6692:(2008, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820-1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes. Figures for 1820 onwards are annual, wherever possible. For earlier years, benchmark figures are shown for 1 AD, 1000 AD, 1500, 1600 and 1700." "OECD countries GDP revised and updated 1991-2003 from National Accounts for OECD Countries, vol. I, 2006. Norway 1820-1990 GDP from Ola Grytten (2004), "The Gross Domestic Product for Norway, 1830-2003" in Eitrheim, Klovland and Qvigstad (eds), Historical Monetary Statistics for Norway, 1819-2003, Norges Bank, Oslo. Latin American GDP 2000-2003 revised and updated from ECLAC, Statistical Yearbook 2004 and preliminary version of the 2005 Yearbook supplied by Andre Hofman. For Chile, GDP 1820-2003 from Rolf Lűders (1998), "The Comparative Economic Performance of Chile 1810-1995", Estudios de Economia, vol. 25, no. 2, with revised population estimates from Diaz, J., R. Lűders, and G. Wagner (2005) Chili 1810-2000: la Republica en Cifras, mimeo, Instituto de Economia, Universidad Católica de Chile. For Peru, GDP 1896-1990 and population 1896-1949 from Bruno Seminario and Arlette Beltran, Crecimiento Economico en el Peru 1896-1995, Universidad del Pacifico, 1998. " "For Asia there are amendments to the GDP estimates for South and North Korea, 1911-74, to correct an error in Maddison (2003). Estimates for the Philippines, 1902-1940 were amended in line with Richard Hooley (2005), 'American Economic Policy in the Philippines, 1902-1940', Journal of Asian Economics, 16. 1820 estimates were amended for Hong Kong, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan and Thailand." "Asian countries GDP revised and updated 1998-2003 from AsianOutlook, April 2005. Population estimates for all countries except China and Indonesia revised and updated 1950-2008 and 2030 from International Data Base, International Programs Center, Population Division, US Bureau of the Census, April 2005 version. China's population 1990-2003 from China Statistical Yearbook 2005, China Statistics Press, Beijing. Indonesian population 1950-2003 kindly supplied by Pierre van der Eng. The figures now include three countries previously omitted: Cook Islands, Nauru and Tuvalu."
6174:(2012) DOI: 10.1093/molbev/mss061. "A small human effective population size, on the order of 10,000 individuals, which is smaller than the effective population size of most great apes, has been interpreted as a result of a very long history, starting ~ 2 mya, of small population size, coined as the long-necked bottle model (Harpending et al. 1998; Hawks et al. 2000). Our findings are consistent with this hypothesis, but, depending on the mutation rate, we find either an effective population size of NA = 12,000 (95% C.I. = 9,000–15,500 when averaging over all three demographic models) using the mutation rate calibrated with the human-chimp divergence or an effective population size of NA = 32,500 individuals (95% C.I. = 27,500–34,500) using the mutation rate given by whole-genome trio analysis (The 1000 Genomes Project Consortium 2010) (supplementary figure 4 and table 6, Supplementary Material online). Not surprisingly, the estimated effective mutation rates θ = 4NAμ are comparable for the two mutation rates we considered, and are equal to 1.4 × 10/bp/generation (95% C.I. = (1.1–1.7) × 10). Relating the estimated effective population size to the census population size during the Pleistocene is a difficult task because there are many factors affecting the effective population size (Charlesworth 2009). Nevertheless, based on published estimates of the ratio between effective and census population size, a comprehensive value on the order of 10% has been found by Frankham (1995). This 10% rule roughly predicts that 120,000−325,00 individuals (depending on the assumed mutation rate)"
37:
6323:
to survive. ... Our birth rate assumption will greatly affect the estimate of the number of persons ever born. Infant mortality in the human race's earliest days is thought to have been very high—perhaps 500 infant deaths per 1,000 births, or even higher. ... Birth rates were set at 80 per 1,000 per year through 1 A.D. and at 60 per 1,000 from 2 A.D. to 1750. Rates then declined to the low 30s by the modern period. (For a brief bibliography of sources consulted in the course of this alchemy, see )." "So, our estimate here is that about 5.5 percent of all people ever born are alive today." Using the UN estimates for birth rates (
4071:
7579:
182:
155:; in the absence of a straightforward means to assess the error of such estimates, a rough idea of expert consensus can be gained by comparing the values given in independent publications. Population estimates cannot be considered accurate to more than two decimal digits; for example, the world population for the year 2012 was estimated at 7.02, 7.06, and 7.08 billion by the
7567:
1943: II, demographic data of some accuracy becomes available for a significant number of countries, and population estimates are often given as grand totals of numbers (typically given by country) of widely diverging accuracies. Some sources give these numbers rounded to the nearest million or the nearest thousand, while others give them without any rounding.
6908:"The present figures are a revision and update of those presented on this website in 2003. The most significant changes are in the entries for the year 1, where gaps in previous tables have been filled with the new estimates for the Roman Empire in Maddison (2007). The estimates are in fact for 14 AD"
6322:
Haub (1995): "Life expectancy at birth probably averaged only about 10 years for most of human history. Estimates of average life expectancy in Iron Age France have been put at only 10 or 12 years. Under these conditions, the birth rate would have to be about 80 per 1,000 people just for the species
6898:
Haub (1995): "By 1 A.D., the world may have held about 300 million people. One estimate of the population of the Roman Empire, from Spain to Asia Minor, in 14 A.D. is 45 million. However, other historians set the figure twice as high, suggesting how imprecise population estimates of early historical
6342:
Haub (1995): "The average annual rate of growth was actually lower from 1 A.D. to 1650 than the rate suggested above for the 8000 B.C. to 1 A.D. period. One reason for this abnormally slow growth was the Black Plague. This dreaded scourge was not limited to 14th century Europe. The epidemic may have
5994:
Pala, M; Olivieri, A; Achilli, A; Accetturo, M; Metspalu, E; Reidla, M; Tamm, E; Karmin, M; Reisberg, T; Hooshiar
Kashani, B; Perego, UA; Carossa, V; Gandini, F; Pereira, JB; Soares, P; Angerhofer, N; Rychkov, S; Al-Zahery, N; Carelli, V; Sanati, MH; Houshmand, M; Hatina, J; Macaulay, V; Pereira, L;
6756:
Slightly updated data from original paper in French: (a) Jean-Noël
Biraben, 1980, "An Essay Concerning Mankind's Evolution", Population, Selected Papers, Vol. 4, pp. 1–13. Original paper in French: (b) Jean-Noël Biraben, 1979, "Essai sur l'évolution du nombre des hommes", Population, Vol. 34 (no.
329:
infants, due to the very high rate of infant mortality throughout the pre-modern period. An estimate on the "total number of people who have ever lived" as of 1995 was calculated by Haub (1995) at "about 105 billion births since the dawn of the human race" with a cut-off date at 50,000 BC
193:
As a general rule, the confidence of estimates on historical world population decreases for the more distant past. Robust population data exist only for the last two or three centuries. Until the late 18th century, few governments had ever performed an accurate census. In many early attempts,
6939:
Angus
Maddison, The World Economy: Historical Statistics, Statistical Appendix (2007, ggdc.net). Estimates cited are for the beginning of the 1st millennium ("year 0"), the beginning of the 2nd millennium ("year 1000"), and for the beginning each century since the 16th (years 1820 and 1913 are
6330:) and world population (U.S. Census Bureau, International Data Base), there were an estimated 3.0 billion births during 1995–2016, so that based on the estimate by Haub (1995), the figures for 2017 would be "about 108 billion births" and "about 7 percent of all people ever born are alive today."
6312:
Haub (1995): "Clearly, the period 8000 B.C. to 1 A.D. is key to the magnitude of our number, but, unfortunately, little is known about that era. ... of course, pushing the date of humanity's arrival on the planet before 50,000 B.C. would also raise the number, although perhaps not by terribly
276:
Estimates regarding the questions of "how many people have ever lived?" or "what percentage of people who have ever lived are alive today?" can be traced to the 1970s. The more dramatic phrasing of "the living outnumber the dead" also dates to the 1970s, a time of
321:, however, the order of magnitude of the estimate is not affected by the choice of cut-off date substantially more than by the uncertainty of estimates throughout the Neolithic to Iron Age. Importantly, the estimate is also affected by the estimate of
6888:
K. Klein
Goldewijk, A. Beusen and P. Janssen, "HYDE 3.1: Long-term dynamic modeling of global population and built-up area in a spatially explicit way", from table on pg. 2, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (MNP), Bilthoven, The
6183:
Haub (1995): "at some time back in the 1970s, some now-forgotten writer made the statement that 75 percent of the people who had ever been born were alive at that moment." Haub (1995) is the basis of a 2007 article in
Scientific American,
347:
for dates, negative numbers corresponding roughly to the corresponding year BC (for example, −8,000 = 8,000 BC, etc.). The table starts counting approximately 10,000 years before present, or around 8,000 BC, during the middle
4115:
Population estimates for world regions based on
Maddison (2007), in millions. The row showing total world population includes the average growth rate per year over the period separating each column from the preceding one.
6701:
Klein
Goldewijk, K., A. Beusen, M. de Vos and G. van Drecht (2011). The HYDE 3.1 spatially explicit database of human induced land use change over the past 12,000 years, Global Ecology and Biogeography20(1): 73-86.
