1019:(tooth-sockets). The premaxillary teeth were smaller than the hindmost teeth of the maxilla. There was a distinct constriction between the crown and root of the premaxillary and frontmost ten maxillary teeth. The inner surfaces of the premaxillary tooth crowns were convex and the outer surfaces were somewhat concave, which created a D-shape when viewed in cross-section, a feature shared with a few other troodontids. It was distinct among troodontids in having 22 teeth in each maxilla (though not all teeth were preserved in the holotype, their number can be determined from the alveoli); other genera had either a higher or lower maxillary tooth count than
1725:
3575:
756:
848:
bone. The maxilla was kept from being part of the margin of the narial opening by the maxillary process. The maxillary process of the premaxilla extended hindwards to the same level as the nasal process. Due to not being fused together, the premaxillae had a fissure along their lower midline. There were two small openings (connected to each other by a shallow groove) near the base of the third and fourth premaxillary teeth, but none near the first and second.
965:(the area where the two halves of the mandible connected at the front) was short, and this region was slightly curved towards the middle. Two rows of foramina ran along the outer side of the dentary, just below the first seven dentary teeth (only one of the rows continued hindwards past the seventh of these teeth). The foramina lay in a groove, which is a distinct feature of troodontids, while the inner surface of the dentary was smooth. A narrow, deep
139:
1629:
1140:
3468:
918:(snout) for most of their length. At the front, the nasal formed the boundary at the lower back of the narial opening. The nasal sloped downwards at the front, whereas it flattened hindwards. The frontal bones were 65 millimetres (2.6 in) long, and were not fused. Each frontal was triangular when viewed from above, and as in other troodontids, the frontals were widest at the point where they contacted the
883:. The antorbital fenestra (the largest of the three openings, located in front of the orbit) was rectangular in side view, and the part of the maxilla below it was low and did not have small foramina, unlike the front part. The maxillary teeth were placed along most of the lower margin of the antorbital fenestra. On the lower side, the maxilla formed an extensive internal shelf which contributed to a large
118:
903:
530:
3445:
3563:
2848:
852:
847:
between the premaxilla and maxilla curved upwards from the front of the snout, and straightened out under the narial opening when seen from the side. The maxillary process of the premaxilla tapered hindwards and wedged between a small forwards-extended process of the maxilla and the main part of that
807:
overall, and the snout was distinctly long and low. The premaxillae were not fused to each other, and bore a few small pits on their side surfaces. When viewed from below, the front margin of the upper jaw formed a tapering U-shape, distinct from the shape in other troodontids; the U-shape tapered
1693:
rejected the idea that troodontids could have been herbivorous. They stated that troodontid anatomy was consistent with a carnivorous lifestyle, and pointed out that the structure of their serrations was not much different from those of other theropods. They noted that troodontid features such as
862:
The maxilla was much longer than high, forming most of the skull's side surface, and to the front, most of the lower margin of the narial opening. The narial opening was roughly oval, with its long axis (the longest stretch from its front to the back) being parallel with the lower margin of the
411:
is estimated to have been 1.5 metres (5 ft) long and to have weighed 8 kilograms (18 lb). As a troodontid, it would have been bird-like and lightly built, with grasping hands and an enlarged sickle-shaped claw on the second toe. Its skull was long, with a long, low snout that formed a
1711:
and some other troodontids was related to a change in their diet. Since the teeth would appear to have lost their typical ability to slice meat, at least these troodontids may therefore have been either herbivorous or omnivorous. In 2015, the palaeontologist
Christophe Hendrickx and colleagues
1042:
The radius bone of the lower arm was much thinner than the ulna. The third metacarpal was thinner than the second, and their outermost edges were at the same level, which indicates these two metacarpals were equal in length. The claw of the first finger was sharp, and had a large flexor
2202:
665:(tooth-bearing bone of the mandible) and some of its broken teeth are preserved. Though several teeth are missing from both jaws, their original number can be determined in the upper jaw, since their sockets there are preserved. The forelimb (of which all preserved parts are
879:. The anterior fenestra appears to have been entirely enclosed by the maxilla, and there were two rows of small pits below it. The back of the maxillary fenestra had a bony wall called the interfenestral bar, which separated it from the antorbital fenestra, as in
946:(eye socket) was raised, with weak notches along the margins. The lacrimal bone was T-shaped in side view; its front process was very long and reached the hind margin of the antorbital fenestra, forming most of the latter's upper hind border, as in
405:. The names refer to the areas of discovery, and can be translated as "Henan Xixia lizard". The specimen consists of an almost complete skull (except for the hindmost portion), part of the lower jaw, and teeth, as well as a partial right forelimb.
