38:
63:
272:
and rice at many levels, including studies focused on the epidemiology, population biology, physiology, cell biology, biochemistry, and molecular genetics of the host pathogen interaction. It is very notable that BB became the first case where the genome sequencing of both host plant and pathogen was
601:
Management of bacterial leaf blight is most commonly done by planting disease resistant rice plants. PSB Rc82 is the standard variety of rice used in
Southeast Asia, and the use of this cultivar enables the harvest of an estimated 0.8 million metric tons of rice per cropping season that would have
609:
Biological control methods are relatively recent developments which are not currently in common use. They may be used in the future to reduce damage done by bacterial leaf blight, with experimental data showing up to a 64% reduction in damage. Including the use of metabolic products isolated from
556:
is endemic to Japan, but can also be found throughout the tropical rice producing countries of Asia. In the tropics the pathogen has the highest level of incidence during the rainy season when rain and wind wound crops. Rain and infected pattywater are the main dispersers of the disease therefore
565:
The use of nitrogenous fertilizer has shown an increase in incidence but mainly because there is more plant growth and conditions stay more humid, but does not have an effect on lesion size. During drier weather bacterial ooze will secrete from leaf lesions in hopes of finding a new host. Ideal
605:
Traditional treatments, such as the applications of copper compounds or antibiotics, are largely ineffective in the control of bacterial leaf blight. Increasingly, rice is being genetically engineered for resistance to the disease, as treatment proves difficult. More than 30 genes have been
526:
lives on dead plants and seeds and probably moves plant-to-plant best through pattywater from irrigation or storms. Upon introduction to the host plant, the bacterium infiltrates the plant through natural openings (water pores and growth cracks on roots) and/or leaf and root wounds.
585:
causes a potentially devastating disease. Found worldwide in temperate and tropical regions, it can destroy up to 80 percent of a crop if the disease develops early. Even if it develops late, it can nonetheless severely diminish the quality and yield of the grain.
1019:
Velusamy, Palaniyandi; Immanuel, J Ebenezar; Gnanamanickam, Samuel S.; Thomashow, Linda (January 2006). "Biological control of rice bacterial blight by plant-associated bacteria producing 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol".
263:
as early as in 1901, and those efforts were focused mainly on ecological studies and chemical control. Since then, significant gains have been made in understanding BB through analysis of the interactions between
561:
is also key to the spread of disease because it is a naturally growing weed usually found around patties and has the ability to be infected by the bacterium and spread the bacterium through a rice patty.
593:. In the Philippines, susceptible varieties lose up to 22.5% of the total harvest during wet seasons and up to 7.2% in the dry season. In resistant crops, these numbers are, respectively, 9.5% and 1.8%.
602:
otherwise been lost to bacterial leaf blight. Macassane, a new variety released in 2011, has been shown to have improved resistance to bacterial leaf blight and is being used currently in
Mozambique.
589:
Bacterial leaf blight is a prevalent and destructive disease which affects millions of hectares/acres throughout Asia. In Japan alone, annual losses are estimated to be between
545:
which acts as alternative host for the bacterium and are considered the most important source of primary inoculums, as well as a great mechanism for bacterium survival.
835:
535:
causing blockage and plant wilting. Bacteria oozes from leaf lesions and is spread by wind or rain, especially when strong storms occur and cause wounds to plants.
724:
1328:
748:
993:
248:
Bacterial blight of rice has high epidemic potential and is destructive to high-yielding cultivars in both temperate and tropical regions especially in
871:
1001:
786:
802:
961:
1306:
1022:
245:
causes bacterial blight (BB) of rice which is one of the most important diseases of rice in most of the rice growing countries.
1091:
557:
fields found in low, wet areas with poor drainage and susceptibility to flooding are areas of high incidence. The presence of
462:
Symptoms appear on the leaves of young plants as pale-green to grey-green, water-soaked streaks near the leaf tip and margins.
1209:
703:
828:
661:
486:
168:
62:
777:
Hopkins, C.M., White, F.F., Choi, S.-H., Guo, A., Leach, J.E., "Identification of a Family of
Avirulence Genes from
756:
1218:
1100:
688:. They rely on resistance genes Xa4, xa5, xa13, Xa21, Xa33 and Xa38, and were released for commercial cultivation.
1333:
1138:
Varshney, Rajeev K.; Godwin, Ian D.; Mohapatra, Trilochan; Jones, Jonathan D. G.; McCouch, Susan R. (2019-10-28).
