430:(which consists of either an individual, community, or local environment that shares the same principles and structures as the macrocosm). In this metaphysical representation of the universe, mankind is placed into an existence that serves as a microcosm of the universe or the entire cosmic existence, and who – in order to achieve higher states of existence or liberation into the macrocosm – must gain necessary insights into universal principles that can be represented by his life or environment in the microcosm. In many religious and philosophical traditions around the world, mankind is seen as a sort of bridge between either: two worlds, the earthly and the heavenly (as in Hindu, and Taoist philosophical and theological systems); or three worlds, namely the earthly, heavenly, and the "sub-earthly" or "infra-earthly" (e.g., the underworld, as in the Ancient Greek, Incan, Mayan, and Ancient Egyptian religious systems). Spanning these philosophical systems is the belief that man traverses a sort of axis, or path, which can lead from man's current central position in the intermediate realms into heavenly or sub-earthly realms. Thus, in this view, symbolic representations of a vertical axis represent a path of "ascent" or "descent" into other spiritual or material realms, and often capture a philosophy that considers human life to be a quest in which one develops insights or perfections in order to move beyond this current microcosmic realm and to engage with the grand macrocosmic order.
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the world". This space serves as a microcosm of order because it is known and settled. Outside the boundaries of the microcosm lie foreign realms that – because they are unfamiliar or not ordered – represent chaos, death, or night. From the center, one may still venture in any of the four cardinal directions, make discoveries, and establish new centers as new realms become known and settled. The name of
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982:. In many archaic dwellings the central pillar does in fact serve as a means of communication with the heavens, with the sky." The nomadic peoples of Mongolia and the Americas more often lived in circular structures. The central pole of the tent still operated as an axis, but a fixed reference to the four compass points was avoided.
429:
A second interpretation suggests that ancient symbols such as the axis mundi lie in a particular philosophical or metaphysical representation of a common and culturally shared philosophical concept, which is that of a natural reflection of the macrocosm (or existence at grand scale) in the microcosm
406:
There are multiple interpretations about the origin of the concept of the axis mundi. One psychological and sociological interpretation suggests that the symbol originates in a natural and universal psychological perception – i.e., that the particular spot that one occupies stands at "the center of
976:, just as a palace would be. Traditional Arab houses are also laid out as a square surrounding a central fountain that evokes a primordial garden paradise. Mircea Eliade noted that "the symbolism of the pillar in peasant houses likewise derives from the 'symbolic field' of the
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In other interpretations, an axis mundi is more broadly defined as a place of connection between heavenly and the earthly realms – often a mountain or other elevated site. Tall mountains are often regarded as sacred and some have shrines erected at the summit or base.
1039:. The epic poem relates its hero's descent and ascent through a series of spiral structures that take him through the core of the earth, from the depths of hell to celestial paradise. It is also a central tenet in the
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acts as a symbolic cosmic center. In some Asian cultures, houses were traditionally laid out in the form of a square oriented toward the four compass directions. A traditional home was oriented toward the sky through
934:
in all its forms assumes a connection between human health and affairs and celestial-body orientation. World religions regard the body itself as a temple and prayer as a column uniting earth and heaven. The ancient
929:
begin from the premise of the human body as axis mundi. The Buddha represents a world center in human form. Large statues of a meditating figure unite the human form with the symbolism of the temple and tower.
426:) – is often interpreted as an expression of an ancient perception that the Chinese polity (or group of polities) occupied the center of the world, with other lands lying in various directions relative to it.
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or place of prayer as the axis. Altars, incense sticks, candles, and torches form the axis by sending a column of smoke, and prayer, toward heaven. It has been suggested by
Romanian religious historian
677:
that architecture of sacred places often reflects this role: "Every temple or palace – and by extension, every sacred city or royal residence – is a Sacred
Mountain, thus becoming a Centre."
1005:
concept, and a universally told story, is that of the healer traversing the axis mundi to bring back knowledge from the other world. It may be seen in the stories from
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Anyone or anything suspended on the axis between heaven and earth becomes a repository of potential knowledge. A special status accrues to the thing suspended: a
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system recognized by
Hinduism and Buddhism, merge with the concept of the human body as a pillar between heaven and earth. Disciplines such as
789:). It represents eternal life because of its seemingly ever-expanding branches. The Bodhi tree is also the name given to the tree under which
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creates a world center within the boundaries of its two-dimensional space analogous to that created in three-dimensional space by a shrine.
