702:, a journal Zs-Nagy founded and of which he is editor-in-chief. Zs-Nagy defended therapies promoted by A4M, which he states are related to his own "membrane hypothesis of aging", as theoretically feasible. He described the conflict between the scientific community and the academy as one pitting government funds, "personal gain" and "intellectual dishonesty" against the "independent, open-minded approach" of A4M, calling the conflict one of the "biggest scandals of the recent history of medicine".
666:, described it as "a lighthearted attempt to make the public aware of ... anti-aging quackery". This "award" was presented by Olshansky, who stated that in his opinion, a "suite of anti-aging substances created by Ronald Klatz and Robert Goldman ... and sold on the Internet by Market America, Inc." had made "outrageous or exaggerated claims about slowing or reversing human aging". Writing in
3074:
401:. Rudman had treated twelve men over 60 years of age with human growth hormone; after six months, these men had an increase in lean body mass and a decrease in adipose tissue mass when compared with a group of nine men who did not receive hormone. Members of the anti-aging movement have interpreted these results to support a role for growth hormone in slowing or reversing aging. A review in
72:, do not have support from a consensus of the wider medical community. Many scientists studying aging dissociate themselves from the claims of A4M, and critics have accused the group of using misleading marketing to sell expensive and ineffective products. The A4M's founders and merchants who promote products through the organization have been involved in legal and professional disputes.
675:
demanding $ 150 million in damages, with Klatz stating "We take great exception to Mr
Olshansky and his tactics which have finally compelled us to file suit for various unprofessional and improper actions". Klatz and Goldman described this action as "part of a larger campaign of disparagement by Olshansky and Perls aimed at discrediting A4M and its founders". The
573:
using the designation "M.D." in addition to the appropriate "D.O." title and fined $ 5,000. Both physicians did receive degrees as doctors of medicine, but were never properly licensed to use the title "M.D." in
Illinois". In 2009, Klatz and Goldman stated that Illinois Department of Financial & Professional Regulation had determined that they are currently:
147:, in a culture that is focused on the ideal of youth. Haber has also discussed the strong continuities within the philosophy of the anti-aging movement, writing that "For Steinach and Voronoff, as for the members of the A4M, old age was a 'grotesque' disease that could be scientifically eradicated through the correct combination of hormones, diet, and surgery."
426:
therapy." However, MSNBC reports that Daniel Rudman, the author of the 1990 study that sparked the movement, "issued many caveats and cautions about using HGH and never recommended its use to delay aging. In fact, he was horrified his study was being used to support the industry especially since heavy use of growth hormone can have unwanted side effects".
610:
discussed ongoing federal and state investigations into illegal trafficking of human growth hormone and anabolic steroids, noting that "many of the individuals and companies cited in the indictments have been involved with the academy and its conventions over the years". However, the paper notes that
601:
states that growth hormone is a potentially dangerous drug and its supply "for any use ... other than the treatment of a disease or other recognized medical condition, where such use has been authorized by the
Secretary of Human Services" is a felony under the 1990 Anabolic Steroids Control Act.
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They go on to state that they have "valid M.D. degrees from a recognized medical school". Writing in 2004, the historian Carole Haber put this dispute into context, noting that "like the gland doctors before them, the leaders of the A4M have had their practices and credentials assailed by the medical
690:
In 2002, Olshansky, Hayflick, and Carnes published a position paper, endorsed by 51 scientists in the field of aging, stating that "no currently marketed intervention has yet been proved to slow, stop or reverse human aging...The entrepreneurs, physicians and other health care practitioners who make
620:
When you are out on the frontier, you are going to attract some of the very best people, and some who are ... not the very best. We have had situations where we've had to contact people and say, 'Would you mind affiliating yourself with another organization?' It is an ongoing process, and I think we
356:
and hormones that are promoted as anti-aging products by A4M and clinics like the Palm
Springs Life Extension Institute concluded that these products have "minimal to no effect on improving longevity or functional abilities." In an editorial accompanying this study, Thomas Perls stated that although
674:
states that this award appears to have been an attempt by
Olshansky to protect what he saw as "'real' science from the taint of swindle." Mykytyn states that this involved Olshansky "tagging the A4M as fraudulent and its principals as profiteers". In response, the academy filed defamation lawsuits,
163:
The main activity of the A4M is PR and advocacy for its brand of anti-aging medicine. It does this through publications, on-line activity and sponsoring conferences including the World Anti-Aging
Congress and Exposition and the Annual World Congress on Anti-Aging Medicine. Some of these conferences
572:
stated that Klatz and
Goldman "agreed to pay $ 5,000 penalties for allegedly identifying themselves as doctors of medicine in the state without being "properly licensed"." The Illinois Division of Professional Regulation disciplinary records state that Klatz and Goldman "agreed to cease and desist
454:
s then-editor in chief, Jeffrey M. Drazen, M.D. and was entitled, "Inappropriate
Advertising of Dietary Supplements". It focused mostly on the advertising of dietary supplements. The other article was written by the editor-in-chief at the time the 1990 article was published, Mary Lee Vance, M.D.,
425:
noted the long history of these ideas, but stated that the "concept of a 'hormonal fountain of youth' is predominantly mythological." Nevertheless, Klatz maintains that growth hormone reverses aging as a physical process and has described growth hormone as "the first medically proven age-reversal
301:
In 2009 the A4M stated that it is no longer associated with the journal and that it had sold its interests in this publication in 1999. They also defended the scientific quality of its contents, writing that almost all of its articles were reviewed by an editorial board before publication. Robert
172:
According to a review of the anti-aging movement published in 2005, the A4M is one of the most prominent organizations that are making "attempts at legitimizing anti-aging as a medical specialty". The review notes that these efforts at legitimization are contentious and have been rebuffed by some
529:
As with other hormones, hGH levels often decline with age, but this decrease is not necessarily bad. At least one epidemiological study suggests that people who have high levels of hGH are more apt to die at younger ages than those with lower levels of the hormone. Researchers have also studied
564:, they also received M.D. degrees as doctors of medicine from a university in Belize in 1988, although the paper notes that they had not studied in Belize. In 2009 Klatz and Goldman stated that these degrees involved eight years of medical and surgical training and a year of clinical rotations.