474:
Systemic infection results in wilting, desiccation of leaves and death, particularly of young transplanted plants.
570:
growth are 26–30 °C (79–86 °F); 20 °C (68 °F) being the best temperature for initial growth.
612:
606:
identified as being associated with resistance to bacterial leaf blight, and have been given names Xa1 to Xa33.
1356:
1005:
952:
681:
499:
226:
1268:
699:
646:
382:
316:
882:
Tagami, Y.; Mizukami, T. "Historical review of the researches on bacterial leaf blight of rice caused by
916:
541:
340:
1147:
348:
495:, but lesion margins are wavy rather than linear as for the former. Damage is often associated with
503:
94:
1361:
1248:
1180:
138:
57:
896:
1139:
1089:
Lannou, Christian (2012). "Variation and
Selection of Quantitative Traits in Plant Pathogens".
810:
1240:
1232:
1172:
1164:
1120:
1112:
1039:
975:
657:
440:
412:
332:
300:
886:" Dowson. Special Report of the Plant Disease and Insect Pest Forecasting Service No. 10, 112
1222:
1156:
1104:
1031:
965:
448:
404:
324:
308:
230:
114:
37:
1227:
1204:
839:
669:
420:
396:
374:
104:
858:
1108:
948:
Populations in Korea and Their
Relationship to Known Bacterial Blight Resistance Genes"
638:
519:
84:
468:
The whole leaf may eventually be affected, becoming whitish or greyish and then dying.
1350:
1184:
711:
1252:
665:
364:
684:
to bacterial blight were engineered into rice, leading to more than ten resistant
1291:
1300:
506:, since bacteria readily enter the damaged tissue caused by insect infestation.
496:
482:
221:
124:
256:
and the
Americas has led to concerns about its transmission and dissemination.
1160:
518:
through rice seed, stem and roots that are left behind at harvest, as well as
1236:
1203:
Chen, Kunling; Wang, Yanpeng; Zhang, Rui; Zhang, Huawei; Gao, Caixia (2019).
1168:
1116:
938:
Jeung, J. U.; Heu, S. G.; Shin, M. S.; Vera Cruz, C. M.; Jena, K. K. (2006).
1315:
1057:
Wang, H.; Hu, X.; Jiang, D. (2009). "Separation of the metabolic product of
901:
632:
1244:
1176:
1124:
1043:
979:
970:
939:
1285:
685:
200:
74:
1205:"CRISPR/Cas Genome Editing and Precision Plant Breeding in Agriculture"
389:
531:
grows in the plant and infects the plant's leaf veins as well as the
481:
In its advanced stages, the disease is difficult to distinguish from
471:
Leaf sheaths and culms of more susceptible cultivars may be attacked.
253:
1262:
1035:
574:
can live in soil with pH range from 4–8.8; optimum pH being 6–6.50.
1320:
1084:
1082:
1080:
532:
465:
These lesions coalesce and become yellowish-white with wavy edges.
356:
260:
208:
645:, 2000 find it is possible to find and quantify this subtype of
249:
204:
1266:
807:
Agriculture, Forestry and
Fisheries Research Council (JP)
925:
477:
In older plants, the leaves become yellow and then die.
727:(TALEN). Knockout produces a rice with resistance to
1275:
167:
56:
24:
259:Research on bacterial blight of rice was begun in
725:transcription activator-like effector nuclease
1198:
1196:
1194:
8:
641:was discovered in this bacterium. Vera Cruz
1263:
854:
852:
36:
21:
1226:
969:
824:
822:
820:
797:
795:
740:
859:Invasive: Symptoms of Bacterial Blight
1228:10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100049
1002:International Rice Research Institute
897:"Bacterial leaf blight affects paddy"
281:There is a very large host range for
7:
787:Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions
539:has a wide host range that includes
1109:10.1146/annurev-phyto-081211-173031
672:to obtain the necessary precision.
962:American Phytopathological Society
14:
1140:"A SWEET solution to rice blight"
789:, Vol. 5, No. 6, pp.451-495,1992.
514:Rice plants become infected with
1023:Canadian Journal of Microbiology
998:Disease- and pest-resistant rice
203:that causes a serious blight of
61:
1092:Annual Review of Phytopathology
628:The first definite evidence of
252:. Its occurrence in the 70s in
1210:Annual Review of Plant Biology
1:
1307:Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
1277:Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
1063:Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
753:Rice Diseases Series (Part 1)
360:(species of rice), including
653:. They do this by trialling
229:, is a member of the family
680:In 2019, genes that enable
52:, bacterial blight of rice
1378:
613:Paraphaeosphaeria minitans
416:(Northern wild rice (USA))
1161:10.1038/s41587-019-0302-0
444:(Small-flowered nutsedge)
225:, which mostly comprises
174:
58:Scientific classification
44:
35:
706:in an unusual way. Zhou
227:phytopathogenic bacteria
861:, "USDA", May 04, 2010.
