620:, and well-designed cooling. Additionally, the companies that make the products tend to have comprehensive repair/replacement plans. As the distinction between workstation and PC fades, however, workstation manufacturers have increasingly employed "off-the-shelf" PC components and graphics solutions rather than proprietary hardware or software. Some "low-cost" workstations are still expensive by PC standards but offer binary compatibility with higher-end workstations and servers made by the same vendor. This allows software development to take place on low-cost (relative to the server) desktop machines.
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908:(10 Mbit/s or better): 10 Mbit/s network interfaces were commonly available for PCs by the early 1990s, although by that time workstations were pursuing even higher networking speeds, moving to 100 Mbit/s, 1 Gbit/s, and 10 Gbit/s. However, economies of scale and the demand for high-speed networking in even non-technical areas have dramatically decreased the time it takes for newer networking technologies to reach commodity price points.
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hardware vendors write compliant hardware drivers that are stable and reliable. Also, minor variations in hardware quality such as timing or build quality can affect the reliability of the overall machine. Workstation vendors are able to ensure both the quality of the hardware, and the stability of the operating system drivers by validating these things in-house, and this leads to a generally much more reliable and stable machine.
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43:
436:, a small scientific computer designed to be used interactively by a single person sitting at the console. It was introduced in 1959. One peculiar feature of the machine is that it lacks any arithmetic circuitry. To perform addition, it requires a memory-resident table of decimal addition rules. This reduced the cost of logic circuitry, enabling IBM to make it inexpensive. The machine is
378:
765:" compute performance (at least one million floating-point operations per second). RFC 782 defines the workstation environment more generally as "hardware and software dedicated to serve a single user", and that it provisions additional shared resources. This is at least one order of magnitude beyond the capacity of the personal computer of the time. The original 1981
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which provide straightforward access to nearly their entire 4 GB memory address range. 64-bit workstations and servers supporting an address range far beyond 4 GB have been available since the early 1990s, a technology just beginning to appear in the PC desktop and server market in the
976:
Tight integration between the OS and the hardware: Workstation vendors both design the hardware and maintain the Unix operating system variant that runs on it. This allows for much more rigorous testing than is possible with an operating system such as
Windows. Windows requires that third-party
891:
High-performance/high-capacity data storage: early workstations tend to use proprietary disk interfaces until the SCSI standard of the mid-1980s. Although SCSI interfaces soon became available for IBM PCs, they were comparatively expensive and tend to be limited by the speed of the PC's
308:
The increasing capabilities of mainstream PCs since the late 1990s have reduced distinction between the PCs and workstations. Typical 1980s workstations have expensive proprietary hardware and operating systems to categorically distinguish from standardized PCs. From the 1990s and 2000s,
896:
peripheral bus. SCSI is an advanced controller interface good for multitasking and daisy chaining. This makes it suited for use in servers, and its benefits to desktop PCs which mostly run single-user operating systems are less clear, but it is standard on the 1980s-1990s
Macintosh.
1268:
A high-end desktop market segment includes workstations, with PC operating systems and components. Component product lines may be segmented, with premium components that are functionally similar to the consumer models but with higher robustness or performance.
2017:
Andries van Dam; David H. Laidlaw; Rosemary
Michelle Simpson (2002-08-04). "Experiments in Immersive Virtual Reality for Scientific Visualization". Computers & Graphics. 26 (4): 535–555. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.4.9249.
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in the early 1970s pioneered some workstation principles, as high-performance, networked, single-user systems intended for heavily interactive use. Lisp
Machines were commercialized beginning 1980 by companies like
1007:
Since the late 1990s, the workstation and consumer markets have further merged. Many low-end workstation components are now the same as the consumer market, and the price differential narrowed. For example, most
760:
A high-end workstation of the early 1980s with the three Ms, or a "3M computer" (coined by Raj Reddy and his colleagues at CMU), has one megabyte of RAM, a megapixel display (roughly 1000×1000 pixels), and one
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Large displays (17- to 21-inch) with high resolutions and high refresh rates for graphics and CAD work, which were rare among PCs in the late 1980s and early 1990s but became common among PCs by the late
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processor; early workstations have megabytes of memory. IBM clones require special programming techniques to address more than 640 KB until the 80386, as opposed to other 32-bit processors such as
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with the optional 8087 math coprocessor. Other features beyond the typical personal computer include networking, graphics acceleration, and high-speed internal and peripheral data buses.
