42:
161:(French computer keyboards, unlike manual typewriters, typically assign the circumflex only to letters that bear it in French orthography), various alternative methods have been devised for inputting them or substituting them in type. The original method, suggested by Zamenhof for people who did not have access to a French typewriter, was a set of
604:
has issued general permission for the use of surrogate systems for the representation of the diacritical letters of
Esperanto, under the condition that this is being done only "when the circumstances do not permit the use of proper diacritics, and when due to a special need the h-system fixed in the
833:
3) Se ia el la tipografioj ne povas presi verkojn kun signetoj superliteraj (^) kaj (˘), ĝi povas anstataŭigi la signeton (^) per la litero "h" kaj la signeton (˘) tute ne uzadi. Sed en la komenco de tia verko devas esti presita: "ch=ĉ; gh=ĝ; hh=ĥ; jh=ĵ; sh=ŝ". Se oni bezonas presi ion kun signetoj
646:
in
Esperanto). Any automatic conversion of the text will alter the French words as well as the Esperanto. A few English words like "auxiliary" and "Euxine" can also suffer from such search-and-replace routines. One common solution, such as the one used in
737:
workarounds used in email or on the internet, where the proper letters are often not supported, as seen also in non-ASCII orthographies such as German. These "slipped-hat" conventions make use of the
157:
that can be used in combination with any other key. In handwritten
Esperanto, the diacritics pose no problem. However, since the Esperanto letters with diacritics do not appear on standard computer
834:
internaj (,), oni devas ĝin fari garde, ke la leganto ne prenu ilin por komoj (,). Anstataŭ la signeto (,) oni povas ankaŭ presadi (') aŭ (-). Ekzemple: sign,et,o = sign'et'o = sig-net-o.
149:
The diacritics of
Esperanto were designed with a French manual typewriter in mind, as French was the international language at the time Esperanto was developed. French typewriters have a
59:
977:
605:
Fundamento is not convenient." This provision covers situations such as using the x-system as a technical solution (to store data in plain ASCII) yet still displaying proper
948:
846:
106:
768:
had proposed shifting the caret onto the following vowel, since French circumflex vowels are supported in printing houses. That is, one would write
78:
85:
785:
31:
1039:
92:
612:
A practical problem of digraph substitution that the x-system does not completely resolve is in the complication of bilingual texts.
125:
74:
197:
digraphs. Another system sometimes noted is a 'QWXY system'; this is a carry-over from an early
Esperanto keyboard app named
63:
1108:
956:
99:
52:
1073:
Cê la sângôj okazintaj en la cî-landa vojkodo, cîuj automobilistoj zorge informigû pri la jûsaj instrukcioj.
990:
597:
596:
The x-system has become as popular as the h-system, but it has long been perceived as being contrary to the
546:
The digraphs are now nearly always correctly sorted after their single-letter counterparts; for example,
601:
319:
189:
There are two alternative orthographies in common use, which replace the circumflex letters with either
162:
1015:
923:
861:
758:
377:-based rules for sorting words fail badly when sorting h-digraphs, because lexicographically words in
818:
1103:
840:
725:
For example: eĥoŝanĝoj ĉiuĵaŭde ("echo-change every
Thursday") becomes "exosyangyoj cyiujyawde".
143:
1047:
198:
624:
is especially problematic when used alongside French text, because many French words end in
181:
and more easily customized computer keyboards, the need for such workarounds has lessened.
234:. There are also graphic work-arounds such as approximating the circumflexes with carets.
158:
763:
303:
267:
1097:
473:
A more recent system for typing in
Esperanto is the so-called "x-system", which uses
886:
742:
648:
41:
776:("echo-change every Thursday"). However, this proposal has never been adopted.
543:
is not a letter in the
Esperanto alphabet, so its use introduces no ambiguity.
205:
154:
652:
462:
299:
287:
757:
However, they have generally fallen out of favor. Before the internet age,
150:
17:
697:
to resolve this problem, but this variant of the system is rarely used.
358:, the letters should be separated with an apostrophe or a hyphen, as in
1087:
887:'Morsa kodo kaj Esperanto – rekolekto de artikoloj iam aperintaj'
606:
178:
570:
comes before it. The sorting only fails in the infrequent case of a
1090:– a tool to convert text between various orthographic substitutions
574:
in compound or unassimilated words; for example, the compound word
146:
that have diacritics, as well as a number of graphic work-arounds.
807:, numero 1995/04, paĝo 32: 'Ĉapelilo 1.0 verkita de Pejno Simono'.
