC 1107
2701:Minuteman I
2695:Autonetics
2482:Elliott 803
2401:6 bit + wm
2246:6 bit + wm
1401:IAS machine
1128:resolution
1119:Instruction
930:Windows API
705:UNIVAC 1050
651:36-bit word
583: [
528:fixed point
424:word length
353:introducing
161:Application
151:bit slicing
8704:Data types
8698:Categories
8588:management
8483:Multiplier
8344:Logic gate
8334:Sequential
8241:Functional
8221:Clock rate
8194:Data cache
8167:Components
8148:Multi-core
8136:Core count
7626:Preemptive
7530:Pipelining
7513:Bit-serial
7456:Wide-issue
7401:Structural
7323:Tilera ISA
7289:MicroBlaze
7259:ETRAX CRIS
7154:Comparison
6999:Load–store
6979:Endianness
6640:Empty type
6635:Type class
6585:Collection
6542:Refinement
6520:metaobject
6368:signedness
6227:Data types
5964:2022-04-25
5936:2017-04-05
5907:2017-04-05
5878:2021-12-15
5839:computer.)
5774:2017-04-03
5673:2017-04-03
5625:2017947446
5577:References
5497:Gray codes
4516:, 80 bit)
4186:Intel 8087
4180:Intel 8086
3873:Intel 8080
3792:Intel 8008
3752:Intel 4004
2649:UNIVAC III
2508:(Stretch)
1641:UNIVAC 120
1024:doubleword
1018:s, 32-bit
1008:doubleword
1002:s, 32-bit
998:s, 16-bit
992:System/390
980:System/360
661:System/360
530:, usually
420:word width
336:references
8709:Data unit
8522:Circuitry
8442:Microcode
8366:Registers
8209:coherence
8184:CPU cache
8042:Word size
7707:Processor
7351:Execution
7254:DEC Alpha
7232:Power ISA
7048:Cognitive
6855:Universal
6715:Subtyping
6710:Interface
6693:metaclass
6645:Unit type
6615:Semaphore
6595:Exception
6500:Inductive
6490:Dependent
6455:Composite
6433:Character
6415:Reference
6312:Minifloat
6268:Bit array
5817:Word size
5795:character
5697:Webster's
5690:character
5530:
5445:word mark
5274:, 80 bit
4712:, 48 bit
4118:Zilog Z80
3920:ILLIAC IV
3722:TMS1802NC
2829:6 b + wm
2817:1 c, ...
2627:, 80 bit
2556:(branch),
2389:1 c, ...
2267:2 d, ...
2234:1 c, ...
2133:, 65 bit
1977:UNIVAC II
1663:2 d, 3 d
1567:2 d, 3 d
1545:UNIVAC 60
1084:word mark
681:word mark
643:Character
554:Registers
547:Addresses
458:kilowords
435:registers
416:word size
400:processor
392:computing
361:July 2023
262:precision
199:precision
18:Word size
8460:Datapath
8153:Manycore
8125:variable
7963:Hardware
7599:Temporal
7279:OpenRISC
6974:Cellular
6964:Dataflow
6957:modified
6740:Variable
6630:Top type
6495:Equality
6403:physical
6380:Rational
6375:Interval
6322:bfloat16
6185:gigabyte
6180:megabyte
6175:kilobyte
6133:syllable
5996:(1997).
5860:"Format"
5830:GAMMA 60
5765:Archived
5761:61-10466
5736:(1962).
5703:Gamma 60
5664:Archived
5633:30244721
5455:See also
5394:Floating
5375:Computer
5186:(w, 2w)
5159:(w/VFP)
4676:32 bit,
4669:Cray C90
4324:, ... 14
4227:, 17 d)
4066:24 bit,
3196:IBM 1130
3074:CDC 6600
2838:IBM 7094
2807:IBM 7010
2573:IBM 7080
2561:(float)
2505:IBM 7030
2420:, 1-9 d
2410:IBM 7070
2379:IBM 1410
2334:CDC 1604
2257:IBM 1620
2224:IBM 1401
1829:IBM NORC
1358:UNIVAC I
1112:Floating
1093:Computer
1028:quadword
1016:halfword
1000:halfword
902:quadword
898:halfword
889:longword
868:family.