1023:. The first seven maxillary teeth were tightly packed and much smaller than those further back, and had distinct constrictions between their crowns and roots. The outer surfaces of the crowns had distinct grooves close to the carinae, similar to
2186:
2103:
Tsuihiji, T.; Barsbold, R.; Watabe, M.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Chinzorig, T.; Fujiyama, Y.; Suzuki, S. (2014). "An exquisitely preserved troodontid theropod with new information on the palatal structure from the Upper
Cretaceous of Mongolia".
766:
is estimated to have been around 1.5 metres (5 ft) long, and to have weighed about 8 kilograms (18 lb). Since the nasal bones of the holotype specimen were not fused, it may not have been a mature individual. As a troodontid
1806:
The formations of the Xixia Basin are thought to be of continental origin (due to the absence of marine fossils), probably deposited by rivers and within lakes. The
Majiacun Formation itself is interpreted as representing deposits of
973:
ran at the inner side of the dentary, just above its lower margin, towards the front of the mandibular symphysis. Just behind the symphysis and below the
Meckelian groove, a distinct foramen was present, similar to the condition in
1067:
Troodontidae based on its high tooth-count, constriction between the crowns and roots of the teeth, close packing of teeth near the tip of the dentary, and distinct groove for the neurovascular foramina on the dentary. They found
822:
that extended hindwards from the premaxillae were wedged between the premaxillary processes of the nasal bones, which extended forwards. The nasal process of the premaxilla ended at the level of the hind margin of the external
1669:
theropods) and lizards rather than carnivorous dinosaurs. They suggested that this difference in coarseness may be related to the size and resistance of plant and meat fibres, and that troodontids may have been herbivorous or
1706:
at the bases, were not seen in herbivorous dinosaurs, which had simpler, cone shaped serrations. Lü and colleagues discussed the previous studies of troodontid diet, and suggested that the loss of serrations in the teeth of
481:, the taxonomic significance of this feature has been questioned. Troodontids had large brains, keen senses, and were probably agile. There has been debate about their diet, with some researchers arguing that they were
1660:
and colleagues pointed out that the serrations on the teeth of troodontids were different from those of typical, carnivorous theropods in their large size and wide spacing, which is similar to the condition in
1112:(both also from China), due to sharing a maxillary process of the premaxilla that separated the maxilla from the nasal behind the narial opening. In 2016, the palaeontologists Alexander Averianov and
934:(bone in front of the eye socket) at the middle front, and its frontmost part contacted the hind end of the nasal. Seen from the side, the hind part of the frontal was dome-like, which indicates that
891:(which separated the nasal airways from the mouth), extending backwards from the contact with the premaxilla. The front part of the palatal shelf had three small openings, and there was a row of
871:, and the row of these was just above and parallel to the margin of the tooth-row. The side surface of the maxilla had three large, elongated openings, called the anterior, maxillary, and
2693:
Xu, X.; Wang, D.Y.; Sullivan, C.; Hone, D.W.E.; Han, F.L.; Yan, R. H; Du, F.M. (2010). "A basal parvicursorine (Theropoda: Alvarezsauridae) from the Upper
Cretaceous of China".
2816:
Wang, C.-Z; Wang, J.; Hu, B.; Lu, X.-H. (2015). "Trace fossils and sedimentary environments of the upper cretaceous in the Xixia Basin, Southwestern Henan
Province, China".
1674:. They also pointed out that some features that had been interpreted as predatory adaptations in troodontids were also found in herbivorous and omnivorous animals, such as
1620:, based on the shared sickle-claw on their hyper-extendible second toe, but some studies have found troodontids to be more closely related to birds than to dromaeosaurids.
