1255:
2884:"Exposing the Hidden Chapter": "Therefore, the human heart is like a bowl of water. If it is level and not stirred, then the muddy sediment will settle at the bottom and the clear water will rise to the top. Then one can see the eyebrows and observe reason. If a gentle breeze passes over it, the muddy sediment will be stirred up from the bottom, and the clear water will become turbulent at the top, and then one cannot obtain the correct form of the big picture. The heart is also like this. Therefore, take it away with reason and nourish it with clarity. Nothing can incline it, and it can be used to determine right from wrong and resolve doubts."
8452:
906:
8408:
68:
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1798:, but can be compared with him. While Shang Yang believed that people were selfish, Xunzi believed that humanity's inborn tendencies were evil and that ethical norms had been invented to rectify people. His variety of Confucianism therefore has a darker, more pessimistic flavor than the optimistic Confucianism of
1879:, who largely disparaged music. Mozi held that music provides no basic needs and is a waste of resources and money. Xunzi presents a comprehensive argument in opposition, stating that certain music provides joy, which is indeed essential to human wellbeing. Music and joy are respectively translated as
1838:
The chapter is called "Human Nature is Evil," but that's not the whole story. Xunzi thought that people could improve themselves by learning good habits and manners, which he called "artifice." (偽) He believed that people needed to transform their nature to become good. This could be done by learning
771:
John H. Knoblock asserts that the sources available "permit not only a reconstruction of the outlines of career but also an understanding of his intellectual development". Xunzi's writings have survived in exceptionally good condition, and while they provide biographical details, the authenticity of
1904:
Hence, when music is performed within the ancestral temple, lord and subject, high and low, listen to the music together and are united in feelings of reverence. When music is played in the private quarters of the home, father and son, elder and younger brother, listen to it together and are united
1156:
Xunzi notes that despite Qin's achievements, it is "filled with trepidation. Despite its complete and simultaneous possession of all these numerous attributes, if one weights Qin by the standard of the solid achievements of True
Kingship, then the vast degree to which it fails to reach the ideal is
728:
Xunzi's writings respond to dozens of other thinkers, whom he often directly names and criticizes. His well-known notion that "Human nature is evil" has led many commentators to place him opposite of
Mencius, who believed human nature was intrinsically good. Though like Mencius, Xunzi believed that
1834:
Even though
Mencius had already died when the book was written, the chapter is written like a conversation between the two philosophers. Xunzi's ideas about becoming a good person were more complex than Mencius's. He believed that people needed to change their nature, not just give up on it. Some
1071:
had Xunzi sacrifice wine three times, a task that was reserved for the most respected scholar available. The eminence at which he was held suggests that Xunzi became the head of the Jixia
Academy, but he is known to have taught there regardless. It was at this time that Xunzi composed much of his
1846:
Xunzi only stated that the "heart" can observe reason, that is, it can distinguish between right and wrong, good and evil, but it is not the source of value. So where does the standard come from? According to Xunzi's theory of evil human nature, morality will ultimately become a tool of external
1183:
sentiments had there. In a conversation with the Qin official Fan Sui, Xunzi praised much of the state's achievements, officials and governmental organizations. Still, Xunzi found issues with the state, primarily its lack of
Confucian scholars and the fear it inspires, which Xunzi claimed would
1943:) king and government, aided by a class of erudites (Confucian scholars), are similar to that of Mencius, but without the tolerance of feudalism since he rejected hereditary titles and believed that an individual's status in the social hierarchy should be determined only by their own merit.
729:
education and ritual were the key to self-cultivation and thus the method to circumvent one's naturally foul nature. His definition of both concepts was loose, and he encouraged lifelong education and applied ritual to every aspect of life. Other important topics include the promotion of
1063:, events which Xunzi would later recount in a conversation with Li Si. The solidity of Chu decreased so rapidly that Xunzi left around 275 BCE, returning to the more stable Qi state. He was warmly welcomed back in Qi, and held in very high-regard as an intellectual. The
1254:
1938:
Ultimately, he refused to admit theories of state and administration apart from ritual and self-cultivation, arguing for the gentleman, rather than the measurements promoted by the
Legalists, as the wellspring of objective criterion. His ideal gentleman
1842:
Even though some people doubt if the chapter is real, it's an important part of Xunzi's philosophy. People still talk about it today and think about the differences between Xunzi and
Mencius's ideas about human nature and how to become a better person.
996:
records that in his youth Xunzi was a "flowering talent" in matters of scholarship and academics. Essentially nothing else is known of Xunzi's background or upbringing, and thus any attempts to connect his philosophy with either topic are futile.
649:
thinkers, and Xunzi is traditionally regarded as a synthesizer of these traditions with earlier
Confucian thought. The result was a thorough and cohesive revision of Confucianism, which was crucial to the philosophy's ability to flourish in the
1174:
Xunzi's writings suggest that after leaving Qi he visited Qin, possibly from 265 BCE to 260 BCE. He aimed to convert the state's leaders to follow his philosophy of leadership, a task which proved difficult because of the strong hold that
1225:
province, for the rest of his life and was buried there. The year of his death is unknown, though if he lived to see the ministership of his student Li Si, as recounted, he would have lived into his nineties, dying shortly after 219 BCE.
766:
Detailed information concerning Xunzi is largely nonexistent. Yet when compared to the scarcity of knowledge for many other ancient
Chinese philosophers, there is meaningful and significant extant information on the life of Xunzi. The
1847:
value used to maintain social stability and appeal to authoritarianism. Mencius' theory of good human nature, on the other hand, states that humans are inherently good and we have an internal value foundation (the Four
Beginnings).
1221:), which he initially refused and then accepted. However, Lord Chunshen was assassinated In 238 BCE by a court rival and Xunzi subsequently lost his position. He retired, remained in Lanling, a region in what is today's southern
683:, where he learned about every major philosophical tradition of his time. After his graduation, Xunzi traveled to Chu where he mastered poetry, and then returned to Qi as a highly regarded teacher at the academy. His students
1830:
Both Mencius and Xunzi believed in human nature and both believed it was possible to become better, but some people refused it. Mencius saw Xing as more related to an ideal state and Xunzi saw it more as a starting state
1811:
Now, since human nature is evil, it must await the instructions of a teacher and the model before it can be put aright, and it must obtain ritual principles and a sense of moral right before it can become orderly.
1188:, arguing that Qin's lack of Confucian scholars and educational encouragement would be detrimental to the state's future. The king was unconvinced by Xunzi's persuasion, and did not offer him a post in his court.
1036:
against continuing the extreme policies of Qi, though the historicity of this event is not certain. After the exchange, which is later recounted in his writings, Xunzi likely left Qi between 286 and 284 BCE.
5636:
1138:, all of whom authored important editions and commentaries on the Confucian classics. The timeline for his academy teaching is unclear, though he seemed to have considered other posts after being
856:), an era of immense disunity and warfare, had been raging for over a hundred years by the time of Xunzi's birth in the late 4th century BCE. Yet this time also saw considerable innovations in
8201:
1072:
most important philosophical works, namely the chapters "Of Honor and Disgrace", "Of Kings and the Lords-Protector", "Discourse on Nature", "Discourse on Music", and "Man's Nature is Evil".
758:. Since the 20th century, a reevaluation of Xunzi's doctrine has taken place in East Asia, leading to recognition of his profound impact and relevance to both his times and present day.
725:, whose death he died sometime after. The constant warfare of his time informed his work profoundly, as did his interactions with leaders and witnessing the downfall of various states.
1701:
1491:
1059:
residency there. Xunzi achieved considerable skill in the art, and his now-lost book of poems was well-regarded for many centuries. Chu was under especially frequent attacks from the
6991:
740:
Repeated oversimplifications and misunderstandings on Xunzi's teachings, particularly his view on human nature, led to gradual dismissal and condemnation of his thought from the
1715:
1615:
2133:, p. xiii notes that the information on Xunzi in his writings may have never been intended as biographical, and rather served as anecdotes for the sake of teaching.
1362:
1032:), a formal argument of persuasion that philosophical authorities of the time used to advise rulers. After his academy study, Xunzi unsuccessfully attempted to persuade
9089:
8496:
5009:
737:. Though he still cited the ancient sages, he differed from other Confucian philosophers by his insistence on emulating recent rulers rather than those of long ago.
1794:), was a topic which Confucius commented on somewhat ambiguously, leaving much room for later philosophers to expand upon. Xunzi does not appear to know about
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8177:
3512:
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1905:
in feelings of close kinship. When it is played in village meetings or clan halls, old and young listen to the music together and are joined in obedience.
1835:
people thought Xunzi's ideas were strange, but new discoveries suggest that it might have actually been Mencius who had unusual ideas about human nature.
820:
revised and expanded Sima Qian's initial biography for the preface of the first edition of Xunzi's writings. Some minor references to Xunzi also exist in
5726:
664:, and survive in excellent condition. Unlike other ancient compilations, his authorship of these texts is generally secure, though it is likely that
5588:
5831:
8612:
8209:
1339:
641:, Xunzi is often ranked as the third great Confucian philosopher of antiquity. By his time, Confucianism had suffered considerable criticism from
6502:
1755:
1012:. At the academy, Xunzi would have learned about all the major philosophical schools of his time, and been in the presence of scholars such as
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3440:
3134:
3081:
3054:
3027:
2999:
2102:
1988:
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2157:
Scholars such as Wang Zhong and Hu Yuanyi later improved the outline of Xun Quang's life, culminating in a synthesis of information by the
984:
Province of north-central China. It is possible Xunzi was descended from the Xun family, an elite clan that had diminished following the
8225:
3463:
3386:
3283:
3184:
9084:
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3117:
9069:
9064:
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3298:
8767:
7237:
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6981:
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5035:
4974:
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1672:
9079:
8482:
5857:
5821:
4995:
4131:
4127:
3957:
3628:
9054:
9044:
8193:
5801:
5666:
466:
443:
349:
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5547:
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5288:
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3572:
3019:
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873:
692:
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5696:
3654:
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3238:
Manson, William C. (1987). "Incipient Chinese Bureaucracy and Its Ideological Rationale: The Confucianism of Hsün Tzŭ".