768:IBM 7030
729:Model II
713:IBM 1620
709:IBM 1401
701:IBM 7010
697:IBM 7080
591:data bus
580:GAMMA 60
511:below).
8636:Related
8567:Quantum
8557:Digital
8552:Boolean
8450:Counter
8349:Quantum
8110:512-bit
8105:256-bit
8100:128-bit
7943:(MPSoC)
7928:on chip
7926:Systems
7744:(FLOPS)
7557:Process
7406:Control
7388:Hazards
7274:Itanium
7269:Unicore
7227:PowerPC
6952:Harvard
6912:Pointer
6907:Counter
6865:Quantum
6683:Generic
6659:Related
6575:Boolean
6532:Product
6408:virtual
6398:Address
6390:Pointer
6363:Integer
6294:Decimal
6289:Complex
6277:Numeric
6159:megabit
6154:kilobit
5971:bundles
5747:(ed.).
5485:ternary
5481:decimal
5408:address
5406:Unit of
5389:Integer
5354:⁄
5336:⁄
5318:⁄
5305:⁄
5300:8 bit,
5297:64 bit
5292:ARMv8-A
5262:⁄
5244:⁄
5231:⁄
5226:8 bit,
5223:64 bit
5193:⁄
5170:⁄
5165:8 bit,
5162:32 bit
5138:41 bit
5124:⁄
5106:⁄
5093:⁄
5088:8 bit,
5085:64 bit
5065:8 bit,
5052:⁄
5039:⁄
5026:⁄
5004:⁄
4984:⁄
4971:⁄
4966:8 bit,
4963:64 bit
4932:⁄
4906:⁄
4893:⁄
4886:32 bit
4836:⁄
4823:⁄
4816:32 bit
4812:PowerPC
4791:⁄
4772:⁄
4754:⁄
4741:⁄
4736:8 bit,
4733:64 bit
4704:⁄
4691:⁄
4673:64 bit
4629:⁄
4616:⁄
4609:32 bit
4571:⁄
4564:32 bit
4538:⁄
4525:⁄
4492:⁄
4479:⁄
4472:32 bit
4441:⁄
4436:, ... 7
4424:⁄
4409:⁄
4379:⁄
4366:⁄
4359:32 bit
4349:(1984)
4329:⁄
4316:⁄
4288:⁄
4275:⁄
4268:32 bit
4246:, ... 7
4234:⁄
4198:⁄
4191:16 bit
4174:16-bit
4171:(1980)
4094:⁄
4081:⁄
4063:64 bit
3940:⁄
3924:64 bit
3696:⁄
3678:⁄
3660:⁄
3653:64 bit
3606:16 bit
3576:20 bit
3502:⁄
3495:32 bit
3458:27 bit
3424:12 bit
3374:⁄
3361:⁄
3348:⁄
3335:⁄
3328:36 bit
3302:⁄
3285:⁄
3255:⁄
3248:32 bit
3200:16 bit
3181:13 bit
3175:26 bit
3172:39 bit
3151:24 bit
3142:27 bit
3108:⁄
3095:⁄
3078:60 bit
3040:48 bit
2996:36 bit
2969:13 bit
2958:26 bit
2920:15 bit
2912:(1966)
2882:24 bit
2842:36 bit
2769:⁄
2756:⁄
2743:⁄
2736:36 bit
2715:24 bit
2706:27 bit
2653:25 bit
2608:36 bit
2548:⁄
2528:⁄
2511:64 bit
2486:39 bit
2452:18 bit
2355:⁄
2338:48 bit
2191:27 bit
2158:6
2127:33 bit
2100:⁄
2086:⁄
2067:40 bit
2031:⁄
2024:32 bit
1996:⁄
1960:16 bit
1949:31 bit
1921:⁄
1904:34 bit