1124:(or "advanced") clade of troodontids with serrated teeth. They suggested that the D-shaped cross-section of the premaxillary teeth could be one possible feature uniting
910:
The nasal bones were elongated, 100 millimetres (4 in) long and 8.8 millimetres (0.35 in) wide. They were not fused together, and covered the top of the
1051:
was inserted). The first phalanx of the first finger was 3.6 centimetres (1.4 in) long, and the first phalanx of the second was 3 centimetres (1.2 in).
1027:. The teeth curved backwards and were compressed from side to side, and the bases of the crowns were less expanded behind the tenth maxillary tooth. As in
2658:
Zhu, G.; Zhong, J. (2000). "The carbon isotopic characteristics of dinosaur eggshell fossils in Late
Cretaceous from Xixia Basin and their significance".
2627:"Dinosaur eggs and dinosaur egg-bearing deposits (Upper Cretaceous) of Henan Province, China: Occurrences, palaeoenvironments, taphonomy and preservation"
1869:. The discovery of abundant and diverse dinosaur eggs in Henan Province has been considered "one of the significant scientific events" in China. Dinosaur
1716:(or "primitive") troodontids with unserrated teeth were herbivorous, whereas more derived troodontids with serrated teeth were carnivorous or omnivorous.
705:
of the second finger. In 2014, the palaeontologist
Takanobu Tsuihiji and colleagues stated that a bone Lü and colleagues had originally identified as the
3595:
1652:, they appear to have had keen senses. They also had proportionately long legs, which indicates they were agile. Due to their large brains, possible
1747:, but there has been disagreement about the exact geological age of the formation. Lü and colleagues suggested the formation dated to the Campanian
625:
fossil, and consists of an almost complete skull except for the hindmost portion, as well as a partial right forelimb. The connection between the
2591:
and biostratigraphic significance for the age of dinosaur eggs in the Upper
Cretaceous Majiacun Formation, Xixia Basin, Henan Province, China".
3605:
2880:
2499:
Holtz, T.R.; Brinkman, D.L.; Chandler, C.L. (1998). "Denticle morphometrics and a possibly omnivorous feeding habit for the theropod dinosaur
3610:
2483:
2164:
2087:
2725:"A new basal hadrosauroid dinosaur (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) with transitional features from the Late Cretaceous of Henan Province, China"
1795:, with muddier intervals of purple to green, or brown to red. The lower and middle units of the formation are composed of sandstone,
1656:, grasping hands, and enlarged sickle-claws, troodontids were generally assumed to have been predatory. In 1998, the palaeontologist
953:
It differed from other troodontids in that the front end of the dentary of the lower jaw was downturned, similar to what is seen in
3461:
1996:
1820:
1724:
775:(grasping) hands and an enlarged sickle-shaped claw on the hyper-extendible second toe. Fossils of other troodontids, such as
3615:
980:. On the outer side of the dentary, at the level of the Meckelian groove, there was a shallow groove with elongated pits.
3553:
1700:
1501:
1033:
1013:
997:
989:
967:
959:
940:
928:
920:
912:
893:
885:
873:
825:
735:
727:
715:
707:
699:
691:
683:
675:
667:
659:
651:
643:
635:
627:
458:
450:
442:
430:
422:
414:
2723:
Xing, H.; Wang, D.; Han, F.; Sullivan, C.; Ma, Q.; He, Y.; Hone, D.W.E.; Yan, R.; Du, F.; Xu, X.; Evans, D.C. (2014).
899:(which allowed blood to supply the bone with nutrients) in a groove just above and parallel to the tooth row margin.
138:
2873:
1368:
1791:. The Majiacun Formation is represented by an 800–1,200 metres (2,600–3,900 ft) thick layer of brown and red
1583:(sharing features such as a straight ulna and having an upwards projected curve on the claw of the first finger).
1590:, largely restricted to Asia and North America. They appear to have reached their greatest diversity during the
2977:
1641:
832:
755:
2422:"A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight"
2397:
2047:"A new troodontid theropod from the Late Cretaceous of Central China, and the radiation of Asian troodontids"
2474:
Makovicky, P.J.; Norell, M.A. (2004). "Troodontidae". In
Weishampel, D.B.; Dodson, P.; Osmolska, H. (eds.).