213:
that "Although the organization is not recognized by the
American Medical Association, A4M has established three board-certification programs under its auspices—for physicians, chiropractors, dentists, naturopaths, podiatrists, pharmacists, registered nurses, nurse practitioners, nutritionists,
324:
and who believe that no currently available intervention can slow or prevent aging. The alternative viewpoint is represented by people who the article states have "fewer credentials" and who promote a range of products that claim to have anti-aging properties. A similar observation was made by
208:
does not recognize this body as having professional standing. MSNBC noted that "as far as the
American Medical Association or the American Board of Medical Specialties is concerned, there is no such thing as an anti-aging specialty." Robert Binstock stated in a 2004 review article in
486:
also reported that the A4M disputed the conclusions of this review, quoting from an A4M statement which maintained that growth hormone supplementation is beneficial in healthy adults and which described arguments against the use of the hormone as a "heinous act of malpractice".
372:
quotes Klatz as describing those who doubt the validity of anti-aging medicine as "flat-earthers" who make unjustified criticisms that are not backed by scientific evidence, the article also states that Klatz "sees the science and medical establishments as out to get him."
538:
review also stated that although the decreasing levels of the hormone seen in the elderly might reduce quality of life, this change could protect from age-related diseases and cited evidence linking GH to cancer. This concern was mirrored in a 2008 review published in
296:
is not a recognized scientific journal. What I find reprehensible about this 'journal' is that advertisers who publish in it can then claim there is scientific evidence to support their outrageous assertions by pointing to the publication in an alleged scientific
615:
suggested that, from an examination of the disciplinary records of doctors in California, members of the A4M in this state were approximately ten times more likely to be disciplined than the national average. In the article, Klatz is quoted as commenting that:
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272:
This alleged "journal" is particularly misleading because it gives the false impression that it is a genuine scientific journal and that what is published in it is peer-reviewed. It is little more than an advertising vehicle for every conceivable anti-aging
46:, and the organization trains and certifies physicians in this specialty. As of 2011, approximately 26,000 practitioners had been given A4M certificates. The field of anti-aging medicine is not recognized by established medical organizations, such as the
154:
states that "Many physicians, researchers and scientists, delving into the physiological aspects of human aging, view the Academy's activities with disdain, saying that the organization is an inappropriate blend of scientific and commercial interests."
177:
noted that A4M "actively solicits and displays numerous advertisements on its website for products and services (such as cosmetics and alternative medicines and therapies), anti-aging clinics, and anti-aging physicians and practitioners."
184:
reported in 2004 that Klatz professes outrage at suggestions that he is motivated by money, quoting him as insisting that "The only thing that I sell are books... my website is non-commercial – we're just trying to advance science."
168:
stated that the 2004 annual conference of the A4M at Las Vegas presented a mix of "scientific and technical presentations" and exhibitors selling "wrinkle creams, hair-growing potions, sexual enhancement pills and hormone treatments".
1239:
365:, published a general warning in 2009 against businesses that claim anti-aging benefits for their products, describing these as "health scams" and stating that "no treatments have been proven to slow or reverse the aging process".
442:
noted that the long-term risks or benefits of this treatment are uncertain, that "neither the benefits nor the dangers have been defined" and advising that a "prudent physician should not condone the use of GH for normal aging".
1305:
577:
licensed physicians and surgeons of osteopathic medicine in good standing in Illinois for over 20 years, which allows them to practice and carry out all duties equivalent to what a medical doctor, an M.D., may do in
611:
the academy is not accused of any wrongdoing as part of these investigations and quotes Klatz and Goldman as stating that "they barely knew the suspects or the nature of their businesses". A May 2000 article in the
173:
academic scientists who work on aging, who instead attempt to portray the A4M as "charlatans whose main goal is making money." In a review of the history of anti-aging medicine published in 2004, Robert Binstock of
530:
animals with genetic disorders that suppress growth hormone production and secretion and found reduced growth hormone secretion may actually promote longevity in those species that have been tested.
348:
stated that the products promoted by the A4M have "no credible scientific basis" and that "there are no proven, scientifically established 'anti-aging' medications". A 2006 review published in the
1242:
1341:
Grey, Aubrey D. N. J. de; Leonid Gavrilov; S. Jay Olshansky; L. Stephen Coles; Richard G. Cutler; Michael Fossel; S. Mitchell Harman (April 26, 2002). "Antiaging Technology and Pseudoscience".
606:
that no growth hormone products have been approved as anti-aging treatments and supply for this use is therefore illegal and an "offense punishable by not more than 5 years in prison". In 2007
568:
reported that the Illinois State Board of Medical Registration did not recognize these M.D. degrees, and stated that the Board fined the men for using M.D. after their names. Writing in 2004,
691:
these claims are taking advantage of consumers who cannot easily distinguish between the hype and reality of interventions designed to influence the aging process and age-related diseases,".
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450:
published two articles that strongly and clearly stated that there was insufficient medical and scientific evidence to support use of HGH as anti-aging drug. One article was written by the
128:, states that Klatz' aspirations and the rhetoric of the A4M "reflect well-worn ideas and the often-enunciated hopes of the past", drawing parallels with the ideas of the 19th century
3354:
331:
in 2006, when they stated that although anti-aging medicine is increasingly popular, there is "precious little scientific data to back up their claims that the potions extend life."
200:
The A4M's American Board of Anti-Aging Medicine (ABAAM) states that it offers anti-aging medicine as a specialty and gives educational credits to those who attend A4M conferences.