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A Walk through the
Iranian Heavens: Spherical and Non-Spherical Cosmographic Models in the Imagination of Ancient Iran and Its Neighbors
31:
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853:, the plant from which Asian calligraphy pens are made, represents knowledge and is regularly found on Asian college campuses. The
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The human body can express the symbol of the world axis. Some of the more abstract Tree of Life representations, such as the
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Specific examples of cosmic mountains or centers include one from
Egyptian texts described as providing support for the sky,
1110:) upholding the heavens even as its rhythmically repeating segments invite climb and suggest the possibility of ascension.
553:
is present in many cultural traditions and religious beliefs, it can be thought to exist in any number of locales at once.
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1062:, an emblem of correspondence and commercial professions. The staff in these emblems represents the axis mundi, while the
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as "the mountain at the middle of the world". To "go into the mountains" meant to dedicate oneself to a spiritual life.
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temples were often placed on top of caves or subterranean springs, which were thought to be openings to the underworld.
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303:'s opinion: "Every Microcosm, every inhabited region, has a Centre; that is to say, a place that is sacred above all."
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variety – is the abode of ancestor spirits. In Hindu religion, the banyan tree is considered sacred and is called
492:, to elevate temples on the flat river plain. Hindu temples in India are often situated on high mountains – e.g.,
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provides an axis symbol that unites three planes: sky (branches), earth (trunk), and underworld (roots). In some
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23 (1993), 57–71. The term continues to be used in modern astronomical works throughout the 18th century, e.g.,
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combined the role of the human figure with those of portal and skyscraper. The
Renaissance image known as the
1350:
802:
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1903:
Ogunnaike, Ayodeji (Spring 2019). "The Tree That
Centres The World: The Palm Tree As Yoruba Axis Mundi".
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157:– has been greatly extended to refer to any mythological concept representing "the connection between
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The world center in some religions and philosophies, as the connection between Heaven and Earth
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belief systems, in major world religions, and in technologically advanced "urban centers". In
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connects the planes of the underworld and the sky with that of the terrestrial realm. The
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represented a symbolic and mathematical exploration of the human form as world axis.
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structures in Asian temples take the form of a stairway linking earth and heaven. A
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from which four rivers flow to nourish the whole world. Each tree confers a boon.
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present two aspects of the same image. Each is said to stand at the center of the
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in a mosque also serve as connections of earth and heaven. Structures such as the
1965:
1473:
1942:
Mircea Eliade (tr. Philip Mairet). "Indian
Symbolisms of Time and Eternity". In
1331:
758:
477:
117:
2120:"The firmament and the water above: Part I: The meaning of raqia in Gen 1:6-8"
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1527:
1428:
1413:"Following in the Footsteps of the Sun: Gilgameš, Odysseus and Solar Movement"
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253:). Its proximity to heaven may carry implications that are chiefly religious (
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1716:
A Study of the
Geography of 1 Enoch 17–19: 'no One Has Seen what I Have Seen'
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expresses this symbol. The Middle
Kingdom, China, had a central mountain,
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From the Divine to the Human: Survey of Metaphysics and Epistemology
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From the Divine to the Human: Survey of Metaphysics and Epistemology
1475:
Legends of the Fire Spirits: Jinn and Genies from Arabia to Zanzibar
1756:
Mircea Eliade (tr. Willard Trask). "Archetypes and Repetition". In
1309:
Mircea Eliade (tr. Willard Trask). "Archetypes and Repetition". In
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tradition, from where the sons of God are introduced descending in
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Mircea Eliade (tr. Philip Mairet). "Symbolism of the Centre". In
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Mircea Eliade (tr. Philip Mairet). "Symbolism of the Centre". In
1798:
Mircea Eliade (tr. Philip Mairet). "Symbolism of the Centre". In
1603:
Mircea Eliade (tr. Philip Mairet). "Symbolism of the Centre". In
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Mircea Eliade (tr. Philip Mairet). "Symbolism of the Centre". In
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Mircea Eliade (tr. Philip Mairet). "Symbolism of the Centre". In
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Mircea Eliade (tr. Philip Mairet). "Symbolism of the Centre". In
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Mircea Eliade (tr. Philip Mairet). "Symbolism of the Centre". In
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Plants often serve as images of the axis mundi. The image of the
589:, while still maintaining a belief in a cosmic world tree and in
183:(navel) of the world or cosmos. Items adduced as examples of the
1006:
922:
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1967:
The Idea of Order: The Circular Archetype in Prehistoric Europe
1217:. R. B. Todd, "The Manuscripts of the Pseudo-Proclan Sphaera",
869:
is the axis mundi (though not necessarily a "world tree") that
1628:. Trans. Alfred Forke. London: Luzac & Co., 1907. p. 337.
