526:. After entering Shanxi, Xu's forces enjoyed massive popular support; and, although they were outnumbered and ill-armed, succeeded in occupying the southern third of Shanxi in less than a month. Xu's strategy of guerrilla warfare was extremely effective against, and demoralizing for Yan's forces, who repeatedly fell victim to surprise attacks. Xu made good use of cooperation supplied by local peasants to evade and easily locate Yan's forces. When reinforcements sent by the central government forced Xu to withdraw from Shanxi, the Red Army escaped by splitting into small groups that were actively supplied and hidden by local supporters. Yan himself admitted that his forces had fought poorly during the campaign. After the Communists' retreat from Shanxi, Nationalist forces remained in Shanxi to deter further guerrilla activity.
107:
451:. Xu was initially joined by 27 local farmers. Xu's first attack was successful in defeating the local militia, capturing local arms and supplies. Forces under Xu rose to 60 men before being defeated by government forces later in 1927. Government forces attempted to capture Xu, but he escaped. With a handful of recruits, he founded the Seventh Red Army. The Seventh Red Army remained on the move for the next few years, slowly growing in strength. In late 1929 Xu and other groups of communist guerillas active around the Hubei-
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96:
472:
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1077:
677:, capital of Henan. The followers of Mao Zedong, Lin Biao and the Gang of Four, allegedly directed the purging of Xu. Xu's purging was physically and psychologically harsh, to the point of "torture". After his relocation, Xu was forced to live in a cold, damp house, and was denied medical treatment for his illness. Xu died several months after being purged, on March 25, 1970.
612:
After a series of military victories in central China, Xu's tuberculosis became seriously debilitating (at one point putting Xu into a coma for three days), and he was forced to retire from fighting on the front lines in 1940. Xu spent the rest of his life recuperating from his tuberculosis. When the
406:
Because his parents were elderly they were unable to support Xu after his expulsion, and he was forced to return home and work at his family's kiln. Xu worked at the kiln for several years. He also raised ducks and worked for periods at a factory to support himself and his family. In 1921 Xu left
491:
forces, when he was shot twice by a machine gun and put into a coma. Xu was promoted to battalion commander, to regiment commander, to division commander, and by the early 1930s was the commander of the 25th Army. In 1934, the
Nationalists' fourth encirclement campaign against the Eyuwan Soviet
662:. Xu especially disagreed with Mao's practice of attacking career Party members with long histories of supporting the Party and the army. In spite of his opposition to the Cultural Revolution, in April 1969 Xu was promoted as a full Party representative during the
545:
once said, "among the
Chinese revolutionaries, no one has shed more blood than Xu Haidong's family", claiming that during the Nationalists' Communist Suppression Campaign, 66 of Xu's family members were killed by a Nationalist policy of exterminating Xu's clan.
398:
Xu's family was poor, and Xu did not receive any education until he was nine years old, when he was sent to a primary school where his uncle taught. Most of the students at the school were from rich families, and taunted Xu with the nickname
395:). When Xu Haidong was born, his father recognized that Xu's mother was too decrepit to nurse Xu, and requested that his mother throw Xu in a pond to drown. Xu's mother refused to kill Xu, and recruited her sister-in-law to nurse Xu.
33:
499:, but he soon lost contact with the rest of the Red Army after the evacuation began, and he led his forces northward independently. Xu's forces finally evacuated their own base area in September 1934, and reached the
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in which tens of millions of people starved to death. Peng was purged for opposing Mao's economic policies, but Xu survived. In 1966, Xu again opposed Mao's radical policies at the beginning of the
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1181:
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from occupying Shanxi. After the
Japanese advanced further into Shanxi, Xu continued to direct guerrilla operations in the mountainous countryside of Shanxi and western Hebei.
613:
Chinese Civil War resumed in 1947, Xu was assigned to organize the Red Army's logistics, but was unable to complete the assignment owing to his medical condition.
511:, Xu was named the commander of the 15th Army Corps. By the end of the Long March, the Nationalists were offering 250,000 silver dollars for Xu's assassination.
487:
After
Joining the Red Army, Xu rose quickly within the military ranks of the Eyuwan Soviet. Xu's first serious injury occurred in 1931, during a battle with
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688:
on
January 25, 1979. He was one of eight senior military officers purged during the rule of Mao Zedong who were rehabilitated after Deng came to power.