2701:
R. J. Davenport, "And the Loser Is ...: Silver Fleece Awards 'honor' antiaging quackery (Questionable therapies)", Science's SAGE KE, February 20, 2002, Accessed January 12, 2015
654:
In 2002, A4M was a co-recipient of the first "Silver Fleece Award", created to publicize "the most ridiculous claims about antiaging medicine" according to the award's inventor,
510:), and improves quality of life without significant side effects. The extension of this approach to healthy elderly people is an area of current research, with a 2000 review in
597:
have stated that the use of growth hormone as an anti-aging product is illegal. However, Klatz and Goldman dispute this, arguing that this use of growth hormone is legal. The
630:
According to lawyers claiming to act for A4M and one or more people involved with it, their clients had initiated "defamation actions in New York and Massachusetts" against
521:
noted the opinions of the A4M on this topic, but suggested that high levels of growth hormone might actually accelerate aging. This concern was repeated by the United States
415:
reports that the idea that growth hormone can improve "health, energy level and sense of well-being." is a core belief of the A4M, with Klatz writing a book in 1998 entitled
455:
and was entitled, "Can Growth Hormone Prevent Aging?"; it focused more on the medical issues around whether there was sufficient evidence to use HGH as an anti-aging agent.
432:
states that medical authorities not affiliated with the A4M question the safety and efficacy of the use of growth hormone in anti-aging medicine, quoting Michael Fossell of
79:
to the promotion of anti-aging medicine noted that the activities of the A4M were seen as a threat to the credibility of serious scientific research on aging. According to
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514:
commenting that "Clearly more studies are needed before GH replacement for the elderly becomes established." and noting that "safety issues will require close scrutiny".
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are in conjunction with the World Anti-Aging Academy of Medicine, an umbrella group for several national anti-aging organizations that is also headed by Goldman. The
3468:
3322:
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543:, which stated that the risk of increasing the incidence of cancer was a strong argument against the use of this hormone as an "elixir of youth" in healthy adults.
68:
Several of the anti-aging methods recommended by the academy have wide support among experts in the field, such as exercise and a healthy diet, but others, such as
478:
and lead author of the paper, who stated that people are paying thousands of dollars a year for a treatment that has not been proved to be beneficial and has many
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721:
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noted that this promotion of growth hormone as an anti-aging remedy is "arguably similar" to ideas that date back to the late 19th century, when the physiologist
320:, there are two opposing viewpoints of anti-aging products. The article states that the first view is represented by scientists who publish their findings in the
2685:
1141:"Anti-Aging Medicine: The History: The Three Avenues of Gerontology: From Basic Research to Clinical Gerontology and Anti-Aging Medicine. Another French Paradox"
150:
A 2006 review of anti-aging medicine notes that of the researchers who are interested in this topic, the "vast majority dissociate themselves from the A4M." The
1474:
679:
quoted experts on libel law who stated that the action was an "almost unheard-of attempt to punish academics for comments made in their professional capacity".
1565:
Kamel, Nabil S; Julie Gammack; Oscar Cepeda; Joseph H Flaherty (2006). "Antioxidants and hormones as antiaging therapies: high hopes, disappointing results".
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who stated that "hormone therapies are the new patent medicines – cure-alls embraced by a too-trusting public." A 2003 review that was published in the
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421:
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785:
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Some small studies have shown that low-dose GH treatment for adults with severe GH deficiency, such as that produced after surgical removal of the
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281:
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2004:
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many unjustified claims were made about anti-ageing products, no substance had yet been shown to halt or slow the aging process. Similarly, the
2408:
99:, a prominent critic of the organization, has stated that claims of censorship and suppression are a common theme in what he calls "anti-aging
3458:
3453:
1844:
1798:
1493:
205:
47:
2525:
Olshansky, S. Jay; Thomas T. Perls (2008). "New Developments in the Illegal Provision of Growth Hormone for "Anti-Aging" and Bodybuilding".
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96:
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advocated rejuvenating hormone products prepared from animal testicles and stated that "the injections have taken 30 years off my life".
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598:
406:
132:
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described them as consisting of a set of advertisements for a "pseudoscientific anti-aging industry". According to Bruce Carnes of the
3275:
2578:
1750:
Miller, Nicole L.; Brant R. Fulmer (2007). "Injection, Ligation and Transplantation: The Search for the Glandular Fountain of Youth".
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where he states "The 'Fountain of Youth' lies within the cells of each of us. All you need to do is release it". A 2005 review in the
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1414:
671:
663:
446:
As a result of the reactions to the 1990 article and its frequent citation by proponents of HGH as an anti-aging agent, in 2003 the
991:"Anti-Aging Medicine: The Legal Issues: Anti-Aging Quackery: Human Growth Hormone and Tricks of the Trade—More Dangerous Than Ever"
742:
242:
226:, a trade periodical which is their official magazine, as well as proceedings of its anti-aging conferences in a periodical called
117:, their co-founder and president Ronald Klatz stated that "We're not about growing old gracefully. We're about never growing old."
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2143:"Body composition and quality of life in adults with growth hormone deficiency; effects of low-dose growth hormone replacement"
393:
303:
174:
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557:
55:
2713:
1429:"Anti-Aging Medicine: The History: Anti-Aging Medicine and Research: A Realm of Conflict and Profound Societal Implications"
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1683:
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887:
362:
1709:
Rudman D, Feller AG, Nagraj HS, Gergans GA, Lalitha PY, Goldberg AF, Schlenker RA, Cohn L, Rudman IW, Mattson DE (1990).
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88:
51:
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A 2007 review on the use of human growth hormone as an anti-aging treatment in healthy elderly people published in the
3295:
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Zs.-Nagy, Imre (2009). "Is consensus in anti-aging medical intervention an elusive expectation or a realistic goal?".
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522:
460:
358:
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Mykytyn, Courtney Everts (February 2006). "Anti-aging medicine: A patient/practitioner movement to redefine aging".
