795:
1027:
3740:
893:
505:
33:
902:
1123:
1016:
777:
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969:, however, was less than enthusiastic about purchasing "so large a stone ... of no artistic value". Nonetheless, the replica stele was exhibited in the museum ("on loan" from Mr. Holm) for about 10 years. Eventually, in 1917 some Mrs. George Leary, a wealthy New Yorker, purchased the replica stele from Holm and sent it to
666:
stone, in both Syriac and
Chinese. In some cases, the Chinese names are phonetically close to the Syriac originals, but in many other cases, they bear little resemblance to them. Some of the Church of the East monks had distinctive Persian names (such as Isadsafas, Gushnasap), suggesting that they might have come from
428:'s Latin translation of the monument's inscription soon made its way in Europe, and was apparently first published in a French translation, in 1628. Portuguese and Italian translations, and a Latin re-translation, were soon published as well. Semedo's account of the monument's discovery was published in 1641, in his
1474:
Canton to Peking are ingeniously described by John
Nieuhoff ; also an epistle of Father John Adams, their antagonist, concerning the whole negotiation ; with an appendix of several remarks taken out of Father Athanasius Kircher ; Englished and set forth with their several sculptures by John Ogilby
665:
on 7 May 780. The names of several higher clergy (one bishop, two chorepiscopi and two archdeacons) and around seventy monks or priests are listed. The names of the higher clergy appear on the front of the stone while those of the priests and monks are inscribed in rows along the narrow sides of the
1473:
An embassy from the East-India
Company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham, emperor of China : delivered by their excellencies Peter de Goyer and Jacob de Keyzer, at his imperial city of Peking wherein the cities, towns, villages, ports, rivers, &c. in their passages from
640:(literally "pope") is unusual and the normal Syriac name for China is Beth Sinaye, not Sinistan, there is no reason to doubt that Adam was the metropolitan of the Church of the East ecclesiastical province of Beth Sinaye, created a half-century earlier during the reign of Patriarch
466:
of the text, and a Latin translation. This was perhaps the first sizeable
Chinese text made available in its original form to the European public. A sophisticated romanization system, reflecting Chinese tones, used to transcribe the text, was the one developed earlier by
879:(1878–1945) did an extensive amount of research on the stele, which, however, was only published posthumously, in 1984 (a second edition, revised by Forte was then published in 1996). His and Havret's works are still regarded as the two "standard books" on the subject.
690:
On top of the tablet, there is a cross. Below this headpiece is a long
Chinese inscription, consisting of around 1,900 Chinese characters, sometimes glossed in Syriac (several sentences amounting to about 50 Syriac words). Calling
399:, the workers who found the stele immediately reported the find to the governor, who soon visited the monument, and had it installed on a pedestal, under a protective roof, requesting the nearby Buddhist monastery to care for it.
809:
The Xi'an Stele attracted the attention of some anti-Christian, Protestant anti-Catholic, or
Catholic anti-Jesuit groups in the 17th century, who argued that the stone was a fake or that the inscriptions had been modified by the
1657:
1045:
and elsewhere from a somewhat later period. There are also two much later stelae (from 960 and 1365) presenting a curious mix of
Christian and Buddhist aspects, which are preserved at the site of the former
2594:
985:
2025:[Guangzhou CCC&TSPM Copied Jingjiao Stele in Tianhe Church, Hoping to Pass Good Witnesses of "Incarnation" Since Jingjiao Saints] (in Chinese (China)). 福音时报 (Gospel Times). 2016-03-10.
861:
initially had "grave doubts", but eventually changed his mind in the light of later scholarship, in favor of the stele's genuineness. The defenders included some non-Jesuit scholars, such as
657:(773–780), news of whose death several months earlier had evidently not yet reached the Church of the East of Chang'an. In fact, the reigning Church of the East patriarch in January 781 was
768:, with Yisi personally acting as a military commander and Yisi and the Church of the East were rewarded by the Tang dynasty with titles and positions as described in the Xi'an Stele.
984:
The original Xi'an Stele remains in the Forest of Steles. It is now exhibited in the museum's Room Number 2, and is the first stele on the left after the entry. When the official
3456:
3254:
1166:
529:, son of Yazedbuzid, vicar-episcopal. The Lord Sergius, Priest and Vicar-episcopal. Sabar Jesus, Priest. Gabriel, Priest, Archdeacon, and Ecclesiarch of Cumdan and Sarag."
707:. It also pays tribute to missionaries and benefactors of the church, who are known to have arrived in China by 640. The text contains the name of an early missionary,
2359:
2282:
1204:
3956:
645:
3360:
1524:
3572:
3449:
2485:
1448:
1161:
1026:
525:, set up this tablet, whereon is inscribed the Dispensation of our Redeemer, and the preaching of the apostolic missionaries to the King of China. "
2654:
974:
447:, and claimed that it was Catholics who first brought Christianity to China. But later historians and writers admitted that it was indeed from the
1398:, is inclined to date Semedo's visit to Xi'an to 1628, but also mentions that some researchers interpret Semedo's account as to mean a 1625 visit.
973:, as a gift to the Pope. Another full-sized replica cast from that replica, gifted by Mrs. George Leary in 1919, is on permanent display in the
682:, 'servant of Jesus') much in vogue among all Church of the East Christians. In such cases, it is impossible to guess at their place of origin.
