33:
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58:
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571:
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genes are a group of genes that impact the specificity of the interaction between the bacteria and the plant host. When either these bacterial genes or a plant's resistance genes to the pathogen are not present, the interaction will result in disease. Alternatively, when the genes are present, the
466:
bacteria and plants can be both compatible and incompatible. It is in the compatible relationships, where the bacteria are able to overcome the host's defenses, rather than experience attenuated growth, that disease symptoms will be seen in the plants. This is due to toxins, extracellular enzymes
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stage of the infection cycle, which is when they grow on the surface of the plant, such as on the aerial tissues of leaves and fruit. Various adhesion strategies are utilized by the microbes in order to remain attached to the plant surfaces, and this includes bacterial surface polysaccharides,
519:
genes are responsible for the determination of the outcome of the interaction between the plant and bacteria. When mutation occurs within these genes, there is impact on both compatible and incompatible interactions. This is the case because there may be an impact on pathogenicity and
607:
conditions of the plant surfaces. These biofilms, along with pigments, also help the bacteria to survive the potential damages to DNA and membrane that result from radiation and light. Eventually, the bacteria enter the host tissue through natural openings such as pores and
633:
can be spread to other plants when the population of bacteria has increased enough that they emerge on the plant surfaces again. This dispersal includes both environmental and mechanical routes, such as through wind, rain, people, non-specific vectors, seed dispersal, etc.
332:
have been described initially and typically named according to the plant that they were first found to infect. However, several studies have subsequently proposed the reclassification of many of these pathovars in different species within the genus
405:
Further investigation of pathogenicity profiles and multilocus sequencing typing suggested that the list could be narrowed down to just three main pathovars with the different symptoms being black rot, leaf spot, and bacterial blight. Both
681:, and proper growth conditions, fermentation then takes place. Therefore, as the microorganism grows, there is production of xanthan, which is secreted from the bacterial cells and ultimately recovered from the media and purified using
628:
takes place. This is when the development of symptoms, such as lesions of leaves, will occur. Progression into the stem and roots can eventually happen as well, which is when there is systematic infection of the plant. Furthermore,
535:) gene cluster also plays an important role in the plant-bacteria interactions by encoding for a cell-cell signaling system involving diffusible signal factor that is necessary for full
273:
stage is reached when the bacteria actually enter the plant host through natural openings. In general, the genes that contribute significantly to the plant-bacteria relationship are the
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1513:
1149:"Identification of Isolates that Cause a Leaf Spot Disease of Brassicas as Xanthomonas campestris pv. raphani and Pathogenic and Genetic Comparison with Related Pathovars"
798:
An, Shi-Qi; Potnis, Neha; Dow, Max; Vorhölter, Frank-Jörg; He, Yong-Qiang; Becker, Anke; Teper, Doron; Li, Yi; Wang, Nian; Bleris, Leonidas; Tang, Ji-Liang (2020-01-01).
1204:
Schaad NW, Postnikova E, Lacy GH, Sechler A, Agarkova I, Stromberg PE, Stromberg VK, Vidaver AK (2006). "Emended classification of xanthomonad pathogens on citrus."
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This product is particularly applicable to the food industry as a suspending, thickening, and stabilizing agent. However, it also has applications pertaining to the
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while also having the ability to live on dead or decaying organic matter under the proper conditions. Upon initial infection, the bacteria remain in the
297:) genes. Additionally, the virulence determinants associated with the seedborne diseases that result from this bacterium include extracellular enzymes,
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424:(known for causing bacterial blight of garden stocks) are vascular pathogens, and they have been found to invade the plant host through wounds or
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700:, etc. Because of that, work is being done to investigate advancements that can be made to the current xanthan gum production processes.
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1102:"A multilocus sequence analysis of Xanthomonas campestris reveals a complex structure within crucifer-attacking pathovars of this species"
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Harrison, Jamie; Hussain, Rana M. F.; Aspin, Andrew; Grant, Murray R.; Vicente, Joana G.; Studholme, David J. (March 2023).
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genus, which is a group of bacteria that are commonly known for their association with plant disease. This species includes
454:. This results in bacterial spot on a wider range of hosts, which includes both crucifers and certain solanaceous plants.
1056:"Phylogenomic Analysis Supports the Transfer of 20 Pathovars from Xanthomonas campestris into Xanthomonas euvesicatoria"
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524:, respectively. Therefore, the plant's ability to limit the spread of the microbial pathogen may be inhibited.
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Elimination of
Xanthomonas campestris pv. pelargonii by Means of Micropropagation of Pelargonium Stock Plants;
697:
521:
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Maji MD, Qadri MH, Pal SC (1998). "Xanthomonas campestris pv. mori, a new bacterial pathogen of mulberry."