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3225:
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Alexopoulou O, Abs R, Maiter D (2010). "Treatment of adult growth hormone deficiency: who, why and how? A review".
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Haber, C (2001–2002). "Anti-aging: why now? A historical framework for understanding the contemporary enthusiasm".
438:
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A 2008 review of the controversy surrounding the use of growth hormone in anti-aging medicine which published in
433:
863:
856:
638:, the A4M co-founders Ronald Klatz and Robert Goldman are pursuing legal action against the online encyclopedia
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968:"Mainstream docs join anti-aging bandwagon. But with M.D. endorsements, is the field more credible – or risky?"
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193:, which sells products that promise to "slow the ageing process". However, according to a 2005 article in the
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698:, Hungary, defended A4M from what he called the "gerontological establishment" in an editorial published in
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265:
125:
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806:
Mykytyn, Courtney (2006). "Contentious terminology and complicated cartography of anti-aging medicine".
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321:
83:, anti-aging advocates have responded to such criticism by describing it as censorship perpetrated by a
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Market America Refuses to Grow Old Gracefully; Company Launches Anti-Aging Store at Recent Conference.
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The academy's co-founders include Klatz and Goldman, who are licensed osteopathic physicians and have
54:(AMA). The academy's activities include lobbying and public relations. The A4M was founded in 1993 by
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states that the case "ended in a settlement, with neither side paying damages or the other's costs."
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76:
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17:
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states that Olshansky countersued and that "both sides eventually agreed to drop their cases". The
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43:
143:. Haber states that the current resurgence of these ideas may be due to their appeal to the aging
62:
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1981:
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Illinois Department of Professional Regulation Monthly Disciplinary report for December 2000
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2199:
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2107:
2020:
2016:
1971:
1930:
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1312:
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491:
2190:
Savine R, Sönksen P (2000). "Growth hormone – hormone replacement for the somatopause?".
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The activities of the A4M are controversial: in 2003 a commentary on the response of the
2470:"Provision or Distribution of Growth Hormone for "Antiaging": Clinical and Legal Issues"
2339:
Jenkins, P. J.; A. Mukherjee; S. M. Shalet (2006). "Does growth hormone cause cancer?".
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479:
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Turner, Leigh (May 1, 2004). "Biotechnology, bioethics and anti-aging interventions".
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2005:"Systematic Review: The Safety and Efficacy of Growth Hormone in the Healthy Elderly"
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was published by Total Health Holdings, LLC from 1998 to 2001, on behalf of the A4M.
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2219:
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2003:; Smita Nayak; Brian Roberts; Alan M. Garber; Andrew R. Hoffman (January 16, 2007).
1602:
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835:
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3149:
3119:
3043:
3033:
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2000:
1386:
129:
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Cummings, David E.; George R. Merriam (2003). "Growth Hormone Therapy in Adults".
1814:
Kim, M J; J E Morley (2005). "The hormonal fountains of youth: myth or reality?".
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91:, the AMA, and the mainstream media, motivated by competing commercial interests.
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The American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine was formed following a 1990 study on
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1116:
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1007:
990:
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as a common side effect and found no evidence that the hormone prolongs life.
3387:
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3048:
2735:
The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
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went on to note a partnership between Klatz and Goldman and a business named
3134:
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1100:"Life extension and history: the continual search for the fountain of youth"
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92:
39:
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2368:
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2211:
2168:
2141:
Ahmad AM, Hopkins MT, Thomas J, Ibrahim H, Fraser WD, Vora JP (June 2001).
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1985:
1944:
1903:
1829:
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1454:
1378:
1212:
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1016:
945:
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100:
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Perls, Thomas T.; Neal R. Reisman; S. Jay Olshansky (October 26, 2005).
1976:
1959:
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1918:
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Grow Young with HGH: The Amazing Medically Proven Plan to Reverse Aging
1370:
417:
Grow Young with HGH: The Amazing Medically Proven Plan to Reverse Aging
2862:
Olshansky, S. Jay; Leonard Hayflick; Bruce A. Carnes (June 19, 2002).
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concluded the risks of HGH significantly outweigh the benefits, noted
2978:
975:
495:
884:"'Silver Fleece' Awards Warn Consumers of Anti-Aging Misinformation"
306:
stated in 2004 that this periodical is a "nonrefereed publication".
3245:
886:. University of Illinois at Chicago: Newswise. February 26, 2004.
465:
80:
2839:
Holding back the years: Scientists say extended youth may be near
2631:"Claims of Defamation on Knowledge :: Notices :: Lumen"
2314:"Can We Prevent Aging? Tips from the National Institute on Aging"
1472:
Holding back the years: Scientists say extended youth may be near
397:. The study was performed by Daniel Rudman and colleagues at the
499:
214:
dieticians, sports trainers and fitness consultants, and PhDs."
2909:
658:. Heated legal and academic controversies ensued. Olshansky, a
2456:
Illinois Department of Financial & Professional Regulation
494:, produces positive changes in body composition by increasing
256:
have been strongly criticised. In a 2002 letter published in
241:) was another periodical published by the A4M. According to
65:, and as of 2013 claimed 26,000 members from 120 countries.
1711:"Effects of human growth hormone in men over 60 years old"
2067:"Growth Hormone Ineffective for Anti-Aging, Studies Say"
743:"Dr Ronald Klatz's Interview With The Anti Aging Source"
782:"'Age management' is a controversial new medical focus"
334:
As an example of the first viewpoint, a 2004 review in
2729:
Olshansky SJ, Hayflick L, Carnes BA (August 1, 2002).
642:
in New York County Court, seeking damages for alleged
2807:
2252:"Growth hormone and aging: A challenging controversy"
2683:
American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine v. Wikimedia
3425:
3365:
3314:
3193:
3097:
3081:
2946:
1919:"Inappropriate Advertising of Dietary Supplements"
1786:
42:nonprofit organization that promotes the field of
3504:Medical and health organizations based in Florida
1281:
1279:
1277:
197:, the company later pulled out of this contract.