517:
one thousand and ninety-two, the Lord
Yazedbuzid, Priest and Vicar-episcopal of Cumdan the royal city, son of the enlightened Mailas, Priest of
794:
3986:
2206:
1507:
1287:
1260:
1235:
3971:
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3442:
3739:
869:, and Jean-Pierre-Guillaume Pauthier, although the most substantive work in defense of the stele's authenticity – the three-volume
3423:
3390:
2275:
1797:
1790:
Rooted in Hope: China – Religion – Christianity Vol 1: Festschrift in Honor of Roman Malek S.V.D. on the
Occasion of His 65th Birthday
1735:
2982:
1251:
Ding, Wang (2006). "Remnants of
Christianity from Chinese Central Asia in Medieval ages". In Malek, Roman; Hofrichter, Peter (eds.).
950:
in 1907 planning to take the monument for himself to Europe. Local authorities prevented him and moved the stele, complete with its
3951:
2511:
2241:
2185:
1866:
1708:
1346:
719:, but there is nothing about Christ's crucifixion or resurrection. Other Chinese elements referred to include a wooden bell, beard,
1222:
The Lost History of Christianity: the Thousand-Year Golden Age of the Church in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia - and How It Died
3688:
928:
Since the late 19th century a number of European scholars opined in favor of somehow getting the stele out of China and into the
2166:
The Nestorian Monument: An Ancient Record of Christianity in China, with Special Reference to the expedition of Frits V. Holm...
892:
3636:
3319:
2387:
658:
410:, and who himself may have been Christian, sent a copy of the stele's Chinese text to his Christian friend, Leon Li Zhizao in
372:
3770:
3224:
2841:
2521:
2268:
2251:(1928) - contains reproductions of early photographs of the stele where it stood in the early 20th century (from Havret etc.)
43:
1084:
1725:
961:
Holm had an exact copy of the stele made for him and had the replica stele shipped to New York, planning to sell it to the
3244:
2367:
1543:
406:: Chang Keng-yu) who first identified the text as Christian in content. Zhang, who had been aware of Christianity through
71:
1968:
1861:
Paul Pelliott, "L'inscription nestorienne de Si-ngan-fou", ed. avec supléments par Antonino Forte, Kyoto et Paris, 1996.
3626:
3214:
2836:
2604:
2586:
2576:
862:
2561:
3976:
3631:
3582:
3465:
2462:
2305:
1151:
1136:
1066:
1030:
320:
90:
1996:
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482:
and two young Chinese Christians who visited Rome in the 1650s and 1660s: Boym's traveling companion Andreas Zheng (
2760:
2536:
2425:
2415:
2325:
2320:
988:
was promulgated in 2003, the stele was included into this short list of particularly valuable and important items.
962:
319:
describing the existence of Christian communities in several cities in northern China. It reveals that the initial
3912:
3619:
3277:
2894:
2879:
2599:
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670:
or elsewhere in Persia, but most of them had common Christian names or the kind of compound Syriac name (such as
352:
1825:
An examination of the ancient orthography of the Jews, and of the original state of the text of the Hebrew Bible
1422:
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3334:
3324:
3239:
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2775:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2480:
2405:
2342:
2330:
2315:
1156:
798:
2177:
My Nestorian Adventure in China: A Popular Account of the Holm-Nestorian Expedition to Sian-Fu and Its Results
3825:
2884:
2861:
2826:
2750:
1304:
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3815:
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3160:
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463:
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The first publication of the original Chinese and Syriac text of the inscription in Europe is attributed to
344:
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1445:
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3365:
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2780:
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850:
739:) were rendered phonetically into Chinese. Chinese transliterations were also made of one or two words of
170:
1950:
582:
in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, and in later eras also used to refer to the Syriac Christian churches).
3878:
3145:
2846:
2831:
2808:
2798:
2687:
2516:
2400:
2291:
1701:
From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia
1499:
From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia
978:
849:
By the 19th century, the debate had become less sectarian and more scholarly. Notable skeptics included
504:
415:
304:
2395:
1890:
918:, without the brick cladding/pavilion seen in earlier pictures and shortly before it was moved to the
492:
suggests that Matthaeus Sina may have been the person who traveled overland from China to Europe with
3785:
3512:
3261:
3075:
2526:
1089:
1069:. Erected and engraved in 815, the inscriptions give partial details surrounding the background of a
966:
340:
2254:
2020:
462:
edited by Kircher (1667) included a reproduction of the original inscription in Chinese characters,
3339:
3140:
3040:
2531:
2410:
2227:
Large photograph of a rubbing of the stele from University of Birmingham (scroll to bottom of page)
2222:
Stele text in English from researchers at Fordham University; actually 1855 translation of A. Wiley
1128:
933:
765:
607:
2120:
1727:
Persian Christians at the Chinese Court: The Xi'an Stele and the Early Medieval Church of the East
1279:
Persian Christians at the Chinese Court: The Xi'an Stele and the Early Medieval Church of the East
3861:
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3493:
3479:
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3229:
2475:
2438:
2099:
2091:
1677:
1312:
1198:
1141:
781:
455:
448:
2231:
3614:
2234:― translation and exposition of doctrinal passages in the stele text. From B. Vermander (ed.),
572:
A Monument Commemorating the Propagation of the Ta-Chin Luminous Religion in the Middle Kingdom
3856:
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1100:
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831:
621:
332:
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2242:
Photos of a replica of the Nestorian Stele in Xi-an; photos are of a replica located in Japan
1227:
1220:
402:
The newly discovered stele attracted attention of local intellectuals. It was Zhang Gengyou (
3724:
3309:
3185:
2634:
2609:
2221:
2075:
1951:
NEW CAPTAIN ON ST. LOUIS.; Hartley, Young American Line Commander, Praised for Handling Ship
1938:
1764:
1669:
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854:
814:
who served in the Ming Court. The three most prominent early skeptics were the German-Dutch
811:
472:
425:
312:
279:
219:
188:
114:
2064:"The Tang Christian Pillar From Luoyang and its Jingjiao Inscription: A Preliminary Survey"
3503:
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3090:
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1452:
951:
911:
827:
700:
696:
526:
316:
308:
2255:
Nestorian Stele – Inscription: A slice of Christian history from China. Australian Museum
2198:
The Story of a Stele: China's Nestorian Monument and Its Reception in the West, 1625-1916
1850:
435:
Early Jesuits attempted to claim that the stele was erected by a historical community of
2164:
1466:, pp. 13-28. An English translation of Kircher's work can be found as an "Appendix" in:
1061:
In 2006, a mortuary stone pillar with Church of the East inscriptions was discovered in
32:
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3729:
2649:
2556:
2551:
2541:
2196:
1107:
1103:
1094:
929:
603:
493:
479:
436:
163:
156:
628:
Temple"). A gloss in Syriac identifies Jingjing with "Adam, priest, chorepiscopus and
3945:
3893:
3297:
3060:
3025:
2790:
2727:
2619:
2103:
1786:"On the Difficult Practice of the Mean in Ordinary Life Teachings from the Zhongyong"
1681:
1467:
1000:
996:
667:
508:
489:
421:
396:
351:(Jingjing in Chinese) composed the text on the stele. Buried in 845, probably during
2035:
3888:
3846:
3704:
3592:
3522:
3488:
3370:
3155:
3095:
3035:
3010:
3000:
2962:
2954:
2944:
2926:
2644:
2546:
2443:
2310:
1015:
992:
955:
919:
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876:
858:
815:
724:
591:
579:
514:
468:
440:
407:
379:
356:
297:
226:
121:
1446:
Reproduction of the original Chinese and Syriac text in Kircher's China Illustrata
2226:
2175:
2145:
2139:
2133:
1463:
1336:
1277:
780:
Title of the stele: "Stele to the Propagation in China of the Luminous Religion (
347:(Tai Tsung) (635), bringing sacred books and images. The Church of the East monk
3883:
3873:
3547:
3537:
3180:
3170:
3150:
3105:
3080:
3055:
3050:
3015:
2871:
2818:
2624:
2495:
1365:
1146:
866:
716:
648:
617:
595:
522:
348:
59:
56:
53:
50:
2063:
1191:
Light from the East: A Symposium on the Oriental Orthodox and Assyrian Churches
3780:
3434:
3287:
3200:
3195:
3175:
3165:
3135:
3085:
3030:
3020:
3005:
2990:
2972:
2939:
2934:
2679:
2155:
2079:
1118:
943:
915:
839:
836:
Tratados historicos, politicos, ethicos, y religiosos de la monarchia de China
641:
556:
403:
3927:
3914:
3648:
2087:
424:
was the first European to visit the stele (some time between 1625 and 1628).
3508:
3484:
3385:
3130:
3045:
1476:(1673); the relevant chapters appear there as " Chap. 2 and 3", pp. 323-339.
1122:
1004:
938:
873:(1895 to 1902) was authored by the Jesuit scholar Henri Havret (1848–1902).
240:
135:
3557:
776:
2248:
677:
671:
650:
3678:
3498:
3190:
3070:
2967:
1042:
1038:
1020:
947:
843:
761:
740:
599:
411:
389:
360:
247:
142:
2260:
2095:
1769:
1752:
1605:. Great Britain: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. p. 123.
535:
Memorial of the Propagation in China of the Luminous Religion from Daqin
3898:
3100:
2377:
1673:
1062:
1055:
720:
712:
704:
662:
488:) and, later, another person who signed in Latin as "Matthaeus Sina".
62:
3542:
2490:
2123:
1110:), which contains text taken from the inscription of the Xi'an Stele.
1070:
754:
711:. The tablet describes the "Illustrious Religion" and emphasizes the
708:
444:
393:
328:
287:
1427:. VICTORIA, HONGKONG: Printed for the proprietors. 1844. p. 472
1037:
Numerous Christian gravestones have also been found in China in the
1788:. In Hoster, Barbara; Kuhlmann, Dirk; Wesolowski, Zbigniew (eds.).
1658:"Silk Road Christians and the Translation of Culture in Tang China"
991:
Other copies of the stele and its tortoise can be found near Xi'an
3375:
3120:
2036:
Manichaean and Christian Remains in Zayton (Quanzhou, South China)
1545:
A MONUMENT TO THE SPREAD OF THE SYRIAN BRILLIANT TEACHING IN CHINA
1529:
The Nestorian Monument: An Ancient Record of Christianity in China
1395:
1025:
1014:
793:
786:
775:
625:
575:
567:, was used by some Western writers to refer to the stele as well.
518:
503:
336:
300:
96:
838:, 1676). Later, Navarrete's point of view was taken up by French
478:
The work of the transcription and translation was carried out by
168:
986:
list of Chinese cultural relics forbidden to be exhibited abroad
970:
749:
3438:
2264:
616:), and the content was composed by the Church of the East monk
355:, the stele was not rediscovered until 1625. It is now in the
1634:
Nestorian missionary enterprise, the story of a church on fire
1338:
Curious Land: Jesuit Accommodation and the Origins of Sinology
692:
624:
euphemistic style (大秦寺僧㬌淨述, "Related by Jingjing, monk of the
2191:. Originally published by: Hutchinson & Co, London, 1924.