1869:IBM 305
1798:IBM 705
1766:36 bit
1762:IBM 704
1725:IBM 653
1720:IBM 650
1716:(1955)
1694:⁄
1676:30 bit
1672:ARRA II
1610:IBM 702
1580:30 bit
1522:⁄
1508:⁄
1487:⁄
1480:36 bit
1476:IBM 701
1464:10 bit
1448:34 bit
1420:⁄
1405:40 bit
1377:⁄
1328:32 bit
1270:{1953}
1255:24 bit
1214:50 bit
1182:22 bit
1178:Zuse Z3
1142:Babbage
1126:address
1124:Unit of
1107:Integer
1010:s. The
966:Intel's
693:IBM 705
689:IBM 702
532:integer
480:decimal
443:address
349:improve
8572:Switch
8562:Analog
8300:(IMC)
8271:(MMU)
8120:others
8095:64-bit
8090:48-bit
8085:32-bit
8080:24-bit
8075:16-bit
8070:15-bit
8065:12-bit
7902:Mobile
7818:Stream
7813:Barrel
7808:Vector
7797:(GPU)
7756:(SUPS)
7724:(IPC)
7576:Memory
7569:Vector
7552:Thread
7535:Scalar
7337:Others
7284:RISC-V
7249:SuperH
7218:Power
7214:MIPS-X
7189:PDP-11
7038:Fabric
6790:Models
6673:Boxing
6661:topics
6620:Stream
6557:tagged
6515:Object
6438:String
6123:nibble
6102:hextet
6038:
6008:
5822:catena
5759:
5686:catena
5631:
5623:
5613:
5403:sizes
5398:sizes
5391:sizes
5367:8 bit
5364:8 bit
5283:8 bit
5280:8 bit
5219:x86-64
5210:8 bit
5207:8 bit
5147:8 bit
5144:8 bit
5071:UTF-32
5067:UTF-16
5062:8 bit
4950:8 bit
4947:8 bit
4867:8 bit
4864:8 bit
4803:8 bit
4800:8 bit
4720:8 bit
4660:8 bit
4657:8 bit
4605:MIPS I
4596:8 bit
4593:8 bit
4551:8 bit
4548:8 bit
4454:8 bit
4451:8 bit
4391:, 2 d
4342:8 bit
4339:8 bit
4255:8 bit
4252:8 bit
4210:, 2 d
4164:8 bit
4132:, 2 d
4122:8 bit
4109:8 bit
4059:Cray-1
4050:8 bit
4026:, 2 d
4020:8 bit
4003:8 bit
3979:, 2 d
3973:8 bit
3911:8 bit
3887:, 2 d
3877:8 bit
3864:8 bit
3839:9 bit
3826:8 bit
3802:, 2 d
3796:8 bit
3756:4 bit
3726:4 bit
3713:8 bit
3640:8 bit
3637:8 bit
3602:PDP-11
3546:8 bit
3533:8 bit
3530:8 bit
3445:8 bit
3315:8 bit
3312:8 bit
3235:8 bit
3123:6 bit
3036:Titan
3027:9 bit
2992:PDP-10
2869:6 bit
2798:6 bit
2687:6 bit
2604:GE-6xx
2595:6 bit
2473:6 bit
2370:6 bit
2253:(TBD)
2145:5 bit
2114:5 bit
2054:6 bit
1968:6 bit
1945:LGP-30
1820:6 bit
1789:6 bit
1709:5 bit
1632:6 bit
1601:5 bit
1576:ARRA I
1536:6 bit
1435:5 bit
1268:(1948)
1193:8 bit
1121:sizes