2568:Human Growth Hormone/Steroids Statutory Overview
3355:Lifespan: Why We Age – and Why We Don't Have To
3059:Strategies for engineered negligible senescence
1287:Professor sued over opinion of anti-aging group
618:
575:
527:
290:
270:
2719:November 17, 2006, Accessed September 14, 2009
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
878:
876:
874:
872:
722:Strategic lawsuit against public participation
2921:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
851:
849:
847:
845:
801:
799:
797:
795:
8:
2831:Holding back the years with a little passion
2714:Legal dispute over anti-aging medicine ends.
2232:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 (
1329:International Journal of Anti-Aging Medicine
1093:
1091:
294:International Journal of Anti-Aging Medicine
254:International Journal of Anti-Aging Medicine
235:International Journal of Anti-Aging Medicine
1502:March 20, 2006, Accessed September 28, 2009
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
594:Journal of the American Medical Association
2928:
2914:
2906:
2609:
2607:
1466:
1464:
1178:
1176:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
3014:Index of topics related to life extension
2746:
2658:"Doctors Group Says Knowledge Defamed It"
2401:"Aging: Disease or Business Opportunity?"
2285:
2267:
2245:
2243:
2158:
1975:
1934:
1817:Journal of Endocrinological Investigation
1726:
1525:
1444:
1156:
1115:
1006:
935:
670:, anthropologist Courtney Mykytyn of the
621:are attracting better and better doctors.
422:Journal of Endocrinological Investigation
120:Writing in the 2001 issue of the journal
3494:1993 establishments in the United States
2620:May 8, 2000, Accessed September 22, 2009
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
918:Binstock, Robert H. (February 1, 2003).
2615:Troubling Record for Anti-Aging Doctors
2595:Department of Health and Human Services
2021:10.7326/0003-4819-146-2-200701160-00005
961:
959:
957:
955:
749:. The Anti Aging Source. Archived from
733:
282:University of California, San Francisco
230:, this is edited by Klatz and Goldman.
32:American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine
3469:Medical education in the United States
2772:Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics
2664:from the original on September 4, 2009
2442:from the original on January 28, 2013.
2225:
2060:
2058:
1049:from the original on September 8, 2020
788:from the original on December 2, 2009.
700:Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics
560:degrees (D.O.). However, according to
502:density and muscle strength; improves
498:mass, decreasing fat mass, increasing
310:Divergent views on anti-aging products
3489:Health charities in the United States
2637:from the original on January 11, 2015
772:
770:
768:
206:American Board of Medical Specialties
48:American Board of Medical Specialties
7:
2432:"A Drug's Promise (or Not) of Youth"
1917:Jeffrey, M. Drazen (February 2003).
1888:10.1146/annurev.med.54.101601.152147
1622:Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
1567:Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
857:A rift in business, science of aging
350:Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
97:Boston University School of Medicine
18:World Anti-Aging Academy of Medicine
2864:"Position Statement on Human Aging"
2731:"Position statement on human aging"
2411:from the original on March 26, 2017
1964:The New England Journal of Medicine
1960:"Can Growth Hormone Prevent Aging?"
1923:The New England Journal of Medicine
966:Alexander, Brian (April 21, 2008).
602:Similarly, the FDA has stated in a
599:United States Department of Justice
314:According to a 2002 article in the
3474:Alternative medicine organizations
2823:A Drug's Promise (or Not) of Youth
1676:"Age Page: Beware of Health Scams"
1104:J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci
920:"The War on "Anti-Aging Medicine""
890:from the original on June 14, 2009
87:of the US government, notably the
25:
2656:Hull, Sarah (September 1, 2009).
1958:Mary Lee, Vance (February 2003).
1616:Perls, Thomas T (December 2006).
1484:2002, Accessed September 28, 2009
989:Perls, Thomas T. (July 1, 2004).
672:University of Southern California
664:University of Illinois at Chicago
3072:
2582:1997, Accessed September 6, 2009
2430:Brian Alexander (July 9, 2006).
2353:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02404.x
2160:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2001.01275.x
1656:from the original on May 8, 2022
1331:, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory
650:Dispute with Olshansky and Perls
391:(hGH) that was published in the
377:Human growth hormone controversy
124:, historian Carole Haber of the
3089:Timeline of senescence research
2579:United States Attorneys' Manual
2399:Wilson, Duff (April 15, 2007).
2256:Clinical Interventions in Aging
2065:Dan Childs (January 16, 2007).
1197:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.06.021
1037:Kuczynski, A (April 12, 1998).
536:Clinical Interventions in Aging
519:Clinical Interventions in Aging
448:New England Journal of Medicine
394:New England Journal of Medicine
340:written by Leigh Turner of the
304:Case Western Reserve University
175:Case Western Reserve University
27:American nonprofit organization
1824:(11 Suppl Proceedings): 5–14.
1039:"Anti-Aging Potion or Poison?"
558:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
243:Ulrich's Periodicals Directory
1:
2784:10.1016/j.archger.2009.02.002
2458:, Accessed September 13, 2009
1684:National Institutes of Health
1536:10.1016/j.tibtech.2004.03.008
1433:J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci
1355:10.1126/science.296.5568.656a
1318:, Accessed September 20, 2009
1296:, Accessed September 10, 2009
1271:, Accessed September 15, 2009
1245:, Accessed September 15, 2009
1185:Social Science & Medicine
1145:J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci
995:J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci
694:In 2009, Imre Zs-Nagy of the
506:parameters (i.e. decrease of
407:Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard
363:National Institutes of Health
133:Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard
3459:Life extension organizations
3454:Old age in the United States
2847:Selling The Promise Of Youth
2692:, Citizen Media Law Project.
2601:, Accessed September 6, 2009
1618:"Hope drives antiaging hype"
1494:Selling The Promise Of Youth
1427:Binstock, Robert H. (2004).