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After becoming a professional soldier, Xu worked for six years in the service of various military forces established by local warlords, and in the
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1053:
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After the founding of the People's
Republic, Xu disagreed with many of Mao Zedong's policies, but was not purged for decades. In the 1959
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673:. On October 25, 1969, Xu was purged as an "anti-Party element", and he and his family were forcibly expelled to
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active in central China, contributing to communist attempts to establish an anti-Japanese base area in eastern
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347:. His exploits earned him the nickname "Tiger Xu". He was wounded in battle nine times; and, after contracting
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631:), the first time that the rank of Senior General was established. Xu maintained his employment within the
403:". When he was twelve, Xu was expelled from school after he injured a rich classmate who was bullying him.
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571:
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351:, was partially bedridden for the last eighteen years of his life. Xu opposed the radical policies of the
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539:, Snow wrote that, among the Communists in Yan'an, none were more famous or mysterious than Xu Haidong.
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After the 9th
Congress, Xu's opposition to the Cultural Revolution was recognized by China's radical
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929:. No. 111, September 1987. pp. 450–468. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
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436:, Xu escaped the Nationalist Army and begun organizing a guerrilla resistance unit in Hubei.
635:, but was only semi-active due to his medical condition. Xu was the chief editor of a book,
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962:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. 2011. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
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The rugged Dabie
Mountain range, where Xu conducted anti-Nationalist guerrilla operations
302:
570:(this was effectively a demotion). Xu re-entered Shanxi in 1937 and participated in the
157:
Corps commander of the Red Army, Senior
Political Commissar of the Central China Bureau
566:(1937–1945), Xu was named commander of the 344th Brigade of the 115th Division of the
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1111:
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518:(who was killed in the operation) led 34,000 Communist guerillas into southwestern
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967:"Xu Haidong: A Man Who has Rendered Outstanding Service to the Chinese Revolution"
1018:. Vol.19, Issue 66. pp. 755–776. July 26, 2010. Retrieved December 7 2011.
1121:
1116:
1021:
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400:
383:. He was the sixth son in a family of ten children. His father was Xu Zhongben (
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forced Xu and the 25th Red Army to retreat to the
Shannxi-Sichuan border area.
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533:, who visited Yan'an to interview notable Communist commanders. In his book,
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In 1955 Xu was one of ten officers awarded the rank of Senior General, or
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Mountain Fires: The Red Army's Three-year War in South China, 1934-1938
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Xu was ordered to guard the rear of the Communist retreat during the
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to recover. In September 1939 Xu joined forces under the command or
1008:"The Fatal Politics of the PRC's Great Leap Famine: the preface to
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Xu was notable for leading his men from the front lines during the
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478:
470:
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452:
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112:
1035:
940:"Xu Haidong: A Man of Great Service to the Chinese Revolution"
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known as the "Macheng Uprising". Xu's uprising was one of the
959:
The Gender of Memory: Rural Women and China’s Collective Past
507:, in June 1935. After arriving in the communist base area of
439:
In August 1927 Xu led a rebellion in his native district of
389:) and his mother is only remembered by her family name, Wu (
936:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 1967.
558:
Chinese troops defending the strategic pass at Pingxingguan
1022:"Xu Haidong's family tragedy written in blood and tears"
447:, a broader series of peasant rebellions ordered by the
307:
293:
664:
9th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party
522:, which was ruled by a Nationalist-aligned warlord,
982:
Dictionary of contemporary Chinese Military History
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934:Warlord: Yen Hsi-shan in Shansi Province 1911–1949
355:, and was persecuted to death by the followers of
1212:People's Republic of China politicians from Hubei
973:. September 30, 2010. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
483:Xu, before the founding of the People's Republic.
1192:Chinese Communist Party politicians from Hubei
1003:. March 25, 2009. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
917:. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
654:: an radical economic programme that caused a
148:Senior General of the People's Liberation Army
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390:
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8:
1182:People's Liberation Army generals from Hubei
953:. July 1, 2005. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
1217:Burials at Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery
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20:
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637:the Military History of the Red 25th Army
375:Xu was born in the village of Xujiaqiao,
997:"The Final Battle of General Xu Haidong"
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885:
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407:home and became a professional soldier.
985:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 1999.
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851:
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529:In 1936 Xu met the American journalist
428:(CCP) in 1925, and participated in the
328:(June 17, 1900 – March 25, 1970) was a
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597:in central China, just north of the
921:Ch'en, Jerome, and Yang, Benjamin.