1571:
1523:
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7889:
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524:
297:
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authored important editions and commentaries on the Confucian classics. Later in his life worked in the court of
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Many commentators have noted the similarities between the reasons for Xunzi's promotion of music and those of
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1104:, each who would have important political and academic careers. Xunzi's association with Li Si, the future
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5018:
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3329:
1346:
1198:
939:), meaning 'Minister Xun', or 'Chamberlain Xun', after his later position. Some texts give his surname as
734:
229:
8693:
1191:
In around 260 BCE, Xunzi returned to his native Zhao, where he debated military affairs with Lord Linwu (
928:), probably around 310 BCE but certainly before 279 BCE. In his time, he was probably known as Xun Qing (
8832:
8777:
8663:
8617:
8566:
8249:
8241:
8169:
8125:
7487:
7482:
7377:
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5532:
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5351:
5133:
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4297:
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1806:. Like most Confucians, however, he believed that people could be refined through education and ritual.
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this information is sometimes questionable. In addition to these, the main source for Xunzi's life is
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1595:
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1429:
1887:, and their connection in Xunzi's time may explain why both words share the same Chinese character:
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in the 10th century, Mencius gradually upended Xunzi, particularly by the choice to include the
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Sometime between age 13 and 15 (297 and 295 BCE), Xunzi traveled to the north eastern state of
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is also sometimes questionable, especially on its coverage of philosophers such as Xunzi.
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538:
311:
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2189:
There remains much uncertainty around the reason for variations on Xunzi's surname. See
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1008:, which was the most important philosophical center in Ancient China, established by
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955:(73–48 BCE), whose given name was Xun. He is best known by his honorary title Xunzi (
944:
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722:
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77:
8708:
3041:. Dao Companions to Chinese Philosophy. Vol. 7. New York: Springer Publishing.
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Hutton, Eric L.; Harold, James (2016). "Xunzi on Music". In Hutton, Eric L. (ed.).
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3431:. Studies in Philosophy and the History of Philosophy. Vol. 43. Washington:
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2176:, improve the information and as recently as the late 20th century scholars from
2172:. The early 20th century saw a new generation of scholars, particularly from the
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by 283 BCE, where he probably became acquainted with the nascent forms of the
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manifest. Why is that? It is that it is dangerously lacking in Ru scholars"
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7945:
7844:
7754:
7727:
7707:
7652:
7521:
7330:
7191:
7141:
6905:
6780:
6507:
6278:
6202:
6109:
6083:
6003:
5808:
5517:
5457:
5336:
5316:
5068:
5063:
5043:
4953:
4886:
4661:
4586:
4561:
4546:
4516:
4491:
4420:
4365:
4277:
4267:
4257:
4242:
4203:
4168:
4143:
3988:
3890:
3801:
3781:
3736:
3691:
3681:
3477:
3179:
2211:
2203:
1998:
1458:
1276:
993:
889:
826:
821:
773:
655:
634:
342:
213:
2193:, pp. 233–239 for a detailed overview and other possible explanations.
691:
each had an important political and academic careers, though some of their
19:
This article is about the Chinese philosopher. For his eponymous text, see
3428:
Human Nature, Ritual, and History: Studies in Xunzi and Chinese Philosophy
9008:
8973:
8814:
8678:
8474:
8351:
8316:
7950:
7935:
7859:
7854:
7819:
7809:
7722:
7657:
7631:
7116:
6592:
6318:
6288:
6247:
6242:
6008:
5983:
5781:
5472:
5093:
5053:
4987:
4774:
4750:
4591:
4556:
4526:
4430:
4400:
4380:
4355:
4350:
4302:
4173:
4107:
4013:
3973:
3875:
3855:
3796:
3761:
3671:
1727:
1579:
1222:
1184:
result in the surrounding states uniting up against. Xunzi then met with
363:
3261:
3222:
3170:
2073:
8983:
8944:
8932:
8912:
8632:
8546:
7975:
7864:
7829:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7687:
7677:
6354:
6217:
5998:
5956:
5939:
5492:
5048:
4551:
4536:
4395:
4262:
4178:
4158:
4048:
4038:
4023:
4008:
3993:
3983:
3930:
3915:
3826:
3771:
3741:
3716:
3711:
3686:
3623:
3615:
3253:
3068:. Dao Companions to Chinese Philosophy. Vol. 7. pp. 269–289.
1799:
1554:
1290:
1097:
1056:
1013:
973:
824:'s paraphrase of Liu Xiang's preface, as well as brief mentions in the
684:
638:
185:
2654:
2049:. Vol. III: Books 17–32. Translated by Knoblock, John. Stanford:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1027:
961:
958:
934:
931:
923:
920:
672:
organized them into their present form centuries after Xunzi's death.
617:
614:
573:
570:
54:
51:
38:
35:
8956:
8797:
7960:
7901:
7834:
7759:
7636:
7246:
7136:
6227:
6197:
6049:
5961:
5892:
5572:
4930:
4838:
4616:
4440:
4390:
4213:
4198:
4097:
4082:
3998:
3900:
3880:
3870:
3816:
3766:
3602:
3577:
3490:
1516:
981:
888:. Xunzi was a philosopher in the tradition of Confucianism, begun by
877:
869:
646:
642:
221:
201:
106:
5842:
2036:. Vol. II: Books 7–16. Translated by Knoblock, John. Stanford:
695:
sentiments were at odds with his philosophy. Other students such as
1112:
would later tarnish his reputation. Other students of his included
8961:
7940:
7930:
6237:
6232:
6212:
6020:
5058:
4893:
4531:
4317:
4077:
3776:
3731:
3721:
3696:
3197:
Knoblock, John H. (1982–1983). "The Chronology of Xunzi's Works".
2144:
2023:. Vol. I: Books 1–6. Translated by Knoblock, John. Stanford:
1940:
1858:
1101:
904:
797:
778:
730:
688:
217:
189:
427:
8907:
8519:
7980:
7896:
7742:
7737:
7697:
6222:
4826:
4736:
3821:
3746:
1876:
1875:). Much of the Xunzi's sentiments on music are directed towards
1646:
1333:
8478:
7219:
5846:
5637:
An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language
4991:
3494:
3481:
3458:
7906:
4716:
2892:
2890:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
1075:
In his time, Xunzi was called "the most revered of teachers" (
225:
3015:
Disputers of the Tao: Philosophical Argument in Ancient China
1893:. Xunzi also points out the use of music for social harmony:
406:
2733:
2731:
1900:故樂在宗廟之中，君臣上下同聽之，則莫不和敬；閨門之內，父子兄弟同聽之，則莫不和親；鄉里族長之中，長少同聽之，則莫不和順。
8202:
An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
4780:
796:, 74.12–14) and mentions of him in the biographies of both
2420:
2418:
2416:
7215:
3471:
2706:
2704:
2676:
2674:
2625:
2623:
2621:
448:
382:
368:
354:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2379:
2377:
2375:
1865:, particularly in chapter 20, the "Discourse on Music" (
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2222:, pp. 33–34 for further information on this matter
2931:
2929:
8428:
6992:
The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
1911:
1818:
1162:
1142:. He left Qi in around 265 BCE, around the time when
543:
529:
515:
330:
316:
302:
288:
3096:
Xunzi: A Translation and Study of the Complete Works
2047:
Xunzi: A Translation and Study of the Complete Works
2034:
Xunzi: A Translation and Study of the Complete Works
2021:
Xunzi: A Translation and Study of the Complete Works
2008:
Xunzi: A Translation and Study of the Complete Works
8996:
8900:
8879:
8843:
8755:
8719:
8651:
8575:
8512:
8309:
8154:
7920:
7645:
7574:
7436:
7311:
7253:
7104:
6933:
6601:
6393:
6342:
6271:
6185:
6178:
6118:
5880:
5749:
5598:
5450:
5287:
5034:
4903:
4709:
4469:
4331:
4222:
4126:
4057:
3944:
3835:
3662:
3653:
3528:
2214:states that Xunzi was 48 to 50 when he traveled to
2142:It is worth noting that historical accuracy in the
537:
523:
509:
502:
497:
479:
465:
460:
442:
435:
421:
414:
400:
393:
376:
362:
348:
341:
324:
310:
296:
282:
275:
270:
252:
243:
195:
181:
169:
159:
143:
114:
84:
28:
16:
Chinese Confucian philosopher (c.310–after 238 BCE)
3297:
3147:Cook, Scott (1997). "Xun Zi on Ritual and Music".
3116:
1150:Travels and later career (c. 265 – after 238)
2947:
2848:
2692:
1839:from a teacher and following rituals and morals.
1055:poetry style, particularly because of the poet's
3417:, pp. 308–322 for extensive bibliographies
1895:
1808:
1154:
976:for important philosophers. His birthplace was
8490:
7231:
5858:
5003:
3506:
2785:
2571:
2538:
2447:
2407:
2395:
2219:
1898:
1888:
1870:
1789:
1776:The best known and most cited section of the
1749:
1216:
1192:
1169:, chp. 16: "On Strengthening the State", 16.6
1080:
1025:
956:
929:
918:
783:
485:
471:
258:
49:
33:
8:
8178:Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel
6100:
6054:
6040:
2984:Goldin, Paul Rakita (1999). "Introduction".