1316:National Library of Medicine
399:Medical College of Wisconsin
342:Institute for Advanced Study
89:Food and Drug Administration
52:American Medical Association
3216:Alliance for Aging Research
2902:National Institute on Aging
2896:National Institute on Aging
2660:. Courthouse News Service.
2310:National Institute on Aging
1999:Liu, Hau; Dena M. Bravata;
1728:10.1056/NEJM199007053230101
1680:National Institute on Aging
866:Accessed September 10, 2009
523:National Institute on Aging
461:Annals of Internal Medicine
359:National Institute on Aging
3520:
3499:Charities based in Florida
3251:Gerontology Research Group
2880:10.1126/sageke.2002.24.pe9
2688:February 18, 2012, at the
1764:10.1016/j.juro.2007.01.135
587:Regulatory and tort issues
380:
3291:MPI for Biology of Ageing
3070:
3024:Longevity escape velocity
2868:Sci. Aging Knowl. Environ
2856:Academic and governmental
2206:(inactive June 2, 2024).
1876:Annual Review of Medicine
820:10.1007/s10522-006-9016-z
525:who stated in 2009 that:
439:Annual Review of Medicine
434:Michigan State University
3464:Geriatrics organizations
3402:Experimental Gerontology
3301:SENS Research Foundation
2748:10.1093/gerona/57.8.B292
2573:August 28, 2009, at the
2539:10.1001/jama.299.23.2792
2489:10.1001/jama.294.16.2086
2250:Bartke, Andrzej (2008).
1845:"The Guru of Anti-Aging"
1446:10.1093/gerona/59.6.B523
1413:www.courthousenews.com,
1158:10.1093/gerona/59.6.B540
1117:10.1093/gerona/59.6.B515
1008:10.1093/gerona/59.7.B682
583:and legal communities".
286:Experimental Gerontology
3374:Ageing Research Reviews
3019:List of aging processes
1634:10.3949/ccjm.73.12.1039
1628:(12): 1039–1040, 1044.
1579:10.3949/ccjm.73.12.1049
1573:(12): 1049–1056, 1058.
1514:Trends in Biotechnology
1306:Anti-aging therapeutics
1139:Robert, Leslie (2004).
636:Courthouse News Service
474:interviewed Hau Liu of
337:Trends in Biotechnology
228:Anti-Aging Therapeutics
224:Anti Aging Medical News
3064:Transhumanist politics
2894:Beware of Health Scams
2341:Clinical Endocrinology
2147:Clinical Endocrinology
1785:Klatz, Ronald (1998).
1752:The Journal of Urology
1477:July 11, 2011, at the
1311:June 22, 2018, at the
1233:Want to live for ever?
696:University of Debrecen
634:in 2009. According to
623:
580:
541:Clinical Endocrinology
532:
403:The Journal of Urology
361:, who are part of the
299:
275:
266:University of Oklahoma
204:has reported that the
126:University of Delaware
56:osteopathic physicians
3416:Rejuvenation Research
3409:Neurobiology of Aging
3286:Methuselah Foundation
2900:Can We Prevent Aging?
1793:. Harper Paperbacks.
1098:Haber C (June 2004).
978:on September 6, 2014.
937:10.1093/geront/43.1.4
346:Princeton, New Jersey
322:scientific literature
284:, a former editor of
38:) is a United States
2112:10.1179/acb.2010.002
2100:Acta Clinica Belgica
753:on September 4, 2011
591:Two articles in the
389:human growth hormone
252:The contents of the
145:Baby Boom Generation
77:scientific community
3261:Immortalist Society
3009:Indefinite lifespan
2989:Free-radical theory
2969:Calorie restriction
2959:Anti-aging movement
1977:10.1056/NEJMp020186
1936:10.1056/NEJMp030021
1243:archive url, page 2
1240:archive url, page 1
476:Stanford University
44:anti-aging medicine
3331:The First Immortal
2817:Newspaper articles
2405:The New York Times
2320:on August 25, 2009
2198:(Suppl 3): 37–41.
1843:Arlene Weintraub.
1690:on August 31, 2009
1260:July 16, 2012, at
1238:September 4, 2004
1043:The New York Times
862:January 12, 2004,
608:The New York Times
566:The New York Times
562:The New York Times
552:Credential dispute
430:The New York Times
413:The New York Times
222:The A4M publishes
202:The New York Times
114:The New York Times
70:hormone treatments
3441:
3440:
3271:Insilico Medicine
3110:Eric R. Braverman
3054:Stem-cell therapy
2842:The Seattle Times
2826:Los Angeles Times
2618:Los Angeles Times
2533:(23): 2792–2794.
2506:on March 20, 2009
2483:(16): 2086–2090.
2436:Los Angeles Times
2269:10.2147/CIA.S3697
2204:10.1159/000023531
1855:on August 6, 2009
1800:978-0-06-098434-2
860:Los Angeles Times
741:Fontenot, Cliff.
712:Maximum life span
632:Knowledge editors
613:Los Angeles Times
466:soft tissue edema
383:HGH controversies
211:The Gerontologist
166:Los Angeles Times
152:Los Angeles Times
59:Robert M. Goldman
16:(Redirected from
3511:
3339:Fantastic Voyage
3130:Leonard Hayflick
3076:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2907:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2811:Official website
2796:
2795:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2750:
2726:
2720:
2710:
2704:
2699:
2693:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2627:
2621:
2611:
2602:
2589:
2583:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2505:
2499:. Archived from
2474:
2465:
2459:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2396:
2381:
2380:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2316:. Archived from
2306:
2300:
2299:
2289:
2271:
2247:
2238:
2237:
2231:
2223:
2192:Hormone Research
2187:
2181:
2180:
2162:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2079:on July 11, 2011
2075:. Archived from
2062:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2043:on July 11, 2011
2039:. Archived from
1996:
1990:
1989:
1979:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1938:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1851:. Archived from
1840:
1834:
1833:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1792:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1758:(6): 2000–2005.