1116:sizes
1109:sizes
921:ported
881:PDP-11
834:PDP-10
715:, and
595:caches
573:catena
476:binary
338:, but
8628:(PPW)
8586:Power
8478:Adder
8354:Array
8321:Logic
8282:(TLB)
8265:(FPU)
8259:(AGU)
8253:(ALU)
8243:units
8179:Cache
8060:8-bit
8055:4-bit
8050:1-bit
8014:(TPU)
8008:(DSP)
8002:(PPU)
7996:(VPU)
7985:(GPU)
7954:(NoC)
7937:(SoC)
7872:(PoP)
7866:(SiP)
7860:(MCM)
7801:GPGPU
7791:(CPU)
7781:Types
7762:(PPW)
7750:(TPS)
7738:(IPS)
7730:(CPI)
7501:Level
7312:S/390
7307:S/370
7302:S/360
7244:SPARC
7222:POWER
7105:TRIPS
7073:Types
6568:Other
6552:Union
6485:Class
6475:Array
6258:Tryte
6107:octet
5954:(PDF)
5872:(PDF)
5863:(PDF)
5843:Block
5837:]
5768:(PDF)
5743:. In
5741:(PDF)
5710:]
5667:(PDF)
5656:(PDF)
5629:S2CID
5467:Notes
5423:bit:
5415:size
5396:point
5372:Year
5288:2013
5215:2003
5156:ARMv6
5152:2001
5081:IA-64
5077:2001
4955:2000
4881:Thumb
4876:ARMv4
4872:1996
4808:1992
4729:Alpha
4725:1992
4665:1991
4601:1985
4560:ARMv1
4556:1985
4533:... 3
4463:IA-32
4459:1985
4260:1978
4114:1976
4055:1976
4008:1975
3965:1975
3916:1975
3869:1974
3831:1972
3788:1972
3748:1971
3718:1971
3645:1971
3598:1970
3572:MP944
3568:1970
3538:1969
3487:1966
3450:1965
3420:PDP-8
3416:1965
3320:1965
3240:1965
3192:1965
3187:—bit
3164:1965
3133:D-37C
3128:1964
3070:1964
3032:1964
3023:6 bit
2988:PDP-6
2984:1966
2982:1964/
2950:1963
2874:1962
2834:1962
2803:1962
2728:1962
2697:D-17B
2692:1962
2645:1962
2600:1962
2569:1961
2501:1961
2478:1960
2448:PDP-1
2444:1960
2414:10 d
2406:1960
2375:1960
2330:1960
2294:12 d
2286:1960
2275:12 d
2220:1959
2183:1958
2167:tryte
2154:Setun
2150:1958
2123:ZEBRA
2119:1958
2059:1958
2016:1958
1981:12 d
1973:1958
1941:1956
1900:ARMAC
1896:1956
1885:10 d
1865:1956
1833:16 d
1825:1954
1794:1954
1758:1954
1730:10 d
1668:1953
1637:1953
1606:1953
1572:1952
1541:1952
1472:1952
1440:1952
1397:1952
1362:12 d
1354:1951
1320:1948
1282:10 d
1274:ENIAC
1244:23 d
1236:1944
1206:1942
1174:1941
1150:50 d
1138:1837
1133:size
1114:point
1090:Year
1062:bit:
958:QWORD
952:DWORD
906:Alpha
851:shift
801:SHIFT
773:In a
719:301.
587:]
551:size.