301:(1968) has the claim that "Behind every man, now alive stand 30 ghosts, for that is the ratio by which the dead outnumber the living", which was roughly accurate at the time of writing.
6170:
Per Sjödin, Agnès E Sjöstrand, Mattias
Jakobsson and Michael G B Blum, "Resequencing data provide no evidence for a human bottleneck in Africa during the penultimate glacial period" Mol
1979:
1955:
399:
164:
7471:
304:
Recent estimates of the "total number of people who have ever lived" are in the order of 100 billion. The answer depends on the definition of "people", i.e., whether only
6820:
John D. Durand, 1974, "Historical
Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation", University of Pennsylvania, Population Center, Analytical and Technical Reports, Number 10.
6343:
begun about 542 A.D. in
Western Asia, spreading from there. It is believed that half the Byzantine Empire was destroyed in the 6th century, a total of 100 million deaths."
6157:
6514:
6488:
375:, roughly 500 BC to AD 1500, there was also a general tendency of growth (estimated at a factor 4 to 5 over the 2,000-year period), but not strictly
6721:). HYDE (History Database of the Global Environment), 2010. HYDE 3.1 gives estimates for 5000 BC, 1000 BC and "AD 0". HYDE estimates are higher than those by
6572:
1950:; in spite of being stated to four, seven, or even ten digits, they should not be interpreted as accurate to more than three digits at best (estimates by the
206:") suggest uncertainty of the order of 50% (estimates range between 150 and 330 million). Some estimates extend their timeline into deep prehistory, to "
7496:
6501:
202:, the focus was on counting merely a subset of the population for purposes of taxation or military service. Published estimates for the 1st century ("
36:
7409:
234:
6714:
6994:
6283:
7441:
6268:
39(1) 57–71 (1996) cites estimates ranging between 80 and 150 billion (Sergei P Kapitza, 'The phenomenological theory of world population growth',
6940:
given for the 19th and 20th century, respectively, as Maddison presents detailed estimates for these years), and a projection for the year 2030.
6397:
6384:
6881:
7099:
7068:
6540:
6423:
6410:
7501:
6436:
6673:
7393:
6841:
6805:
6778:
6726:
6684:
214:, when world population estimates range roughly between 1 and 10 million (with an uncertainty of up to an order of magnitude).
6044:
Stanley H. Ambrose (1998). "Late Pleistocene human population bottlenecks, volcanic winter, and differentiation of modern humans".
6648:
6325:
7147:
30:
6553:
6372:
7542:
7476:
7039:
6527:
6112:
7491:
6742:
John H. Tanton, 1994, "End of the Migration Epoch? Time For a New Paradigm", The Social Contract, Vol. 4 (no 3), pp. 162–173
6629:
4470:
151:
Estimates for pre-modern times are necessarily fraught with great uncertainties, and few of the published estimates have
7608:
6950:
6563:
7571:
7516:
7506:
7419:
7325:
7072:
6998:
6287:
4262:
1973:
1967:
1951:
392:
344:
160:
156:
6927:
6475:
6462:
6449:
6511:
6498:
6485:
7388:
6569:
6186:
6046:
330:(beginning of the Upper Paleolithic), and inclusion of a high infant mortality rate throughout pre-modern history.
226:
269:
of the order of 10,000 to 30,000 individuals has been estimated, with an actual "census population" of early
259:
population may have dropped to as low as between 1,000 and 10,000 individuals. For the time of speciation of
7603:
7298:
7122:
6689:
266:
7303:
7092:
6741:
7245:
6711:
4574:
2015:
448:
250:
6621:
7414:
7372:
7367:
7250:
7127:
7002:
6644:
6359:
6291:
6217:
6215:
4418:
4314:
367:
until the 20th century, world population has been characterized by a rapid growth. For the period of
176:
5954:
range of estimates for average growth rates over the preceding century according to the data cited under
4074:
UN estimates (as of 2017) for world population by continent in 2000 and in 2050 (pie chart size to scale)
7481:
7345:
7184:
6151:
246:
5995:
Woodward, SR; Davies, W; Gamble, C; Baird, D; Semino, O; Villems, R; Torroni, A; Richards, MB (2012).
7511:
7466:
7434:
7429:
7355:
7330:
7286:
6612:
6231:
6121:
4154:
282:
278:
6394:
6381:
7582:
7360:
7191:
7142:
7085:
368:
364:
152:
7486:
7424:
7212:
7201:
7179:
7174:
7163:
6878:
6139:
6071:
376:
357:
221:, are of a different nature. At this time, human populations consisted entirely of non-sedentary
6874:
6638:
7461:
7335:
7228:
7137:
7026:
Russel Hopfenburg, David Pimentel, Duke University, Durham, NC; Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
6837:
6801:
6774:
6680:
6537:
6420:
6407:
6280:, New York: Wiley, 1977). Haub (1995) cited 105 billion, updated to 107 billion as of 2011 in
6247:
6063:
6026:
5997:"Mitochondrial DNA signals of late glacial recolonization of Europe from near eastern refugia"
318:
242:
238:
199:
7035:"We Do Not Know the Population of Every Country in the World for the Past Two Thousand Years"
6433:
7537:
7532:
7318:
7313:
7196:
7152:
7048:
6793:
6703:
6666:
6239:
6129:
6055:
6016:
6008:
322:
294:
290:
49:
45:
6582:
7547:
7308:
6972:
6885:
6718:
6677:
6652:
6633:
6616:
6576:
6557:
6544:
6531:
6518:
6505:
6492:
6479:
6466:
6453:
6440:
6427:
6414:
6401:
6388:
6376:
6363:
4070:
1947:
222:
195:
17:
6235:
6125:
7552:
6604:
6243:
6021:
5996:
4210:
1985:
406:
286:
230:
4677:
World Population Estimates, 20 Countries and Regional Totals, AD 1–2000 (in thousands)
7597:
7291:
7240:
7018:
6722:
6707:
6550:
6369:
4522:
2003:
430:
353:
6524:
6143:
6075:
48:
in history. In summary, estimates for the progression of world population since the
7340:
6106:
Robock, A., C.M. Ammann, L. Oman, D. Shindell, S. Levis, and G. Stenchikov (2009).
4366:
1940:
349:
306:
261:
255:
249:
is postulated by some scholars at approximately 70,000 years ago, during the
6626:
7223:
6955:
5959:
1994:
418:
380:
372:
218:
6082:
6012:
5958:; The average growth rate for the 14th century is low as a consequence of the
181:
7108:
7053:
7034:
6662:
6660:
6605:
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.
6205:
167:, respectively, corresponding to a spread of estimates of the order of 0.8%.
7278:
4206:
455:
326:
207:
6251:
6059:
6030:
7234:
6472:
6459:
6446:
6108:"Did the Toba volcanic eruption of ~74k BP produce widespread glaciation?"
6067:
233:, some of which are still ancestral to the modern human population due to
7350:
7273:
6134:
6107:
211:
186:
6222:
Curtin, Ciara (September 2007). "Do living people outnumber the dead?".
6645:
http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf
7255:
293:. The claim that "the living outnumber the dead" was never accurate.
6264:
Kapitza, 'The phenomenological theory of world population growth',
180:
35:
6725:(1978) but lower than those by Massimo Livi Bacci (1989, 2012). (
6599:
6597:
6973:"Growth of World Population, GDP and GDP Per Capita before 1820"
312:
203:
7081:
6356:
40:
Comparison of humans living today with all previous generations
6351:
6349:
7077:
379:: A noticeable dip in world population is assumed due to the
6639:
http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Highlights/WUP2014-Highlights.pdf
6627:"Population of the entire world, yearly, 1950 - 2100", 2013.
241:. Estimates of the size of these populations are a topic of
185:
Graph of world population over the past 12,000 years (
6609:
6798:
Demographic Problems: Controversy over population control
6737:
6735:
1980:
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
165:
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
7019:"Human population numbers as a function of food supply"
6083:"Volcanic Winter, and Differentiation of Modern Humans"
7472:
International Conference on Population and Development
6816:
6814:
6608:
1950–2100 estimates (only medium variants shown): (a)
6765:
6763:
6752:
6750:
6800:, 2nd Ed., Dickenson Publishing Company, Ecino, CA,
7525:
7450:
7402:
7381:
7264:
7210:
7161:
7115:
6828:
6826:
6587:Estimates for 1995 and prior: (s) Carl Haub, 1995,
273:of roughly 100,000 to 300,000 individuals.
6610:World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision.
217:Estimates for yet deeper prehistory, into the
7093:
6789:
6787:
8:
6647:"2015 World Urbanization Prospects", 2015.]
6641:"2014 World Urbanization Prospects", 2014.]
6156:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1946:Taking these numbers at face value would be
44:This article lists current estimates of the
7497:United Nations world population conferences
6995:"How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth?"
6966:
6964:
6928:U.S. Census Bureau, International Data Base
6879:History Database of the Global Environment.
6338:
6336:
6284:"How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth?"