1983:
1121:
596:
2852:
456:(front and back edges) were smooth and sharp. It was distinct among troodontids in having 22 teeth in each
3488:
2512:
1959:
1744:
1278:
1085:
588:
369:
1644:(a measure of the ratio between actual brain size and the brain size predicted from body size) among non-
497:
and some other troodontids indicates these were herbivorous, as they had lost the ability to slice meat.
3533:
2866:
1743:
is known from the mid-lower part of the Majiacun Formation of China, which dates to the Late Cretaceous
1713:
1436:
1385:
1093:
1089:
272:
2542:"New information on Cretaceous troodontids (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the People's Republic of China"
1953:
2319:
1965:
1911:
1116:
did not identify a clade formed of troodontids with unserrated teeth, but found them to be successive
741:(the main bones of the upper jaw), based on comparison with the vomer of the more complete troodontid
3600:
3520:
3471:
3031:
2736:
2556:
2236:
2113:
569:
402:
249:
1977:
1155:
within Troodontidae according to a 2017 analysis by the palaeontologist Caizhi Shen and colleagues:
2517:
1653:
1587:
1344:
1198:
782:
2370:"A new troodontid dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, China"
1893:
863:
maxilla. The side surface of the maxilla below the narial opening was covered with small pits and
3242:
3004:
2675:
2402:
2350:
2137:
1971:
1943:
1928:
1812:
785:, with long feathers on the arms and legs, and frond-like feathering on the tail (similar to the
565:
558:
514:
502:
133:
3538:
2225:"Mosaic evolution in an asymmetrically feathered troodontid dinosaur with transitional features"
1011:
had four closely packed teeth in each premaxilla, as in most other theropods, with roughly oval
3444:
2369:
3230:
3142:
3120:
2764:
2522:
2479:
2453:
2420:
Hartman, S.; Mortimer, M.; Wahl, W. R.; Lomax, D. R.; Lippincott, J.; Lovelace, D. M. (2019).
2262:
2194:
2160:
2129:
2083:
1887:
1666:
1579:
839:. The nasal process of the premaxilla formed the upper hind corner of the narial opening, and
819:
599:
refers to Henan Province. The full name can be translated as "Henan Xixia lizard". Remains of
542:
3567:
3429:
3408:
3186:
2825:
2798:
2754:
2744:
2702:
2667:
2638:
2600:
2564:
2443:
2433:
2392:
2384:
2342:
2334:
2298:
2252:
2244:
2121:
2058:
1788:
1686:
1633:
1617:
1484:
1460:
1113:
1064:
954:
844:
843:
was distinct in having an opening on the side surface at the base of the nasal process. The
506:
310:
3401:
3293:
3266:
3222:
3164:
2962:
1875:
1808:
1729:
1657:
1595:
510:
366:
30:
960:
874:
2740:
2560:
2240:
2117:
3372:
3259:
3201:
3194:
3171:
3149:
3113:
2759:
2724:
2448:
2421:
2257:
2224:
1748:
1628:
1616:
and birds. Troodontids and dromaeosaurids have also been grouped together in the clade
1613:
1605:
1139:
1108:
814:
777:
584:
554:
534:
381:
242:
2783:
2541:
921:
894:
3589:
2679:
2406:
1905:
1899:
1853:
1840:
1824:
1780:
1768:
1733:
968:
886:
790:
385:
68:
2354:
2223:
Xu, X.; Currie, P.; Pittman, M.; Xing, L.; Meng, Q.; Lü, J.; Hu, D.; Yu, C. (2017).