2896:
2218:. Most scholars disregard this account. See
2987:Rituals of the Way: The Philosophy of Xunzi
658:. His works were compiled in the eponymous
578:
8497:
8483:
8475:
7238:
7224:
7216:
6182:
5865:
5851:
5843:
5727:Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language
5010:
4996:
4988:
3659:
3513:
3499:
3491:
3478:
2344:
2312:
2242:
2010:. Translated by Knoblock, John. Stanford:
1756:
1742:
1709:Universal Church of the Way and its Virtue
1233:
494:
267:
66:
25:
2330:, §9 "Xunzi’s Reception after His Death".
2064:. Translated by Hutton, Eric. Princeton:
1041:Stay in Chu and return to Qi (c. 283–265)
892:who lived over two centuries before him.
3459:"Xunzi (Hsün Tzu, c. 310—c. 220 B.C.E.)"
3414:
3066:Dao Companion to the Philosophy of Xunzi
3039:Dao Companion to the Philosophy of Xunzi
2773:
2761:
2749:
2737:
2722:
2710:
2680:
2641:
2629:
2612:
2600:
2588:
2550:
2526:
2507:
2495:
2424:
2366:
2190:
1802:, who tended to view humans as innately
792:), which includes a biography of Xunzi (
9090:Relationship between Heaven and Mankind
8613:Interactions Between Heaven and Mankind
8435:
8210:Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals
2235:
2123:
2091:Good Beyond Evil: Xunzi on Human Nature
1780:is chapter 23, "Human Nature is Evil".
1245:
988:, though this is only speculation. The
3332:(2009). "Mozi Versus Xunzi on Music".
2962:
2872:
2836:
2824:
2797:
2483:
2471:
2383:
2327:
2285:
2264:
2130:
1020:. Xunzi would have learned the art of
384:
332:
240:
2809:
2459:
2300:
2180:have improved these outlines further.
1825:, chapter 23b: "Human Nature is Evil"
947:, though this may have been to avoid
7:
3433:Catholic University of America Press
3410:
2935:
2920:
2908:
2097:. London and Paris: Hermits United.
654:and throughout the later history of
9050:3rd-century BC Chinese philosophers
8226:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
3464:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3387:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3284:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3185:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1967:Reprinted (1966), Taipei: Chengwen.
966:) translated to 'Master Xun', with
679:, Xunzi studied at the prestigious
3356:"Xunzi | Chinese philosopher"
1918:, chapter 20: "Discourse on Music"
14:
3109:Journal and encyclopedia articles
2827:, §2 "The Way of the Sage Kings".
901:Youth and time in Qi (c. 310–284)
8768:Confucian royal ancestral shrine
8462:
8450:
8438:
8407:
8406:
7062:The Closing of the American Mind
6982:Civilization and Its Discontents
6962:A Vindication of Natural Society
3378:"Legalism in Chinese Philosophy"
3348:10.1111/j.1540-6253.2009.01548.x
3277:Robins, Dan (13 February 2007).
1673:Confucian royal ancestral shrine
1253:
3178:Goldin, Paul R. (6 July 2018).
3123:Berkshire Encyclopedia of China
1096:). His most famous pupils were
449:
428:
407:
383:
369:
355:
8194:The Theory of Moral Sentiments
7564:Value monism – Value pluralism
5667:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
3319:10.1093/OBO/9780199920082-0124
3296:Sung, Winnie (27 June 2018) .
3163:10.1080/02549948.1997.11731299
2303:, § "Confucius and Disciples".
1889:
1871:
1790:
1217:
1193:
1081:
1026:
957:
930:
919:
790:Records of the Grand Historian
784:
544:
530:
516:
486:
472:
331:
317:
303:
289:
259:
50:
34:
1:
6952:Oration on the Dignity of Man
5548:Principle of compositionality
3366:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
3335:Journal of Chinese Philosophy
3037:Hutton, Eric L., ed. (2016).
3020:Open Court Publishing Company
2992:Open Court Publishing Company
1202:
917:Xunzi was born as Xun Kuang (
850:
594:
119:
88:
72:Imaginary portrait of Xunzi,
9095:3rd-century BC Confucianists
8887:Four Books and Five Classics
8623:Ancestor veneration in China
8608:Unity of Heaven and humanity
8258:On the Genealogy of Morality
8218:Critique of Practical Reason
7022:The Society of the Spectacle
5697:Philosophical Investigations
3118:"Hundred Schools of Thought"
2006:—— (1988–1994).
1861:is discussed throughout the
1201:. He remained in Zhao until
980:, a state in the modern-day
735:careful application of names
5538:Modality (natural language)
3074:10.1007/978-94-017-7745-2_9
1912:
1819:
1702:Indonesian Confucian Church
1163:
1108:(or Prime Minister) of the
864:. The primary schools were
9111:
8186:A Treatise of Human Nature
5677:Language, Truth, and Logic
5417:Theological noncognitivism
5302:Contrast theory of meaning
5297:Causal theory of reference
5028:Index of language articles
3643:Hundred Schools of Thought
3207:Cambridge University Press
3127:Berkshire Publishing Group
2659:World History Encyclopedia
2066:Princeton University Press
1953:Xunzi (Xun Kuang) (1927).
1925:ancient Greek philosophers
862:Hundred Schools of Thought
148:Hundred Schools of Thought
18:
9085:Zhou dynasty philosophers
8598:Confucian ritual religion
8402:
7200:
7092:Intellectuals and Society
7042:The Culture of Narcissism
5817:
5762:Philosophy of information
5362:Mediated reference theory
5025:
3488:
3483:Links to related articles
3215:10.1017/S0362502800005435
3101:Stanford University Press
3099:. Vol. 1. Stanford:
3047:10.1007/978-94-017-7745-2
2174:Doubting Antiquity School
2051:Stanford University Press
2038:Stanford University Press
2025:Stanford University Press
2012:Stanford University Press
1981:Columbia University Press
1899:
1666:Confucian ritual religion
633:. After his predecessors
613:
569:
555:
493:
266:
248:
235:
139:
65:
9070:Philosophers of language
9065:Philosophers from Shanxi
7537:Universal prescriptivism
7082:The Malaise of Modernity
7032:The History of Sexuality
6131:Catholic social teaching
5687:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
3384:; Nodelman, Uri (eds.).
3241:Dialectical Anthropology
2897:Hutton & Harold 2016
2062:Xunzi: The Complete Text
1973:Hsün Tzu: Basic Writings
1564:Spring and Autumn Annals
1444:Progressive Confucianism
1270:Spring and Autumn period
1004:. There he attended the
909:Map of China during the
744:onwards. By the rise of
467:Traditional Chinese
461:Alternative Chinese name
8542:Ritual and music system
7326:Artificial intelligence
7162:Philosophy of education
5488:Use–mention distinction
5332:Direct reference theory
3638:Nine Schools of Thought
3361:Encyclopædia Britannica
3324:(subscription required)
3311:Oxford University Press
3142:(subscription required)
3115:Cheng, Linsun (2016) .
3093:Knoblock, John (1988).
2202:Unlike the accounts of
2089:—— (2023).
2060:—— (2014).
2045:—— (1994).
2032:—— (1990).
2019:—— (1988).
1971:—— (1963).
1640:Classic of Filial Piety
1476:Confucianism by country
481:Simplified Chinese
9080:Zhou dynasty essayists
8506:Religious Confucianism
6101:
6055:
6041:
5422:Theory of descriptions
5357:Linguistic determinism
5019:Philosophy of language
4941:State consequentialism
3472:Full text of the Xunzi
3390:(Summer 2023 ed.)
1921:
1828:
1199:King Xiaocheng of Zhao
1159:
1045:Xunzi traveled to the
914:
230:Rectification of names
9055:Chinese Confucianists
9045:3rd-century BC deaths
8833:Temple of Agriculture
8778:Religious goods store
8664:Holy Confucian Church
8618:Chinese folk religion
8567:Worship of the living
8250:The Methods of Ethics
7488:Divine command theory
7483:Ideal observer theory
7167:Philosophy of history
7157:Philosophy of culture
7052:A Conflict of Visions
5533:Mental representation
5468:Linguistic relativity
5352:Inquisitive semantics
3958:Northern and Southern
3305:Oxford Bibliographies
1695:Holy Confucian Church
1284:Warring States period
911:Warring States period
908:
860:, referred to as the
847:Warring States period
631:Warring States period
8866:Confucian coin charm
8367:Political philosophy
7172:Political philosophy
6972:Democracy in America
5717:Naming and Necessity
5627:De Arte Combinatoria
5426:Definite description
5387:Semantic externalism
3125:. Great Barrington:
2498:, pp. 233, 239.
2486:, pp. xiii–xiv.
2474:, pp. xii–xiii.