838:April 25, 2012, at the
749:"Bacterial Leaf Blight"
591:22,000 and 110,000 tons
1004:(IRRI). Archived from
700:transcription promoter
647:evolutionary trade-off
520:alternative weed hosts
383:Paspalum scrobiculatum
317:Echinochloa crus-galli
1067:J. Huazhong Agr. Univ
1059:Coniothyrium minitans
971:10.1094/phyto-96-0867
618:Coniothyrium minitans
352:(Chinese sprangletop)
207:, other grasses, and
1148:Nature Biotechnology
1008:on October 16, 2011.
386:(Ricegrass paspalum)
349:Leptochloa chinensis
328:(Southern cut grass)
500:leaf folder/rollers
95:Gammaproteobacteria
16:Variety of bacteria
994:"Bacterial Blight"
942:Xanthomonas oryzae
919:Xanthomonas Oryzae
884:Xanthomonas oryzae
831:Xanthomonas oryzae
813:on 10 August 2007.
779:Xanthomonas oryzae
583:Xanthomonas oryzae
554:Xanthomonas oryzae
516:Xanthomonas oryzae
283:Xanthomonas oryzae
192:Xanthomonas oryzae
177:Xanthomonas oryzae
46:Xanthomonas oryzae
26:Xanthomonas oryzae
1344:
1343:
1269:Taxon identifiers
1155:(11): 1280–1282.
905:. 3 October 2011.
566:temperatures for
452:(Purple nutsedge)
441:Cyperus difformis
435:, hosts include:
413:Zizania palustris
408:(Annual wildrice)
333:Leersia oryzoides
301:Cenchrus ciliaris
295:, hosts include:
293:Among the grasses
187:
186:
145:
1369:
1337:
1336:
1324:
1323:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1296:
1295:
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1230:
1200:
1189:
1188:
1144:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1086:
1075:
1074:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1016:
1010:
1009:
990:
984:
983:
973:
964:(APS): 867–875.
935:
929:
928:
913:
907:
906:
893:
887:
880:
874:
868:
862:
856:
847:
826:
815:
814:
809:. Archived from
799:
790:
775:
769:
768:
766:
764:
759:on April 5, 2012
755:. Archived from
745:
722:
721:
697:
696:
670:avirulence genes
636:
635:
592:
559:Leersia sayanuka
542:Leersia sayanuka
449:Cyperus rotundus
405:Zizania aquatica
392:(Meadow grasses)
341:Leersia sayanuka
325:Leersia hexandra
320:(Barnyard grass)
309:Cynodon dactylon
231:Xanthomonadaceae
163:
156:X. o.
144:
142:
115:Xanthomonadaceae
66:
65:
40:
22:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1357:Xanthomonadales
1347:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1332:
1327:
1319:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1290:
1289:
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1192:
1142:
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1051:
1036:10.1139/w05-106
1018:
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1013:
992:
991:
987:
937:
936:
932:
915:
914:
910:
895:
894:
890:
881:
877:
872:“Rice Diseases”
869:
865:
857:
850:
840:Wayback Machine
827:
818:
801:
800:
793:
776:
772:
762:
760:
747:
746:
742:
737:
719:
718:
694:
693:
682:host resistance
678:
630:
629:
626:
599:
590:
580:
551:
512:
459:
421:Zoysia japonica
397:Urochloa mutica
375:Panicum maximum
344:(Rice cutgrass)
336:(Rice cutgrass)
312:(Bermuda grass)
279:
217:
199:is a bacterial
189:
179: pv.
169:Trionomial name
158: pv.
153:
143:
136:
105:Xanthomonadales
60:
28: pv.
19:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1375:
1373:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1349:
1348:
1342:
1341:
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1338:
1325:
1312:
1297:
1281:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1259:
1258:
1219:Annual Reviews
1190:
1130:
1101:Annual Reviews
1076:
1049:
1011:
985:
953:Phytopathology
930:
908:
888:
875:
863:
848:
816:
791:
770:
739:
738:
736:
733:
702:is related to
677:
674:
639:plant pathogen
625:
622:
598:
595:
579:
576:
550:
547:
511:
508:
479:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
458:
455:
454:
453:
445:
426:
425:
417:
409:
401:
400:(Tall panicum)
393:
387:
379:
378:(Guinea grass)
371:
370:
369:
353:
345:
337:
329:
321:
313:
305:
278:
275:
216:
213:
185:
184:
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134:
130:
129:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
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85:Pseudomonadota
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
54:
53:
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
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2:
1374:
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1234:
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1206:
1199:
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1029:
1025:
1024:
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989:
986:
981:
977:
972:
967:
963:
959:
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954:
949:
947:
943:
940:"Dynamics of
934:
931:
926:
922:
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912:
909:
904:
903:
898:
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879:
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853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
834:
832:
825:
823:
821:
817:
812:
808:
804:
803:"Xanthomonas"
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
774:
771:
758:
754:
750:
744:
741:
734:
732:
730:
726:
716:
713:
709:
705:
701:
698:
689:
687:
683:
675:
673:
671:
667:
663:
660:against rice
659:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
634:
623:
621:
619:
615:
614:
607:
603:
596:
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584:
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573:
569:
563:
560:
555:
548:
546:
544:
543:
538:
534:
530:
525:
521:
517:
510:Disease cycle
509:
507:
505:
504:hispa beetles
501:
498:
494:
493:
489:
484:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
460:
456:
451:
450:
446:
443:
442:
438:
437:
436:
434:
432:
424:(Zoysiagrass)
423:
422:
418:
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407:
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402:
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388:
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342:
338:
335:
334:
330:
327:
326:
322:
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314:
311:
310:
306:
304:(Buffelgrass)
303:
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298:
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288:
284:
276:
274:
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34:
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27:
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20:
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1208:
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1146:
1133:
1096:
1090:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1030:(1): 56–65.
1027:
1021:
1014:
1006:the original
997:
988:
957:
951:
945:
941:
933:
924:
918:
911:
900:
891:
883:
878:
866:
843:
830:
811:the original
806:
782:
778:
773:
761:. Retrieved
757:the original
752:
743:
728:
714:
707:
692:
690:
679:
654:
650:
642:
627:
617:
611:
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604:
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588:
582:
581:
571:
567:
564:
558:
553:
552:
540:
536:
528:
523:
515:
513:
497:lepidopteran
491:
487:
480:
447:
439:
430:
428:
427:
419:
411:
403:
395:
381:
373:
365:Oryza sativa
363:
355:
347:
339:
331:
323:
315:
307:
299:
292:
291:
286:
282:
280:
269:
265:
258:
247:
242:
238:
235:xanthomonads
234:
220:
218:
195:
191:
190:
188:
180:
176:
175:
159:
155:
154:
137:
125:
49:
45:
29:
25:
18:
1301:Wikispecies
1221:: 667–697.
1103:: 319–338.
870:Ou, Shu H.
664:lines with
549:Environment
483:leaf blight
273:completed.
222:Xanthomonas
126:Xanthomonas
1351:Categories
1073:: 148–150.
829:NAPPFAST:
763:24 October
735:References
712:knocks out
704:resistance
676:Resistance
597:Management
578:Importance
485:caused by
431:Cyperaceae
429:Among the
219:The genus
215:Background
150:Pathovar:
1362:Pathovars
1292:Q16993531
1237:1543-5008
1185:204947484
1169:1087-0156
1117:0066-4286
902:The Hindu
715:OsSWEET13
695:OsSWEET13
686:cultivars
633:virulence
624:Virulence
572:X. oryzae
568:X. oryzae
537:X. oryzae
529:X. oryzae
524:X. oryzae
492:oryzicola
266:X. oryzae
139:X. oryzae
133:Species:
1286:Wikidata
1253:73471425
1245:30835493
1177:31659336
1125:22702351
1061:against
1044:16541159
980:18943752
844:NAPPFAST
836:Archived
662:isogenic
658:isolates
631:cost of
457:Symptoms
433:(Sedges)
233:. Among
201:pathovar
111:Family:
81:Phylum:
75:Bacteria
71:Domain:
846:, 2007.
710:, 2015
637:in any
610:fungus
390:Poaceae
121:Genus:
101:Order:
91:Class:
1321:XANTOR
1251:
1243:
1235:
1183:
1175:
1167:
1123:
1115:
1042:
978:
946:oryzae
783:oryzae
720:PthXo2
717:using
708:et al.
666:clones
643:et al.
616:(syn.
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