1747:
1741:
1740:
1730:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1686:. Archived from
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1529:
1509:
1503:
1491:
1485:
1468:
1459:
1458:
1448:
1424:
1418:
1408:
1391:
1390:
1338:
1332:
1325:
1319:
1303:
1297:
1283:
1272:
1252:
1246:
1230:
1217:
1216:
1180:
1171:
1170:
1160:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1119:
1095:
1086:
1085:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1034:
1021:
1020:
1010:
986:
980:
979:
974:. Archived from
963:
950:
949:
939:
915:
900:
899:
897:
895:
880:
867:
855:Valerie Reitman
853:
840:
839:
803:
790:
789:
774:
763:
762:
760:
758:
738:
656:S. Jay Olshansky
512:Hormone Research
278:Leonard Hayflick
21:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3421:
3361:
3310:
3306:Sierra Sciences
3256:Human Longevity
3201:2045 Initiative
3189:
3185:Michael D. West
3093:
3077:
3068:
2942:
2934:
2884:
2882:
2861:
2834:Daily Telegraph
2804:
2799:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2717:Chicago Tribune
2711:
2707:
2700:
2696:
2690:Wayback Machine
2681:
2677:
2667:
2665:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2640:
2638:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2612:
2605:
2590:
2586:
2575:Wayback Machine
2566:
2562:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2472:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2451:
2447:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2414:
2412:
2398:
2397:
2384:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2323:
2321:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2249:
2248:
2241:
2224:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2064:
2063:
2056:
2046:
2044:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1856:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1715:N. Engl. J. Med
1708:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1527:10.1.1.575.6407
1511:
1510:
1506:
1492:
1488:
1479:Wayback Machine
1469:
1462:
1439:(6): B523–533.
1426:
1425:
1421:
1417:August 20, 2009
1409:
1394:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1326:
1322:
1313:Wayback Machine
1304:
1300:
1292:June 22, 2005,
1290:Chicago Tribune
1284:
1275:
1267:March 18, 2003
1253:
1249:
1231:
1220:
1182:
1181:
1174:
1151:(6): B540–542.
1138:
1137:
1133:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1052:
1050:
1036:
1035:
1024:
1001:(7): B682–691.
988:
987:
983:
965:
964:
953:
917:
916:
903:
893:
891:
882:
881:
870:
854:
843:
805:
804:
793:
780:(May 9, 2007).
778:Caleb Hellerman
776:
775:
766:
756:
754:
740:
739:
735:
731:
717:ApothéCure Inc.
708:
685:Chicago Tribune
677:Chicago Tribune
652:
628:
589:
554:
549:
508:LDL cholesterol
492:pituitary gland
385:
379:
312:
220:
195:Chicago Tribune
161:
109:
50:(ABMS) and the
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3517:
3515:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3479:Fringe science
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3446:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3433:Life extension
3429:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3395:Biogerontology
3391:
3384:
3377:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3351:
3343:
3335:
3327:
3323:Life Extension
3318:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3231:Buck Institute
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3155:Ilya Mechnikov
3152:
3147:
3145:Dimu Kotsovsky
3142:
3140:Cynthia Kenyon
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3115:Aubrey de Grey
3112:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3039:Organ printing
3036:
3031:
3029:Mind uploading
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2940:life extension
2935:
2933:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2844:
2836:
2828:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2803:
2802:External links
2800:
2798:
2797:
2778:(3): 271–275.
2762:
2721:
2712:Judith Graham
2705:
2694:
2675:
2648:
2622:
2613:Benedict Cary
2603:
2592:Warning Letter
2584:
2560:
2517:
2460:
2445:
2422:
2382:
2347:(2): 115–121.
2331:
2301:
2262:(4): 659–665.
2239:
2182:
2133:
2090:
2054:
2015:(2): 104–115.
2009:Ann Intern Med
1991:
1950:
1909:
1882:(1): 513–533.
1866:
1835:
1806:
1799:
1777:
1742:
1701:
1667:
1608:
1557:
1520:(5): 219–221.
1504:
1486:
1460:
1419:
1392:
1345:. New Series.
1333:
1320:
1298:
1285:Jeremy Manier
1273:
1247:
1218:
1191:(3): 643–653.
1172:
1131:
1110:(6): B515–22.
1087:
1060:
1022:
981:
951:
901:
868:
841:
814:(4): 279–285.
808:Biogerontology
791:
764:
732:
730:
727:
726:
725:
719:
714:
707:
704:
668:Biogerontology
660:biodemographer
651:
648:
627:
624:
604:Warning Letter
588:
585:
553:
550:
548:
547:Legal disputes
545:
504:cardiovascular
381:Main article:
378:
375:
311:
308:
262:Aubrey de Grey
219:
216:
191:Market America
160:
157:
141:Eugen Steinach
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2741:(8): B292–7.
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2153:(6): 709–17.
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1495:
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1482:Seattle Times
1480:
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1470:Joel Garreau
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1262:archive.today
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924:Gerontologist
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724:(SLAPP Suits)
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3347:Ending Aging
3345:
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3205:
3165:Durk Pearson
3150:Ray Kurzweil
3120:Laura Deming
3105:Bill Andrews
3044:Rejuvenation
3034:Nanomedicine
2994:Gene therapy
2883:. Retrieved
2871:
2867:
2849:
2841:
2833:
2825:
2810:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2738:
2734:
2724:
2716:
2708:
2697:
2678:
2668:September 3,
2666:. Retrieved
2651:
2641:February 19,
2639:. Retrieved
2625:
2617:
2599:archived url
2594:
2587:
2577:
2563:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2510:September 6,
2508:. Retrieved
2501:the original
2480:
2476:
2463:
2455:
2448:
2435:
2425:
2415:February 14,
2413:. Retrieved
2404:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2322:. Retrieved
2318:the original
2304:
2259:
2255:
2228:cite journal
2195:
2191:
2185:
2150:
2146:
2136:
2106:(1): 13–22.