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32:
800:"Mechanistic insights into host adaptation, virulence and epidemiology of the phytopathogen Xanthomonas"
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In: 3rd
International Geranium Conference, 1992. Proceedings, Ball Publishing Batavia, IL. USA; (1992),
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matrices composed primarily of xanthan will form, which will help the bacteria to survive in the harsh
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483:), for example. The genes in the bacterial genome that are responsible for such interactions include
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also produce an exopolysaccharide called xanthan, making it valuable in the commercial production of
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is through seeds, which act as the source of inoculum. Therefore, the bacteria are initially in the
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Tang, Ji-liang; Tang, Dong-Jie; Dubrow, Zoe E.; Bogdanove, Adam; An, Shi-qi (February 2021).
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genes, the synthesis of various extracellular enzymes will be downregulated. This includes
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567:(EPS) xanthan, for example, which are important to the virulence of the bacteria.
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976:"Production, recovery and applications of xanthan gum by Xanthomonas campestris"
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plant's resistance genes will produce a product that is able to recognize the
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of carbon sources like glucose. In this process, a preserved culture of the
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also has some limited ability to infect the plant host through the stomata.
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Vauterin L, Hoste B, Kersters K, and Swings J (1995). "Reclassification of
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genes of the bacteria, which allows for the plant host to have resistance.
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International
Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
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870:"The molecular genetics of virulence of Xanthomonas campestris"
254:), one of the most important diseases of brassicas worldwide.
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Fargier, E.; Saux, M. Fischer-Le; Manceau, C. (2011-04-01).
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Gene-for-gene patterns control the interactions between the
386:, but still included a small number of other pathovars like
922:"Biofilm formation and dispersal in Xanthomonas campestris"
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is expanded through growth and then used as an inoculum in
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species in general, the primary route of transmission for
1147:
Vicente, J. G.; Everett, B.; Roberts, S. J. (July 2006).
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Vauteri, L.; Hoste, B.; Kersters, K.; Swings, J. (1995).
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is commonly used industrially to produce a water-soluble
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Palaniraj, Aarthy; Jayaraman, Vijayakumar (2011-09-01).
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remaining in this species, which included pathogens of
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Xanthomonas lifecycle and infection cycle in plants.
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868:Chan, James W. Y. F; Goodwin, Paul H (1999-11-01).
551:genes within the cluster. With a mutation in the
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620:stage has been reached and colonization in the
543:biofilms, which is specifically related to the
416:(known for causing black rot of crucifers) and
920:Crossman, Lisa; Dow, J. Maxwell (2004-05-01).
446:has been found to enter the plant through its
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450:to cause infection of the tissue, or rather
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281:) genes, the hypersensitivity response and
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1245:- the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
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250:, the cause of black rot in brassicas (
40:Black rot of crucifer leaves caused by
1538:Bacterial plant pathogens and diseases
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506:, a bacterial pathogen, and plants.
491:) and hypersensitivity response and
1106:Systematic and Applied Microbiology
1486:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
732:"Xanthomonas campestris Pathovars"
646:Chemical structure of xanthan gum.
261:, meaning that they are typically
234:bacterium that is a member of the
14:
1197:Gerhard Reuther, Martin Bahmann:
1015:"Reclassification of Xanthomonas"
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1465:
213:(Pammel 1895) Bergey et al. 1923
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257:These bacteria are facultative
992:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.03.035
1:
886:10.1016/S0734-9750(99)00025-7
938:10.1016/j.micinf.2004.01.013
565:extracellular polysaccharide
269:stage; however, the harmful
1118:10.1016/j.syapm.2010.09.001
980:Journal of Food Engineering
337:This left six pathovars of
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1548:Gammaproteobacteria stubs
1032:10.1099/00207713-45-3-472
804:FEMS Microbiology Reviews
748:10.1016/j.tim.2020.06.003
616:. When this happens, the
522:hypersensitivity response
481:type III secretion system
355:armoraciae, X. campestris
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158:(Pammel 1895) Dowson 1939
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53:Scientific classification
51:
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30:
23:
469:type II secretion system
206:(Pammel 1895) Smith 1897
199:(Pammel 1895) Smith 1897
1073:10.3390/taxonomy3010003
698:pharmaceutical industry
667:gram-negative bacterium
638:Industrial applications
351:aberrans, X. campestris
1482:-related article is a
1399:xanthomonas-campestris
1294:Xanthomonas campestris
1264:Xanthomonas campestris
1239:Xanthomonas campestris
926:Microbes and Infection
874:Biotechnology Advances
736:Trends in Microbiology
651:Xanthomonas campestris
647:
631:Xanthomonas campestris
584:Xanthomonas campestris
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541:Xanthomonas campestris
504:Xanthomonas campestris
464:Xanthomonas campestris
462:Relationships between
431:Xanthomonas campestris
330:Xanthomonas campestris
310:Xanthomonas campestris
252:cruciferous vegetables
243:Xanthomonas campestris
223:Xanthomonas campestris
196:Pseudomonas campestris
152:Xanthomonas campestris
42:Xanthomonas campestris
25:Xanthomonas campestris
1165:10.1094/PHYTO-96-0735
816:10.1093/femsre/fuz024
690:agricultural industry
683:alcohol precipitation
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529:pathogenicity factors
291:pathogenicity factors
210:Phytomonas campestris
1217:Int J Syst Bacteriol
203:Bacterium campestris
16:Species of bacterium
1480:Gammaproteobacteria
1206:Syst Appl Microbiol
477:lipopolysaccharides
308:Several strains of
303:lipopolysaccharides
189:Bacillus campestris
90:Gammaproteobacteria
679:batch fermentation
655:exo-polysaccharide
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576:
527:The regulation of
134:X. campestris
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1430:Open Tree of Life
1256:Taxon identifiers
593:adhesion proteins
467:(exported by the
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387:
382:
374:
370:
366:
358:
354:
350:
346:
343:Brassicaceae
342:
338:
335:Xanthomonas.