492:ASCII
422:, or
404:datum
8606:ACPI
8339:Glue
8231:FIFO
8174:Core
7912:ASIP
7853:CPLD
7848:FPOA
7843:FPGA
7838:ASIC
7691:SPMD
7686:MIMD
7681:MISD
7674:SWAR
7654:SIMD
7649:SISD
7564:Data
7547:Task
7518:Word
7264:M32R
7209:MIPS
7172:sets
7139:ZISC
7134:NISC
7129:OISC
7124:MISC
7117:EPIC
7112:VLIW
7100:EDGE
7090:RISC
7085:CISC
6994:HUMA
6989:NUMA
6688:Kind
6650:Void
6510:List
6425:Text
6263:Word
6253:Trit
6248:Byte
6138:word
6128:byte
6036:ISBN
6006:ISBN
5827:Bull
5813:word
5802:bite
5789:Byte
5757:LCCN
5621:LCCN
5611:ISBN
5425:bits
5421:key:
5413:Char
5382:size
5380:Word
4347:1979
4169:1978
3762:, d
3710:bit
3007:, 2
2910:1963
2623:, 2
2614:, 2
2589:5 c
2439:2 d
2436:, d
2325:2 d
2290:LARC
2281:2 d
2251:1959
2160:trit
2020:SAGE
2011:1 d
1891:1 d
1814:5 c
1753:2 d
1740:(w)
1714:1954
1626:5 c
1392:1 d
1312:{w}
1295:{w}
1266:1946
1131:Char
1100:size
1098:Word
1064:bits
1060:key:
1044:and
1020:word
1004:word
996:byte
990:and
968:x86
946:WORD
938:WORD
925:APIs
917:word
894:word
885:word
760:byte
743:and
665:byte
577:Bull
412:bits
396:word
394:, a
250:(×8)
244:(×4)
233:(×2)
222:(×1)
211:(×½)
8601:APM
8596:PMU
8488:CPU
8445:ROM
8216:Bus
7833:PAL
7508:Bit
7294:LMC
7199:ARM
7194:x86
7184:VAX
6547:Set
6243:Bit
6097:bit
5807:bit
5782:bit
5603:doi
5521:log
5016:, 2
4879:(w/
4853:, 2
4646:, 2
4512:, 2
4404:, 2
4400:, 2
4306:, 2
4264:VAX
4223:, 5
4219:, 4
4176:x86
4153:, 5
4149:, 4
4145:, 3
4141:, 2
4128:, 2
4039:, 3
4035:, 2
3992:, 3
3988:, 2
3900:, 3
3896:, 2
3883:, 2
3853:, 2
3815:, 3
3811:, 2
3772:, 4
3631:, 3
3627:, 2
3618:, 4
3519:, 2
3395:, 2
3386:, 2
3297:, 1
3275:, 2
2934:, 2
2853:, 2
2667:, 4
2663:, 3
2659:, 2
2309:, 2
2300:, 2
2136:2w
1844:, 2
1723:(w/
1293:(w)
1288:, 2
1210:ABC
1030:s.
977:IBM
913:x86
877:VAX
873:DEC
807:AND
717:RCA
658:IBM
462:IEC
390:In
282:128
248:256
242:128
146:512
141:256
136:128
41:Bit
8700::
8535:3D
6034:.
6004:.
5992:;
5967:.
5956:.
5865:.
5835:fr
5811:A
5809:.)
5777:.
5763:.
5751:.
5732:;
5728:;
5708:fr
5676:.
5658:.
5627:.
5619:.
5609:.
5585:^
5435:,
5427:,
5344:,
5326:,
5313:,
5270:,
5252:,
5239:,
5201:,
5178:,
5132:,
5114:,
5101:,
5069:,
5047:,
5034:,
5012:,
4992:,
4979:,
4944:)
4940:,
4920:—
4914:,
4901:,
4883:)
4844:,
4831:,
4780:,
4762:,
4749:,
4699:,
4637:,
4624:,
4585:—
4579:,
4500:,
4487:,
4432:,
4417:)
4387:,
4374:,
4296:,
4283:,
4242:,
4215:(2
4206:,
4188:)
4135:—
4089:,
4029:—
3982:—
3960:—
3935:,
3890:—
3847:—
3805:—
3783:—
3765:—
3743:—
3740:?
3737:?
3734:—
3704:,
3686:,
3668:,
3593:?
3590:?
3587:?
3584:—
3563:?
3560:?
3557:?