1955:The Works of Hsüntze
1769:Human nature –
1596:Doctrine of the Mean
1430:Lingnan Confucianism
1327:Fundamental concepts
951:during the reign of
444:Baxter–Sagart (2014)
9075:Writers from Shanxi
8763:Temple of Confucius
8525:Sacrifice to Heaven
8337:Evolutionary ethics
8298:Reasons and Persons
8274:A Theory of Justice
7428:Uncertain sentience
7012:One-Dimensional Man
5767:Philosophical logic
5757:Analytic philosophy
5563:Sense and reference
5442:Verification theory
5397:Situation semantics
3588:School of Diplomacy
3289:Stanford University
3190:Stanford University
2074:10.2307/j.ctt6wq19b
1680:Temple of Confucius
1452:Hermeneutic schools
990:Eastern Han dynasty
953:Emperor Xuan of Han
814:Western Han dynasty
812:, 87.1–2, 14). The
762:Sources and context
666:Western Han dynasty
623:Chinese philosopher
8332:Ethics in religion
8327:Descriptive ethics
8162:Nicomachean Ethics
7132:Cultural pessimism
7127:Cultural criticism
6026:National character
5617:Port-Royal Grammar
5513:Family resemblance
5432:Theory of language
5407:Supposition theory
3522:Chinese philosophy
3254:10.1007/BF00252112
2978:Books and chapters
2786:Knoblock 1982–1983
2572:Knoblock 1982–1983
2539:Knoblock 1982–1983
2448:Knoblock 1982–1983
2408:Knoblock 1982–1983
2396:Knoblock 1982–1983
2220:Knoblock 1982–1983
2210:, the record from
2178:Beijing University
1687:Confucian churches
1616:Three Commentaries
1197:) in the court of
915:
858:Chinese philosophy
854: 475–221 BCE
164:Chinese philosophy
153:Ancient philosophy
125:BCE (aged mid 70s)
9060:Chinese ethicists
9027:
9026:
8957:Bluegreen Emperor
8892:Thirteen Classics
8684:Confucian Academy
8669:Xuanyuan teaching
8593:Mandate of Heaven
8426:
8425:
8420:
8419:
8387:Social philosophy
8372:Population ethics
8362:Philosophy of law
8342:History of ethics
7825:Political freedom
7502:Euthyphro dilemma
7293:Suffering-focused
7213:
7212:
6929:
6928:
6074:Spontaneous order
6064:Social alienation
5913:Cultural heritage
5874:Social philosophy
5840:
5839:
5342:Dynamic semantics
4985:
4984:
4833:Mandate of Heaven
4705:
4704:
3442:978-0-8132-1385-9
3307:: Chinese Studies
3136:978-0-9770159-4-8
3083:978-94-017-7743-8
3056:978-94-017-7745-2
3029:978-0-8126-9942-5
3001:978-0-8126-9400-0
2776:, pp. 31–35.
2740:, pp. 20–21.
2541:, pp. 30–31.
2410:, pp. 29–30.
2104:978-1-7391156-2-3
1990:978-0-231-12965-7
1963:Arthur Probsthain
1931:Gentleman –
1766:
1765:
1539:Book of Documents
1532:Classic of Poetry
1146:succeeded Xiang.
1016:, Tian Pian, and
559:
558:
551:
550:
504:Standard Mandarin
456:
455:
350:Yale Romanization
277:Standard Mandarin
239:
238:
9102:
8997:Tutelary deities
8828:Beijing Shejitan
8823:Temple of Heaven
8819:Beijing Temples
8773:Ancestral shrine
8689:Confucian Shinto
8659:Confucian church
8588:Chinese theology
8499:
8492:
8485:
8476:
8467:
8466:
8465:
8455:
8454:
8453:
8443:
8442:
8441:
8434:
8410:
8409:
8357:Moral psychology
8302:
8294:
8286:
8282:Practical Ethics
8278:
8270:
8266:Principia Ethica
8262:
8254:
8246:
8238:
8230:
8222:
8214:
8206:
8198:
8190:
8182:
8174:
8170:Ethics (Spinoza)
8166:
7805:Moral imperative
7263:Consequentialism
7240:
7233:
7226:
7217:
7177:Social criticism
7097:
7087:
7077:
7067:
7057:
7047:
7037:
7027:
7017:
7007:
6997:
6987:
6977:
6967:
6957:
6947:
6183:
6165:Frankfurt School
6143:Communitarianism
6106:
6060:
6046:
5867:
5860:
5853:
5844:
5802:Formal semantics
5750:Related articles
5742:
5732:
5722:
5712:
5702:
5692:
5682:
5672:
5662:
5652:
5642:
5632:
5622:
5612:
5382:Relevance theory
5377:Phallogocentrism
5012:
5005:
4998:
4989:
4862:Self-cultivation
4767:Neo-Confucianism
4502:Chung-ying Cheng
3660:
3561:New Confucianism
3556:Neo-Confucianism
3515:
3508:
3501:
3492:
3479:
3468:
3457:Elstein, David.
3446:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3382:Zalta, Edward N.
3369:
3351:
3325:
3322:
3301:
3292:
3273:
3234:
3193:
3174:
3150:Monumenta Serica
3143:
3140:
3120:
3104:
3087:
3060:
3033:
3005:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2951:in Knoblock 1994
2945:
2939:
2933:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2885:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2855:
2852:in Knoblock 1994
2846:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2699:
2696:in Knoblock 1990
2690:
2684:
2678:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2575:
2569:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2428:
2422:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2370:
2364:
2351:
2342:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2289:
2283:
2272:
2267:, §1 "Xunzi and
2262:
2249:
2240:
2223:
2200:
2194:
2187:
2181:
2171:
2155:
2149:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2108:
2093:. Translated by
2085:
2054:
2041:
2028:
2015:
2002:
1975:. Translated by
1966:
1957:. Translated by
1919:
1917:
1902:
1901:
1892:
1891:
1874:
1873:
1826:
1824:
1793:
1792:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1716:Phoenix churches
1631:Ceremonial Rites
1437:New Confucianism
1413:Neo-Confucianism
1257:
1234:
1220:
1219:
1207:
1204:
1196:
1195:
1170:
1168:
1137:
1122:
1095:
1094:
1069:King Xiang of Qi
1031:
1030:
986:Partition of Jin
965:
964:
938:
937:
927:
926:
855:
852:
806:Lord of Chunshen
787:
786:
746:Neo-Confucianism
720:
705:
629:during the late
620:
603:
602: after 238
599:
596:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
576:
547:
546:
533:
532:
519:
518:
495:
489:
488:
475:
474:
452:
451:
431:
430:
410:
409:
389:
388:
387:
372:
371:
358:
357:
337:
336:
335:
320:
319:
306:
305:
292:
291:
268:
262:
261:
241:
182:Notable students
124:
121:
93:
90:
70:
60:
58:
57:
44:
42:
41:
26:
9110:
9109:
9105:
9104:
9103:
9101:
9100:
9099:
9030:
9029:
9028:
9023:
8992:
8896:
8875:
8856:Tiangong censer
8839:
8751:
8715:
8647:
8638:Yan Huang Zisun
8583:Shendao shejiao
8571:
8508:
8503:
8473:
8463:
8461:
8451:
8449:
8439:
8437:
8429:
8427:
8422:
8421:
8416:
8398:
8305:
8300:
8292:
8284:
8276:
8268:
8260:
8252:
8244:
8236:
8228:
8220:
8212:
8204:
8196:
8188:
8180:
8172:
8164:
8150:
7923:
7916:
7840:Self-discipline
7800:Moral hierarchy
7748:Problem of evil
7693:Double standard
7683:Culture of life
7641:
7570:
7517:Non-cognitivism
7432:
7307:
7249:
7244:
7214:
7209:
7196:
7122:Critical theory
7100:
7095:
7085:
7075:
7065:
7055:
7045:
7035:
7025:
7015:
7005:
6995:
6985:
6975:
6965:
6955:
6945:
6925:
6603:
6597:
6395:
6389:
6338:
6267:
6174:
6126:Budapest School
6114:
5903:Cosmopolitanism
5876:
5871:
5841:
5836:
5813:
5792:School of Names
5745:
5740:
5730:
5720:
5710:
5707:Of Grammatology
5700:
5690:
5680:
5670:
5660:
5650:
5640:
5630:
5620:
5610:
5594:
5446:
5392:Semantic holism
5372:Non-cognitivism
5312:Conventionalism
5283:
5030:
5021:
5016:
4986:
4981:
4899:
4800:Three teachings
4701:
4652:Tsang Lap Chuen
4465:
4327:
4236:
4218:
4134:
4130:
4122:
4071:
4053:
3962:
3956:
3940:
3849:
3831:
3649:
3647:
3593:School of Names
3536:Agriculturalism
3524:
3519:
3484:
3456:
3453:
3443:
3424:Cua, Antonio S.
3422:
3406:
3404:Further reading
3393:
3391:
3372:
3354:
3328:
3323:
3295:
3276:
3237:
3196:
3177:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3114:
3092:
3084:
3063:
3057:
3036:
3030:
3008:
3002:
2983:
2975:
2970:
2969:
2961:
2957:
2946:
2942:
2934:
2927:
2919:
2915:
2907:
2903:
2895:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2871:
2858:
2847:
2843:
2835:
2831:
2823:
2816:
2808:
2804:
2796:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2772:
2768:
2760:
2756:
2748:
2744:
2736:
2729:
2721:
2717:
2709:
2702:
2691:
2687:
2679:
2672:
2663:
2661:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2640:
2636:
2628:
2619:
2611:
2607:
2599:
2595:
2587:
2578:
2570:
2557:
2553:, pp. 4–5.
2549:
2545:
2537:
2533:
2525:
2514:
2510:, pp. 3–4.
2506:
2502:
2494:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2470:
2466:
2458:
2454:
2446:
2431:
2423:
2414:
2406:
2402:
2394:
2390:
2386:, p. xiii.