663:
654:
578:
176:
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had a number of holy sites, the most important of which was
285:). The image appears in religious and secular contexts. The
1752:
1750:
1516:"Mecca and Other Cosmological Centres in the Sufi Universe"
1497:
1495:
857:, which can be traced in its origins back to pre-Christian
1373:
1371:
609:(said to be the first building on Earth), as well as the
37:
This article is about the connection. For the album, see
30:"Navel of the World" redirects here. For other uses, see
213:, or a product of human manufacture (such as a staff, a
342:
in other Islamic and Arabic cosmologies, the mountain
189:
by comparative mythologists include plants (notably a
1452:"Sri Lanka: The Axis Mundi and the Cradle of Mankind"
1851:
The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya
1626:
Lunheng Part I: Philosophical Essays of Wang Ch'ung
1290:
An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Traditional Symbols.
458:to be central to both their world and culture. The
175:closely relates to the mythological concept of the
1639:
1058:, an emblem of the medical profession, and in the
809:, or World Ash, functions in much the same way in
394:Mount Kailash (viewed from the south) is holy to
94:. In a geocentric coordinate system, this is the
1029:. It is the essence of the journey described in
516:, featuring staircases leading to heaven. These
1911:(1). Southern University at New Orleans: 43–58.
1100:. The column takes the form of a "sky pillar" (
1101:
1066:act as guardians of, or guides to, knowledge.
873:climbs to alternate between heaven and earth.
778:
1877:
1875:
1713:Bautch, Kelley Coblentz (25 September 2003).
463:
421:
412:
8:
2084:Mircea Eliade. "Brâncuși and Mythology". In
1990:Mircea Eliade. "Brâncuși and Mythology". In
1646:. New York: Phaidon Press Limited. pp.
1228:
1218:
1207:, in early modern editions misattributed to
1081:
1054:. Derivations of this idea find form in the
817:found enlightenment. Other examples include
662:Sacred places can constitute world centers (
577:regarded several sites as places of Earth's
1212:
1202:
1075:
977:
954:
729:
641:converge and is regarded as the gateway to
548:
471:
286:
184:
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128:
107:
79:
593:as the abode of the gods. Judaism has the
291:symbol may be found in cultures utilizing
462:volcano was for the Canarian aborigines (
193:but also other types of plants such as a
1881:Chevalier, Jean and Gheerbrandt, Alain.
1741:"Noah's ark in the Mountains of Armenia"
1074:A modern artistic representation of the
953:Secular structures can also function as
374:(with minority traditions placing it as
1970:. Oxford University Press. p. 37.
1501:
1167:
783:("Of all trees I am the banyan tree" –
2063:Jean Chevalier and Alain Gheerbrandt.
2011:Jean Chevalier and Alain Gheerbrandt.
1777:Jean Chevalier and Alain Gheerbrandt.
1691:Jean Chevalier and Alain Gheerbrandt.
1670:Jean Chevalier and Alain Gheerbrandt.
1459:Berkeley Institute for Islamic Studies
861:beliefs, represents an axis mundi. In
504:, etc. The pre-Columbian residents of
1854:. London: Thames and Hudson. p.
1398:
1131:History of the center of the Universe
585:(navel) stone, notably the oracle at
169:introduced the concept in the 1950s.
7:
1964:Bradley, Richard (11 October 2012).
1581:. World Wisdom Books, 1982 p. 23–27.
1411:Bilić, Tomislav (5 September 2022).
165:" or the "higher and lower realms".
2086:Symbolism, the Sacred, and the Arts
1992:Symbolism, the Sacred, and the Arts
1594:. World Wisdom Books, 1982 p. 27–31
1514:O’Meara, Simon (14 December 2022),
1292:Thames and Hudson: New York, 1978.