760:
Yazedbuzid (Yisi in Chinese) helped the Tang dynasty general
555:(Jǐngjiào bēi, "The Stele of the Luminous Religion"), in its
311:
279 centimetres (9 ft 2 in) high with text in both
1909:, pp. 117–121. Holm's original report can be found in
822:, 1652), the German historian Gottlieb Spitzel (1639–1691) (
574:(the church referred to itself as "The Luminous Religion of
594:
1092" in the inscription), at the imperial capital city of
2180:, Volume 6 of Georgias reprint series, Gorgias Press LLC,
1253:
Jingjiao: the Church of the East in China and Central Asia
371:
The stele is thought to have been buried in 845, during a
1753:"Jingjiao under the Lenses of Chinese Political Theology"
1703:(illustrated ed.). LIT Verlag Münster. p. 113.
1668:. Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15–38.
252:
147:
37:
The stele entitled 大秦景教流行中國碑 was erected in China in 781.
1997:
Photos of the replica stele outside of the Daqin Pagoda
1697:"A Belligerent Priest - Yisi and his Political Context"
632:
of Sinistan" (ܐܕܡ ܩܫܝܫܐ ܘܟܘܪܐܦܝܣܩܘܦܐ ܘܦܐܦܫܝ ܕܨܝܢܝܣܬܐܢ,
296:), sometimes translated as the "Nestorian Stele," is a
1730:. Library of Medieval Studies. Bloomsbury Publishing.
331:
in 635. According to the stele, Alopen and his fellow
1969:"A JAPANESE AUTHOR ON THE CHINESE NESTORIAN MONUMENT"
727:. The Syriac proper names for God, Christ and Satan (
231:
126:
954:, from its location near Chongren Temple to Xi'an's
3839:
3803:
3763:
3747:
3712:
3703:
3661:
3602:
3565:
3530:
3521:
3472:
3409:
3353:
3270:
3213:
3119:
2981:
2953:
2925:
2912:
2870:
2817:
2789:
2726:
2678:
2669:
2585:
2504:
2461:
2452:
2424:
2386:
2358:
2298:
2163:Carus, Paul; Wylie, Alexander; Holm, Frits (1909),
2130:, Parts 1–3. Full text (was) available at Gallica:
246:
239:
225:
218:
213:
201:
187:
182:
162:
155:
141:
134:
120:
113:
108:
84:
70:
42:
21:
1219:
942:in early 1886). The Danish scholar and adventurer
922:. Right: The Xi'an Stele in Beilin Museum in 2011.
549:). An even more abbreviated version of the title,
414:, who in his turn published the text and told the
644:(714–28). A Syriac dating formula refers to the
578:", Daqin being the Chinese language term for the
303:erected in 781 that documents 150 years of early
1792:. Monumenta Serica Monograph Series. Routledge.
570:The name of the stele can also be translated as
382:(between 1623 and 1625) beside Chongren Temple (
1574:Hill, John E. (2004). "The Kingdom of Da Qin".
1910:
1464:China monumentis: qua sacris quà profanis, ...
1408:
1406:
1404:
634:Adam qshisha w'kurapisqupa w'papash d'Sinistan
3450:
2276:
1381:
1379:
611:
550:
544:
538:
483:
383:
327:, due to efforts of the Christian missionary
193:
76:
48:
8:
2022:广州市基督教两会仿制景教碑立于天河堂 盼广州教会传承景教以来众圣徒“道成肉身”的美好见证
1902:
1900:
1898:
1033:, established in 815 and discovered in 2006.
171:/dɑi.d͡ziɪnkˠiæŋ.kˠaulɨu.ɦˠæŋʈɨuŋ.kwək̚pˠiᴇ/
3674:Three Persian religions of the Tang dynasty
1699:. In Tang, Li; Winkler, Dietmar W. (eds.).
1341:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 165.
1167:Central Asian objects of Northern Wei tombs
3709:
3527:
3457:
3443:
3435:
2922:
2675:
2458:
2283:
2269:
2261:
1525:"Translation of the Nestorian Inscription"
1203:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1184:
1182:
590:The stele was erected on January 7, 781 ("
210:
149:Daai Ceon Ging Gaau Lau Hang Zung Gwok Bei
105:
3573:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
2486:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
2249:THE MONKS OF KUBLAl KHAN EMPEROR OF CHINA
2236:Le Christ Chinois, Héritages et espérance
1768:
1656:Johnson, Scott Fitzgerald (26 May 2017).
1162:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
932:or some other "suitable" location (e.g.,
88:Stele to the Propagation in China of the
2049:Christians in China before the year 1550
1636:. Edinburgh, T. & T. Clark., p. 183.
1011:Other early Christian monuments in China
857:, Edward E. Salisbury and Charles Wall.
753:. There is also a Persian word denoting
695:"Veritable Majesty", the text refers to
375:, which also affected these Christians.
1370:Nestorian Documents and Relics in China
1360:
1358:
1178:
1073:Christian community living in Luoyang.
661:(780–823), who had been consecrated in
16:Tang Chinese Christian stele (est. 781)
2154:Some of the volumes can also be found
2007:
1925:
1906:
1877:
1838:
1496:Tang, Li; Winkler, Dietmar W. (2013).
1196:
824:De re literaria Sinensium commentarius
803:De re literaria Sinensium commentarius
764:militarily crush the Sogdian-Turk led
533:The heading on the stone, Chinese for
18:
1828:. Whittaker and Co. pp. 159–245.
1577:The Western Regions according to the
1282:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 10.
1226:. New York: Harper Collins. pp.