31:Historical projections of population growth
7410:Population and housing censuses by country
7100:
7086:
7078:
6870:
5955:
4682:
4118:
7052:
6868:
6866:
6864:
6862:
6860:
6858:
6856:
6854:
6852:
6850:
6380:2015 estimate: (b) Toshiko Kaneda, 2015,
6133:
6020:
352:, about 1,700 years after the end of the
317:due to the small population sizes in the
7133:Estimates of historical world population
7069:Historical Estimates of World Population
6669:The World Economy: Historical Statistics
6272:39(1) 57–71, 1996), citing K. M. Weiss,
5984:Thomlinson (1975): "one to ten million".
4069:
1960:
385:
54:
6769:Colin McEvedy and Richard Jones, 1978,
5947:
310:are to be counted, or all of the genus
6149:
5973:The Ancient Near East, c. 3000–330 BCE
1962:
387:
7:
7566:
6917:The estimates are in fact for 14 AD"
6570:"9 Billion World Population by 2050"
6562:2001 estimate: (p) Carl Haub, 2001,
6549:2002 estimate: (o) Carl Haub, 2002,
6536:2003 estimate: (n) Carl Haub, 2003,
6523:2004 estimate: (m) Carl Haub, 2004,
6510:2005 estimate: (l) Carl Haub, 2005,
6497:2006 estimate: (k) Carl Haub, 2006,
6484:2007 estimate: (j) Carl Haub, 2007,
6471:2008 estimate: (i) Carl Haub, 2008,
6458:2009 estimate: (h) Carl Haub, 2009,
6445:2010 estimate: (g) Carl Haub, 2010,
6432:2011 estimate: (f) Carl Haub, 2011,
6419:2012 estimate: (e) Carl Haub, 2012,
6406:2013 estimate: (d) Carl Haub, 2013,
6393:2014 estimate: (c) Carl Haub, 2014,
5975:. Vol. 2. London: Routledge. p. 695.
7502:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
6206:"Do the dead outnumber the living?"
289:and before the adoption of China's
6564:"2001 World Population Data Sheet"
6551:"2002 World Population Data Sheet"
6538:"2003 World Population Data Sheet"
6525:"2004 World Population Data Sheet"
6512:"2005 World Population Data Sheet"
6499:"2006 World Population Data Sheet"
6486:"2007 World Population Data Sheet"
6473:"2008 World Population Data Sheet"
6460:"2009 World Population Data Sheet"
6447:"2010 World Population Data Sheet"
6434:"2011 World Population Data Sheet"
6421:"2012 World Population Data Sheet"
6408:"2013 World Population Data Sheet"
6395:"2014 World Population Data Sheet"
6382:"2015 World Population Data Sheet"
6370:"2016 World Population Data Sheet"
6244:10.1038/scientificamerican0907-126
265:, some 200,000 years ago, an
25:
7394:Population and Development Review
6771:Atlas of World Population History
6625:Estimates from 1950 to 2100: (c)
6622:"The World at Six Billion", 1999.
6328:. United Nations. 25 August 2011.
6204:Stephenson, Wesley (4 Feb 2012).
7578:
7577:
7565:
7442:Population concern organizations
7148:Projections of population growth
6836:, St. Martin's Press, New York,
6708:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00587.x
235:interbreeding with modern humans
7543:Human impact on the environment
7477:Population Action International
7040:The Journal of Economic History
6278:Applied Mathematical Demography
6113:Journal of Geophysical Research
7492:United Nations Population Fund
6834:Population Growth and Land Use
383:in the mid-14th century.
1:
7033:Guinnane, Timothy W. (2023).
6620:Estimates prior to 1950: (b)
6276:56637, 1984, and N. Keyfitz,
113:
52:are in the following ranges:
6081:Ambrose, Stanley H. (2005).
2658:3,600,000,000– 3,700,000,000
7517:World Population Foundation
7507:World Population Conference
7420:World population milestones
7073:United States Census Bureau
6999:Population Reference Bureau
6993:Haub, Carl (October 2011).
6773:, Facts on File, New York,
6591:, Vol. 23 (no. 2), pp. 5–6.
6357:Population Reference Bureau
6288:Population Reference Bureau
6282:Haub, Carl (October 2011).
4098: Central/South America
1974:Population Reference Bureau
1968:United States Census Bureau
1958:differ by about 0.5–1.5%).
1952:United States Census Bureau
356:and 1,800 years before the
345:astronomical year numbering
161:Population Reference Bureau
157:United States Census Bureau
7625:
7389:Population and Environment
6632:November 19, 2016, at the
6326:"UNdata: Crude birth rate"
6047:Journal of Human Evolution
6013:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.04.003
363:From the beginning of the
227:anatomically modern humans
174:
28:
18:World population estimates
7561:
7299:Human population planning
7123:Demographics of the world
7054:10.1017/S0022050723000293
6971:Maddison (27 July 2016).
6930:Retrieved on 28 Oct, 2017
6581:1997 estimate: (r) 1997,
6568:2000 estimate: (q) 2000,
4718:
4715:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4703:
4700:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4688:
4685:
343:The following table uses
267:effective population size
7304:Compulsory sterilization
5522:Total Western Offshoots
5484:Other Western Offshoots
4108:
4102:
4096:
4090:
4084:
4078:
29:Not to be confused with
7246:Malthusian growth model
6651:March 20, 2014, at the
231:archaic human varieties
7373:Zero population growth
7368:Sustainable population
7292:Malthusian catastrophe
7251:Overshoot (population)
7128:Demographic transition
6690:"Statistical Appendix"
6667:Angus Maddison, 2003,
6583:"Studying Populations"
6191:Scientificamerican.com
6060:10.1006/jhev.1998.0219
5956:#Historical population
4112:
190:
177:Prehistoric demography
41:
7482:Population Connection
7346:Mere addition paradox
7185:Physiological density
6676:May 13, 2008, at the
6671:, Vol. 2, OECD, Paris
5332:Total Western Europe
4471:Central/South America
4073:
334:Historical population
299:2001: A Space Odyssey
281:and growing fears of
247:population bottleneck
210: BC", i.e., the
184:
175:Further information:
39:
7512:World Population Day
7467:Church of Euthanasia
7356:Non-identity problem
7331:Political demography
7287:Human overpopulation
6135:10.1029/2008JD011652
5636:Total Latin America
5598:Other Latin America
283:human overpopulation
279:population explosion
153:confidence intervals
7609:Demographic history
7361:Reproductive rights
7192:Population dynamics
7143:Population momentum
6832:Colin Clark, 1967,
6727:graphs (itbulk.org)
6368:2016 estimate: (a)
6236:2007SciAm.297c.126C
6224:Scientific American
6126:2009JGRD..11410107R
6087:Bradshaw Foundation
5180:12 Countries Total
4104: North America
2006:& Jones (1978)
369:Classical antiquity
365:early modern period
229:existing alongside
7487:Population Matters
7202:Population pyramid
7180:Population density
7175:Population decline
6884:2018-02-27 at the
6717:2021-04-23 at the
6615:2011-04-29 at the
6575:2018-02-01 at the
6556:2017-12-09 at the
6543:2019-08-19 at the
6530:2017-03-29 at the
6517:2011-04-14 at the
6504:2010-12-22 at the
6491:2011-02-24 at the
6478:2017-12-19 at the
6465:2010-04-22 at the
6452:2018-01-09 at the
6439:2017-11-18 at the
6426:2014-05-21 at the
6413:2015-02-26 at the
6400:2018-02-18 at the
6387:2018-02-19 at the
6375:2017-08-28 at the
6362:2008-05-20 at the
4644:World growth p.a.
4113:
2009:Thomlinson (1975)
358:8.2-kiloyear event
323:infant mortalities
225:populations, with
191:
42:
7591:
7590:
7462:7 Billion Actions
7336:Population ethics
7229:Carrying capacity
7138:Population growth
6294:on April 24, 2013
6187:"Fact or Fiction"
6001:Am. J. Hum. Genet
5971:Kurt, A. (1995).
5939:
5938:
4674:
4673:
4063:
4062:
1932:
1931:
319:Lower Paleolithic
243:paleoanthropology
239:Upper Paleolithic
149:
148:
16:(Redirected from
7616:
7604:World population
7581:
7580:
7569:
7568:
7538:Green Revolution
7319:Two-child policy
7314:One-child policy
7237:
7197:Population model
7153:World population
7102:
7095:
7088:
7079:
7058:
7056:
7029:
7023:
7014:
7012:
7010:
7005:on 24 April 2013
7001:. Archived from
6980:
6979:
6977:
6968:
6959:
6947:
6941:
6937:
6931:
6924:
6918:
6915:
6909:
6906:
6900:
6899:periods can be."