2141:
1694:
sharply pointed serrations that curved up towards the tip of the teeth, razor sharp
641:(bone running at the upper length of the snout) bones is displaced, and part of the
3579:
3393:
3379:
3365:
3350:
3334:
3302:
3274:
3178:
3128:
3099:
3077:
3043:
2889:
1948:
1920:
1881:
1862:
1849:
1695:
1690:
1573:
1182:
1169:
929:
826:
803:
768:
550:
518:
473:
377:
222:
2829:
2604:
2303:
2286:
1701:
2749:
700:
660:
431:
415:
3358:
3323:
3316:
3251:
3208:
3135:
3016:
1939:
1858:
1828:
1567:
1240:
1117:
1102:
743:
728:
692:
668:
600:
490:
117:
43:
3511:
2643:
2626:
1034:
990:
902:
443:
420:
of the forehead was dome-like in side view, which indicates it had an enlarged
3386:
2928:
2919:
2706:
2287:"Troodontidae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Uzbekistan"
2125:
1844:
1792:
1767:
age for the formation had earlier been suggested based on spores, pollen, and
1760:
1671:
1649:
1600:
652:
644:
529:
486:
423:
359:
196:
88:
53:
2526:
2198:
736:
3422:
3343:
2989:
2937:
2568:
2388:
1934:
1866:
1832:
1796:
1776:
1772:
1662:
1591:
1148:
1014:
998:
976:
913:
772:
628:
546:
482:
459:
451:
209:
150:
93:
37:
2802:
2768:
2457:
2266:
2133:
1779:
age has been suggested as well, and Coniacian to Campanian or Santonian to
716:
676:
549:) was discovered near Songgou Village, which is in the northeast region of
436:
of the lower jaw was down-turned. Unlike in most troodontids, the teeth of
2847:
2063:
2046:
1787:
fossils. Some studies have also suggested that the formation is as old as
941:
926:(bone behind the eye socket). The frontal was overlapped by the nasal and
708:
636:
3505:
3309:
3156:
2913:
1924:
1800:
1764:
1320:
1044:
864:
855:
684:
607:
604:
389:
362:
183:
170:
125:
83:
78:
63:
58:
48:
2368:
Shen, C.; Lü, J.; Liu, S.; Kundrát, M.; Brusatte, S.L.; Gao, H. (2017).
2248:
1636:, and broken white lines outlining the probable contours of missing bone
1598:
in Asia. Troodontids probably originated in Asia, and if genera such as
851:
657:
of the right side being well-preserved. Only the front part of the left
471:
with other troodontids are uncertain, but it had some similarities with
464:(in other genera the maxillary tooth count was either higher or lower).
3415:
3282:
2946:
2671:
2438:
1916:
1836:
1816:
1784:
1679:
1675:
1609:
1084:
from Uzbekistan consisting of troodontids with unserrated teeth, which
786:
577:
561:
477:. Though troodontids with unserrated teeth were once thought to form a
393:
98:
73:
1648:
dinosaurs. As suggested by their large eye-sockets and well-developed
2907:
2346:
1870:
1839:
study of egg shells). Other dinosaurs from the formation include the
1048:
160:
3482:
2587:
Li, G.; Chen, P.; Wang, D.; Batten, D.J. (2009). "The spinicaudatan
1561:
In 2019, the palaeontologist Scott Hartman and colleagues recovered
2338:
2187:"An overview on non-avian theropod discoveries and classification"
1835:
identified in the diet of the dinosaurs there (determined through
1723:
1627:
1138:
1096:
by the paleontologist Alan H. Turner and colleagues instead found
1077:
901:
850:
754:
573:
528:
478:
373:
355:
3525:
2478:(2 ed.). University of California Press. pp. 184–195.
1645:
1604:
are considered part of the family, it would have evolved by the
689:(bones of the lower arm), the extremity of the second and third
611:
3486:
2900:
2862:
2858:
2320:"A review of dromaeosaurid systematics and paravian phylogeny"
1803:. Eggs and eggshells are often found in the muddy siltstones.
428:. It differed from other troodontids in that the front of the
319:
128:
skull shown from above (A), the right side (B), and below (C)
337:
2045:
Lü, J.; Xu, L.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, X.; Jia, S.; Ji, Q. (2010).
1003:(front and back edges) were instead smooth and sharp, as in
2784:"Bird-like characteristics of troodontid theropod eggshell"
1632:
Holotype skull in multiple views, with dark lines denoting
545:(catalogued as HGM 41HIII−0201 in Henan Geological Museum,
343:
328:
325:
2080:
A Field Guide to Mesozoic Birds and Other Winged Dinosaurs
1039:(differentiated), with the fifteenth tooth being largest.
322:
316:
2782:
Zelenitsky, D. K.; Modesto, S. P.; Currie, P. J. (2002).