914:) pedestal. Left: 1907 photograph by
373:campaign of anti-Buddhist persecution
7:
1914:
1562:
1255:. Steyler Verlagsbuchhandlung GmbH.
1193:. Toronto, Canada. pp. 108 109.
378:The stele was unearthed in the late
3424:National Christian Council of China
2169:, The Open court publishing company
1913:, and also in more popular form in
1502:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 131.
128:Dàqín Jǐngjiào Liúxíng Zhōngguó Bēi
2238:(Paris: Desclée de Brouwer, 1998).
2128:La stèle chrétienne de Si Ngan-fou
1436:(Original from Harvard University)
1305:"China's Buried Christian History"
871:La stèle chrétienne de Si-ngan-fou
392:. According to the account by the
14:
1941:, complete with the same tortoise
1939:photos of the stele on Flickr.com
1424:The Chinese repository, Volume 13
1303:McGrath, Anastasia (2021-02-10).
3957:Monuments and memorials in Xi'an
3738:
3689:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
3632:Nestorian Gloria in excelsis Deo
3556:
1121:
910:The Xi'an Stele, on its turtle (
900:
891:
818:scholar Georg Horn (born 1620) (
335:missionaries came to China from
323:had met recognition by the Tang
31:
2051:. London: SPCK. pp. 86−89.
1372:(2nd ed.). Tokyo: Maruzen.
253:
169:
148:
3771:Christianity among the Mongols
3225:Catholic Patriotic Association
2842:Christianity in Inner Mongolia
2247:SIR E. A. WALLIS BUDGE, KT.,
2062:Nicolini-Zani, Matteo (2009).
612:
484:
292:
232:
194:
127:
77:
49:
1:
3245:Three-Self Patriotic Movement
1967:Holm, Frits (November 1916).
1394:Mungello (p. 168), following
883:Modern location, and replicas
3987:Religion in the Tang dynasty
3627:Sutra of Hearing the Messiah
2837:Christianity in Heilongjiang
2232:"The Jesus Messiah of Xi'an"
1911:Carus, Wylie & Holm 1909
646:Church of the East patriarch
3972:8th-century Christian texts
3962:Church of the East in China
3583:Nestorian pillar of Luoyang
3466:Church of the East in China
3366:Anti-sex-selective abortion
2306:Timeline of Chinese history
1784:LIPPIELLO, TIZIANA (2017).
1603:The Church in T'ang Dynasty
1152:Nestorian pillar of Luoyang
1137:Church of the East in China
1085:The Longest Day in Chang'an
1067:Nestorian pillar of Luoyang
1031:Nestorian pillar of Luoyang
1019:A Nestorian tombstone from
958:(Forest of Steles Museum).
936:in his letter published in
678:
672:
651:
511:at the bottom of the stele:
4003:
3391:Chinese Christian Colleges
2512:Franciscan missions (Yuan)
2326:Catholic Church in Shaanxi
2321:Catholic Church in Sichuan
1622:(ed. Brooks), i. 32 and 87
963:Metropolitan Museum of Art
3736:
3554:
3371:Anti-footbinding campaign
2895:Christianity in Hong Kong
2880:Christianity in Guangdong
2736:Christianity in Chongqing
2600:Medical missions in China
2577:St. Paul's College, Macau
2567:Chinese Rites controversy
2434:Hymns of Universal Praise
2080:10.1179/mon.2009.57.1.003
1851:Sinologists: Paul Pelliot
1662:Studies in Church History
1189:Hill, Henry, ed. (1988).
975:Bunn Intercultural Center
799:Theophil Gottlieb Spitzel
551:
545:
539:
384:
283:
264:
209:
104:
30:
26:
3952:8th-century inscriptions
3852:Arthur Christopher Moule
3730:Patriarch Yahballaha III
3588:Mogao Christian painting
3335:Second Sino-Japanese War
2852:Christianity in Liaoning
2776:Christianity in Xinjiang
2718:Christianity in Zhejiang
2713:Christianity in Shanghai
2708:Christianity in Shandong
2522:Foreign Missions Society
2481:Mogao Christian painting
2406:Studium Biblicum Version
2343:Protestantism in Sichuan
2331:Catholic Church in Tibet
2316:Catholic Church in China
2195:Keevak, Michael (2008),
2021:
1724:Godwin, R. Todd (2018).
1276:Godwin, R. Todd (2018).
1157:Mogao Christian painting
965:. The museum's director
820:De originibus Americanis
451:and not Roman Catholic.
183:Alternative Chinese name
44:Traditional Chinese
3669:Emperor Taizong of Tang
3419:China Christian Council
3401:Sino-Christian theology
3320:Anti-Christian Movement
3250:China Christian Council
3235:The Christian Manifesto
2885:Christianity in Guangxi
2862:Christianity in Tianjin
2827:Christianity in Beijing
2766:Christianity in Sichuan
2761:Christianity in Shaanxi
2756:Christianity in Qinghai
2751:Christianity in Ningxia
2746:Christianity in Guizhou
2703:Christianity in Jiangxi
2698:Christianity in Jiangsu
2537:Giovanni de' Marignolli
2416:Today's Chinese Version
2350:Chinese Orthodox Church
1218:Jenkins, Peter (2008).
1082:In the 20th episode of
784:) of the Roman Empire (
343:) in the ninth year of
205:Luminous Religion Stele
94:(Luminous Religion) of
72:Simplified Chinese
3889:Patriarch Gewargis III
3755:Cross Temple, Fangshan
3684:Emperor Wuzong of Tang
3361:Science and technology
3283:Century of humiliation
3215:Church-state relations
3041:Mary Stone (Shi Meiyu)
3006:Deng Yuzhi (Cora Deng)
2890:Christianity in Hainan
2857:Christianity in Shanxi
2781:Christianity in Yunnan
2693:Christianity in Fujian
2615:Divie Bethune McCartee
2572:Martyr Saints of China
2562:Frédéric-Vincent Lebbe
2517:Jesuit missions (Ming)
2338:Protestantism in China
1822:Wall, Charles (1840).