6896:
6890:
6872:
6845:
6830:
6821:
6818:
6809:
6794:Ralph Thomlinson
6791:
6782:
6767:
6758:
6754:
6745:
6739:
6730:
6699:
6693:
6664:
6655:
6601:
6592:
6589:Population Today
6353:
6344:
6340:
6331:
6329:
6320:
6314:
6310:
6304:
6303:
6301:
6299:
6290:. Archived from
6262:
6256:
6255:
6219:
6210:
6209:
6201:
6195:
6194:
6181:
6175:
6168:
6162:
6161:
6155:
6147:
6137:
6103:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6093:
6079:
6041:
6035:
6034:
6024:
5991:
5985:
5982:
5976:
5969:
5963:
5952:
4683:
4119:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4079:
1961:
386:
295:Arthur C. Clarke
291:one-child policy
251:Toba catastrophe
115:
55:
50:Late Middle Ages
46:world population
21:
7624:
7623:
7619:
7618:
7617:
7615:
7614:
7613:
7594:
7593:
7592:
7587:
7557:
7521:
7455:
7453:
7446:
7398:
7377:
7326:Overconsumption
7309:Family planning
7266:
7260:
7233:
7217:
7214:
7206:
7168:
7165:
7157:
7111:
7106:
7065:
7032:
7021:
7017:
7008:
7006:
6992:
6989:
6987:Further reading
6984:
6983:
6975:
6970:
6969:
6962:
6954:(listed under "
6953:
6948:
6944:
6938:
6934:
6925:
6921:
6916:
6912:
6907:
6903:
6897:
6893:
6886:Wayback Machine
6873:
6848:
6831:
6824:
6819:
6812:
6792:
6785:
6768:
6761:
6755:
6748:
6740:
6733:
6719:Wayback Machine
6700:
6696:
6688:
6678:Wayback Machine
6665:
6658:
6653:Wayback Machine
6642:
6636:
6634:Wayback Machine
6624:
6619:
6617:Wayback Machine
6607:
6602:
6595:
6586:
6580:
6577:Wayback Machine
6567:
6561:
6558:Wayback Machine
6548:
6545:Wayback Machine
6535:
6532:Wayback Machine
6522:
6519:Wayback Machine
6509:
6506:Wayback Machine
6496:
6493:Wayback Machine
6483:
6480:Wayback Machine
6470:
6467:Wayback Machine
6457:
6454:Wayback Machine
6444:
6441:Wayback Machine
6431:
6428:Wayback Machine
6418:
6415:Wayback Machine
6405:
6402:Wayback Machine
6392:
6389:Wayback Machine
6379:
6377:Wayback Machine
6367:
6364:Wayback Machine
6354:
6347:
6341:
6334:
6324:
6321:
6317:
6311:
6307:
6297:
6295:
6281:
6270:Physics-Uspekhi
6266:Physics-Uspekhi
6263:
6259:
6221:
6220:
6213:
6203:
6202:
6198:
6185:
6182:
6178:
6169:
6165:
6148:
6120:(D10): D10107.
6105:
6104:
6100:
6091:
6089:
6080:
6043:
6042:
6038:
5993:
5992:
5988:
5983:
5979:
5970:
5966:
5953:
5949:
5944:
5370:Eastern Europe
5142:United Kingdom
4679:
4606:
4601:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4068:
4066:By world region
2000:Biraben (1980)
1948:false precision
1937:
451:
444:
439:
434:
426:
421:
414:
409:
402:
395:
341:
336:
285:in the wake of
245:. A late human
223:hunter-gatherer
179:
173:
171:Deep prehistory
88:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7622:
7620:
7612:
7611:
7606:
7596:
7595:
7589:
7588:
7586:
7585:
7575:
7562:
7559:
7558:
7556:
7555:
7553:Sustainability
7550:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7529:
7527:
7526:Related topics
7523:
7522:
7520:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7458:
7456:
7451:
7448:
7447:
7445:
7444:
7439:
7438:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7417:
7415:Largest cities
7412:
7406:
7404:
7400:
7399:
7397:
7396:
7391:
7385:
7383:
7379:
7378:
7376:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7364:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7322:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7296:
7295:
7294:
7284:
7276:
7270:
7268:
7262:
7261:
7259:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7235:I = P × A × T
7231:
7226:
7220:
7218:
7211:
7208:
7207:
7205:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7188:
7187:
7177:
7171:
7169:
7162:
7159:
7158:
7156:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7119:
7117:
7113:
7112:
7107:
7105:
7104:
7097:
7090:
7082:
7076:
7075:
7064:
7063:External links
7061:
7060:
7059:
7047:(3): 912–938.
7030:
7015:
6988:
6985:
6982:
6981:
6960:
6942:
6932:
6919:
6910:
6901:
6891:
6846:
6822:
6810:
6783:
6759:
6757:1), pp. 13–25.
6746:
6731:
6694:
6656:
6593:
6345:
6332:
6315:
6305:
6257:
6211:
6196:
6176:
6163:
6098:
6054:(6): 623–651.
6036:
5986:
5977:
5964:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5937:
5936:
5933:
5930:
5927:
5924:
5921:
5918:
5915:
5912:
5909:
5906:
5903:
5899:
5898:
5895:
5892:
5889:
5886:
5883:
5880:
5877:
5874:
5871:
5868:
5865:
5861:
5860:
5857:
5854:
5851:
5848:
5845:
5842:
5839:
5836:
5833:
5830:
5827:
5823:
5822:
5819:
5816:
5813:
5810:
5807:
5804:
5801:
5798:
5795:
5792:
5789:
5785:
5784:
5781:
5778:
5775:
5772:
5769:
5766:
5763:
5760:
5757:
5754:
5751:
5747:
5746:
5743:
5740:
5737:
5734:
5731:
5728:
5725:
5722:
5719:
5716:
5713:
5709:
5708:
5705:
5702:
5699:
5696:
5693:
5690:
5687:
5684:
5681:
5678:
5675:
5671:
5670:
5667:
5664:
5661:
5658:
5655:
5652:
5649:
5646:
5643:
5640:
5637:
5633:
5632:
5629:
5626:
5623:
5620:
5617:
5614:
5611:
5608:
5605:
5602:
5599:
5595:
5594:
5591:
5588:
5585:
5582:
5579:
5576:
5573:
5570:
5567:
5564:
5561:
5557:
5556:
5553:
5550:
5547:
5544:
5541:
5538:
5535:
5532:
5529:
5526:
5523:
5519:
5518:
5515:
5512:
5509:
5506:
5503:
5500:
5497:
5494:
5491:
5488:
5485:
5481:
5480:
5477:
5474:
5471:
5468:
5465:
5462:
5459:
5456:
5453:
5450:
5447:
5446:United States
5443:
5442:
5439:
5436:
5433:
5430:
5427:
5424:
5421:
5418:
5415:
5412:
5409:
5405:
5404:
5401:
5398:
5395:
5392:
5389:
5386:
5383:
5380:
5377:
5374:
5371:
5367:
5366:
5363:
5360:
5357:
5354:
5351:
5348:
5345:
5342:
5339:
5336:
5333:
5329:
5328:
5325:
5322:
5319:
5316:
5313:
5310:
5307:
5304:
5301:
5298:
5295:
5291:
5290:
5287:
5284:
5281:
5278:
5275:
5272:
5269:
5266:
5263:
5260:
5257:
5253:
5252:
5249:
5246:
5243:
5240:
5237:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5225:
5222:
5219:
5215:
5214:
5211:
5208:
5205:
5202:
5199:
5196:
5193:
5190:
5187:
5184:
5181:
5177:
5176:
5173:
5170:
5167:
5164:
5161:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5149:
5146:
5143:
5139:
5138:
5135:
5132:
5129:
5126:
5123:
5120:
5117:
5114:
5111:
5108:
5105:
5101:
5100:
5097:
5094:
5091:
5088:
5085:
5082:
5079:
5076:
5073:
5070:
5067:
5063:
5062:
5059:
5056:
5053:
5050:
5047:
5044:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5025:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5015:
5012:
5009:
5006:
5003:
5000:
4997:
4994:
4991:
4987:
4986:
4983:
4980:
4977:
4974:
4971:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4953:
4949:
4948:
4945:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4933:
4930:
4927:
4924:
4921:
4918:
4915:
4911:
4910:
4907:
4904:
4901:
4898:
4895:
4892:
4889:
4886:
4883:
4880:
4877:
4873:
4872:
4869:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4845:
4842:
4839:
4835:
4834:
4831:
4828:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4804:
4801:
4797:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4763:
4759:
4758:
4755:
4752:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4740:
4737:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4725:
4721:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4693:
4690:
4687:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4668:
4665:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4640:
4637:
4634:
4631:
4628:
4625:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4613:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4589:
4586:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4211:Southeast Asia
4203:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4067:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2751:3,860,000,000
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2661:3,632,000,000
2659:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2538:3,288,000,000
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2417:3,036,000,000
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2055:2,486,000,000
2053:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2013:
2012:Durand (1974)
2010:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1956:United Nations
1936:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1002:
999:
997:
995:
993:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
978:
976:
972:
971:
969:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
944:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
926:
924:
922:
920:
916:
915:
912:
910:
908:
906:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
891:
889:
885:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
867:
865:
863:
861:
857:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
819:
818:
815:
813:
811:
809:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
793:
789:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
765:
761:
760:
757:
755:
753:
751:
748:
746:
744:
741:
739:
737:
734:
730:
729:
726:
724:
722:
720:
717:
715:
713:
710:
708:
706:
704:
700:
699:
696:
694:
692:
690:
687:
685:
683:
680:
678:
676:
673:
669:
668:
665:
663:
661:
659:
656:
654:
652:
649:
647:
645:
642:
638:
637:
634:
632:
630:
627:
624:
622:
620:
617:
615:
613:
610:
606:
605:
603:
601:
599:
597:
595:
593:
591:
588:
586:
584:
581:
577:
576:
574:
572:
570:
568:
566:
564:
562:
559:
557:
555:
552:
548:
547:
545:
543:
540:
538:
536:
534:
532:
529:
527:
525:
522:
518:
517:
515:
513:
511:
509:
507:
505:
503:
500:
498:
496:
494:
490:
489:
486:
484:
482:
479:
476:
474:
472:
469:
467:
465:
463:
459:
458:
453:
446:
441:
436:
428:
423:
416:
411:
404:
397:
390:
340:
337:
335:
332:
287:decolonization
212:early Holocene
200:Persian Empire
172:
169:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
134:
131:
128:
125:
122:
118:
117:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
93:
90:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
71:
68:
65:
62:
59:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7621:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7601:
7599:
7584:
7576:
7574:
7573:
7564:
7563:
7560:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7533:Bennett's law
7531:
7530:
7528:
7524:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7459:
7457:
7454:organizations
7449:
7443:
7440:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7422:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7407:
7405:
7401:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7386:
7384:
7380:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7338:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7301:
7300:
7297:
7293:
7290:
7289:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7281:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7271:
7269:
7263:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7241:Kaya identity
7239:
7236:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7209:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7186:
7183:
7182:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7160:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7120:
7118:
7114:
7110:
7103:
7098:
7096:
7091:
7089:
7084:
7083:
7080:
7074:
7070:
7067:
7066:
7062:
7055:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7027:
7020:
7016:
7004:
7000:
6996:
6991:
6990:
6986:
6974:
6967:
6965:
6961:
6957:
6952:
6946:
6943:
6936:
6933:
6929:
6923:
6920:
6914:
6911:
6905:
6902:
6895:
6892:
6887:
6883:
6880:
6876:
6871:
6869:
6867:
6865:
6863:
6861:
6859:
6857:
6855:
6853:
6851:
6847:
6843:
6842:0-333-01126-0
6839:
6835:
6829:
6827:
6823:
6817:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6806:0-8221-0166-1
6803:
6799:
6795:
6790:
6788:
6784:
6780:
6779:0-7139-1031-3
6776:
6772:
6766:
6764:
6760:
6753:
6751:
6747:
6743:
6738:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6723:Colin McEvedy
6720:
6716:
6713:
6709:
6705:
6698:
6695:
6691:
6686:
6685:92-64-10412-7
6682:
6679:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6663:
6661:
6657:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6640:
6635:
6631:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6614:
6611:
6606:
6600:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6584:
6578:
6574:
6571:
6565:
6559:
6555:
6552:
6546:
6542:
6539:
6533:
6529:
6526:
6520:
6516:
6513:
6507:
6503:
6500:
6494:
6490:
6487:
6481:
6477:
6474:
6468:
6464:
6461:
6455:
6451:
6448:
6442:
6438:
6435:
6429:
6425:
6422:
6416:
6412:
6409:
6403:
6399:
6396:
6390:
6386:
6383:
6378:
6374:
6371:
6365:
6361:
6358:
6352:
6350:
6346:
6339:
6337:
6333:
6327:
6319:
6316:
6309:
6306:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6279:
6275:
6274:Human Biology
6271:
6267:
6261:
6258:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6218:
6216:
6212:
6207:
6200:
6197:
6192:
6188:
6180:
6177:
6173:
6167:
6164:
6159:
6153:
6145:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6114:
6109:
6102:
6099:
6088:
6084:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6048:
6040:
6037:
6032:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6007:(5): 915–24.
6006:
6002:
5998:
5990:
5987:
5981:
5978:
5974:
5968:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5951:
5948:
5941:
5934:
5931:
5928:
5925:
5922:
5919:
5916:
5913:
5910:
5907:
5904:
5901:
5900:
5896:
5893:
5890:
5887:
5884:
5881:
5878:
5875:
5872:
5869:
5866:
5863:
5862:
5858:
5855:
5852:
5849:
5846:
5843:
5840:
5837:
5834:
5831:
5828:
5825:
5824:
5820:
5817:
5814:
5811:
5808:
5805:
5802:
5799:
5796:
5793:
5790:
5787:
5786:
5782:
5779:
5776:
5773:
5770:
5767:
5764:
5761:
5758:
5755:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5744:
5741:
5738:
5735:
5732:
5729:
5726:
5723:
5720:
5717:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5706:
5703:
5700:
5697:
5694:
5691:
5688:
5685:
5682:
5679:
5676:
5673:
5672:
5668:
5665:
5662:
5659:
5656:
5653:
5650:
5647:
5644:
5641:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5630:
5627:
5624:
5621:
5618:
5615:
5612:
5609:
5606:
5603:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5592:
5589:
5586:
5583:
5580:
5577:
5574:
5571:
5568:
5565:
5562:
5559:
5558:
5554:
5551:
5548:
5545:
5542:
5539:
5536:
5533:
5530:
5527:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5516:
5513:
5510:
5507:
5504:
5501:
5498:
5495:
5492:
5489:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5478:
5475:
5472:
5469:
5466:
5463:
5460:
5457:
5454:
5451:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5440:
5437:
5434:
5431:
5428:
5425:
5422:
5419:
5416:
5413:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5402:
5399:
5396:
5393:
5390:
5387:
5384:
5381:
5378:
5375:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5364:
5361:
5358:
5355:
5352:
5349:
5346:
5343:
5340:
5337:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5326:
5323:
5320:
5317:
5314:
5311:
5308:
5305:
5302:
5299:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5285:
5282:
5279:
5276:
5273:
5270:
5267:
5264:
5261:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5250:
5247:
5244:
5241:
5238:
5235:
5232:
5229:
5226:
5223:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5212:
5209:
5206:
5203:
5200:
5197:
5194:
5191:
5188:
5185:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5174:
5171:
5168:
5165:
5162:
5159:
5156:
5153:
5150:
5147:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5136:
5133:
5130:
5127:
5124:
5121:
5118:
5115:
5112:
5109:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5095:
5092:
5089:
5086:
5083:
5080:
5077:
5074:
5071:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5060:
5057:
5054:
5051:
5048:
5045:
5042:
5039:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5016:
5013:
5010:
5007:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4995:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4972:
4969:
4966:
4963:
4960:
4957:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4946:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4934:
4931:
4928:
4925:
4922:
4919:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4905:
4902:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4890:
4887:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4846:
4843:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4829:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4817:
4814:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4785:
4782:
4779:
4776:
4773:
4770:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4684:
4681:
4676:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4623:
4620:
4617:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4604:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4524:
4523:North America
4521:
4520:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4136:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4110: Oceania
4072:
4065:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4041:7,418,151,841
4040:
4038:7,325,996,709
4037:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4014:7,349,472,000
4013:
4011:7,336,435,000
4010:
4008:7,247,892,788
4007:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3984:7,243,784,000
3983:
3981:7,238,184,000
3980:
3978:7,169,968,185
3977:
3974:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3954:7,162,119,434
3953:
3951:7,136,796,000
3950:
3948:7,092,128,094
3947:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3924:7,080,072,417
3923:
3921:7,057,075,000
3920:
3918:7,013,871,313
3917:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3894:6,997,998,760
3893:
3891:6,986,951,000
3890:
3888:6,935,999,491
3887:
3884:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3864:6,916,183,482
3863:
3861:6,892,319,000
3860:
3858:6,858,584,755
3857:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3836:6,764,086,000
3835:
3833:6,834,721,933
3832:
3830:6,809,972,000
3829:
3827:6,788,214,394
3826:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3805:6,694,832,000
3804:
3802:6,753,649,228
3801:
3799:6,705,000,000
3798:
3796:6,709,049,780
3795:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3774:6,616,689,000
3773:
3771:6,673,105,937
3770:
3768:6,625,000,000
3767:
3765:6,629,913,759
3764:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3743:6,540,214,000
3742:
3740:6,593,227,977
3739:
3737:6,555,000,000
3736:
3734:6,551,263,534
3733:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3712:6,462,987,000
3711:
3709:6,514,094,605
3708:
3706:6,477,000,000
3705:
3703:6,473,044,732
3702:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3681:6,374,056,000
3680:
3678:6,435,705,595
3677:
3675:6,396,000,000
3674:
3672:6,395,699,509
3671:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3650:6,308,364,000
3649:
3647:6,357,991,749
3646:
3644:6,314,000,000
3643:
3641:6,318,590,956
3640:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3619:6,231,704,000
3618:
3616:6,280,853,817
3615:
3613:6,215,000,000
3612:
3610:6,242,016,348
3609:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3588:6,154,791,000
3587:
3585:6,204,147,026
3584:
3582:6,137,000,000
3581:
3579:6,165,219,247
3578:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3565:5,750,000,000
3564:
3562:
3560:
3558:6,145,000,000
3557:
3555:6,076,558,000
3554:
3552:6,127,700,428
3551:
3549:6,067,000,000
3548:
3546:6,088,571,383
3545:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3524:5,999,622,000
3523:
3521:6,051,478,010
3520:
3518:
3516:6,012,074,922
3515:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3494:5,921,366,000
3493:
3491:5,975,303,657
3490:
3488:
3486:5,935,213,248
3485:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3464:5,842,122,000
3463:
3461:5,898,688,337
3460:
3458:5,840,000,000
3457:
3455:5,857,972,543
3454:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:5,762,212,000
3432:
3430:5,821,016,750
3429:
3427:
3425:5,779,440,593