1873:(taxa based on eggs) from the Majiacun Formation include
906:
Parts of the upper (A) and lower (B) jaws of the holotype
1088:
across Asia (while noting that serrations had been lost
2625:
Liang, X.; Wen, S.; Yang, D.; Zhou, S.; Wu, S. (2009).
1831:, sub-humid to sub-arid, based on the preponderance of
697:(hand bones), the complete first finger, and the first
3551:
1076:
of Mongolia, and suggested the two may have formed a
649:
is missing. Most of the snout is preserved, with the
346:
334:
313:
2318:
Turner, A.H.; Makovicky, P.J.; Norell, M.A. (2012).
771:, it would have been bird-like, lightly built, with
340:
3495:
3333:
3292:
3241:
3097:
3042:
3015:
2988:
2961:
331:
2327:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
2469:
2467:
2398:20.500.11820/dc010682-fce0-4db4-bef6-7b2b29f5be8a
2185:Hendrickx, C.; Hartman, S.A.; Mateus, O. (2015).
2159:. Princeton University Press. pp. 155, 158.
858:, showing an individual in bird-like resting pose
781:, show that members of the group were covered in
2718:
2716:
618:was named), and have mainly been found in Asia.
1586:Troodontids have mainly been discovered in the
603:are very rare compared to those of other small
2582:
2580:
2578:
2874:
2191:PalArch's Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology
505:, the exact age of which is uncertain. These
8:
1827:of the Xixia basin is inferred to have been
818:, for example. Viewed from above, the nasal
376:. The only known specimen was discovered in
2280:
2278:
2276:
2180:
2178:
2176:
1092:in different groups of theropods). A 2012
412:tapering U-shape when seen from below. The
3483:
3105:
3094:
3021:
2994:
2967:
2958:
2897:
2881:
2867:
2859:
1951:are also known). Spores of plants such as
938:had an enlarged braincase. The rim of the
116:
20:
2758:
2748:
2642:
2516:
2447:
2437:
2396:
2302:
2256:
2062:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
831:(bony nostril), and was quadrangular in
621:The holotype specimen is the only known
572:, the specimen was described as the new
517:, and are noted for containing abundant
3558:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2377:Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition
2008:
1608:. Troodontids are grouped in the clade
2157:The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs
673:) consists of the middle part of the
533:Map showing the type locality (★) in
7:
1640:Troodontids had some of the highest
591:refers to Xixia County coupled with
2285:Averianov, A.; Sues, H.-D. (2016).
1879:(which may belong to troodontids),
1476:
1452:
1428:
1360:
1336:
1312:
1257:
1231:
1175:
1165:
1158:
557:of central China. This area of the
2549:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
2540:Currie, P.J.; Zhiming, D. (2001).
1783:ages have been suggested based on
1751:, based on the similarity between
14:
3596:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia
3573:
3561:
3467:
3466:
3443:
2846:
1823:during the Late Cretaceous. The
1815:. The formation was part of the
493:. The lack of serrated teeth in
309:
137:
2660:Chinese Journal of Geochemistry
2205:from the original on 2018-06-22
1997:Timeline of troodontid research
1685:In 2001, the palaeontologists
1143:Forelimb bones of the holotype
1072:to be most closely related to
835:rather than triangular, as in
595:, meaning "lizard", while the
1:
3606:Fossil taxa described in 2010
2830:10.1080/09853111.2015.1065307
2605:10.1016/j.cretres.2008.09.002
2304:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.11.005
2051:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
801:was long, similar to that of
467:The precise relationships of
2750:10.1371/journal.pone.0098821
1923:. Invertebrates include the
1698:between the serrations, and
1502:Saurornithoides mongoliensis
485:, and others that they were
2631:Progress in Natural Science
1987:have also been identified.
1059:Lü and colleagues assigned
1031:, the maxillary teeth were
3632:
2644:10.1016/j.pnsc.2009.06.012
1369:Daliansaurus liaoningensis
1100:to belong in a clade with
812:and was very elongated in
610:(only thirteen troodontid
3611:Taxa named by Lü Junchang
3456:
3441:
3108:
3093:
3074:
3024:
2997:
2970:
2957:
2896:
2707:10.11646/zootaxa.2413.1.1
2126:10.1007/s00114-014-1143-9
2082:. Pan Aves. p. 102.