1646:Saeki, pp. 14–15
1632:Stewart, John (1928).
1048:Monastery of the Cross
1034:
1023:
851:Karl Friedrich Neumann
806:
791:
530:
3840:Related modern people
3538:Patriarch Ishoyahb II
3146:Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei
2900:Christianity in Macau
2847:Christianity in Jilin
2832:Christianity in Hebei
2809:Christianity in Hunan
2804:Christianity in Hubei
2799:Christianity in Henan
2771:Christianity in Tibet
2741:Christianity in Gansu
2688:Christianity in Anhui
2401:Chinese Union Version
2292:Christianity in China
2047:Moule, A. C. (1930).
1889:Henri Havret (1895),
1751:Chin, Ken-pa (2019).
1601:Foster, John (1939).
1523:Holm, Frits Vilhelm.
1029:
1018:
979:Georgetown University
797:
779:
636:). Although the term
620:in the four- and six-
507:
416:locally based Jesuits
353:religious suppression
305:Christianity in China
3786:John of Montecorvino
3513:Sino-Roman relations
3386:Cantonese Roman Type
3217:in People's Republic
3076:John Ching Hsiung Wu
2527:John of Montecorvino
2174:Holm, Frits (2001),
1812:Mungello, p. 170-171
981:(Washington, D.C.).
967:Caspar Purdon Clarke
341:Eastern Roman Empire
3924: /
3410:Interdenominational
3376:Anti-opium campaign
3340:Cultural Revolution
3240:Protestant Lianghui
3141:Aloysius Jin Luxian
2913:Chinese Christians
2532:Odoric of Pordenone
2411:Chinese New Version
1770:10.3390/rel10100551
1542:WILMSHURST, DAVID.
1129:Christianity portal
1088:, the Monk Jingde (
934:Frederic H. Balfour
766:An Lushan rebellion
430:Imperio de la China
3977:Multilingual texts
3791:John of Marignolli
3610:Jingjiao Documents
3494:Church of the East
3480:Thomas the Apostle
3473:Context and origin
3396:Manchurian revival
3381:Chinese Roman Type
3230:Underground church
2476:Jingjiao Documents
2463:Church of the East
2439:Chinese New Hymnal
2396:Delegates' Version
2388:Bible translations
1978:. pp. 686–694
1957:, January 29, 1917
1955:The New York Times
1695:Deeg, Max (2013).
1674:10.1017/stc.2016.3
1451:2010-07-30 at the
1333:Mungello, David E.
1313:Fordham University
1142:Jingjiao Documents
1077:In popular culture
1035:
1024:
999:in Japan, and, in
807:
792:
782:Church of the East
610:was by Lü Xiuyan (
592:Year of the Greeks
531:
515:year of the Greeks
456:Athanasius Kircher
449:Church of the East
321:Church of the East
3907:
3906:
3899:Patriarch Awa III
3857:Reginald Johnston
3799:
3798:
3776:Sorghaghtani Beki
3720:Simeon Rabban Ata
3699:
3698:
3432:
3431:
3330:Chinese Civil War
3315:Xinhai Revolution
3293:Taiping Rebellion
3278:Rites controversy
3209:
3208:
3066:Francis C. M. Wei
2919:
2908:
2907:
2665:
2664:
2208:978-962-209-895-4
1616:Elijah of Nisibis
1509:978-3-643-90329-7
1289:978-1-78673-316-0
1262:978-3-8050-0534-0
1237:978-0-06-147280-0
1052:Fangshan District
977:on the campus of
832:Domingo Navarrete
826:, 1660), and the
439:in China, called
268:
267:
260:
259:
220:Standard Mandarin
178:
177:
115:Standard Mandarin
3994:
3939:
3938:
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3934:
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3928:34.16°N 108.56°E
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3710:
3652:
3640:
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3528:
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3445:
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3325:Nanjing incident
3310:Tianjin Massacre
2923:
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2676:
2635:Jonathan Goforth
2459:
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2068:Monumenta Serica
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1486:Mungello, p. 167
1484:
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1412:Mungello, p. 169
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1385:Mungello, p. 168
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855:Stanislas Julien
681:
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654:
615:
614:
602:), or at nearby
554:
553:
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541:
487:
486:
473:Lazzaro Cattaneo
471:'s collaborator
460:China Illustrata
426:Nicolas Trigault
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3982:Nestorian texts
3942:
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3504:Nestorian cross
3468:
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3405:
3349:
3345:Boluan Fanzheng
3303:Boxer Rebellion
3266:
3216:
3205:
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3115:
3111:David Z. T. Yui
3091:Y. C. James Yen
2996:Chiang Kai-shek
2977:
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2785:
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2640:Cambridge Seven
2630:Timothy Richard
2605:Robert Morrison
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2454:Mission history
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2115:Further reading
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863:Alexander Wylie
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743:origin such as
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561:Ching-chiao-pei
527:Adam the Deacon
512:
502:
437:Roman Catholics
369:
345:Emperor Taizong
325:Emperor Taizong
309:limestone block
202:Literal meaning
85:Literal meaning
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22:Xi'an Stele
17:
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3967:Chinese steles
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2156:on archive.org
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1882:
1870:
1854:
1843:
1831:
1814:
1805:
1799:978-1351672771
1798:
1776:
1743:
1737:978-1786723161
1736:
1716:
1709:
1687:
1648:
1639:
1624:
1608:
1593:
1583:(2nd ed.)