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and other languages. They are built into roughly desk-sized cabinets, with console typewriters. They have optional add-on disk drives, printers, and both paper-tape and punched-card I/O.
1032:. "In an era when many professionals preferred Silicon Graphics workstations, the Quadra 700 was an intriguing option at a fraction of the cost" as resource-intensive software such as
888:
processor. Even then, x86 floating-point performance lags other processors due to limitations in its architecture. Today even low-price PCs now have performance in the gigaFLOPS range.
671:
product line. However, traditional workstations and PCs continued to drop in price and complexity as remote management tools for IT staff became available, undercutting this market.
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Workstations have typically driven advancements in CPU technology. All computers benefit from multi-processor and multicore designs (essentially, multiple processors on a
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for manipulating objects and navigating scenes. Workstations were the first segment of the computer market to present advanced accessories, and collaboration tools like
2149:
826:(CGI) animation is increasingly popular in the PC market around the mid-to-late 1990s mostly driven by computer gaming, yielding the first official GPU in
807:
The more widespread adoption of these technologies into mainstream PCs was a direct factor in the decline of the workstation as a separate market segment:
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corporate and consumer PCs have Intel x86 CPUs. However, by the early 2000s, this difference largely disappeared, since workstations use highly
502:
workstations). The first computer designed for a single user, with high-resolution graphics (and so a workstation in the modern sense), is the
636:. Dependent upon a network and server, this reduces the machine to having no hard drive, and only the CPU, keyboard, mouse, and screen. Some
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791: (equivalent to $ 28,000 in 2023), which was achieved in the late 1980s. Throughout the early to mid-1990s, many workstations cost from
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workstation card, which has the same GPU but different driver support and certifications for CAD applications and a much higher price.
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Large memory configurations: PCs (such as IBM clones) are originally limited to 640 KB of RAM until the 1982 introduction of the
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have performance parity with RISC in some areas, such as integer performance (at the cost of greater chip complexity) and hardware
590:. Target markets were differentiated, with Sun and Apollo considered to be network workstations and SGI as graphics workstations.
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946:, making them unsuitable to run OSes of this sophistication, but this, too, began to change in the late 1980s as PCs with the
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31:
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79:
60:
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202:, but the most common form refers to the class of hardware offered by several current and defunct companies such as
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Deskside systems containing server-class CPUs and chipsets on large server-class motherboards with high-end RAM (
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1544:"Global Personal Computers Market Report (2021 to 2030) - COVID-19 Impact and Recovery - ResearchAndMarkets.com"
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and manipulation of different types of complex data such as 3D mechanical design, engineering simulations like
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greatly increased power efficiency and size efficiency over x86-64 with its ARM-based RISC architecture.