334:
329:
323:
309:
307:
294:
286:
278:
256:
246:
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222:
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188:
187:
171:
151:
149:
133:
132:
120:
45:
41:
24:
18:
1355:iNaturalist
1288:Wikispecies
1224:Sericologia
1213:Xanthomonas
986:(1): 1–12.
810:(1): 1–32.
671:bioreactors
659:xanthan gum
657:, known as
580:Xanthomonas
440:Xanthomonas
392:plantaginis
359:barbareae,
314:xanthan gum
259:saprophytes
237:Xanthomonas
192:Pammel 1895
165:Type strain
121:Xanthomonas
1527:Categories
704:References
626:parenchyma
618:endophytic
614:chemotaxis
578:Like with
485:avirulence
452:parenchyma
435:campestris
426:hydathodes
413:campestris
367:campestris
275:avirulence
271:endophytic
247:campestris
46:campestris
1173:0031-949X
1126:0723-2020
1082:2673-6500
1041:1466-5034
1000:0260-8774
946:1286-4579
894:0734-9750
824:0168-6445
772:220327771
756:0966-842X
588:epiphytic
537:virulence
499:) genes.
326:pathovars
324:Over 140
320:Pathovars
267:epiphytic
263:parasitic
173:NCPPB 528
128:Species:
1373:11187463
1279:Q3753551
1273:Wikidata
1181:18943147
1134:21193279
1060:Taxonomy
954:15158198
902:14538126
842:31578554
764:32616307
599:. Then,
561:protease
181:Synonyms
106:Family:
76:Phylum:
70:Bacteria
66:Domain:
1445:5368650
1347:5427664
1303:BacDive
833:8042644
661:, from
610:stomata
605:abiotic
601:biofilm
448:stomata
444:raphani
422:incanae
383:raphani
345:plants
305:, etc.
116:Genus:
96:Order:
86:Class:
1442:uBio:
1435:363739
1419:NZOR:
1386:967771
1360:384743
1334:973454
1241:at Bac
1179:
1171:
1132:
1124:
1080:
1039:
998:
952:
944:
900:
892:
840:
830:
822:
770:
762:
754:
696:, the
692:, the
595:, and
563:, and
1478:This
1368:IRMNG
1321:5C6F2
1308:17584
768:S2CID
226:is a
1484:stub
1407:NCBI
1394:LPSN
1381:ITIS
1342:GBIF
1243:Dive
1177:PMID
1169:ISSN
1130:PMID
1122:ISSN
1078:ISSN
1037:ISSN
996:ISSN
950:PMID
942:ISSN
898:PMID
890:ISSN
838:PMID
820:ISSN
760:PMID
752:ISSN
549:rpfF
547:and
545:rpfB
442:pv.
433:pv.
420:pv.
411:pv.
398:pv.
394:and
390:pv.
381:pv.
373:pv.
365:pv.
357:pv.
353:pv.
349:pv.
245:pv.
44:pv.
1412:339
1329:EoL
1316:CoL
1215:."
1161:doi
1114:doi
1068:doi
1027:doi
988:doi
984:106
934:doi
882:doi
828:PMC
812:doi
744:doi
624:or
553:rpf
533:rpf
517:Hrp
513:avr
508:Avr
497:hrp
489:avr
471:),
328:of
295:rpf
287:hrp
279:avr
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808:44
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740:29
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712:^
559:,
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230:,
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1064:3
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