1566:
1554:
1534:
1515:
1508:
1488:
1479:
1456:
1438:
1414:
1400:
1387:
1375:
1354:
1347:
1324:
1295:
1288:
1268:
1261:
1243:
1236:
1210:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1108:Rayzha Alimjan
1078:
1075:
1012:
1009:
930:British Museum
909:
908:
899:
898:
890:
889:
888:
887:
886:
884:
881:
773:
770:
687:
684:
604:Zhouzhi County
587:
584:
543:, abbreviated
501:
498:
494:Johann Grueber
368:
365:
276:Jingjiao Stele
266:
265:
262:
261:
258:
257:
250:
244:
243:
241:Yue: Cantonese
237:
236:
229:
223:
222:
216:
215:
214:Transcriptions
207:
206:
203:
199:
198:
191:
185:
184:
180:
179:
176:
175:
166:
164:Middle Chinese
160:
159:
157:Middle Chinese
153:
152:
145:
139:
138:
136:Yue: Cantonese
132:
131:
124:
118:
117:
111:
110:
109:Transcriptions
102:
101:
100:(Roman Empire)
86:
82:
81:
74:
68:
67:
46:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3999:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3940:
3937:
3933:34.16; 108.56
3900:
3897:
3895:
3894:Martin Palmer
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3650:
3645:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3559:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3460:
3455:
3453:
3448:
3446:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3412:organisations
3408:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3298:Yangzhou riot
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3212:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3061:Wang Ming-Dao
3059:
3057:
3056:Tseng Pao-sun
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3026:Lu Zhengxiang
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2963:Hong Xiuchuan
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2911:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2668:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2620:Hudson Taylor
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2610:Karl Gützlaff
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2360:Terms for God
2357:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2281:
2279:
2274:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2193:
2189:
2187:0-9713097-6-0
2183:
2179:
2178:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2074:(1): 99–140.
2073:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2055:
2050:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2032:
2029:
2024:
2016:
2013:
2010:, p. 125
2009:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1993:
1990:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1867:4-900793-12-4
1864:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1847:
1844:
1841:, p. 103
1840:
1835:
1832:
1827:
1826:
1818:
1815:
1809:
1806:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1720:
1717:
1712:
1710:9783643903297
1706:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1635:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1609:
1604:
1597:
1594:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1547:
1546:
1538:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1492:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1469:
1468:Johan Nieuhof
1465:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1442:
1439:
1426:
1425:
1418:
1415:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1348:0-8248-1219-0
1344:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1272:
1269:
1264:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1192:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1017:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1002:
1001:Tianhe Church
998:
994:
989:
987:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
959:
957:
956:Beilin Museum
953:
949:
945:
941:
940:
935:
931:
921:
920:Beilin Museum
917:
913:
903:
894:
882:
880:
878:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
847:
845:
841:
837:
834:(1618–1686) (
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
804:
800:
796:
789:
788:
783:
778:
771:
769:
767:
763:
758:
756:
752:
751:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
685:
683:
680:
674:
669:
664:
660:
656:
653:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
585:
583:
581:
577:
573:
568:
566:
565:Chingchiaopei
562:
558:
536:
528:
524:
520:
516:
510:
506:
499:
497:
495:
491:
490:D.E. Mungello
481:
476:
475:(1560–1640).
474:
470:
465:
461:
457:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
433:
431:
427:
423:
422:Alvaro Semedo
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
400:
398:
397:Alvaro Semedo
395:
391:
388:) outside of
381:
376:
374:
366:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
299:
295:
289:
281:
277:
273:
263:
254:Ging Gaau Bei
251:
249:
245:
242:
238:
230:
228:
224:
221:
217:
212:
208:
204:
200:
192:
190:
186:
181:
167:
165:
161:
158:
154:
146:
144:
140:
137:
133:
125:
123:
119:
116:
112:
107:
103:
99:
98:
93:
92:
87:
83:
75:
73:
69:
64:
61:
58:
55:
52:
47:
45:
41:
34:
29:
25:
20:
3909:
3847:Paul Pelliot
3705:Yuan dynasty
3595:(speculated)
3593:Daqin Pagoda
3577:
3523:Tang dynasty
3489:Nestorianism
3262:House church
3161:Liu Xiaofeng
3156:Lin Shengben
3096:Ying Lianzhi
3036:Watchman Nee
3011:Feng Yuxiang
3001:Cheng Jingyi
2945:Yang Tingyun
2655:
2645:Eric Liddell
2547:Matteo Ricci
2470:
2444:Canaan Hymns
2311:Christianity
2235:
2197:
2176:
2165:
2153:
2127:
2121:Henri Havret
2071:
2067:
2057:
2048:
2042:
2031:
2015:
2003:
1992:
1980:. Retrieved
1975:
1962:
1954:
1946:
1933:
1928:, p. 27
1921:
1885:
1873:
1857:
1846:
1834:
1824:
1817:
1808:
1789:
1779:
1760:
1756:
1746:
1726:
1719:
1700:
1690:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1642:
1633:
1627:
1620:Chronography
1619:
1611:
1602:
1596:
1585:. Retrieved
1580:
1576:
1569:
1557:
1551:. p. 9.