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This approach was first attempted as a replacement for PCs in office productivity applications, with the
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Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on
Computer graphics and interactive techniques - SIGGRAPH '80
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operations: optional on the original IBM PC; remained on a separate chip for Intel systems until the
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still run a traditional operating system and perform computations locally, with storage on a remote
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Workstations diversified to the lowest possible price point as opposed to performance, called the
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brought "studio-quality 3D rendering and animations to the home desktop". The Quadra 700 can run
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Some workstations are designed or certified for use with only one specific application such as
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applications. Intended primarily to be used by a single user, they are commonly connected to a
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Most of the current workstation market uses x86-64 microprocessors. Operating systems include
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The
History of Visual Magic in Computers: How Beautiful Images are Made in CAD, 3D, VR and AR
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1375:"Original NeXT computer used by Sir Tim Berners-Lee to design the World Wide Web - NeXT"
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of the early 1980s offer roughly one order of magnitude in performance improvement over
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2068:"Working from home at 25MHz: You could do worse than a Quadra 700 (even in 2020)"
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Ka-Band ARM Zenith Radar
Corrections (KAZRCOR, KAZRCFRCOR) Value-Added Products
1463:
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computers were originally intended for scientific or design work, all with the
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2205:"Introducing M1 Pro and M1 Max: the most powerful chips Apple has ever built"
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has 16 KB memory, a text-only display, and floating-point performance around
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scientific computer became the successor to 1620. Both of these systems run
17:
1419:
1066:; it and Intel Xeon have multiple CPUs, more on-die cache, and ECC memory.
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1431:
1230:. Some vendors also market commodity mono-socket systems as workstations.
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644:. These are intended to reduce the initial system purchase cost, and the
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144:
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2175:"Raptor Launching Talos II Lite POWER9 Computer System At A Lower Cost"
1656:
1505:
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is more modern, with throughput comparable to SCSI but at a lower cost.
885:
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Funding a revolution : government support for computing research
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827:
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2119:"Hardware Withdrawal Announcement: IntelliStation POWER 185 and 285"
1513:
2190:
Raptor
Announces "Blackbird" Micro-ATX, Low-Cost POWER9 Motherboard
1971:"Diskless Nodes HOW-TO document for Linux: What is this all about?"
861:
that this implied. By the mid-1990s, some CISC processors like the
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1223:
1191:
In early 2018, RISC workstations were reintroduced in a series of
1088:
985:
970:
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942:. The PC CPUs of the time have limitations in memory capacity and
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CPUs increased in the mid-1980s, typical of workstation vendors.
237:
Workstations formerly offered higher performance than mainstream
1504:
Johnson, Karen; Fairless, Tami; Giangrande, Scott (2020-08-01).
1277:
1272:
A workstation-class PC may have some of the following features:
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30:
This article is about the type of computer. For other uses, see
2405:
1237:
Workstation blade systems (IBM HC10 or
Hewlett-Packard xw460c.
1162:
PA-RISC-based desktop products from the market in
January 2008.
249:, memory, and multitasking. Workstations are optimized for the
2369:"The Best PCI Express NVMe Solid State Drives (SSDs) for 2024"
2326:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Physical and Biological Principles
1307:
1192:
994:
966:
854:
648:, by reducing the amount of administration required per user.
432:
The first computer that might qualify as a workstation is the
330:
310:
227:
36:
458:, a multiuser system reserved for one user. For example, the
1730:
The computing universe : a journey through a revolution
1420:"High-performance raster graphics for microcomputer systems"
877:
calculations, relegating RISC to even more high-end markets.
1081:. The certification process increases workstation prices.
1767:. Internet Archive. Indianapolis, Ind. : Sams Pub.
1154:-based workstation product lines had been discontinued:
857:
CISC family always had the edge in market share and the
756:
Six workstations: four HP Z620, one HP Z820, one HP Z420
583:
created several spinoff graphics products, such as the
2136:"End of General Availability for MIPS® IRIX® Products"
1426:. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press. pp. 43–47.
1929:
Conrad, Eric; Misenar, Seth; Feldman, Joshua (2012).
663:
filled a similar role for technical computing. Sun's
440:
CADET and was initially rented for $ 1000 per month.
2323:
Bushong, Stewart C.; Clarke, Geoffrey (2013-08-07).
1789:"» Pascal and the P-Machine The Digital Antiquarian"
1298:
Run reliable operating system with advanced features
1183:
Sun Microsystems announced end-of-life for its last
466:, is regarded as the first commercial minicomputer.