2382:
2373:
2365:
2354:
2343:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2311:
2307:
2299:
2292:
2284:
2275:
2263:
2252:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2226:
2201:
2197:
2188:
2184:
2165:
2156:
2152:
2141:
2137:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2105:
2088:
2059:
2044:
2031:
2018:
2005:
1991:
1970:
1952:
1949:
1947:Modern editions
1936:
1920:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1856:
1827:
1817:
1814:
1774:
1762:
1733:
1732:
1661:
1653:
1652:
1555:Book of Changes
1512:
1510:Confucian texts
1502:
1501:
1477:
1469:
1468:
1448:
1408:
1400:
1399:
1364:Sangang Wuchang
1328:
1320:
1319:
1265:
1232:
1205:
1172:
1161:
1152:
1131:
1116:
1043:
972:being a common
943:(孫) instead of
903:
898:
896:Life and career
886:Yin–Yang School
882:School of Names
853:
764:
714:
699:
601:
597:
590:
587:
584:
581:
525:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
450:*s-N-qʷin ang-s
298:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
198:
150:
135:
126:
122:
110:
104:
95:
91:
80:
61:
47:
45:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9108:
9106:
9098:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9040:310s BC births
9032:
9031:
9025:
9024:
9022:
9021:
9016:
9011:
9006:
9004:Landlord deity
9000:
8998:
8994:
8993:
8991:
8990:
8989:
8988:
8987:
8986:
8981:
8976:
8966:
8965:
8964:
8954:
8953:
8952:
8947:
8937:
8936:
8935:
8925:
8923:Yellow Emperor
8918:Wufang Shangdi
8915:
8910:
8904:
8902:
8898:
8897:
8895:
8894:
8889:
8883:
8881:
8877:
8876:
8874:
8873:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8847:
8845:
8841:
8840:
8838:
8837:
8836:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8802:
8801:
8800:
8795:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8759:
8757:
8753:
8752:
8750:
8749:
8747:Yamazaki Ansai
8744:
8739:
8734:
8729:
8727:Yellow Emperor
8723:
8721:
8717:
8716:
8714:
8713:
8712:
8711:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8655:
8653:
8649:
8648:
8646:
8645:
8643:Soil and grain
8640:
8635:
8630:
8625:
8620:
8615:
8610:
8605:
8600:
8595:
8590:
8585:
8579:
8577:
8573:
8572:
8570:
8569:
8564:
8562:Ghost marriage
8559:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8533:
8532:
8522:
8516:
8514:
8510:
8509:
8504:
8502:
8501:
8494:
8487:
8479:
8472:
8471:
8459:
8447:
8424:
8423:
8418:
8417:
8415:
8414:
8403:
8400:
8399:
8397:
8396:
8389:
8384:
8382:Secular ethics
8379:
8377:Rehabilitation
8374:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8349:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8313:
8311:
8307:
8306:
8304:
8303:
8295:
8287:
8279:
8271:
8263:
8255:
8247:
8242:Utilitarianism
8239:
8231:
8223:
8215:
8207:
8199:
8191:
8183:
8175:
8167:
8158:
8156:
8152:
8151:
8149:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7927:
7925:
7918:
7917:
7915:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7893:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7751:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7649:
7647:
7643:
7642:
7640:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7602:Existentialist
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7578:
7576:
7572:
7571:
7569:
7568:
7567:
7566:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7540:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7497:Constructivism
7494:
7493:
7492:
7491:
7490:
7485:
7475:
7474:
7473:
7471:Non-naturalism
7468:
7453:
7448:
7442:
7440:
7434:
7433:
7431:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7364:
7363:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7317:
7315:
7309:
7308:
7306:
7305:
7300:
7298:Utilitarianism
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7259:
7257:
7251:
7250:
7245:
7243:
7242:
7235:
7228:
7220:
7211:
7210:
7208:
7207:
7201:
7198:
7197:
7195:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7182:Social science
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7108:
7106:
7102:
7101:
7099:
7098:
7088:
7078:
7072:Gender Trouble
7068:
7058:
7048:
7038:
7028:
7018:
7008:
7002:The Second Sex
6998:
6988:
6978:
6968:
6958:
6948:
6937:
6935:
6931:
6930:
6927:
6926:
6924:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6607:
6605:
6599:
6598:
6596:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6399:
6397:
6391:
6390:
6388:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6346:
6344:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6275:
6273:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6189:
6187:
6180:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6161:
6160:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6139:
6138:
6128:
6122:
6120:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6112:
6107:
6098:
6097:
6096:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6052:
6047:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6017:
6016:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5994:Invisible hand
5991:
5986:
5981:
5980:
5979:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5948:
5947:
5937:
5936:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5884:
5882:
5878:
5877:
5872:
5870:
5869:
5862:
5855:
5847:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5811:
5806:
5805:
5804:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5753:
5751:
5747:
5746:
5744:
5743:
5733:
5723:
5713:
5703:
5693:
5683:
5673:
5663:
5653:
5643:
5633:
5623:
5613:
5602:
5600:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5543:Presupposition
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5454:
5452:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5322:Deconstruction
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5293:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5040:
5038:
5032:
5031:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5017:
5015:
5014:
5007:
5000:
4992:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4970:Metaphilosophy
4967:
4962:
4957:
4950:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4938:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4890:
4883:
4876:
4871:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4847:
4842:
4835:
4830:
4823:
4816:
4809:
4802:
4797:
4790:
4783:
4778:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4764:
4754:
4747:
4740:
4733:
4726:
4719:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4582:Lee Shui-chuen
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4473:
4471:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4451:Zhang Xuecheng
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4337:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4189:Wang Chongyang
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4140:
4138:
4128:Five Dynasties
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3951:
3949:Three Kingdoms
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3668:
3666:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3612:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3543:
3538:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3469:
3452:
3451:External links
3449:
3448:
3447:
3441:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3370:
3352:
3342:(4): 653–665.
3326:
3293:
3274:
3248:(3): 271–284.
3235:
3194:
3175:
3144:
3135:
3106:
3105:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3082:
3055:
3034:
3028:
3006:
3000:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:, p. 260.
2955:
2940:
2938:, p. 657.
2925:
2923:, p. 654.
2913:
2901:
2899:, p. 269.
2886:
2877:
2856:
2854:, p. 151.
2841:
2829:
2814:
2802:
2800:, p. 268.
2790:
2778:
2766:
2754:
2742:
2727:
2715:
2700:
2698:, p. 247.
2685:
2670:
2646:
2634:
2617:
2605:
2593:
2576:
2555:
2543:
2531:
2512:
2500:
2488:
2476:
2464:
2452:
2429:
2427:, p. 256.
2412:
2400:
2388:
2371:
2352:
2332:
2320:
2305:
2290:
2288:, p. xii.
2273:
2250:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2195:
2182:
2150:
2135:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2103:
2086:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2042:
2029:
2003:
1989:
1977:Watson, Burton
1968:
1948:
1945:
1935:
1929:
1908:
1896:
1855:
1849:
1815:
1809:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1683:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1662:
1659:
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1655:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1643:
1635:
1634:
1627:
1619:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1603:Great Learning
1599:
1591:
1590:
1583:
1575:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1559:
1558:
1551:
1543:
1542:
1535:
1527:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1447:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1368:
1367:
1359:
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1351:
1344:
1337:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1250:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1231:
1228:
1186:King Zhaoxiang
1153:
1151:
1148:
1077:zui wei laoshi
1042:
1039:
1034:Lord Mengchang
902:
899:
897:
894:
763:
760:
557:
556:
553:
552:
549:
548:
541:
535:
534:
527:
521:
520:
513:
507:
506:
500:
499:
498:Transcriptions
491:
490:
483:
477:
476:
469:
463:
462:
458:
457:
454:
453:
446:
440:
439:
433:
432:
425:
423:Middle Chinese
419:
418:
416:Middle Chinese
412:
411:
404:
398:
397:
391:
390:
380:
374:
373:
366:
360:
359:
352:
346:
345:
343:Yue: Cantonese
339:
338:
328:
322:
321:
314:
308:
307:
300:
294:
293:
286:
280:
279:
273:
272:
271:Transcriptions
264:
263:
256:
250:
249:
246:
245:
237:
236:
233:
232:
199:
197:Main interests
196:
193:
192:
183:
179:
178:
173:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
145:
141:
140:
137:
136:
127:
116:
112:
111:
96:
86:
82:
81:
71:
63:
62:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9107:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9037:
9035:
9020:
9017:
9015:
9012:
9010:
9007:
9005:
9002:
9001:
8999:
8995:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8979:Flame Emperor
8977:
8975:
8972:
8971:
8970:
8967:
8963:
8960:
8959:
8958:
8955:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8942:
8941:
8940:Black Emperor
8938:
8934:
8931:
8930:
8929:
8928:White Emperor
8926:
8924:
8921:
8920:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8905:
8903:
8899:
8893:
8890:
8888:
8885:
8884:
8882:
8878:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8851:Spirit tablet
8849:
8848:
8846:
8842:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8820:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8790:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8760:
8758:
8754:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8724:
8722:
8718:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8691:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8656:
8654:
8652:Organizations
8650:
8644:
8641:
8639:
8636:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8628:Son of Heaven
8626:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8616:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8580:
8578:
8574:
8568:
8565:
8563:
8560:
8558:
8555:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8531:
8528:
8527:
8526:
8523:
8521:
8518:
8517:
8515:
8511:
8507:
8500:
8495:
8493:
8488:
8486:
8481:
8480:
8477:
8470:
8460:
8458:
8448:
8446:
8436:
8432:
8413:
8405:
8404:
8401:
8395:
8394:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8314:
8312:
8308:
8299:
8296:
8291:
8288:
8283:
8280:
8275:
8272:
8267:
8264:
8259:
8256:
8251:
8248:
8243:
8240:
8235:
8232:
8227:
8224:
8219:
8216:
8211:
8208:
8203:
8200:
8195:
8192:
8187:
8184:
8179:
8176:
8171:
8168:
8163:
8160:
8159:
8157:
8153:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7928:
7926:
7924:
7919:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7877:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7795:Moral courage
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7735:
7734:
7733:Good and evil
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7718:Family values
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7650:
7648:
7644:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7579:
7577:
7573:
7565:
7562:
7561:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7532:Quasi-realism
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7519:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7480:
7479:
7476:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7463:
7462:
7459:
7458:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7443:
7441:
7439:
7435:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7362:
7359:
7358:
7357:
7356:Environmental
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7318:
7316:
7314:
7310:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7278:Particularism
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7260:
7258:
7256:
7252:
7248:
7241:
7236:
7234:
7229:
7227:
7222:
7221:
7218:
7206:
7203:
7202:
7199:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7187:Social theory
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7109:
7107:
7103:
7094:
7093:
7089:
7084:
7083:
7079:
7074:
7073:
7069:
7064:
7063:
7059:
7054:
7053:
7049:
7044:
7043:
7039:
7034:
7033:
7029:
7024:
7023:
7019:
7014:
7013:
7009:
7004:
7003:
6999:
6994:
6993:
6989:
6984:
6983:
6979:
6974:
6973:
6969:
6964:
6963:
6959:
6954:
6953:
6949:
6944:
6943:
6939:
6938:
6936:
6932:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6841:Radhakrishnan
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6602:20th and 21st
6600:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6394:18th and 19th
6392:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6341:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6276:
6274:
6270:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6184:
6181:
6177:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6159:
6156:
6155:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6137:
6134:
6133:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6117:
6111:
6108:
6105:
6104:
6099:
6095:
6092:
6091:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6059:
6058:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6045:
6044:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6015:
6012:
6011:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5946:
5943:
5942:
5941:
5938:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5920:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5868:
5863:
5861:
5856:
5854:
5849:
5848:
5845:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5816:
5810:
5807:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5787:Scholasticism
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5748:
5739:
5738:
5734:
5729:
5728:
5724:
5719:
5718:
5714:
5709:
5708:
5704:
5699:
5698:
5694:
5689:
5688:
5684:
5679:
5678:
5674:
5669:
5668:
5664:
5658:
5654:
5649:
5648:
5644:
5639:
5638:
5634:
5629:
5628:
5624:
5619:
5618:
5614:
5609:
5608:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5597:
5591:
5590:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5449:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5427:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5402:Structuralism
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5327:Descriptivism
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5307:Contrastivism
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5290:
5286:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5024:
5020:
5013:
5008:
5006:
5001:
4999:
4994:
4993:
4990:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4955:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4810:
4808:
4807:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4682:Zhang Dongsun
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4602:Liang Shuming
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4308:Wang Yangming
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4221:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4056:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3866:Dongfang Shuo
3864:
3862:
3861:Dong Zhongshu
3859:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3516:
3511:
3509:
3504:
3502:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:Knoblock 1988
3412:
3403:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3151:
3145:
3138:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3010:Graham, A. C.