32:Navel of the World (disambiguation)
1330:Winther, Rasmus Grønfeldt (2014).
839:Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil
829:in the myths of the pre-Christian
707:indigenous peoples of the Americas
557:was regarded as the axis mundi in
524:is an axis mundi image, as is the
422:
25:
1638:Bailey, Gauvin Alexander (2005).
1472:Lebling, Robert (30 July 2010).
625:is identified with the mythical
2127:Westminster Theological Journal
2067:. Penguin Books: London, 1996.
2015:. Penguin Books: London, 1996.
1885:. Penguin Books: London, 1996.
1781:. Penguin Books: London, 1996.
1674:. Penguin Books: London, 1996.
1357:. Penguin Books: London, 1996.
1041:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
797:, sat on the night he attained
709:also represent world axes. The
438:fills a similar role in China.
112:is the axis of rotation of the
2109:Panaino, Antonio C.D. (2019).
1758:The Myth of the Eternal Return
1478:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 24–28.
1311:The Myth of the Eternal Return
748:, the World Ash in Norse myths
454:in central Australia consider
318:which is a sacred mountain in
1:
2033:Townsend, Richard F. (2004).
1642:Art of Colonial Latin America
1225:Johann Samuel Traugott Gehler
890:
54:, depicting the holy family:
50:18th-century illustration of
629:and regarded as the home of
1522:, Brill, pp. 205–233,
1220:Revue d'histoire des textes
547:As the abstract concept of
411:— meaning "Middle Nation" (
102:. Consequently, in ancient
2209:
480:, the cultures of ancient
86:is the Latin term for the
36:
29:
2036:Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand
1695:. London: Penguin, 1996.
1528:10.1163/9789004392618_012
1429:10.1163/24685631-12340126
1230:Physikalisches Wörterbuch
488:built tall platforms, or
446:and several religions in
413:
398:and several religions in
338:traditions respectively,
1450:Muhammad, Bilal (2018).
1417:Annali Sezione Orientale
1214:Commentarius in sphaeram
2118:Seely, Paul H. (1991).
2065:A Dictionary of Symbols
2013:A Dictionary of Symbols
1905:Africana Studies Review
1883:A Dictionary of Symbols
1779:A Dictionary of Symbols
1693:A Dictionary of Symbols
1672:A Dictionary of Symbols
1355:A Dictionary of Symbols
1353:and Alain Gheerbrandt.
813:; it is the site where
803:Mesoamerican world tree
664:
655:
597:; Christianity has the
579:
177:
1229:
1219:
1213:
1203:
1102:
1082:
1076:
1023:Jack and the Beanstalk
993:
978:
955:
897:
779:
749:
730:
549:
528:. For Christians, the
472:
464:
403:
370:as a cosmic center in
287:
185:
171:
129:
108:
80:
71:
2163:Religious cosmologies
2148:Comparative mythology
2041:Yale University Press
1719:. BRILL. p. 62.
1126:Comparative mythology
988:
879:
744:
452:Pitjantjatjara people
393:
348:Zoroastrian cosmology
125:comparative mythology
120:model of the cosmos.
116:within the classical
104:Greco-Roman astronomy
49:
2158:Geographical centres
1197:The term is used by
1092:, 1938) an abstract
823:Lithuanian mythology
769:tree – of which the
738:, the quintessence.
605:; and Islam has the
364:Buddhist cosmologies
2168:Mythological places
2088:. Continuum, 1992.
1994:. Continuum, 1992.
1946:. Princeton, 1991.
1925:. Princeton, 1991.
1823:. Princeton, 1991.
1802:. Princeton, 1991.
1760:. Princeton, 1971.
1607:. Princeton, 1991.
1560:. Princeton, 1991.
1381:. Princeton, 1991.
1365:. pp.61–63, 173–175
1313:. Princeton, 1971.
1271:. Princeton, 1991.
1250:. Princeton, 1991.