190:
has been used loosely to refer to everything from a
3044:
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2925:
2897:
2802:
2779:
2722:
2713:
2606:
2546:
2539:
2459:
2452:
2443:
1809:"The Death Of The Workstation? - INFOtainment News"
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1884:. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 1999.
1858:"Apollo Domain DN100 workstation - CHM Revolution"
2351:"The Best M.2 SSDs (Solid State Drives) for 2024"
2230:"Which workstation OS would you like to support?"
1995:"CNN - Here comes the Sun Ray - November 2, 1999"
1172:SGI ended general availability of its MIPS-based
293:at a minimum, but also offers multiple displays,
285:, which consists of a high-resolution display, a
1198:-based systems by Raptor Computing Systems. The
799: (equivalent to $ 200,000 in 2023) or more.
708:at 25 MHz, 1280×1024 pixel and 256-color display
345:hardware dominated by large PC vendors, such as
171:is a special computer designed for technical or
2087:"Best workstation GPUs in 2024 - The top picks"
1418:Bechtolsheim, Andreas; Baskett, Forest (1980).
1062:). The multicore design was pioneered by IBM's
938:variant, or an unrelated equivalent OS such as
783:Another goal was to bring the price below one "
2255:"IBM Using Blades To Attack Desktop PC Market"
563:, several new competitors appeared, including
510:in 1973. Other early workstations include the
2417:
2055:. Vol. 8, no. 12. pp. 140–147.
8:
454:Early workstations were generally dedicated
2150:"A remarketed EOL Sun Ultra 45 workstation"
1732:. Gyuri Pápay. Cambridge University Press.
1615:"IBM Archives: 1620 Data Processing System"
2719:
2543:
2456:
2449:
2424:
2410:
2402:
2105:"Discontinuance Notice: c8000 Workstation"
2049:"Macintosh Quadras - Power But No Pizzazz"
1276:Larger number of memory sockets which use
1051:consumer graphics card, which spawned the
1295:Multiple processor sockets, powerful CPUs
1101:-based workstation has two RTX 5000 GPUs.
277:, and mathematical plots. Typically, the
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1641:"An analysis of floating-point addition"
147:workstation, the same type on which the
1366:
1233:These are three types of workstations:
571:, with workstations based on 68000 and
552:In the early 1980s, with the advent of
1396:"workstation | Definition & Facts"
957:became widely affordable and enabling
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2085:Unsworth, Andrew (February 9, 2023).
2066:Wilkinson, Chris (11 December 2020).
1340:List of computer system manufacturers
7:
1499:
1497:
1390:
1388:
1044:workstation. Another example is the
65:adding citations to reliable sources
1187:SPARC workstations in October 2008.
2138:. Silicon Graphics. December 2006.
1941:10.1016/b978-1-59749-961-3.00003-0
1830:"The SUN workstation architecture"
1158:Hewlett-Packard withdrew its last
1110:Modern workstations are typically
25:
2018:doi:10.1016/S0097-8493(02)00113-9
1464:"US and India sign neutrino pact"
965:, and Unix-like systems based on
3114:
3113:
2389:
41:
2253:Kovar, Joseph F. (2007-05-01).
2152:. Solar systems. Archived from
1200:Mac transition to Apple silicon
849:processors of comparable cost.
605:disk storage systems, high-end
52:needs additional citations for
2228:edengelkingiia+ (2000-09-15).
1180:workstations in December 2006.
1028:models can be upgraded to the
1016:CPU, backward compatible with
693:graphics workstation from 1990
396:model 425 workstation running
234:revolution of the late 1990s.
1:
2278:Peddie, Jon (June 13, 2013).
1935:. Elsevier. pp. 63–141.
1282:registered (buffered) modules
1126:on software programs such as
930:: early workstations ran the
830:'s NV10 and the breakthrough
544:Digital Equipment Corporation
464:Digital Equipment Corporation
27:High-end single-user computer
2329:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
1706:. 2019-07-05. Archived from
1681:. 2017-12-22. Archived from
1244:Ultra high-end workstation (
1146:Decline of RISC workstations
255:computational fluid dynamics
1728:Hey, Anthony J. G. (2015).