3007:
3003:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2972:
2964:
2959:
2956:
2953:, p. 81.
2952:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2914:
2911:, p. 21.
2910:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2791:
2788:, p. 85.
2787:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2774:Knoblock 1988
2770:
2767:
2764:, p. 24.
2763:
2762:Knoblock 1988
2758:
2755:
2752:, p. 22.
2751:
2750:Knoblock 1988
2746:
2743:
2739:
2738:Knoblock 1988
2734:
2732:
2728:
2725:, p. 20.
2724:
2723:Knoblock 1988
2719:
2716:
2713:, p. 17.
2712:
2711:Knoblock 1988
2707:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2683:, p. 16.
2682:
2681:Knoblock 1988
2677:
2675:
2671:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2644:, p. 15.
2643:
2642:Knoblock 1988
2638:
2635:
2632:, p. 11.
2631:
2630:Knoblock 1988
2626:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2613:Knoblock 1988
2609:
2606:
2602:
2601:Knoblock 1988
2597:
2594:
2590:
2589:Knoblock 1988
2585:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2574:, p. 34.
2573:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2551:Knoblock 1988
2547:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2527:Knoblock 1988
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2508:Knoblock 1988
2504:
2501:
2497:
2496:Knoblock 1988
2492:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2453:
2450:, p. 30.
2449:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2425:Knoblock 1988
2421:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2401:
2398:, p. 29.
2397:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2367:Knoblock 1988
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2321:
2318:, § para. 13.
2317:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2191:Knoblock 1988
2186:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2164:
2163:Wang Xianqian
2160:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2139:
2136:
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2127:
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2117:
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2063:
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2052:
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2039:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2004:
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1996:
1992:
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1624:Rites of Zhou
1621:
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1609:
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1548:Book of Rites
1545:
1544:
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1540:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:Five Classics
1522:
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1518:
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1498:
1497:United States
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1338:
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1331:
1330:
1324:
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1310:Dong Zhongshu
1308:
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1300:
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1292:
1289:
1288:
1285:
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1274:
1271:
1268:
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1264:Early history
1261:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1214:
1213:Lord Chunshen
1209:
1200:
1189:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1158:
1149:
1147:
1145:
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1126:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1078:
1073:
1070:
1067:records that
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1006:Jixia Academy
1003:
998:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
970:
963:
960:
954:
950:
946:
942:
936:
933:
925:
922:
912:
907:
900:
895:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
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867:
863:
859:
848:
843:
841:
840:
835:
834:
829:
828:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
804:, 78.15) and
803:
799:
795:
791:
781:
780:
775:
770:
761:
759:
757:
753:
752:
747:
743:
738:
736:
732:
726:
724:
723:Lord Chunshen
718:
713:
709:
703:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
681:Jixia Academy
678:
677:State of Zhao
673:
671:
667:
663:
662:
657:
653:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
619:
616:
611:
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567:
563:
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367:
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142:
138:
134:
130:
117:
113:
108:
103:
99:
98:State of Zhao
87:
83:
79:
78:Palace Museum
76:(1636–1912),
75:
69:
64:
56:
53:
40:
37:
27:
22:
9019:Mountain God
8736:
8704:Suika Shinto
8674:Taigu school
8603:Filial piety
8530:Festival Huế
8391:
8347:Human rights
8290:After Virtue
8016:Schopenhauer
7985:
7790:Moral agency
7663:Common sense
7559:Universalism
7527:Expressivism
7507:Intuitionism
7478:Subjectivism
7423:Terraforming
7398:Professional
7090:
7080:
7070:
7060:
7050:
7040:
7030:
7020:
7010:
7000:
6990:
6980:
6970:
6960:
6950:
6940:
6360:Guicciardini
6343:Early modern
6262:
6179:Philosophers
6153:Conservatism
6148:Confucianism
6136:Distributism
6069:Social norms
6057:Sittlichkeit
6043:Ressentiment
5989:Institutions
5967:Human nature
5735:
5725:
5715:
5705:
5695:
5685:
5675:
5665:
5645:
5635:
5625:
5615:
5605:
5587:
5528:Metalanguage
5523:Logical form
5478:Truth-bearer
5437:Unilalianism
5347:Expressivism
5174:Wittgenstein
5119:von Humboldt
5088:
5036:Philosophers
4965:Epistemology
4952:
4892:
4885:
4878:
4874:Yin and yang
4866:
4857:Human nature
4849:
4845:Filial piety
4837:
4825:
4818:
4811:
4804:
4792:
4785:
4773:
4762:Confucianism
4756:
4749:
4742:
4735:
4728:
4721:
4692:Zhou Guoping
4687:Zhang Shenfu
4672:Yin Haiguang
4667:Yang Changji
4612:Liu Xiaofeng
4597:Liang Qichao
4482:Carsun Chang
4470:20th century
4456:Zhuang Cunyu
4386:Hong Liangji
4346:Chen Menglei
4341:Chen Hongmou
4323:Zhan Ruoshui
4283:Liu Zongzhou
4253:Hong Zicheng
4248:Huang Zongxi
4154:Fan Zhongyan
4132:Ten Kingdoms
4118:Linji Yixuan
4113:Liu Zongyuan
3791:
3702:Gongsun Long
3664:Eastern Zhou
3655:Philosophers
3633:
3629:Mixed School
3614:
3607:
3551:Han learning
3546:Confucianism
3474:(in Chinese)
3462:
3427:
3408:
3407:
3392:. Retrieved
3385:
3368:9 June 2017.
3359:
3339:
3333:
3303:
3287:. Stanford:
3282:
3245:
3239:
3202:
3198:
3188:. Stanford:
3183:
3154:
3148:
3122:
3108:
3107:
3095:
3065:
3038:
3014:
2986:
2977:
2976:
2958:
2948:
2943:
2916:
2904:
2880:
2849:
2844:
2832:
2805:
2793:
2781:
2769:
2757:
2745:
2718:
2693:
2688:
2662:. Retrieved
2658:
2649:
2637:
2615:, p. 9.
2608:
2603:, p. 8.
2596:
2591:, p. 7.
2546:
2534:
2529:, p. 4.
2503:
2491:
2479:
2467:
2455:
2403:
2391:
2369:, p. 3.
2350:, § para. 2.
2345:
2323:
2313:
2308:
2268:
2248:, § para. 1.