1197:Victims of the Cultural Revolution
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192:Order of Independence and Freedom
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1075:
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105:
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31:
923:"Reflections on the Long March"
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1:
1016:Journal of Contemporary China
993:. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
581:In August 1938 Xu contracted
1207:20th-century Chinese writers
182:Hundred Regiments Offensive
16:Chinese general (1900–1970)
1233:
603:containing Japanese forces
562:After the outbreak of the
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113:People's Republic of China
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514:In February 1936, Xu and
503:area, around the city of
434:Shanghai massacre of 1927
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30:
1187:Chinese military writers
1177:Politicians from Xiaogan
1067:People's Liberation Army
979:and Higham, Robin D. S.
633:People's Liberation Army
564:Second Sino Japanese War
550:Second Sino-Japanese War
459:border area founded the
445:Autumn Harvest Uprisings
345:Second Sino-Japanese War
334:People's Liberation Army
245:Traditional Chinese
130:People's Liberation Army
1202:Chinese torture victims
913:Benton, Gregor (1992).
601:. Xu was successful in
426:Chinese Communist Party
259:Simplified Chinese
170:Autumn Harvest Uprising
101:Chinese Communist Party
891:Wortzel and Higham 285
774:Wortzel and Higham 116
742:Wortzel and Higham 284
585:, and was recalled to
576:Imperial Japanese Army
572:Battle of Pingxingguan
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178:Battle of Pingxingguan
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449:CCP Central Committee
136:Years of service
680:Xu was posthumously
945:August 3, 2012, at
932:Gillin, Donald G.
927:The China Quarterly
798:, pp. 311–312.
660:Cultural Revolution
536:Red Star Over China
430:Northern Expedition
353:Cultural Revolution
196:Order of Liberation
166:Northern Expedition
1172:Writers from Hubei
956:Hershatter, Gail.
807:Ch'en and Yang 460
652:Great Leap Forward
650:in opposing Mao's
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209:Politician, Writer
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977:Wortzel, Larry M.
644:Lushan Conference
568:Eighth Route Army
467:Chinese Civil War
341:Chinese Civil War
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282:Standard Mandarin
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200:Order of the Army
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1028:. Aug 23, 2014.
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424:. Xu joined the
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349:tuberculosis
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309:Hsu Hai-tung
289:Hanyu Pinyin
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217:Chinese name
162:Battles/wars
78:(1970-03-25)
18:
1167:1970 deaths
1162:1900 births
1122:Luo Ruiqing
1117:Zhang Yunyi
965:PLA Daily.
796:Benton 1992
784:Benton 1992
648:Peng Dehuai
489:Nationalist
401:stinky tofu
377:Dawu County
221:family name
43:Native name
1156:Categories
1132:Xu Guangda
1092:Xu Haidong
907:References
591:Liu Shaoqi
543:Mao Zedong
531:Edgar Snow
524:Yan Xishan
516:Liu Zhidan
497:Long March
371:Early life
357:Mao Zedong
336:of China.
326:Xu Haidong
303:Wade–Giles
295:Xú Hǎidōng
235:Xu Haidong
174:Long March
90:Allegiance
59:1900-06-17
37:Xu Haidong
25:Xu Haidong
1107:Tan Zheng
1102:Chen Geng
1010:Tombstone
1001:Xinhuanet
867:Xinhuanet
820:Xinhuanet
763:Xinhuanet
722:PLA Daily
692:Footnotes
675:Zhengzhou
501:Wei River
441:Huangping
139:1925–1969
83:Zhengzhou
943:Archived
623:Da Jiang
363:and the
361:Lin Biao
215:In this
154:Commands
119:Service/
1065:of the
671:Maoists
509:Shaanxi
332:in the
85:, Henan
68:, Hubei
989:
587:Yan'an
520:Shanxi
219:, the
188:Awards
121:branch
110:
1087:Su Yu
607:Anhui
505:Xi'an
457:Anhui
453:Henan
381:Hubei
987:ISBN
343:and
144:Rank
73:Died
66:Dawu
53:Born
1014:.
684:by
386:徐重本
265:徐海东
251:徐海東
223:is
47:徐海東
1158::
1024:.
999:.
969:.
949:.
925:.
874:^
850:^
836:^
812:^
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727:^
699:^
666:.
639:.
628:大将
609:.
463:.
379:,
367:.
359:,
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399:"
392:吴
229:.
61:)
57:(
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