1546:. Business Wire. 2021-06-23
1241:is akin to these solutions)
597:Workstations often feature
3172:
2864:Personal digital assistant
2209:Apple Newsroom (Australia)
1289:Reliable high-performance
1124:high-performance computing
1020:Macintoshes. The consumer
824:computer-generated imagery
741:C8000 workstation running
678:
529:
421:Common Desktop Environment
29:
3109:
1480:10.1088/2058-7058/31/5/23
1379:Google Arts & Culture
973:on commodity PC hardware.
934:operating system (OS), a
1862:www.computer history.org
1704:"IBM 1130 Press Release"
1355:Remote Graphics Software
1253:HP Z-series workstations
1239:Sun Visualization System
944:memory access protection
526:1980s rise in popularity
3101:Wireless sensor network
1639:Sweeney, D. W. (1965).
646:total cost of ownership
428:Origins and development
402:Visual User Environment
2874:Portable data terminal
1565:"Workstation Computer"
1350:Personal supercomputer
1102:
1004:
953:with integrated paged
820:computer-aided design
787:", that is, less than
757:
749:
731:
720:
709:
694:
518:(1979), and the later
424:
405:
386:
164:
3146:Computer workstations
3057:Information appliance
2879:Portable media player
2822:Handheld game console
1761:Newquist, HP (1994).
1432:10.1145/800250.807466
1150:By January 2009, all
1136:computer-aided design
1092:
1077:Xpress Studio HD, or
989:
880:Hardware support for
767:IBM Personal Computer
755:
737:
726:
715:
700:
688:
609:, single or multiple
411:
392:
380:
275:computational science
142:
3151:Classes of computers
2832:Mobile data terminal
2812:Electronic organizer
2484:Intelligent terminal
2398:at Wikimedia Commons
2033:. The Daily Gazette.
1918:. New Straits Times.
1167:IntelliStation POWER
730:graphics workstation
719:graphics workstation
532:Silicon Graphics Inc
232:3D computer graphics
61:improve this article
3141:American inventions
2284:. Springer London.
1837:Stanford University
1645:IBM Systems Journal
1474:(5): 13. May 2018.
1220:Linux distributions
1169:on January 2, 2009.
811:Reliable components
616:, large amounts of
273:, image rendering,
3156:Business computing
3089:Computer-on-module
2947:Digital wristwatch
2749:Mobile workstation
2519:Video game console
2479:Internet appliance
1657:10.1147/sj.41.0031
1594:"IBM workstations"
1330:Mobile workstation
1103:
1005:
859:economies of scale
758:
750:
732:
721:
710:
695:
425:
415:model 735 running
406:
387:
239:personal computers
230:which powered the
192:mainframe computer
177:local area network
165:
3128:
3127:
3077:Rugged smartphone
2986:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2663:Small form factor
2489:Interactive kiosk
2394:Media related to
2336:978-0-323-27765-5
2047:(December 1991).
2030:The Daily Gazette
1932:CISSP Study Guide
1915:New Straits Times
1774:978-0-672-30412-5
1739:978-1-316-12976-0
1345:Music workstation
1286:Multiple displays
1112:desktop computers
1040:3.0, making it a
837:High-performance
814:High-performance
516:Three Rivers PERQ
488:Texas Instruments
303:videoconferencing
184:operating systems
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
3163:
3117:
3116:
2952:Calculator watch
2935:Activity tracker
2720:
2544:
2457:
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2419:
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2109:
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2107:. HP. July 2007.