2243:
2238:
2198:
2185:
2159:Qing dynasty
2153:
2143:
2138:
2126:
2095:Hu, Mingyuan
2090:
2061:
2046:
2033:
2020:
2007:
1979:. New York:
1972:
1954:
1937:
1932:
1922:
1897:
1884:
1880:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1810:
1785:
1782:Human nature
1777:
1775:
1770:
1660:Organization
1645:
1638:
1629:
1622:
1601:
1594:
1585:
1578:
1562:
1553:
1546:
1537:
1530:
1451:
1425:Taigu school
1418:Han Learning
1393:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1363:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1332:
1315:Gongsun Hong
1295:
1247:Confucianism
1210:
1190:
1173:
1160:
1155:
1076:
1074:
1064:
1050:
1047:state of Chu
1044:
1021:
999:
967:
949:naming taboo
916:
866:Confucianism
844:
837:
831:
825:
809:
801:
793:
789:
777:
765:
749:
742:Tang dynasty
739:
727:
675:Born in the
674:
659:
627:Confucianism
605:
561:
560:
511:Hanyu Pinyin
395:Southern Min
284:Hanyu Pinyin
210:Human nature
176:Confucianism
133:Zhou dynasty
129:State of Chu
102:Zhou dynasty
74:Qing dynasty
21:Xunzi (book)
8969:Red Emperor
8810:Miao shrine
8783:Hero shrine
8742:Kang Youwei
8165:(c. 322 BC)
8031:Kierkegaard
7850:Stewardship
7627:Rousseauian
7544:Rationalism
7456:Cognitivism
7403:Programming
7378:Meat eating
7351:Engineering
7147:Historicism
6976:(1835–1840)
6942:De Officiis
6666:de Beauvoir
6636:Baudrillard
6588:Vivekananda
6578:Tocqueville
6493:Kierkegaard
6309:Ibn Khaldun
6279:Alpharabius
6170:Personalism
6079:Stewardship
6036:Reification
6031:Natural law
5952:Familialism
5918:Culturalism
5772:Linguistics
5737:Limited Inc
5657:On Denoting
5483:Proposition
5134:de Saussure
5099:Ibn Khaldun
4936:Role ethics
4921:Metaphysics
4697:Zhou Zuoren
4657:Xiong Shili
4642:Tang Chun-i
4637:Sun Yat-sen
4632:Qiu Renzong
4627:Mou Zongsan
4577:Kang Youwei
4522:Feng Youlan
4487:P. C. Chang
4477:Cai Yuanpei
4461:Zeng Guofan
4446:Yu Zhengxie
4376:Gong Zizhen
4371:Feng Guifen
4361:Fang Lanfen
4293:Qian Dehong
4093:Zhang Zhihe
4029:Xiahou Xuan
3969:Bao Jingyan
3812:Zhuang Zhou
3394:19 February
3374:Pines, Yuri
3364:. Chicago:
3330:Wang Keping
3199:Early China
3018:. Chicago:
2990:. Chicago:
2963:Graham 2015
2873:Goldin 2018
2837:Manson 1987
2825:Robins 2007
2798:Graham 2015
2484:Goldin 1999
2472:Goldin 1999
2384:Goldin 1999
2328:Goldin 2018
2286:Goldin 1999
2265:Goldin 2018
2166: [
2131:Goldin 1999
1959:Dubs, Homer
1784:, known as
1721:Xuanyuanism
1610:Other texts
1303:Western Han
1211:In 240 BCE
1132: [
1117: [
1110:Qin dynasty
833:Zhan Guo Ce
715: [
700: [
652:Han dynasty
604:BCE), born
437:Old Chinese
318:Hsün K'uang
304:Shyun Kuanq
105:Modern-day
9034:Categories
8871:Joss paper
8861:Hell money
8788:Myo shrine
8469:Philosophy
8061:Bonhoeffer
7770:Immorality
7713:Eudaimonia
7673:Conscience
7668:Compassion
7554:Skepticism
7549:Relativism
7466:Naturalism
7446:Absolutism
7418:Technology
7268:Deontology
7152:Humanities
7112:Agnotology
6771:Kołakowski
6334:Ibn Tufayl
6314:Maimonides
6258:Thucydides
6253:Tertullian
6208:Lactantius
6103:Volksgeist
6084:Traditions
5898:Convention
5832:Discussion
5827:Task Force
5777:Pragmatics
5568:Speech act
5498:Categories
5412:Symbiosism
5367:Nominalism
5279:Watzlawick
5159:Bloomfield
5079:Chrysippus
4975:Legitimacy
4677:Yu Dunkang
4647:Tang Yijie
4622:Mao Zedong
4607:Lin Yutang
4572:Jin Yuelin
4567:Jiang Qing
4542:He Guanghu
4512:Chu Anping
4497:Chen Duxiu
4426:Wang Fuzhi
4416:Tan Sitong
4411:Pan Pingge
4406:Liu Yiming
4288:Luo Rufang
4209:Zhou Dunyi
4194:Wang Chuyi
4184:Wang Anshi
4164:Lu Jiuyuan
4044:Yan Zhitui
4034:Xie Daoyun
3936:Yang Xiong
3921:Wang Chong
3896:Kong Anguo
3757:Shen Buhai
3752:Shang Yang
3707:Guan Zhong
3677:Chunyu Kun
3598:Naturalism
3309:. Oxford:
2810:Pines 2023
2664:2022-05-27
2460:Cheng 2016
2346:Britannica
2314:Britannica
2301:Cheng 2016
2244:Britannica
2161:historian
2113:References
1961:. London:
1796:Shang Yang
1572:Four Books
1230:Philosophy
1206: 255
1177:Shang Yang
1125:Zhang Cang
1106:Chancellor
1018:Chunyu Kun
992:historian
884:, and the
839:Yantie Lun
816:historian
769:sinologist
756:Four Books
708:Zhang Cang
668:historian
600: – c.
598: 310
588:Master Xun
539:Wade–Giles
429:Zwin Xüàng
356:Sèuhn Fong
312:Wade–Giles
123: 238
92: 310
46:Xun Kuang
8805:Ci shrine
8756:Buildings
8732:Confucius
8694:Taiseikyo
8537:Feng Shan
8445:Biography
8322:Casuistry
8234:Either/Or
8141:Korsgaard
8136:Azurmendi
8101:MacIntyre
8041:Nietzsche
7971:Augustine
7966:Confucius
7946:Aristotle
7922:Ethicists
7880:Intrinsic
7845:Suffering
7755:Happiness
7728:Free will
7708:Etiquette
7653:Authority
7597:Epicurean
7592:Confucian
7587:Christian
7522:Emotivism
7346:Discourse
7283:Pragmatic
7255:Normative
7192:Sociology
7142:Historism
6851:Santayana
6821:Oakeshott
6791:MacIntyre
6776:Kropotkin
6751:Heidegger
6604:centuries
6518:Nietzsche
6483:Jefferson
6468:Helvétius
6433:Condorcet
6396:centuries
6380:Montaigne
6203:Confucius
6193:Augustine
6110:Worldview
6004:Modernity
5977:Formation
5809:Semiotics
5797:Semantics
5647:Alciphron
5583:Statement
5518:Intension
5458:Ambiguity
5337:Dramatism
5317:Cratylism
5069:Eubulides
5064:Aristotle
5044:Confucius
4954:Shan shui
4887:Zhengming
4662:Xu Fuguan
4587:Li Shicen
4562:Ray Huang
4547:Hu Qiaomu
4517:Fang Keli
4507:Ch'ien Mu
4492:Chen Daqi
4421:Tang Zhen
4366:Fang Quan
4278:Liu Bowen
4268:Lai Zhide
4258:Jiao Hong
4243:Chen Jiru
4204:Zhang Zai
4169:Shao Yong
4144:Cheng Hao
4088:Wang Tong
3989:Guo Xiang
3911:Liu Xiang
3891:Jing Fang
3802:Yuan Xian
3782:Ximen Bao
3737:Lie Yukou
3692:Duanmu Ci
3682:Confucius
3568:Huang–Lao
3411:Sung 2018
3270:143724631
3231:170890374
3209:: 29–52.
3012:(2015) .
2936:Wang 2009
2921:Wang 2009
2909:Cook 1997
2230:Citations
2212:Ying Shao
2208:Liu Xiang
2204:Sima Qian
2082:246223800
1689:and sects
1492:Indonesia
1348:Zhengming
1277:Confucius
1144:King Jian
1140:slandered
1061:Qin state
1010:King Xuan
994:Ying Shao
913:, 260 BCE
890:Confucius
827:Han Feizi
822:Ying Shao
818:Liu Xiang
774:Sima Qian
670:Liu Xiang
656:East Asia
635:Confucius
621:), was a
606:Xun Kuang
531:Shyuntzyy
370:Seon Fong
290:Xún Kuàng
214:Education
9014:City God
9009:Tudigong
8974:Shennong
8815:Yin miao
8679:Shengdao
8576:Concepts
8557:Marriage
8412:Category
8352:Ideology
8317:Axiology
8146:Nussbaum
8096:Frankena
8091:Anscombe
8081:Williams
8036:Sidgwick
7956:Valluvar
7951:Diogenes
7936:Socrates
7860:Theodicy
7855:Sympathy
7820:Pacifism
7810:Morality
7723:Fidelity
7703:Equality
7658:Autonomy
7646:Concepts
7607:Feminist
7582:Buddhist
7512:Nihilism
7451:Axiology
7408:Research
7341:Computer
7336:Business
7205:Category
7117:Axiology
7105:See also
6896:Voegelin
6886:Spengler
6861:Shariati
6816:Nussbaum
6801:Maritain
6761:Irigaray
6741:Habermas
6706:Foucault
6691:Durkheim
6593:Voltaire
6558:de Staël
6533:Rousseau
6458:Franklin
6319:Muhammad
6304:Gelasius
6289:Avempace
6272:Medieval
6248:Polybius
6243:Plutarch
6009:Morality
5984:Ideology
5972:Identity
5881:Concepts
5822:Category
5782:Rhetoric
5607:Cratylus
5578:Sentence
5553:Property
5473:Language
5451:Concepts
5289:Theories
5254:Strawson
5239:Davidson
5229:Hintikka
5224:Anscombe
5169:Vygotsky
5124:Mauthner
5094:Averroes
5084:Zhuangzi
5074:Diodorus
5054:Cratylus
4948:Ink wash
4926:Politics
4916:Theology
4775:Ming yun
4751:Jing zuo
4710:Concepts
4592:Li Zehou
4557:Hua Gang
4527:Gan Yang
4436:Yan Yuan
4431:Wei Yuan
4401:Lin Zexu
4381:Gu Yanwu
4356:Fang Bao
4351:Dai Zhen
4313:Wu Cheng
4303:Wang Gen
4174:Shen Kuo
4149:Cheng Yi
4108:Liu Yuxi
4014:Sengzhao
3974:Fan Zhen
3876:Huan Tan
3856:Ban Zhao
3807:Zhang Yi
3797:Yang Zhu
3762:Shen Dao
3672:Bu Shang
3573:Legalism
3541:Buddhism
3376:(2023).
3262:29790241
3223:23351544
3171:40727390
3157:: 1–38.