2103:
2099:
2093:
2083:September 5,
2081:. Retrieved
2077:the original
2070:
2047:September 5,
2045:. Retrieved
2041:the original
2012:
2008:
2001:Ingram Olkin
1994:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1929:(9): 777–8.
1926:
1922:
1912:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1859:September 6,
1857:. Retrieved
1853:the original
1848:
1838:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1788:
1780:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1694:September 3,
1692:. Retrieved
1688:the original
1670:
1660:September 6,
1658:. Retrieved
1625:
1621:
1611:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1497:
1496:cover story
1489:
1481:
1436:
1432:
1422:
1415:archived url
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1294:archived url
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1107:
1103:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1053:December 16,
1051:. Retrieved
1042:
998:
994:
984:
976:the original
971:
927:
923:
894:September 5,
892:. Retrieved
864:archived url
859:
811:
807:
755:. Retrieved
751:the original
746:
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480:side effects
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354:antioxidants
349:
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302:Binstock of
300:
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257:
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238:
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227:
223:
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218:Publications
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186:
179:
171:
165:
162:
151:
149:
121:
119:
112:
110:
74:
67:
63:Ronald Klatz
35:
31:
29:
3180:Roy Walford
3160:Liz Parrish
2999:Gerontology
2874:(24): pe9.
1327:Record for
1269:cached copy
1265:PR Newswire
1076:(4): 9–14.
1070:Generations
930:(1): 4–14.
122:Generations
3448:Categories
3426:Categories
3388:Aging Cell
3221:Altos Labs
3175:Sandy Shaw
3049:Senescence
2964:Biohacking
2937:Outline of
1721:(1): 1–6.
1411:Deposition
729:References
644:defamation
288:, writes:
159:Activities
85:conspiracy
3170:Mark Roth
3135:Saul Kent
3004:Glycation
2555:167551449
2361:0300-0664
2278:1176-9092
1896:0066-4219
1642:0891-1150
1587:0891-1150
1544:0167-7799
1522:CiteSeerX
1363:0036-8075
1236:The Times
1205:0277-9536
1082:0738-7806
757:March 24,
747:Interview
640:Knowledge
626:Knowledge
578:Illinois.
570:The Times
187:The Times
181:The Times
93:Tom Perls
40:501(c)(3)
3366:Journals
2984:Exercise
2974:Cryonics
2792:19269702
2757:12145354
2686:Archived
2662:Archived
2635:Archived
2571:Archived
2547:18560007
2497:16249424
2440:Archived
2409:Archived
2377:20122924
2369:16430706
2296:19281058
2220:30263334
2212:10971102
2177:12681649
2169:11422104
2128:24874132
2120:20373593
2072:ABC News
2037:27279712
2029:17227934
1986:12606731
1945:12606730
1904:12471175
1830:16760618
1772:17509279
1654:Archived
1650:17190307
1603:14018352
1595:17190308
1552:15109806
1475:Archived
1455:15215257
1379:11985356
1309:Archived
1258:Archived
1213:16040177
1167:15215259
1126:15215256
1047:Archived
1017:15304532
972:NBC News
946:12604740
888:Archived
836:21608690
828:16732402
786:Archived
706:See also
484:ABC News
471:ABC News
452:Journal'
297:journal.
273:product.
101:quackery
3236:BioViva
2808:A4M.com
2287:2682398
1737:2355952
1682:, U.S.
1387:7235337
1371:3076556
1343:Science
784:. CNN.
662:at the
352:of the
280:of the
258:Science
107:Beliefs
95:of the
3358:(2019)
3350:(2007)
3342:(2004)
3334:(1998)
3326:(1982)
3241:Calico
3098:People
3082:Events
2979:Cyborg
2947:Issues
2790:
2755:
2597:2002,
2553:
2545:
2495:
2375:
2367:
2359:
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2276:
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1943:
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1211:
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496:muscle
3381:Aging
3315:Books
3246:ERIBA
2551:S2CID
2504:(PDF)
2473:(PDF)
2373:S2CID
2216:S2CID
2173:S2CID
2124:S2CID
2033:S2CID
1599:S2CID
1383:S2CID
1367:JSTOR
832:S2CID
247:IJAAM
239:IJAAM
81:MSNBC
3276:LEAF
3211:AgeX
2887:2009
2872:2002
2788:PMID
2753:PMID
2670:2009
2643:2015
2543:PMID
2527:JAMA
2512:2009
2493:PMID
2477:JAMA
2417:2017
2365:PMID
2357:ISSN
2326:2009
2292:PMID
2274:ISSN
2234:link
2208:PMID
2165:PMID
2116:PMID
2085:2009
2049:2009
2025:PMID
1982:PMID
1941:PMID
1900:PMID
1892:ISSN
1861:2009
1826:PMID
1795:ISBN
1768:PMID
1733:PMID
1696:2009
1662:2009
1646:PMID
1638:ISSN
1591:PMID
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1548:PMID
1540:ISSN
1451:PMID
1375:PMID
1359:ISSN
1209:PMID
1201:ISSN
1163:PMID
1122:PMID
1078:ISSN
1055:2009
1013:PMID
942:PMID
896:2009
824:PMID
759:2011
534:The
500:bone
368:The
292:The
233:The
139:and
61:and
30:The
3296:NIA
3281:LEF
3266:ILA
3226:AGE
3206:A4M
2876:doi
2780:doi
2743:doi
2535:doi
2531:299
2485:doi
2481:294
2349:doi
2282:PMC
2264:doi
2200:doi
2155:doi
2108:doi
2017:doi
2013:146
1972:doi
1968:348
1931:doi
1927:348
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1723:doi
1719:323
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681:CNN
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2866:.
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2633:.
2606:^
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