3424:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3403:5,681,575,000
3402:
3400:5,741,822,412
3399:
3397:5,760,000,000
3396:
3394:5,699,202,985
3393:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:5,599,396,000
3371:
3369:5,661,086,346
3368:
3366:
3364:5,618,682,132
3363:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:5,518,127,000
3341:
3339:5,578,865,109
3338:
3336:
3334:5,538,268,316
3333:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:5,435,722,000
3311:
3309:5,494,899,570
3308:
3306:
3304:5,456,136,278
3303:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:5,351,922,000
3281:
3279:5,408,908,724
3278:
3276:
3274:5,371,585,922
3273:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3254:5,308,000,000
3253:
3251:5,269,029,000
3250:
3248:5,320,816,667
3247:
3245:
3243:5,288,955,934
3242:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3221:5,180,540,000
3220:
3218:5,230,000,000
3217:
3215:
3213:5,201,440,110
3212:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3191:5,093,306,000
3190:
3188:5,138,214,688
3187:
3185:
3183:5,114,557,167
3182:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:5,006,672,000
3160:
3158:5,045,315,871
3157:
3155:
3153:5,027,200,492
3152:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:4,920,968,000
3130:
3128:4,953,376,710
3127:
3125:
3123:4,940,571,232
3122:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3105:5,000,000,000
3104:
3102:
3100:4,837,719,000
3099:
3097:4,863,601,517
3096:
3094:
3092:4,856,462,699
3091:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3070:4,756,521,000
3069:
3067:4,776,392,828
3066:
3064:
3062:4,774,569,391
3061:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:4,676,388,000
3039:
3037:4,691,559,840
3036:
3034:
3032:4,695,736,743
3031:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3010:4,587,307,000
3009:
3007:4,608,962,418
3006:
3004:
3002:4,614,566,561
3001:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:4,514,838,000
2979:
2977:4,528,234,634
2976:
2974:
2972:4,534,410,125
2971:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2952:4,461,000,000
2951:
2949:4,439,529,000
2948:
2946:4,449,048,798
2945:
2943:
2941:4,451,362,735
2940:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:4,363,144,000
2918:
2916:4,371,527,871
2915:
2913:
2911:4,379,013,942
2910:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:4,286,317,000
2888:
2886:4,295,664,825
2885:
2883:
2881:4,304,105,753
2880:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:4,213,539,000
2858:
2856:4,220,816,737
2855:
2853:
2851:4,232,084,578
2850:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:4,141,445,000
2828:
2826:4,146,135,850
2825:
2823:
2821:4,160,185,010
2820:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2809:4,000,000,000
2808:
2806:3,900,000,000
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:4,070,671,000
2796:
2794:4,071,020,434
2793:
2791:
2789:4,089,083,233
2788:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:3,997,677,000
2766:
2764:3,995,304,922
2763:
2761:
2759:4,016,608,813
2758:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:3,923,000,000
2737:
2735:3,922,793,000
2734:
2732:3,919,182,332
2731:
2729:
2727:3,942,096,442
2726:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:3,846,499,000
2704:
2702:3,842,873,611
2701:
2699:
2697:3,866,568,653
2696:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:3,769,818,000
2676:
2674:3,766,754,345
2673:
2671:
2669:3,790,326,948
2668:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2655:3,600,000,000
2654:
2652:
2650:3,637,000,000
2649:
2647:
2645:3,710,000,000
2644:
2642:3,691,157,000
2641:
2639:3,691,172,616
2638:
2636:
2634:3,712,697,742
2633:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:3,615,743,000
2613:
2611:3,616,108,749
2610:
2608:
2606:3,637,159,050
2605:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:3,543,086,000
2583:
2581:3,541,674,891
2580:
2578:
2576:3,562,313,822
2575:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:3,471,464,000
2553:
2551:3,468,521,724
2550:
2548:
2546:3,490,333,715
2545:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:3,402,224,000
2522:
2520:3,397,475,247
2519:
2517:
2515:3,420,677,923
2514:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:3,333,138,000
2492:
2490:3,329,122,479
2489:
2487:
2485:3,350,425,793
2484:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:3,266,477,000
2462:
2460:3,263,738,832
2459:
2457:
2455:3,281,201,306
2454:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:3,201,354,000
2432:
2430:3,201,178,277
2429:
2427:
2425:3,209,827,882
2424:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:3,135,787,000
2401:
2399:3,141,071,531
2398:
2396:
2394:3,140,093,217
2393:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:3,082,161,000
2371:
2369:3,082,830,266
2368:
2366:
2364:3,083,966,929
2363:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:3,042,000,000
2343:
2341:3,041,507,000
2340:
2338:3,026,002,942
2337:
2335:
2333:3,043,001,508
2332:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:2,995,909,000
2310:
2308:2,970,395,814
2307:
2305:
2303:3,000,716,593
2302:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:2,939,254,000
2280:
2278:2,916,030,167
2277:
2275:
2273:2,948,137,248
2272:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:2,879,934,000
2250:
2248:2,863,042,795
2247:
2245:
2243:2,891,349,717
2242:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:2,822,502,000
2220:
2218:2,811,572,031
2217:
2215:
2213:2,835,299,673
2212:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:2,769,074,000
2190:
2188:2,761,650,981
2187:
2185:
2183:2,782,098,943
2182:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:2,716,927,000
2160:
2158:2,713,172,027
2157:
2155:
2153:2,730,228,104
2152:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:2,665,959,000
2130:
2128:2,665,865,392
2127:
2125:
2123:2,682,053,389
2122:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:2,617,949,000
2100:
2098:2,619,292,068
2097:
2095:
2093:2,636,772,306
2092:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:2,571,663,000
2070:
2068:2,572,850,917
2067:
2065:
2063:2,594,939,877
2062:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2052:
2050:2,400,000,000
2049:
2047:2,500,000,000
2046:
2044:2,527,000,000
2043:
2041:2,400,000,000
2040:
2038:2,527,960,000
2037:
2035:2,544,000,000
2034:
2032:2,525,149,000
2031:
2029:2,516,000,000
2028:
2026:2,557,628,654
2025:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1934:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
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1911:
1908:
1905:
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1120:
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827:
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812:
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807:
805:
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799:
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781:
779:
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773:
771:
769:
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758:
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754:
752:
749:
747:
745:
742:
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738:
735:
732:
731:
727:
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723:
721:
718:
716:
714:
711:
709:
707:
705:
702:
701:
697:
695:
693:
691:
688:
686:
684:
681:
679:
677:
674:
671:
670:
666:
664:
662:
660:
657:
655:
653:
650:
648:
646:
643:
640:
639:
635:
633:
631:
628:
625:
623:
621:
618:
616:
614:
611:
608:
607:
604:
602:
600:
598:
596:
594:
592:
589:
587:
585:
582:
579:
578:
575:
573:
571:
569:
567:
565:
563:
560:
558:
556:
553:
550:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
537:
535:
533:
530:
528:
526:
523:
520:
519:
516:
514:
512:
510:
508:
506:
504:
501:
499:
497:
495:
492:
491:
487:
485:
483:
480:
477:
475:
473:
470:
468:
466:
464:
461:
460:
457:
454:
450:
447:
442:
437:
435:Jones (1978)
432:
429:
424:
420:
417:
412:
408:
405:
401:
398:
394:
391:
388:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
361:
359:
355:
354:Younger Dryas
351:
346:
338:
333:
331:
328:
324:
320:
316:
314:
309:
308:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
274:
272:
268:
264:
263:
258:
257:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
196:Ancient Egypt
188:
183:
178:
170:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
144:
141:
138:
135:
132:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
91:
89:(in billions)
86:
85:
81:
78:
75:
72:
69:
66:
63:
60:
57:
56:
53:
51:
47:
38:
32:
27:
19:
7570:
7382:Publications
7341:Antinatalism
7279:
7256:World3 model
7132:
7116:Major topics
7044:
7038:
7025:
7007:. Retrieved
7003:the original
6951:Central Asia
6945:
6935:
6922:
6913:
6904:
6894:
6889:Netherlands.
6833:
6797:
6770:
6697:
6668:
6588:
6318:
6308:
6296:. Retrieved
6292:the original
6277:
6273:
6269:
6265:
6260:
6227:
6223:
6199:
6190:
6179:
6171:
6166:
6152:cite journal
6117:
6111:
6101:
6090:. Retrieved
6086:
6051:
6045:
6039:
6004:
6000:
5989:
5980:
5972:
5967:
5950:
5408:Former USSR
5104:Switzerland
4990:Netherlands
4680:
4114:
4092: Europe
4086: Africa
1991:HYDE (2007)
1976:(1973–2016)
1945:
1938:
1935:1950 to 2016
1738:1,650–1,710M
396:(1973–2016)
362:
350:Greenlandian
342:
311:
307:Homo sapiens
305:
303:
298:
275:
271:Homo sapiens
270:
262:Homo sapiens
260:
256:Homo sapiens
254:
216:
192:
150:
43:
26:
7265:Society and
7224:Biocapacity
6956:former USSR
6208:. BBC News.
5960:Black Death
5826:Total Asia
5788:Other Asia
1954:and by the
381:Black Death
373:Middle Ages
339:Before 1950
237:during the
219:Paleolithic
194:such as in
121:growth p.a.