1999:50803310
1909:—
1851:Music –
1816:—
1728:Shengdao
1580:Analects
1464:New Text
1459:Old Text
1239:a series
1237:Part of
1223:Shandong
1181:Legalist
1129:Mao Heng
1114:Fuqiu Bo
874:Legalism
733:and the
712:Mao Heng
697:Fuqiu Bo
693:Legalist
545:Hsun Tzu
408:Sûn Hóng
364:Jyutping
8984:Zhurong
8945:Zhuanxu
8933:Shaohao
8913:Shangdi
8901:Deities
8844:Objects
8793:Jongmyo
8709:Onmyōdō
8633:Tianxia
8547:Guan Li
8513:Rituals
8431:Portals
8310:Related
8056:Tillich
8021:Bentham
7996:Spinoza
7991:Aquinas
7976:Mencius
7890:Western
7865:Torture
7830:Precept
7785:Loyalty
7780:Liberty
7775:Justice
7688:Dignity
7678:Consent
7622:Kantian
7612:Islamic
7575:Schools
7461:Realism
7393:Nursing
7388:Medical
7373:Machine
7313:Applied
6946:(44 BC)
6876:Sombart
6871:Skinner
6856:Scruton
6836:Polanyi
6811:Niebuhr
6796:Marcuse
6731:Gramsci
6726:Gentile
6686:Du Bois
6676:Deleuze
6646:Benoist
6616:Agamben
6573:Thoreau
6563:Stirner
6553:Spencer
6503:Le Play
6453:Fourier
6438:Emerson
6423:Carlyle
6408:Bentham
6385:Müntzer
6355:Erasmus
6329:Plethon
6324:Photios
6284:Aquinas
6218:Mencius
6186:Ancient
6119:Schools
5999:Loyalty
5957:History
5945:Counter
5940:Culture
5908:Customs
5589:more...
5493:Concept
5234:Dummett
5209:Gadamer
5204:Chomsky
5189:Derrida
5179:Russell
5164:Bergson
5149:Tillich
5109:Leibniz
5049:Gorgias
4960:Society
4737:Jian'ai
4552:Hu Shih
4537:Gu Zhun
4396:Ma Qixi
4298:Wang Ji
4263:Jiao Yu
4179:Su Song
4159:Hu Hong
4049:Zhi Dun
4039:Xun Can
4024:Wang Bi
4019:Wang Su
4009:Ji Kang
4004:Huiyuan
3994:Fu Xuan
3984:Ge Hong
3931:Xun Yue
3926:Wang Fu
3916:Ma Rong
3886:Jia Kui
3827:Zou Yan
3787:Xu Xing
3772:Sun Tzu
3742:Mencius
3717:Hui Shi
3712:Han Fei
3687:Deng Xi
3624:Yangism
3616:Xuanxue
3583:Marxism
3529:Schools
3299:"Xunzi"
3279:"Xunzi"
3180:"Xunzi"
2973:Sources
2655:"Xunzi"
1800:Mencius
1587:Mencius
1407:Schools
1341:Ganying
1291:Mencius
1098:Han Fei
1057:Qu Yuan
1014:Zou Yan
974:epithet
754:in the
751:Mencius
685:Han Fei
639:Mencius
610:Chinese
582:
566:Chinese
254:Chinese
186:Han Fei
109:, China
8950:Xuanwu
8798:Munmyo
8720:People
8699:Shusei
8301:(1984)
8293:(1981)
8285:(1979)
8277:(1971)
8269:(1903)
8261:(1887)
8253:(1874)
8245:(1861)
8237:(1843)
8229:(1820)
8221:(1788)
8213:(1785)
8205:(1780)
8197:(1759)
8189:(1740)
8181:(1726)
8173:(1677)
8131:Taylor
8116:Parfit
8111:Singer
8086:Mackie
7961:Cicero
7902:Virtue
7835:Rights
7760:Honour
7617:Jewish
7413:Sexual
7321:Animal
7303:Virtue
7247:Ethics
7137:Ethics
7096:(2010)
7086:(1991)
7076:(1990)
7066:(1987)
7056:(1987)
7046:(1979)
7036:(1976)
7026:(1967)
7016:(1964)
7006:(1949)
6996:(1935)
6986:(1930)
6966:(1756)
6956:(1486)
6901:Walzer
6891:Taylor
6881:Sowell
6866:Simmel
6831:Pareto
6826:Ortega
6736:Guénon
6721:Gehlen
6716:Gandhi
6671:Debord
6656:Butler
6651:Berlin
6641:Bauman
6631:Badiou
6621:Arendt
6611:Adorno
6543:Ruskin
6498:Le Bon
6473:Herder
6448:Fichte
6443:Engels
6413:Bonald
6403:Arnold
6375:Milton
6370:Luther
6350:Calvin
6228:Origen
6198:Cicero
6158:Social
6094:Family
6089:Values
6050:Rights
6014:Public
5962:Honour
5893:Anomie
5888:Agency
5741:(1988)
5731:(1982)
5721:(1980)
5711:(1967)
5701:(1953)
5691:(1951)
5681:(1936)
5671:(1921)
5661:(1905)
5651:(1732)
5641:(1668)
5631:(1666)
5621:(1660)
5611:(n.d.)
5573:Symbol
5274:Searle
5264:Putnam
5214:Kripke
5199:Austin
5184:Carnap
5129:Ricœur
5114:Herder
5104:Hobbes
4931:Ethics
4904:Topics
4839:Wu wei
4617:Lu Xun
4441:Yu Yue
4391:Ji Yun
4273:Li Zhi
4214:Zhu Xi
4199:Ye Shi
4098:Han Yu
4083:Jizang
3999:He Yan
3979:Fan Ye
3906:Lu Jia
3901:Liu An
3881:Jia Yi
3871:Dou Wu
3817:Zichan
3767:Su Qin
3727:Li Kui
3609:Daoxue
3603:Taoism
3578:Mohism
3439:
3268:
3260:
3229:
3221:
3169:
3133:
3080:
3053:
3026:
2998:
2101:
2080:
1997:
1987:
1867:Yuelun
1517:Ruzang
982:Shanxi
880:, the
878:Mohism
870:Daoism
647:Mohist
643:Daoist
612::
568::
402:Tâi-lô
222:Heaven
202:Ritual
171:School
160:Region
118:After
107:Shanxi
30:Xunzi
8962:Fu Xi
8880:Books
8737:Xunzi
8552:Ji Li
8457:China
8393:Index
8155:Works
8126:Adams
8121:Nagel
8076:Dewey
8071:Rawls
8051:Barth
8046:Moore
8011:Hegel
7986:Xunzi
7941:Plato
7931:Laozi
7912:Wrong
7885:Japan
7875:Value
7870:Trust
7765:Ideal
7632:Stoic
7383:Media
7368:Legal
6934:Works
6921:Žižek
6906:Weber
6846:Röpke
6806:Negri
6786:Lasch
6756:Hoppe
6711:Fromm
6701:Evola
6681:Dewey
6661:Camus
6568:Taine
6548:Smith
6538:Royce
6528:Renan
6463:Hegel
6428:Comte
6418:Burke
6365:Locke
6299:Dante
6294:Bruni
6263:Xunzi
6238:Plato
6233:Philo
6213:Laozi
6021:Mores
5933:Multi
5923:Inter
5599:Works
5508:Class
5269:Lewis
5259:Quine
5244:Grice
5194:Whorf
5154:Sapir
5139:Frege
5089:Xunzi
5059:Plato
4911:Logic
4894:Ziran
4532:Gu Su
4318:Xu Ai
4103:Li Ao
4078:Fu Yi
3792:Xunzi
3777:Wu Qi
3732:Li Si
3722:Laozi
3697:Gaozi
3380:. In
3266:S2CID
3258:JSTOR
3227:S2CID
3219:JSTOR
3167:JSTOR
2949:Xunzi
2850:Xunzi
2694:Xunzi
2269:Xunzi
2170:]
2145:Shiji
2118:Notes
2078:S2CID
1941:junzi
1933:junzi
1914:Xunzi
1863:Xunzi
1859:Music
1821:Xunzi
1778:Xunzi
1487:Japan
1482:Korea
1296:Xunzi
1208:BCE.
1165:Xunzi
1136:]
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1102:Li Si
1065:Shiji
798:Li Si
779:Shiji
731:music
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689:Li Si
661:Xunzi
562:Xunzi
517:Xúnzǐ
244:Xunzi
218:Music
190:Li Si
8908:Tian
8520:Jesa
8106:Hare
8066:Foot
8026:Mill
8006:Kant
8001:Hume
7981:Mozi
7897:Vice
7815:Norm
7743:Evil
7738:Good
7698:Duty
7438:Meta
7361:Land
7288:Role
7273:Care
6916:Zinn
6911:Weil
6781:Land
6766:Kirk
6626:Aron
6583:Vico
6523:Owen
6513:Mill
6508:Marx
6488:Kant
6478:Hume
6223:Mozi
5928:Mono
5558:Sign
5463:Cant
5249:Ryle
5219:Ayer
5144:Boas
4880:Yong
4827:Tian
4806:Shen
4787:Qing
4744:Jing
4333:Qing
4232:Ming
4227:Yuan
4136:Song
4067:Tang
3822:Zisi
3747:Mozi
3437:ISBN
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3409:See
3396:2024
3131:ISBN
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115:Died
85:Born
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7637:Tao
7331:Bio
6746:Han
6696:Eco
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4851:Xin
4794:Ren
4717:Tao
4062:Sui
3954:Jin
3845:Han
3840:Qin
3344:doi
3315:doi
3250:doi
3211:doi
3159:doi
3070:doi
3043:doi
2070:doi
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1380:Ren
1218:蘭陵令
1194:臨武君
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776:'s
625:of
378:IPA
326:IPA
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