1544:
1537:
1528:
1518:
1498:
1491:
1482:
1471:
1459:
1441:
1429:. Retrieved
1423:
1417:
1390:
1369:
1337:
1327:
1316:. Retrieved
1308:
1298:
1278:
1271:
1252:
1246:
1221:
1213:
1190:
1083:
1060:
1036:
993:Daqin Pagoda
990:
983:
960:
937:
927:
877:Paul Pelliot
875:
870:
859:Ernest Renan
848:
835:
823:
819:
816:Presbyterian
808:
802:
785:
759:
748:
744:
736:
732:
728:
725:renunciation
689:
637:
633:
629:
598:(modern-day
589:
580:Roman Empire
571:
569:
564:
560:
534:
532:
477:
469:Matteo Ricci
464:romanization
459:
453:
441:Nestorianism
434:
429:
420:
408:Matteo Ricci
401:
380:Ming dynasty
377:
370:
357:Stele Forest
298:Tang Chinese
293:Jǐngjiào bēi
291:
275:
271:
269:
233:Jǐngjiào Bēi
227:Hanyu Pinyin
122:Hanyu Pinyin
95:
89:
3931: /
3884:F. S. Drake
3874:P. Y. Saeki
3865: [
3862:Haneda Toru
3647: [
3635: [
3618: [
3578:Xi'an Stele
3181:Wang Weifan
3171:Matthias Lu
3151:Samuel Lamb
3106:Paul Yu Pin
3081:Wu Leichuan
3016:Francis Hsu
2918:prominence)
2670:By province
2625:Lottie Moon
2471:Xi'an Stele
2299:Foundations
2008:Keevak 2008
1937:See modern
1926:Keevak 2008
1907:Keevak 2008
1880:, p. 4
1878:Keevak 2008
1839:Keevak 2008
1763:(10): 551.
1366:Saeki, P.Y.
1106:to Tan Qi (
1093: [
867:James Legge
830:missionary
717:Incarnation
608:calligraphy
509:Syriac text
480:Michał Boym
272:Xi'an Stele
3946:Categories
3781:Marco Polo
3288:Opium Wars
3255:Seminaries
3201:Zhao Fusan
3196:Allen Yuan
3176:K. H. Ting
3166:Lü Xiaomin
3136:He Guanghu
3086:Wu Yi-fang
3051:Sun Yatsen
3031:Ma Xiangbo
3021:Jia Yuming
2991:T. C. Chao
2973:Xi Shengmo
2940:Xu Guangqi
2935:Candida Xu
2672:and region
2587:Protestant
1587:2008-11-30
1579:Hou Hanshu
1431:2011-05-08
1318:2023-03-02
1173:References
1101:missionary
1099:) hands a
997:Mount Kōya
944:Frits Holm
916:Frits Holm
840:Jansenists
642:Sliba-zkha
586:Authorship
557:Wade-Giles
521:a city of
418:about it.
404:Wade-Giles
307:. It is a
3879:Chen Yuan
3804:By region
3615:Yishenlun
3566:Artifacts
3509:Silk Road
3485:Nestorius
3131:Joseph Gu
3046:John Sung
2656:(more...)
2104:190861764
2088:0254-9948
1982:March 23,
1915:Holm 2001
1757:Religions
1682:164239427
1563:Holm 2001
1309:SAPIENTIA
1199:cite book
1005:Guangzhou
939:The Times
828:Dominican
659:Timothy I
622:character
540:大秦景教流行中國碑
523:Turkestan
367:Discovery
78:大秦景教流行中国碑
3919:108°34′E
3821:Xinjiang
3679:Guo Ziyi
3603:Writings
3499:Peshitta
3191:Y. T. Wu
3123:Republic
3121:People's
3071:Paul Wei
2983:Republic
2968:Liang Fa
2595:Agencies
2505:Catholic
2096:40727622
1561:Such as
1449:Archived
1368:(1951).
1335:(1989).
1115:See also
1043:Quanzhou
1041:region,
1039:Xinjiang
1021:Quanzhou
952:tortoise
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844:Voltaire
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745:Sphatica
741:Sanskrit
715:and the
649:Hnanisho
618:Jingjing
596:Chang'an
513:"In the
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3916:34°10′N
3826:Beijing
3816:Sichuan
3811:Shaanxi
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3662:Related
3644:Zunjing
3186:Wang Yi
3101:Dora Yu
2791:Central
2378:Shangdi
2368:Tianzhu
1104:leaflet
1071:Sogdian
1063:Luoyang
1056:Beijing
1054:, near
1050:in the
812:Jesuits
721:tonsure
713:Trinity
705:baptism
697:Genesis
686:Content
676:Abdisho
663:Baghdad
500:Content
313:Chinese
280:Chinese
274:or the
189:Chinese
3831:Fujian
3713:Clergy
3543:Alopen
3531:Clergy
3354:Impact
3271:Events
2491:Alopen
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2184:
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2146:Part 3
2142:(1897)
2140:Part 2
2136:(1895)
2134:Part 1
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519:Balach
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394:Jesuit
333:Syriac
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317:Syriac
290::
288:pinyin
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3748:Sites
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2872:South
2819:North
2426:Hymns
2100:S2CID
2092:JSTOR
1972:(PDF)
1678:S2CID
1549:(PDF)
1396:Legge
1097:]
995:, on
948:Xi'an
787:Daqin
701:cross
626:Daqin
600:Xi'an
576:Daqin
546:大秦景教碑
390:Xi'an
361:Xi'an
339:(the
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3548:Adam
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2728:West
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2373:Shen
2203:ISBN
2182:ISBN
2084:ISSN
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1863:ISBN
1794:ISBN
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693:God
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552:景教碑
385:崇仁寺
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