1151:Sacred natural site
1146:Religious cosmology
1098:Constantin Brâncuși
693:, derived from the
149:center of the world
2153:Esoteric cosmology
1944:Images and Symbols
1923:Images and Symbols
1821:Images and Symbols
1800:Images and Symbols
1605:Images and Symbols
1558:Images and Symbols
1379:Images and Symbols
1269:Images and Symbols
1248:Images and Symbols
1156:Taiji (philosophy)
1089:The Endless Column
1070:Modern expressions
1050:, a rod, a fruit,
1015:the Garden of Eden
994:
937:Colossus of Rhodes
898:
791:Gautama Siddhartha
750:
722:classical elements
635:Vajrayana Buddhism
404:
135:– also called the
72:
39:Axis Mundi (album)
2183:Religious symbols
1977:978-0-19-960809-6
1743:. 11 August 2013.
1726:978-90-04-13103-3
1657:978-0-7148-4157-1
1537:978-90-04-39261-8
1032:The Divine Comedy
997:Shamanic function
887:Leonardo da Vinci
793:, the historical
685:in a church or a
567:ancient Armenians
542:Taoist literature
312:Epic of Gilgamesh
114:planetary spheres
16:(Redirected from
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2009:
2003:
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1893:. pp. 1025–1033.
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1590:Fritjof Schuon.
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1577:Fritjof Schuon.
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1504:, p. 24–25.
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1121:Celestial sphere
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1085:
1083:Colonne sans fin
1079:
1056:Rod of Asclepius
981:
958:
895:
892:
831:Germanic peoples
782:
733:
667:
658:
615:Dome of the Rock
584:
552:
475:
469:
425:
416:
415:
322:associated with
290:
188:
182:
174:
134:
123:In 20th-century
111:
100:celestial sphere
96:axis of rotation
85:
21:
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1623:
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1602:
1598:
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1576:
1572:
1555:
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1513:
1512:
1508:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1454:
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1448:
1444:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1376:
1369:
1349:
1342:
1329:
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1308:
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1287:
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1266:
1262:
1245:
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1196:
1192:
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1165:
1160:
1116:
1105:columna cerului
1104:
1103:
1072:
1037:Dante Alighieri
999:
951:
903:
893:
863:Yoruba religion
847:paradise garden
811:Norse mythology
780:ashwath vriksha
755:
734:corresponds to
639:dragon currents
599:Mount of Olives
388:
92:celestial poles
70:by Shiva's side
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2206:
2204:
2196:
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2136:
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2098:
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2056:
2049:
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2004:
1983:
1976:
1956:
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1914:
1895:
1871:
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1833:
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1791:
1770:
1746:
1732:
1725:
1705:
1684:
1663:
1656:
1630:
1617:
1596:
1583:
1570:
1549:
1536:
1520:Sufi Cosmology
1506:
1491:
1484:
1464:
1442:
1403:
1401:, p. 233.
1391:
1367:
1351:Jean Chevalier
1340:
1332:"World Navels"
1323:
1302:
1288:J. C. Cooper.
1281:
1260:
1239:
1190:
1166:
1164:
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1159:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
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1128:
1123:
1117:
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1112:
1071:
1068:
1019:Jacob's Ladder
1011:World Ash Tree
998:
995:
972:, a system of
950:
947:
902:
899:
855:Christmas tree
765:cultures, the
763:Pacific Island
754:
751:
724:and the Vedic
575:ancient Greeks
522:Jacob's Ladder
387:
384:
372:Sufi cosmology
269:) or secular (
205:, a column of
26:
24:
14:
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4:
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2:
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2174:
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2169:
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2161:
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2145:
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2128:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2075:. pp.b142–145
2074:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2050:0-300-10601-7
2046:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2029:
2026:
2023:. pp. 529–531
2022:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
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1834:
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1816:
1813:
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1795:
1792:
1789:. pp. 148–149
1788:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1682:. pp. 680–685
1681:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1643:
1634:
1631:
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1624:Wang, Chong.
1621:
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1600:
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1460:
1453:
1446:
1443:
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1426:
1423:(1–2): 3–37.