738:
374:
139:
210:, with which the Q W X and Y keys were assigned to the letters
35:
978:
Knowledge (XXG):Knowledge (XXG) Signpost/2012-12-31/Interview
173:. With the rise of computer word processing, the so-called
949:"Akademio de Esperanto: Oficialaj Informoj 6 - 2007 01 21"
679:" produces "aux". A few people have also proposed using "
991:"Unicoding the Esperanto Knowledge (XXG) (Part 3 of 4)"
745:
sign (>) to represent the circumflex. For example,
461:
456:
448:
438:
429:
302:was developed by the creator of Esperanto himself,
286:
281:
273:
263:
253:
244:
66:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
536:X-digraphs solve those problems of the h-system:
226:, and the key sequences TX and DY to the letters
820:Aldono al la "Dua Libro de l' Lingvo Internacia"
692:
686:
680:
674:
668:
662:
656:
641:
619:
613:
587:
581:
575:
565:
559:
553:
547:
528:
522:
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510:
504:
498:
492:
486:
480:
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414:
408:
402:
396:
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384:
378:
365:
359:
353:
347:
341:
335:
329:
323:
313:
307:
177:has become equally popular. With the advent of
899:Eichholz, Rüdiger (1983). "Akademiaj Studoj".
8:
631:
625:
27:ASCII substitutions for diacritic characters
1040:"lernu!: Community / Forum / Introduction"
845:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
640:for example, is a word in both languages (
298:The original method of working around the
328:for the circumflex letters. For example,
126:Learn how and when to remove this message
75:"Substitutions of the Esperanto alphabet"
169:, now known as the "Zamenhof-system" or
797:
352:(chance). Where proper orthography has
838:
805:Monato: internacia magazino sendependa
426:
241:
600:. However, in its 2007 decision, the
142:substitutions for the letters in the
32:Inputting Esperanto text on computers
7:
64:adding citations to reliable sources
580:("to reuse") would be sorted after
924:"Registration form for 'xsistemo'"
862:"Registration form for 'hsistemo'"
817:Zamenhof, Ludoviko Lazaro (1888).
25:
138:There are two conventional sets
40:
989:Chuck Smith (10 January 2011).
889:, ILERA Bulteno n-o 70, p-o 04.
687:
681:
675:
663:
657:
614:
582:
566:
548:
523:
511:
505:
487:
481:
475:
415:
409:
342:
336:
324:
308:
51:needs additional citations for
407:, but sorted in the h-system,
1:
185:ASCII transliteration systems
174:
170:
885:Lenio Marobin, PY3DF (2008)
609:characters to the end user.
485:for the digraphs, including
383:should follow all words in
1125:
373:Unfortunately, simplistic
29:
953:akademio-de-esperanto.org
1069:Plena Analiza Gramatiko,
772:for the nonsense phrase
995:Esperanto Language Blog
598:Fundamento de Esperanto
401:should be placed after
306:. He recommended using
911:: 161. September 1962.
823:(in Esperanto). Warsaw
693:
669:
642:
632:
626:
620:
588:
576:
560:
554:
529:
517:
499:
493:
403:
397:
391:
385:
379:
366:
360:
354:
348:
330:
314:
602:Akademio de Esperanto
389:and precede words in
729:Graphic work-arounds
655:software, is to use
413:would appear before
60:improve this article
786:Inputting Esperanto
443:Alphabet
304:L. L. Zamenhof
268:L. L. Zamenhof
258:Alphabet
1109:Orthography reform
1071:end of section 4:
1050:on 16 January 2009
774:eĥoŝanĝoj ĉiuĵaŭde
770:ehôsângôj cîujâude
733:There are several
673:conversion, e.g. "
503:is represented by
144:Esperanto alphabet
564:, while h-system
471:
470:
433:X-sistemo, x-kodo
296:
295:
232:⟨ĝ⟩
228:⟨ĉ⟩
224:⟨ĵ⟩
220:⟨ŝ⟩
216:⟨ŭ⟩
212:⟨ĥ⟩
136:
135:
128:
110:
16:(Redirected from
1116:
1075:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1046:. Archived from
1036:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1001:
986:
980:
975:
969:
968:
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959:on 29 March 2013
955:. Archived from
945:
939:
938:
936:
934:
928:
922:Starner, David.
919:
913:
912:
904:
901:Akademiaj Studoj
896:
890:
883:
877:
876:
874:
872:
866:
860:Starner, David.