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1764:The Brain Makers
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1580:
1571:. Archived from
1561:
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1501:
1492:
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1460:
1454:
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1392:
1383:
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1371:
1165:IBM retired the
1106:GPU workstations
1010:Macintosh Quadra
928:Operating system
798:
794:
790:
779:
775:
704:workstation: 2×
659:. In the 1990s,
634:network computer
585:Silicon Graphics
569:Sun Microsystems
361:systems running
295:graphics tablets
283:desktop computer
241:, especially in
208:Silicon Graphics
204:Sun Microsystems
132:
125:
121:
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112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
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3062:Microcontroller
3052:Embedded system
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2889:Ultra-mobile PC
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2016:
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1514:10.2172/1647336
1503:
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1416:
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1404:
1402:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1335:Gaming computer
1326:
1266:
1257:Fujitsu CELSIUS
1208:
1148:
1108:
1095:Hewlett-Packard
1087:
984:
982:Market position
805:
796:
792:
788:
777:
770:
683:
677:
626:
607:3D accelerators
565:Apollo Computer
557:microprocessors
550:
540:Apollo Computer
528:
430:
375:
351:Hewlett-Packard
271:medical imaging
212:Apollo Computer
198:connected to a
153:Tim Berners-Lee
151:was created by
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2578:
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2574:Personal super
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2526:
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2486:
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2476:
2471:
2469:Arcade cabinet
2465:
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2447:
2441:
2440:
2433:Computer sizes
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2384:External links
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2110:
2096:
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2045:Webster, Bruce
2036:
2020:
2010:
1986:
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1949:
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1147:
1144:
1107:
1104:
1086:
1083:
1026:Macintosh IIci
1022:Macintosh IIcx
1014:Motorola 68040
1000:processor and
983:
980:
979:
978:
974:
963:Windows NT 3.1
925:
913:
909:
902:
889:
882:floating-point
878:
875:floating-point
863:Motorola 68040
835:
812:
804:
801:
778:30 kFLOPS
679:Main article:
676:
673:
638:diskless nodes
625:
622:
561:Motorola 68000
527:
524:
429:
426:
374:
371:
319:IntelliStation
194:terminal to a
149:World Wide Web
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
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2527:
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2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2504:Smart speaker
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2474:Diskless node
2472:
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2293:
2291:9781447149323
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2156:on 2012-01-02
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1950:9781597499613
1946:
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1891:0-585-14273-4
1887:
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1741:
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1731:
1724:
1721:
1710:on 2019-07-05
1709:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1685:on 2017-12-22
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1575:on 2021-12-05
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1468:Physics World
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1304:
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1291:graphics card
1288:
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1274:
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1259:workstations)
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1128:video editing
1125:
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1100:
1096:
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1085:Modern market
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1080:
1079:3D Studio Max
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829:
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818:hardware for
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615:
612:
608:
604:
603:Fibre Channel
600:
595:
593:
589:
586:
582:
578:
575:. Meanwhile,
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
555:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
525:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
506:developed at
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
484:Lisp Machines
481:
476:
473:developed at
472:
471:Lisp machines
467:
465:
461:
457:
456:minicomputers
452:
450:
446:
443:In 1965, the
441:
439:
435:
427:
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418:
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410:
403:
399:
395:
391:
384:
379:
372:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
335:IBM PC Series
332:
329:CPUs running
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
281:is that of a
280:
276:
272:
268:
267:image editing
264:
263:video editing
260:
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252:
251:visualization
248:
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92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
76:"Workstation"
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3084:Single-board
2969:Smartglasses
2912:Programmable
2837:Mobile phone
2690:Blade server
2597:
2529:Microconsole
2524:Home console
2396:Workstations
2372:
2363:
2354:
2345:
2325:
2295:. Retrieved
2280:
2273:
2262:. Retrieved
2258:
2248:
2237:. Retrieved
2234:TechRepublic
2233:
2223:
2212:. Retrieved
2208:
2199:
2189:
2183:
2169:
2158:. Retrieved
2154:the original
2144:
2130:
2113:
2099:
2090:
2080:
2072:Ars Technica
2071:
2061:
2052:
2039:
2029:
2023:
2013:
2002:. Retrieved
1998:
1989:
1978:. Retrieved
1975:www.ossh.com
1974:
1965:
1954:. Retrieved
1931:
1924:
1914:
1908:
1881:
1876:
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1861:
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1836:
1824:
1813:. Retrieved
1811:. 2013-02-11
1803:
1792:. Retrieved
1783:
1763:
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1729:
1723:
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1708:the original
1698:
1687:. Retrieved
1683:the original
1673:
1651:(1): 31–42.
