125:
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323:. In higher plants, there are three carotenoid pigments that are active in the xanthophyll cycle: violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, and zeaxanthin. During light stress, violaxanthin is converted, i.e. reduced, to zeaxanthin via the intermediate antheraxanthin, which plays a direct photoprotective role acting as a lipid-protective
274:
is the only xanthophyll that is known to possess pro-vitamin A activity for mammals. Even then, it is a vitamin only for plant-eating mammals that possess the enzyme to make retinal from carotenoids that contain beta-ionone (some carnivores lack this enzyme). In species other than mammals, certain
218:. Again, both these specific xanthophylls require a source in the human diet to be present in the human eye. They protect the eye from ionizing light (blue and ultraviolet light), which they absorb; but xanthophylls do not function in the mechanism of sight itself as they cannot be converted to
367:
Wright et al. (Feb 2011) found that, "The increase in zeaxanthin appears to surpass the decrease in violaxanthin in spinach" and commented that the discrepancy could be explained by "a synthesis of zeaxanthin from beta-carotene", however they noted further study is required to explore this
184:(an excited form of chlorophyll), which is overproduced at high light levels in photosynthesis. The xanthophylls found in the bodies of animals including humans, and in dietary animal products, are ultimately derived from plant sources in the diet. For example, the yellow color of chicken
275:
xanthophylls may be converted to hydroxylated retinal-analogues that function directly in vision. For example, with the exception of certain flies, most insects use the xanthophyll derived R-isomer of 3-hydroxyretinal for visual activities, which means that β-
519:
Jeffrey, S. W. & M. Vesk, 1997. Introduction to marine phytoplankton and their pigment signatures. In
Jeffrey, S. W., R. F. C. Mantoura & S. W. Wright (eds.), Phytoplankton pigments in oceanography, pp 37-84. – UNESCO Publishing,
128:
Thin layer chromatography is used to separate components of a plant extract, illustrating the experiment with plant pigments that gave chromatography its name. Plant xanthophylls form the bright yellow band next to the
584:
327:
and by stimulating non-photochemical quenching within light-harvesting proteins. This conversion of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin is done by the enzyme violaxanthin de-epoxidase (
319:- a mechanism to reduce the amount of energy that reaches the photosynthetic reaction centers. Non-photochemical quenching is one of the main ways of protecting against
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Demmig-Adams, B & W. W. Adams, 2006. Photoprotection in an ecological context: the remarkable complexity of thermal energy dissipation, New
Phytologist, 172: 11–21.
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and other xanthophylls (such as lutein and zeaxanthin) may function as forms of visual "vitamin A" for them, while carotenes (such as beta carotene) do not.
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38:
results from the presence of a xanthophyll pigment typical in color of lutein or zeaxanthin of the xanthophylls, a division of the carotenoids group.
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Wright; et al. (2011). "The interrelationship between the lower oxygen limit, chlorophyll fluorescence and the xanthophyll cycle in plants".
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315:). These enzymatic cycles were found to play a key role in stimulating energy dissipation within light-harvesting antenna proteins by
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644:"Lutein and Zeaxanthin—Food Sources, Bioavailability and Dietary Variety in Age-Related Macular Degeneration Protection"
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152:. (Carotenes are usually more orange in color than xanthophylls.) Xanthophylls present their oxygen either as
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As both are carotenoids, xanthophylls and carotenes are similar in structure, but xanthophylls contain
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148:(in molecular structure) than carotenes, and causes their separation from carotenes in many types of
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270:. The latter compound is the only known xanthophyll to contain a beta-ionone ring, and thus β-
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Factors That
Influence the Bioavailablity of Xanthophylls, Susan Zaripheh, John W. Erdman Jr.
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The xanthophyll cycle involves the enzymatic removal of epoxy groups from xanthophylls (e.g.
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877:
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Falkowski, P. G. & J. A. Raven, 1997, Aquatic photosynthesis. Blackwell
Science, 375 pp
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Eisenhauer, Bronwyn; Natoli, Sharon; Liew, Gerald; Flood, Victoria M. (9 February 2017).
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aldehyde). Their physical arrangement in the macula lutea is believed to be the cause of
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and/or as hydrogen atoms substituted by oxygen atoms when acting as a bridge to form
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510:. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers, Fourth edition, 764 pp
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92:), meaning "leaf"), due to their formation of the yellow band seen in early
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Like other carotenoids, xanthophylls are found in highest quantity in the
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that occur widely in nature and form one of two major divisions of the
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This article is about
Xanthophylls. For the compound xanthophyll, see
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The group of xanthophylls includes (among many other compounds)
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191:, fat, and skin comes from ingested xanthophylls—primarily
307:) to create so-called de-epoxidised xanthophylls (e.g.
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contains about 18mg lutein and zeaxanthin per 100g,
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195:, which is added to chicken feed for this purpose.
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376:Xanthophylls are found in all young leaves and in
352:, the xanthophyll cycle consists of the pigment
825:1,7-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one
380:leaves. Examples of other rich sources include
364:(dinoflagellates) under high-light conditions.
210:of the human eye results from the presence of
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392:, and squash, which contain lutein diesters.
116:. Xanthophylls typically present oxygen as a
8:
627:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
609:Michele Turcotte, MS, RD (January 7, 2016).
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64:group; the other division is formed by the
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506:Taiz, Lincoln and Eduardo Zeiger. 2006.