857:
851:
850:
844:
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814:
808:
802:
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759:Stefano la Colla
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159:keyboard layouts
131:
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44:
36:
21:
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799:
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751:^sanco, s^anco,
749:may be written
731:
703:
649:Knowledge (XXG)
497:. For example,
444:
434:
431:
425:
334:is replaced by
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11:
5:
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1120:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1096:
1095:
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1083:
1082:External links
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1020:wiktionary.org
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719:
716:
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710:
707:
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699:
685:" instead of "
661:to escape the
594:
593:
592:"rheumatism").
558:) comes after
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459:
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364:(six-hour) or
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950:
944:
941:
925:
918:
915:
910:
907:"Esperanto".
905:quoting from
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853:
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116:February 2024
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105:
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98:
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87:
84:
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77: –
76:
72:
71:Find sources:
65:
61:
55:
54:
49:This article
47:
43:
38:
37:
33:
19:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1052:. Retrieved
1048:the original
1043:
1034:
1023:, retrieved
1019:
1010:
998:. Retrieved
994:
984:
973:
961:. Retrieved
957:the original
952:
943:
931:. Retrieved
917:
908:
900:
894:
881:
869:. Retrieved
855:
832:
825:. Retrieved
819:
812:
804:
800:
773:
769:
754:
750:
746:
743:greater than
734:
732:
724:
637:
611:
595:
571:
540:
535:
472:
372:
312:in place of
297:
199:
194:
193:digraphs or
190:
188:
166:
148:
137:
122:
113:
103:
96:
89:
82:
70:
58:Please help
53:verification
50:
1016:"Esperanto"
762: [
583:reuxmatismo
479:instead of
467:eo-xsistemo
439:Script type
395:. The word
370:(airport).
367:flug'haveno
292:eo-hsistemo
254:Script type
204: [
1098:Categories
1054:24 October
1000:14 January
963:22 January
792:References
755:s>anco.
589:reŭmatismo
300:diacritics
175:"x-system"
171:"h-system"
155:circumflex
86:newspapers
30:See also:
1104:Esperanto
1044:lernu.net
909:Esperanto
841:cite book
701:Y-sistemo
653:MediaWiki
463:ISO 15924
457:ISO 15924
288:ISO 15924
282:ISO 15924
248:H-sistemo
18:X-sistemo
933:12 March
871:12 March
827:12 March
780:See also
509:, as in
430:X-system
423:X-system
361:ses-hora
340:, as in
320:digraphs
245:H-system
238:H-system
200:Ĉapelilo
163:digraphs
153:for the
151:dead key
1025:23 July
741:(^) or
607:Unicode
452:by 1962
449:Created
274:Created
264:Creator
179:Unicode
100:scholar
1088:eoconv
929:. IANA
927:(text)
867:. IANA
865:(text)
735:ad hoc
718:Ŝ = Sy
715:Ĵ = Jy
709:Ĝ = Gy
706:Ĉ = Cy
691:" for
567:shanco
549:sxanco
524:sxanco
343:shanco
318:, and
102:
95:
88:
81:
73:
766:]
747:ŝanco
739:caret
721:Ŭ = W
712:Ĥ = X
586:(for
577:reuzi
561:super
555:ŝanco
552:(for
530:ŝanco
375:ASCII
349:ŝanco
322:with
208:]
140:ASCII
107:JSTOR
93:books
1056:2008
1027:2023
1002:2013
965:2013
935:2021
903:: 7.
873:2021
847:link
829:2021
676:auxx
638:Aux,
618:for
527:for
521:and
515:for
491:for
346:for
277:1888
230:and
79:news
753:or
667:to
651:'s
633:eux
630:or
627:aux
512:sxi
410:chu
165:in
62:by
1100::
1042:.
1018:,
993:.
951:.
843:}}
839:{{
831:.
764:eo
688:ux
682:vx
664:ux
658:xx
643:aŭ
636:.
615:Ux
533:.
518:ŝi
506:sx
488:ux
419:.
416:ci
404:ci
398:ĉu
355:sh
337:sh
222:,
218:,
214:,
206:eo
1058:.
1004:.
967:.
937:.
875:.
849:)
694:ŭ
670:ŭ
621:ŭ
572:z
541:x
500:ŝ
494:ŭ
482:h
476:x
392:d
386:c
380:ĉ
331:ŝ
325:h
315:ŭ
309:u
195:x
191:h
167:h
129:)
123:(
118:)
114:(
104:·
97:·
90:·
83:·
56:.
20:)
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