7598:Categories
7452:Events and
7267:population
7213:Population
7164:Population
7109:Population
6926:Data from
6643:2015: (e)
6637:2014: (d)
6603:Data from
6355:Data from
6230:(3): 126.
6092:2006-04-08
5942:References
5935:5,907,680
5932:3,913,482
5929:2,524,531
5926:1,791,020
5923:1,270,014
5920:1,041,092
5859:3,389,943
5856:2,139,154
5853:1,298,296
5821:1,172,243
5745:1,242,700
4263:South Asia
4080: Asia
1464:(<700M)
438:Thomlinson
163:, and the
87:population
7548:Migration
7425:6 billion
6949:includes
6298:April 29,
6172:Biol Evol
5218:Portugal
4367:West Asia
4207:East Asia
1941:World War
456:Gapminder
377:monotonic
327:stillborn
204:AD 1
145:0.7–0.8%
133:0.1–0.15%
130:0.15–0.3%
127:<0.12%
110:6.06–6.15
107:1.56–1.71
104:0.89–0.98
101:0.60–0.68
98:0.50–0.58
95:0.43–0.50
92:0.35–0.40
7583:Category
7351:Natalism
7274:Eugenics
6882:Archived
6796:, 1975,
6715:Archived
6674:Archived
6649:Archived
6630:Archived
6613:Archived
6573:Archived
6554:Archived
6541:Archived
6528:Archived
6515:Archived
6502:Archived
6489:Archived
6476:Archived
6463:Archived
6450:Archived
6437:Archived
6424:Archived
6411:Archived
6398:Archived
6385:Archived
6373:Archived
6360:Archived
6252:17784634
6144:37420327
6076:33122717
6031:22560092
5917:603,410
5914:555,828
5911:437,818
5908:268,273
5905:300,000
5897:759,954
5894:387,645
5891:228,342
5888:124,697
5850:925,932
5847:730,619
5844:679,366
5841:374,800
5838:360,000
5835:268,400
5832:175,400
5829:179,000
5818:677,214
5815:392,481
5812:185,092
5809:119,619
5783:975,000
5780:580,000
5777:359,000
5774:303,700
5771:253,000
5768:209,000
5765:165,000
5762:135,000
5759:110,000
5742:881,940
5739:546,815
5736:437,140
5733:358,000
5730:381,000
5727:138,000
5724:160,000
5721:103,000
5707:126,469
5704:108,660
5669:507,623
5666:308,450
5663:165,837
5631:409,070
5628:250,807
5625:137,352
5555:323,420
5552:250,945
5549:176,094
5546:111,401
5479:270,561
5476:212,909
5473:152,271
5441:290,866
5438:249,748
5435:180,050
5432:156,192
5403:121,006
5400:110,490
5365:388,399
5362:358,390
5359:305,060
5356:261,007
5353:187,532
5350:132,888
5213:322,507
5210:301,037
5207:256,616
5204:227,957
5201:162,388
5198:114,419
4914:Germany
4838:Finland
4800:Denmark
4762:Belgium
4724:Austria
1986:Maddison
1416:440–540M
1189:275–345M
849:270–330M
407:Maddison
198:and the
187:Holocene
142:1.3–1.4%
139:0.5–0.6%
136:0.3–0.5%
7572:Commons
7215:ecology
7166:biology
7009:21 July
6232:Bibcode
6122:Bibcode
6068:9650103
6022:3376494
5885:90,466
5882:74,208
5879:61,000
5876:55,000
5873:46,000
5870:33,000
5867:35,000
5864:Africa
5806:89,366
5803:71,800
5800:65,000
5797:55,400
5794:41,400
5791:66,000
5756:75,000
5753:60,000
5718:59,000
5715:50,000
5701:83,563
5698:51,672
5695:34,437
5692:31,000
5689:27,000
5686:18,500
5683:15,400
5660:80,515
5657:39,973
5654:21,220
5651:12,050
5645:40,000
5642:30,000
5639:20,000
5622:65,545
5619:30,754
5616:14,633
5607:30,000
5604:20,000
5601:10,000
5593:98,553
5590:57,643
5587:28,485
5584:14,970
5569:10,000
5566:10,000
5563:10,000
5560:Mexico
5543:46,133
5540:11,230
5517:52,859
5514:39,036
5511:23,823
5508:13,795
5470:97,606
5467:40,241
5429:88,672
5426:54,765
5423:26,550
5420:20,700
5417:18,000
5414:18,000
5411:18,000
5397:87,289
5394:79,604
5391:52,182
5388:36,415
5385:18,800
5382:18,000
5379:18,000
5347:81,460
5344:73,778
5341:57,268
5338:30,413
5335:25,550
5327:16,553
5324:13,909
5321:12,064
5289:39,371
5286:34,810
5283:27,868
5280:20,263
5277:16,201
5274:12,203
5195:68,796
5192:62,580
5189:48,192
5186:24,700
5183:18,000
5175:59,237
5172:56,223
5169:50,363
5166:45,649
5163:31,393
5160:21,226
5066:Sweden
5028:Norway
5023:15,700
5020:13,438
5017:10,114
4985:57,592
4982:54,751
4979:47,105
4976:37,248
4973:27,888
4970:20,176
4967:13,300
4964:13,100
4961:10,500
4947:82,029
4944:78,956
4941:68,371
4938:65,058
4935:39,231
4932:24,905
4929:15,000
4926:16,000
4923:12,000
4909:58,805
4906:52,118
4903:41,836
4900:41,463
4897:38,440
4894:31,246
4891:21,471
4888:18,500
4885:15,000
4876:France
4795:10,197
4575:Oceania
2018:(1967)
2004:McEvedy
1997:(1994)
1988:(2008)
1982:(2015)
1970:(2017)
1928:2,324M
1925:2,340M
1896:2,100M
1893:2,145M
1865:2,007M
1835:1,924M
1832:1,968M
1803:1,829M
1774:1,790M
1744:1,645M
1741:1,668M
1706:1,383M
1677:1,347M
1648:1,278M
1614:1,093M
452:(1967)
445:(1974)
440:(1975)
431:McEvedy
427:(1980)
425:Biraben
422:(1994)
415:(2010)
410:(2008)
403:(2015)
371:to the
253:, when
7282:genics
6840:
6804:
6777:
6712:pbl.nl
6683:
6313:much."
6250:
6142:
6074:
6066:
6029:
6019:
5902:World
5750:India
5712:China
5680:7,500
5677:3,000
5674:Japan
5648:8,600
5613:7,550
5610:6,100
5581:9,219
5578:6,587
5575:4,500
5572:2,500
5537:1,750
5534:2,300
5531:2,800
5528:1,960
5525:1,170
5505:5,892
5502:1,249
5464:9,981
5461:1,000
5458:1,500
5455:2,000
5452:1,300
5376:9,000
5373:7,900
5318:6,783
5315:4,590
5312:2,969
5309:1,894
5306:1,858
5303:1,276
5300:1,113
5297:2,100
5294:Other
5271:8,770
5268:8,240
5265:6,800
5262:4,000
5259:4,500
5256:Spain
5251:9,968
5248:8,634
5245:8,512
5242:6,004
5239:4,353
5236:3,297
5233:2,000
5230:1,100
5227:1,000
5157:8,565
5154:6,170
5151:3,942
5148:2,000
5145:1,500
5137:7,130
5134:6,441
5131:4,694
5128:3,864
5125:2,664
5122:1,829
5119:1,200
5116:1,000
5099:8,851
5096:8,137
5093:7,015
5090:5,621
5087:4,164
5084:2,585
5081:1,260
5078:1,000
5061:4,432
5058:3,961
5055:3,265
5052:2,447
5049:1,735
5014:6,164
5011:3,615
5008:2,355
5005:1,900
5002:1,500
4958:6,000
4955:7,000
4952:Italy
4920:3,500
4917:3,000
4882:6,500
4879:5,000
4871:5,153
4868:4,666
4865:4,009
4862:3,027
4859:1,754
4856:1,169
4833:5,303
4830:5,022
4827:4,269
4824:2,983
4821:1,888
4818:1,155
4792:9,738
4789:8,640
4786:7,666
4783:5,096
4780:3,424
4777:2,000
4774:1,600
4771:1,400
4757:8,078
4754:7,586
4751:6,935
4748:6,767
4745:4,520
4742:3,369
4739:2,500
4736:2,500
4733:2,000
4670:+1.0%
4667:+1.4%
4664:+0.6%
4661:+0.5%
4658:+0.1%
4655:+0.2%
4652:+0.1%
4649:+0.0%
4639:8,175
4636:6,062
4633:1,791
4630:1,041
4612:World
4465:(18%)
4463:1,449
4460:(13%)
4445:(10%)
4440:(10%)
4435:(11%)
4430:(12%)
4419:Africa
4361:(11%)
4356:(13%)
4351:(28%)
4346:(21%)
4341:(21%)
4336:(20%)
4331:(18%)
4326:(15%)
4321:(15%)
4315:Europe