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611:"Foods That Contain Zeaxanthin"
222:(also called retinaldehyde or
1:
356:, which is transformed into
34:The characteristic color of
317:non-photochemical quenching
234:that enables perception of
180:agent to deal with triplet
178:non-photochemical quenching
82:
70:
27:Chemical compounds subclass
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137:atoms while carotenes are
112:The chemical structure of
68:. The name is from Greek:
41:
544:10.1007/s11120-011-9621-9
88:
80:), meaning "yellow", and
76:
705:Medical Subject Headings
198:The yellow color of the
532:Photosynthesis Research
482:A Greek–English Lexicon
449:A Greek–English Lexicon
1235:Vitamin A retinoids (C
617:on September 16, 2017.
292:
130:
121:
39:
473:Liddell, Henry George
440:Liddell, Henry George
291:The xanthophyll cycle
290:
127:
111:
33:
830:Bisdemethoxycurcumin
412:about 2mg/100g, and
232:entoptic phenomenon
104:Molecular structure
937:Phycoerythrocyanin
835:Desmethoxycurcumin
293:
131:
122:
40:
1327:
1326:
1319:Zuretinol acetate
955:
954:
878:Condensed tannins
661:10.3390/nu9020120
400:about 11mg/100g,
283:Xanthophyll cycle
242:Example compounds
228:Haidinger's brush
16:(Redirected from
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508:Plant Physiology
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408:about 3mg/110g,
404:about 6mg/100g,
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321:photoinhibition
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538:(3): 223–235.
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354:diadinoxanthin
305:diadinoxanthin
301:antheraxanthin
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172:of most green
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150:chromatography
118:hydroxyl group
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94:chromatography
54:phylloxanthins
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802:Chlorophyll f
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797:Chlorophyll d
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792:Chlorophyll c
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787:Chlorophyll b
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782:Chlorophyll a
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591:on 2016-08-25
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277:cryptoxanthin
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272:cryptoxanthin
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268:cryptoxanthin
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114:cryptoxanthin
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67:
63:
59:
56:) are yellow
55:
51:
45:
37:
32:
19:
1299:Isotretinoin
1279:Alitretinoin
1201:Apocarotenal
1173:Zeinoxanthin
1163:Violaxanthin
1153:Rhodoxanthin
1133:Flavoxanthin
1118:Diatoxanthin
1075:Xanthophylls
1074:
1045:Neurosporene
906:Xanthophylls
905:
858:Anthocyanins
817:Curcuminoids
764:Betaxanthins
701:Xanthophylls
651:
647:
637:
615:the original
604:
593:. Retrieved
589:the original
579:
568:
535:
531:
525:
515:
507:
502:
493:
480:
460:
447:
427:
375:
372:Food sources
368:hypothesis.
366:
358:diatoxanthin
343:
325:anti-oxidant
309:diatoxanthin
297:violaxanthin
294:
264:flavoxanthin
260:violaxanthin
245:
203:
202:(literally,
200:macula lutea
197:
167:
141:hydrocarbons
138:
132:
53:
52:(originally
50:Xanthophylls
49:
48:
18:Xanthophylls
1340:Carotenoids
1294:Fenretinide
1158:Rubixanthin
1138:Fucoxanthin
1123:Dinoxanthin
1093:Astaxanthin
1065:Lycopersene
1055:Phytofluene
989:Carotenoids
947:Xanthonoids
927:Phycocyanin
888:Carotenoids
774:Chlorophyll
759:Betacyanins
362:dinoxanthin
204:yellow spot
182:chlorophyll
1334:Categories
1309:Temarotene
1304:Tazarotene
1289:Etretinate
1284:Bexarotene
1168:Zeaxanthin
1148:Neoxanthin
1128:Echinenone
1035:ζ-Carotene
1030:ε-Carotene
1025:δ-Carotene
1020:γ-Carotene
1015:β-Carotene
1010:α-Carotene
850:Flavonoids
654:(2): 120.
595:2014-08-03
420:References
414:pistachios
339:1.14.15.21
313:zeaxanthin
256:neoxanthin
252:zeaxanthin
236:polarizing
216:zeaxanthin
164:Occurrence
100:pigments.
62:carotenoid
1314:Tretinoin
1274:Acitretin
1226:Peridinin
997:Carotenes
901:Retinoids
896:Carotenes
751:Betalains
741:Types of
648:Nutrients
378:etiolated
224:vitamin A
206:) in the
66:carotenes
1211:Crocetin
1060:Torulene
1050:Phytoene
1040:Lycopene
942:Quinones
840:Curcumin
680:28208784
623:cite web
552:21290261
332:1.23.5.1
158:epoxides
58:pigments
36:egg yolk
1256:Retinol
1246:Retinal
1221:Ionones
873:Flavans
807:Chlorin
671:5331551
560:8454497
485:at the
452:at the
402:parsley
398:spinach
386:peaches
346:diatoms
238:light.
220:retinal
139:purely
83:phyllon
71:xanthos
1187:<40
1143:Lutein
707:(MeSH)
678:
668:
558:
550:
520:Paris.
467:φύλλον
434:ξανθός
410:squash
390:prunes
382:papaya
248:lutein
212:lutein
208:retina
193:lutein
174:plants
170:leaves
135:oxygen
129:green.
89:φύλλον
77:ξανθός
44:lutein
1206:Bixin
915:Other
556:S2CID
230:, an
189:yolks
146:polar
676:PMID
629:link
548:PMID
406:peas
394:Kale
348:and
214:and
98:leaf
666:PMC
656:doi
540:doi
536:107
344:In
341:).
186:egg
96:of
1336::
1237:20
1185:(C
1079:40
1077:(C
1001:40
999:(C
674:.
664:.
650:.
646:.
625:}}
621:{{
554:.
546:.
534:.
479:;
475:;
471:.
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