1648:
1644:
1634:
1623:. Retrieved
1621:. 2003-01-23
1618:
1609:
1600:
1588:
1577:. Retrieved
1573:the original
1568:
1559:
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1538:
1471:
1467:
1458:
1423:
1413:
1403:, retrieved
1399:
1378:
1369:
1301:Support for
1271:
1267:
1232:
1209:
1190:
1149:
1109:
1068:
1057:
1006:
991:Sun Ultra 20
865:and Intel's
841:: the first
806:
782:
759:
667:include the
665:thin clients
650:
627:
624:Thin clients
596:
581:VLSI Project
559:such as the
551:
512:Terak 8510/a
468:
453:
442:
431:
343:commoditized
307:
236:
187:
168:
166:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
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71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
32:Work station
18:Workstations
2827:Handheld PC
2759:Subnotebook
2737:Convertible
2598:Workstation
2591:Home server
2514:Thin client
2494:Rich client
2177:. Phoronix.
1999:www.CNN.com
1619:www.ibm.com
1132:3D modeling
1120:NVIDIA GPUs
1049:GeForce 256
904:High-speed
832:GeForce 256
816:3D graphics
691:NeXTstation
681:3M computer
675:3M computer
661:X terminals
630:thin client
500:Interlisp-D
492:TI Explorer
385:workstation
279:form factor
188:workstation
186:. The term
169:workstation
161:Switzerland
3135:Categories
2974:Smart ring
2962:Sportwatch
2957:Smartwatch
2940:Smart band
2917:Scientific
2899:Calculator
2859:Palmtop PC
2852:Smartphone
2789:Detachable
2614:All-in-one
2564:Industrial
2461:Appliances
2264:2022-04-08
2239:2022-04-03
2214:2023-11-16
2193:, Phoronix
2160:2012-04-11
2004:2022-03-18
1980:2022-03-18
1956:2022-03-18
1867:2022-03-10
1815:2022-03-19
1794:2022-03-08
1714:2022-03-06
1689:2022-03-08
1679:"IBM 1620"
1625:2022-03-06
1579:2021-12-05
1569:OIDair WEB
1550:2022-09-07
1508:(Report).
1441:0897910214
1405:2021-12-05
1400:Britannica
1361:References
1303:ECC memory
1264:Definition
1030:Quadra 700
1002:Solaris 10
924:mid-2000s.
906:networking
899:Serial ATA
822:(CAD) and
614:processors
530:See also:
520:Xerox Star
508:Xerox PARC
357:, selling
333:, and its
181:multi-user
173:scientific
87:newspapers
3096:Smartdust
3031:Minisuper
3026:Mainframe
3005:Supermini
2769:Smartbook
2744:Cloudbook
2646:Pizza box
2540:Computers
2499:Simulator
2297:April 28,
1748:899007268
1665:0018-8670
1530:242933956
1488:0953-8585
1280:slots or
1246:SGI Virtu
1185:Sun Ultra
1178:SGI Tezro
1140:rendering
936:Unix-like
797:$ 100,000
785:megapenny
763:MegaFLOPS
745:11i with
702:Sony NEWS
548:IBM RT PC
480:Symbolics
438:codenamed
259:animation
117:July 2010
3120:Category
2992:Midrange
2927:Wearable
2907:Graphing
2884:Siftable
2817:E-reader
2804:Handheld
2754:Notebook
2695:Blade PC
2678:Stick PC
2658:Portable
2641:Deskside
2624:Tabletop
2569:Personal
2509:Smart TV
2091:PC Guide
2053:MacWorld
1900:44965252
1842:15 March
1450:12045240
1324:See also
1174:SGI Fuel
1034:Infini-D
793:$ 15,000
789:$ 10,000
717:SGI Indy
653:3Station
522:(1981).