1422:
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1414:
1407:
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1200:
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1188:
1187:axes mundorum
1185:
1181:
1177:
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1154:
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1034:
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980:
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963:culture, the
962:
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944:
943:
942:Vitruvian Man
938:
933:
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924:
920:
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910:
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900:
888:
884:
883:
882:Vitruvian Man
878:
874:
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868:
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852:
848:
844:
840:
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828:
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820:
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800:
799:enlightenment
796:
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787:
786:Bhagavad Gita
781:
776:
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739:
737:
732:
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726:Pancha Bhoota
723:
718:
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708:
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700:
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684:
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676:
675:Mircea Eliade
671:
666:
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657:
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644:
640:
636:
632:
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624:
623:Mount Kailash
620:
616:
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604:
600:
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592:
591:Mount Olympus
588:
583:
582:
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572:
568:
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560:
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551:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
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515:
512:erected huge
511:
507:
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495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
476:. In ancient
474:
468:
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453:
449:
445:
441:
440:Mount Kailash
437:
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427:
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419:
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333:
329:
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321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
302:
301:Mircea Eliade
298:
295:practices or
294:
289:
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276:
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268:
264:
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196:
192:
187:
181:
180:
173:
168:
167:Mircea Eliade
164:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
142:
138:
133:
132:
126:
121:
119:
115:
110:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
88:axis of Earth
84:
83:
77:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
52:Mount Kailash
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
2193:Spirituality
2130:
2126:
2110:
2096:. pp. 99-100
2085:
2080:
2064:
2059:
2035:
2028:
2012:
2007:
1991:
1986:
1966:
1959:
1943:
1938:
1922:
1917:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1882:
1850:
1842:Miller, Mary
1836:
1820:
1815:
1799:
1794:
1778:
1773:
1757:
1735:
1715:
1708:
1692:
1687:
1671:
1666:
1641:
1633:
1625:
1620:
1604:
1599:
1591:
1586:
1578:
1573:
1557:
1552:
1541:, retrieved
1519:
1509:
1502:Panaino 2019
1474:
1467:
1458:
1445:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1394:
1378:
1354:
1335:
1326:
1310:
1305:
1289:
1284:
1268:
1263:
1247:
1242:
1193:
1186:
1170:
1096:by Romanian
1087:
1073:
1045:
1030:
1000:
952:
940:
916:
906:
904:
901:Human figure
880:
835:Tree of Life
784:
756:
719:
661:
611:Temple Mount
595:Temple Mount
571:Mount Ararat
555:Mount Hermon
546:
526:Temple Mount
502:Vaishno Devi
470:) a kind of
436:Mount Kunlun
432:
428:
405:
305:
259:temple mount
152:
148:
145:world pillar
144:
140:
136:
130:
122:
90:between the
81:
73:
43:
2173:Panentheism
1846:Taube, Karl
1831:. pp. 42–45
894: 1492
759:Cosmic Tree
668:), with an
540:, known in
506:Teotihuacán
478:Mesopotamia
442:is holy to
316:Adam's Peak
308:Mount Mashu
137:cosmic axis
127:, the term
62:, cradling
2142:Categories
2133:: 227–240.
2094:0826406181
2073:0140512543
2021:0140512543
2000:0826406181
1952:069102068X
1931:069102068X
1891:0140512543
1865:0500050686
1829:069102068X
1810:. p. 52–54
1808:069102068X
1787:0140512543
1766:0691017778
1701:0140512543
1680:0140512543
1613:069102068X
1566:069102068X
1399:Seely 1991
1387:069102068X
1363:0140512543
1338:89: 15–21.
1319:0691017778
1298:0500271259
1277:069102068X
1256:069102068X
1163:References
1141:North Pole
1136:Hyperborea
1077:axis mundi
979:axis mundi
956:axes mundi
827:Thor's Oak
775:Sacred Fig
773:is of the
771:Bodhi tree
731:axis mundi
703:totem pole
701:, and the
651:Ise Shrine
627:Mount Meru
550:axis mundi
518:Amerindian
473:axis mundi
386:Background
352:Mount Meru
344:Harā Bərəz
288:axis mundi
283:skyscraper
275:lighthouse
243:totem pole
186:axis mundi
172:Axis mundi
154:world tree
141:world axis
131:axis mundi
118:geocentric
109:axis mundi
82:axis mundi
18:World axis
2188:Shamanism
2178:Pantheism
2002:. p. 100.