3554:—
3510:,
3432:—
3382:,
3369:,
3356:,
3343:,
3293:,
3263:,
3226:2w
3224:,
3217:3w
3215:,
3213:2w
3208:2w
3206:,
3178:—
3148:—
3103:,
2977:—
2966:—
2945:—
2928:—
2826:c
2820:—
2814:c
2777:,
2764:,
2751:,
2723:—
2712:—
2674:—
2592:c
2586:—
2580:c
2536:,
2460:—
2398:c
2392:—
2386:c
2278:d
2264:d
2243:c
2237:—
2231:c
2142:w
2139:w
2108:,
2041:—
1989:—
1957:—
1888:d
1882:—
1876:d
1860:—
1817:c
1811:—
1805:c
1727:)
1660:—
1657:—
1654:—
1648:d
1629:c
1623:—
1617:c
1588:—
1564:—
1561:—
1558:—
1552:d
1530:,
1501:—
1495:,
1467:—
1452:w?
1413:—
1370:—
1349:—
1336:—
1315:—
1298:—
1261:—
1258:—
1252:—
1231:—
1228:—
1225:—
1222:—
1201:—
1185:—
1169:—
1158:—
1074:,
1066:,
986:,
908:.
819:OR
711:,
707:,
703:,
699:,
695:,
691:,
585:fr
467:.
430:.
418:,
277:64
272:32
237:80
231:64
226:40
220:32
215:24
209:16
186:64
181:32
176:16
131:64
126:60
121:48
116:45
111:36
106:32
101:31
96:30
91:28
86:26
81:24
76:18
71:16
66:12
6774:e
6767:t
6760:v
6219:e
6212:t
6205:v
6075:e
6068:t
6061:v
6044:.
6014:.
5939:.
5910:.
5881:.
5635:.
5605::
5539:)
5536:3
5533:(
5525:2
5441:n
5437:w
5429:c
5385:w
5360:w
5356:2
5352:1
5346:w
5342:w
5338:2
5334:1
5328:w
5324:w
5320:2
5316:1
5311:w
5307:4
5303:1
5272:w
5268:w
5264:2
5260:1
5254:w
5250:w
5246:2
5242:1
5237:w
5233:4
5229:1
5203:w
5199:w
5195:2
5191:1
5184:—
5180:w
5176:w
5172:2
5168:1
5134:w
5130:w
5126:2
5122:1
5116:w
5112:w
5108:2
5104:1
5099:w
5095:4
5091:1
5058:w
5054:4
5050:3
5045:w
5041:2
5037:1
5032:w
5028:4
5024:1
5018:w
5014:w
5010:w
5006:2
5002:1
4994:w
4990:w
4986:2
4982:1
4977:w
4973:4
4969:1
4942:w
4938:w
4934:2
4930:1
4927:(
4924:w
4916:w
4912:w
4908:2
4904:1
4899:w
4895:4
4891:1
4860:w
4855:w
4851:w
4846:w
4842:w
4838:2
4834:1
4829:w
4825:4
4821:1
4796:w
4793:2
4789:1
4782:w
4778:w
4774:2
4770:1
4764:w
4760:w
4756:2
4752:1
4747:w
4743:4
4739:1
4716:w
4710:w
4706:2
4702:1
4697:w
4693:4
4689:1
4683:w
4678:w
4653:w
4648:w
4644:w
4639:w
4635:w
4631:2
4627:1
4622:w
4618:4
4614:1
4589:w
4581:w
4577:w
4573:4
4569:1
4544:w
4540:4
4536:3
4531:w
4527:4
4523:1
4514:w
4510:w
4508:(
4506:—
4502:w
4498:w
4494:2
4490:1
4485:w
4481:4
4477:1
4465:(
4447:w
4443:2
4439:1
4434:w
4430:w
4426:2
4422:1
4415:w
4411:2
4407:1
4402:w
4398:w
4396:(
4394:—
4389:w
4385:w
4381:2
4377:1
4372:w
4368:4
4364:1
4335:w
4331:4
4327:1
4322:w
4318:4
4314:1
4308:w
4304:w
4298:w
4294:w
4290:2
4286:1
4281:w
4277:4
4273:1
4248:w
4244:w
4240:w
4236:2
4232:1
4225:w
4221:w
4217:w
4213:—
4208:w
4204:w
4200:2
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