514:(1977),
445:IBM 1130
434:IBM 1620
419:and the
289:, and a
287:keyboard
247:graphics
179:and run
145:NeXTcube
2847:Feature
2794:Phablet
2764:Netbook
2668:Mini PC
2636:Desktop
2629:Surface
2607:By size
2437:classes
1522:1647336
1228:Solaris
1216:FreeBSD
1212:Windows
1160:HP 9000
1097:Z6, an
1071:AutoCAD
998:Opteron
886:80486DX
871:Pentium
803:Decline
771:1
669:Sun Ray
494:), and
449:Fortran
413:HP 9000
394:HP 9000
373:History
363:Windows
355:Fujitsu
325:-based
315:RS/6000
299:3D mice
200:network
101:scholar
3118:
3072:Rugged
3045:Others
2869:Pocket
2842:Camera
2781:Tablet
2732:2-in-1
2724:Laptop
2715:Mobile
2586:Server
2581:Public
2554:Gaming
2547:By use
2453:Static
2333:
2288:
2124:. IBM.
1947:
1898:
1888:
1771:
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1736:
1663:
1528:
1520:
1486:
1448:
1438:
1248:VS3xx)
1226:, and
1206:x86-64
1196:POWER9
1138:, and
1122:to do
1099:x86-64
1064:POWER4
1053:Quadro
1046:Nvidia
948:32-bit
912:1990s.
828:Nvidia
773:kFLOPS
728:SGI O2
642:server
611:64-bit
554:32-bit
546:, and
400:9 and
381:Early
359:x86-64
353:, and
339:Aptiva
297:, and
226:, and
103:
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3036:Super
3014:Large
2651:Tower
2619:Panel
2445:Micro
2373:PCMAG
2355:PCMAG
2122:(PDF)
1833:(PDF)
1597:(PDF)
1526:S2CID
1446:S2CID
1312:PCI-E
1224:macOS
1114:with
1093:This
1018:68000
993:with
971:Linux
951:80386
921:SPARC
917:80286
867:80486
851:Intel
743:HP-UX
706:68030
577:DARPA
498:(the
496:Xerox
490:(the
462:from
460:PDP-8
423:(CDE)
417:HP-UX
404:(VUE)
398:HP-UX
383:Xerox
367:Linux
327:POWER
321:have
291:mouse
108:JSTOR
94:books
3067:Nano
3021:Grid
3000:Mini
2685:Rack
2673:Plug
2559:Home
2435:and
2331:ISBN
2299:2024
2286:ISBN
1945:ISBN
1896:OCLC
1886:ISBN
1844:2022
1769:ISBN
1744:OCLC
1734:ISBN
1661:ISSN
1518:OSTI
1484:ISSN
1436:ISBN
1315:NVMe
1278:DIMM
1255:and
1176:and
1152:RISC
1075:Avid
1042:Unix
1038:A/UX
1024:and
969:and
959:OS/2
955:MMUs
932:Unix
869:and
847:CISC
843:RISC
839:CPUs
657:3Com
599:SCSI
592:RISC
588:3130
573:Unix
567:and
536:NeXT
504:Alto
469:The
347:Dell
337:and
323:RISC
317:and
224:NeXT
157:CERN
80:news
2259:CRN
1937:doi
1653:doi
1601:IBM
1510:doi
1476:doi
1428:doi
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1310:or
1308:M.2
1193:IBM
1118:or
1116:AMD
1060:die
995:AMD
967:BSD
940:VMS
894:ISA
855:x86
853:'s
795:to
747:CDE
655:by
632:or
618:RAM
601:or
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