1703:. pp. 681
1615:. p.41–43
1568:. p.37–39
1437:0393-3180
1336:Cartouche
1258:. p.48–51
1094:sculpture
1052:mistletoe
1001:A common
970:feng shui
932:Astrology
913:Kabbalism
807:Yggdrasil
746:Yggdrasil
643:Shambhala
565:6:6. The
559:Canaanite
532:on Mount
490:ziggurats
380:Jerusalem
340:Mount Qaf
320:Sri Lanka
310:from the
223:staircase
76:astronomy
2113:. Brill.
1848:(1993).
1233:(1791),
1204:Elementa
1178:form in
1176:declined
1114:See also
1064:serpents
1060:caduceus
1027:Rapunzel
1009:and the
1003:shamanic
991:caduceus
974:geomancy
915:and the
871:Ọrunmila
867:oil palm
859:European
837:and the
819:Jievaras
699:Irminsul
665:omphaloi
656:omphalos
619:Hinduism
581:omphalos
514:pyramids
498:Tirupati
494:Amarnath
466:Guanches
444:Hinduism
423:Zhōngguó
396:Hinduism
336:Buddhist
293:shamanic
203:mountain
179:omphalos
2103:Sources
1954:. p. 76
1933:. p. 54
1768:. p. 12
1209:Proclus
1201:in his
1199:Geminus
1080:is the
1048:serpent
927:tai chi
908:sefirot
843:Genesis
720:In the
715:mandala
711:calumet
691:maypole
687:minaret
683:steeple
653:is the
603:Calvary
563:1 Enoch
534:Calvary
486:Babylon
332:Islamic
297:animist
271:obelisk
263:minaret
235:steeple
227:maypole
98:of the
68:Ganesha
60:Parvati
2092:
2071:
2047:
2019:
1998:
1974:
1950:
1929:
1889:
1862:
1827:
1806:
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1564:
1543:17 May
1534:
1482:
1461:: 3–6.
1435:
1389:. p.39
1385:
1361:
1321:. p.16
1317:
1296:
1279:. p.40
1275:
1254:
1235:p. 688
1184:plural
961:Navajo
918:chakra
851:Bamboo
833:. The
801:. The
795:Buddha
767:banyan
753:Plants
736:Aether
728:, the
705:among
695:Saxons
679:Pagoda
649:, the
647:Shinto
617:). In
607:Ka'aba
587:Delphi
538:Kunlun
510:Mexico
450:. The
418:pinyin
376:Medina
366:, and
362:, and
328:Buddha
279:rocket
267:church
255:pagoda
247:pillar
219:ladder
159:Heaven
106:, the
64:Skanda
2123:(PDF)
1455:(PDF)
1180:Latin
1174:as a
965:hogan
959:. In
949:Homes
670:altar
645:. In
633:; in
631:Shiva
530:Cross
482:Sumer
460:Teide
456:Uluru
448:Tibet
409:China
400:Tibet
382:).
368:Mecca
356:Hindu
251:spire
231:cross
215:tower
207:smoke
201:), a
199:stalk
163:Earth
151:, or
66:with
56:Shiva
2090:ISBN
2069:ISBN
2045:ISBN
2017:ISBN
1996:ISBN
1972:ISBN
1948:ISBN
1927:ISBN
1887:ISBN
1860:ISBN
1825:ISBN
1804:ISBN
1783:ISBN
1762:ISBN
1721:ISBN
1697:ISBN
1676:ISBN
1652:ISBN
1609:ISBN
1562:ISBN
1545:2024
1532:ISBN
1480:ISBN
1433:ISSN
1383:ISBN
1359:ISBN
1315:ISBN
1294:ISBN
1273:ISBN
1252:ISBN
1025:and
1017:and
1007:Odin
989:The
925:and
923:yoga
825:and
815:Odin
601:and
484:and
360:Jain
334:and
324:Adam
249:, a
245:, a
241:, a
239:rope
237:, a
233:, a
229:, a
225:, a
221:, a
217:, a
211:fire
195:vine
191:tree
161:and
58:and
1856:186
1524:doi
1425:doi
1211:as
1035:by
1021:to
1013:to
911:in
885:by
841:in
821:in
508:in
378:or
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346:in
330:in
326:or
209:or
197:or
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2129:.
2125:.
2043:.
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1648:21
1530:,
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1494:^
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1431:.
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1980:.
1909:6
1868:.
1729:.
1660:.
1526::
1488:.
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1300:.
1237:.
1086:(
896:)
889:(
613:(
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