4309:(25%)
4307:2,003
4304:(23%)
4302:1,372
4299:(18%)
4294:(21%)
4289:(27%)
4284:(24%)
4279:(25%)
4274:(28%)
4269:(33%)
4257:(30%)
4255:2,417
4252:(33%)
4250:1,996
4247:(34%)
4242:(45%)
4237:(36%)
4232:(40%)
4227:(38%)
4222:(33%)
4217:(33%)
4201:(59%)
4199:4,790
4196:(59%)
4194:3,605
4191:(55%)
4186:(68%)
4181:(67%)
4176:(68%)
4171:(65%)
4166:(69%)
4161:(74%)
1995:Tanton
1939:After
1912:2,307M
1909:2,299M
1906:2,300M
1880:2,092M
1875:2,070M
1856:2,000M
1843:2,000M
1819:1,912M
1816:1,863M
1813:1,860M
1786:1,793M
1759:1,777M
1754:1,750M
1735:1,600M
1732:1,625M
1729:1,633M
1726:1,600M
1723:1,654M
1720:1,563M
1717:1,650M
1714:1,656M
1697:1,325M
1660:1,276M
1641:1,200M
1638:1,200M
1635:1,241M
1630:1,263M
1625:1,262M
1622:1,265M
1597:1,042M
1560:1,000M
1521:1079M
1518:1041M
462:−10000
443:Durand
419:Tanton
208:10,000
159:, the
124:>0%
116:10–13
7403:Lists
7022:(PDF)
6976:(PDF)
6877:from
6140:S2CID
6072:S2CID
4719:1998
4716:1973
4713:1950
4710:1900
4707:1870
4704:1820
4701:1700
4698:1600
4695:1500
4692:1000
4686:Year
4607:(0%)
4602:(0%)
4569:(5%)
4564:(5%)
4559:(6%)
4554:(1%)
4549:(0%)
4544:(0%)
4539:(0%)
4534:(0%)
4529:(0%)
4517:(9%)
4512:(9%)
4507:(5%)
4502:(2%)
4497:(2%)
4492:(2%)
4487:(4%)
4482:(4%)
4477:(3%)
4455:(7%)
4450:(7%)
4425:(8%)
4413:(5%)
4408:(4%)
4403:(2%)
4398:(2%)
4393:(3%)
4388:(3%)
4383:(3%)
4378:(7%)
4373:(8%)
4149:2030
4146:2000
4143:1913
4140:1820
4137:1700
4134:1600
4131:1500
4128:1000
4122:Year
2016:Clark
1964:Year
1585:985M
1552:770M
1513:1000M
1510:1079M
1507:1000M
1501:1000M
1488:579M
1485:516M
1456:579M
1453:498M
1422:460M
1419:427M
1386:374M
1354:443M
1351:378M
1324:432M
1290:416M
1260:400M
1257:384M
1227:301M
1195:254M
1192:280M
1159:226M
1128:224M
1125:261M
1096:207M
1065:200M
1062:237M
1033:190M
1001:190M
968:254M
914:190M
855:170M
852:256M
817:150M
733:−1000
703:−2000
672:−3000
641:−4000
629:5–20M
609:−5000
580:−6000
551:−7000
542:5–10M
521:−8000
493:−9000
481:1–10M
449:Clark
433:&
389:Year
82:2100
7011:2013
6875:Data
6838:ISBN
6802:ISBN
6775:ISBN
6681:ISBN
6300:2013
6248:PMID
6158:link
6064:PMID
6027:PMID
5499:750
5496:800
5493:800
5490:660
5487:490
5449:680
5224:900
5221:800
5113:650
5110:300
5107:150
5075:700
5072:350
5069:250
5046:970
5043:500
5040:400
5037:300
5034:400
5031:250
4999:950
4996:300
4993:200
4853:400
4850:400
4847:300
4844:250
4841:250
4815:700
4812:650
4809:600
4806:360
4803:250
4768:400
4765:300
4730:700
4727:500
4627:603
4624:556
4621:438
4618:267
4615:226
4594:0.4
4591:0.6
4588:0.6
4585:0.6
4582:0.4
4579:0.4
4567:413
4562:314
4557:105
4515:702
4510:520
4458:798
4453:125
4411:370
4406:237
4359:829
4354:742
4349:498
4344:224
4339:127
4334:112
4297:326
4292:216
4287:165
4282:135
4277:110
4245:613
4240:469
4235:216
4230:223
4225:166
4189:978
4184:710
4179:402
4174:379
4169:284
4164:183
4159:168
4155:Asia
4035:2016
4005:2015
3975:2014
3945:2013
3915:2012
3885:2011
3855:2010
3824:2009
3793:2008
3762:2007
3731:2006
3700:2005
3669:2004
3638:2003
3607:2002
3576:2001
3543:2000
3513:1999
3483:1998
3452:1997
3422:1996
3391:1995
3361:1994
3331:1993
3301:1992
3271:1991
3240:1990
3210:1989
3180:1988
3150:1987
3120:1986
3089:1985
3059:1984
3029:1983
2999:1982
2969:1981
2938:1980
2908:1979
2878:1978
2848:1977
2818:1976
2786:1975
2756:1974
2724:1973
2694:1972
2666:1971
2631:1970
2603:1969
2573:1968
2543:1967
2512:1966
2482:1965
2452:1964
2422:1963
2391:1962
2361:1961
2330:1960
2300:1959
2270:1958
2240:1957
2210:1956
2180:1955
2150:1954
2120:1953
2090:1952
2060:1951
2023:1950
1901:1940
1870:1930
1840:1925
1808:1920
1779:1913
1749:1910
1711:1900
1682:1875
1653:1870
1619:1850
1590:1820
1578:900M
1571:900M
1568:989M
1563:978M
1557:1800
1545:700M
1536:814M
1531:791M
1526:1750
1504:603M
1496:660M
1493:1700
1480:500M
1477:545M
1461:1650
1446:545M
1443:579M
1438:554M
1435:556M
1430:600M
1427:1600
1409:425M
1406:460M
1403:461M
1400:438M
1397:500M
1394:600M
1391:1500
1377:350M
1374:374M
1369:390M
1362:500M
1359:1400
1342:443M
1329:1340
1317:400M
1314:360M
1311:432M
1308:300M
1305:392M
1298:500M
1295:1300
1279:416M
1270:400M
1265:1250
1250:360M
1247:400M
1242:393M
1235:500M
1232:1200
1218:320M
1215:301M
1210:353M
1203:450M
1200:1100
1184:265M
1181:254M
1176:295M
1173:267M
1170:310M
1167:400M
1164:1000
1150:240M
1147:226M
1142:269M
1118:220M
1115:224M
1110:240M
1087:210M
1084:207M
1079:226M
1055:200M
1052:206M
1047:213M
1024:190M
1021:206M
1016:210M
1009:280M
992:190M
989:206M
984:209M
928:205M
905:190M
902:256M
897:202M
869:195M
846:200M
843:170M
840:255M
837:150M
834:188M
831:231M
828:300M
825:300M
808:150M
795:227M
792:−200
767:150M
764:−500
759:50M
743:115M
736:100M
728:27M
712:72M
698:14M
682:45M
675:100M
651:28M
590:11M
413:HYDE
325:vs.
313:Homo
79:2000
76:1900
73:1800
70:1700
67:1600
64:1500
61:1400
58:Year
7280:Dys
7049:doi
6704:doi
6585:.
6579:.
6534:.
6521:.
6508:.
6495:.
6240:doi
6228:297
6130:doi
6118:114
6056:doi
6017:PMC
6009:doi
4605:28
4600:23
4552:11
4505:81
4500:22
4495:12
4485:18
4480:11
4448:74
4443:61
4438:55
4433:47
4428:32
4423:17
4401:39
4396:25
4391:21
4386:21
4381:18
4376:20
4371:19
4329:78
4324:40
4319:34
4272:75
4267:75
4220:88
4215:74
1133:900
1101:800
1070:700
1038:600
1006:500
975:400
947:350
919:300
888:200
860:100
750:50M
719:27M
689:14M
667:7M
644:50M
636:5M
619:18M
612:27M
583:14M
561:8M
531:5M
502:4M
488:4M
393:PRB
297:in
7600::
7071:–
7045:83
7043:.
7037:.
7024:.
6997:.
6963:^
6958:")
6849:^
6825:^
6813:^
6786:^
6762:^
6749:^
6734:^
6729:).
6687:.
6659:^
6596:^
6566:.
6560:.
6547:.
6482:.
6469:.
6456:.
6443:.
6430:.
6417:.
6404:.
6391:.
6366:.
6348:^
6335:^
6286:.
6246:.
6238:.
6226:.
6214:^
6189:.
6154:}}
6150:{{
6138:.
6128:.
6116:.
6110:.
6085:.
6070:.
6062:.
6052:34
6050:.
6025:.
6015:.
6005:90
6003:.
5999:.
4689:1
4597:5
4547:1
4542:2
4537:2
4532:1
4527:1
4490:9
4475:6
4125:1
658:7M
626:5M
554:7M
524:5M
478:4M
471:2M
400:UN
360:.
114:c.
7435:8
7430:7
7101:e
7094:t
7087:v
7057:.
7051::
7028:.
7013:.
6978:.
6844:.
6808:.
6781:.
6744:.
6710:(
6706::
6302:.
6254:.
6242::
6234::
6193:.
6160:)
6146:.
6132::
6124::
6095:.
6078:.
6058::
6033:.
6011::
5962:.
4209:/
822:1
315:;
189:)
33:.
20:)
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