1642:encephalization quotients
1498:
1481:
1474:
1457:
1450:
1433:
1426:
1382:
1365:
1358:
1341:
1334:
1317:
1310:
1275:
1262:
1255:
1236:
1229:
1212:
1195:
1180:
1173:
1163:
983:Unlike most troodontids,
278:
271:
134:Scientific classification
132:
124:
115:
23:
2078:Martyniuk, M.P. (2012).
1755:and the Campanian genus
995:on its teeth, and their
759:Size compared to a human
725:was instead part of the
2569:10.1139/cjes-38-12-1753
2389:10.1111/1755-6724.13307
1565:as the sister taxon of
614:were known at the time
583:by the palaeontologist
2803:10.1006/cres.2002.1010
1984:Pagiophyllumpollenites
1737:
1736:, Xixia Dinosaur Park
1637:
1279:Jinfengopteryx elegans
1216:Xixiasaurus henanensis
1151:shows the position of
1144:
907:
859:
760:
581:Xixiasaurus henanensis
538:
398:Xixiasaurus henanensis
365:that lived during the
285:Xixiasaurus henanensis
3616:Paleontology in Henan
3534:Paleobiology Database
2229:Nature Communications
2064:10.4202/app.2009.0047
1727:
1665:dinosaurs (including
1631:
1437:Sinornithoides youngi
1386:Sinusonasus magnodens
1142:
1094:phylogenetic analysis
905:
854:
758:
532:
392:of the new genus and
2855:at Wikimedia Commons
1960:Cicatruicosisporites
961:mandibular symphysis
875:antorbital fenestrae
633:(forehead bone) and
587:and colleagues. The
2791:Cretaceous Research
2741:2014PLoSO...998821X
2593:Cretaceous Research
2561:2001CaJES..38.1753C
2291:Cretaceous Research
2249:10.1038/ncomms14972
2241:2017NatCo...814972X
2155:Paul, G.S. (2016).
2118:2014NW....101..131T
2106:Naturwissenschaften
1915:. Reptiles include
1654:stereoscopic vision
1588:northern hemisphere
1345:Sinovenator changii
1199:Byronosaurus jaffei
783:pennaceous feathers
3243:Jinfengopteryginae
2672:10.1007/BF03166648
2439:10.7717/peerj.7247
1813:meandering streams
1738:
1638:
1571:, in a clade with
1145:
908:
867:(openings), as in
860:
761:
566:Majiacun Formation
539:
515:meandering streams
509:were deposited by
503:Majiacun Formation
501:is known from the
264:X. henanensis
3549:
3548:
3489:Taxon identifiers
3480:
3479:
3452:
3451:
3439:
3438:
3231:Halszkaraptorinae
3143:Hesperornithoides
3121:Archaeornithoides
3089:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3061:
2851:Media related to
2637:(11): 1587–1601.
2555:(12): 1753–1766.
2485:978-0-520-24209-8
2166:978-0-691-16766-4
2089:978-0-9885965-0-4
1954:Schizaeoisporites
1888:Paraspheroolithus
1720:Palaeoenvironment
1580:Hesperornithoides
1558:
1557:
1549:
1548:
1540:
1539:
1531:
1530:
1522:
1521:
1513:
1512:
1415:
1414:
1406:
1405:
1397:
1396:
1299:
1298:
1290:
1289:
1238:GM 100/1323 (now
922:postorbital bones
895:nutrient foramina
543:holotype specimen
507:sedimentary rocks
448:; instead, their
388:, and became the
300:
299:
252:
16:Genus of dinosaur
3623:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3557:
3542:
3541:
3529:
3528:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3484:
3470:
3469:
3447:
3409:Stenonychosaurus
3187:Polyodontosaurus
3106:
3095:
3022:
2995:
2968:
2959:
2952:
2951:
2898:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2860:
2850:
2834:
2833:
2818:Geodinamica Acta
2813:
2807:
2806:
2788:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2762:
2752:
2720:
2711:
2710:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2622:
2609:
2608:
2584:
2573:
2572:
2546:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2520:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2471:
2462:
2461:
2451:
2441:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2400:
2374:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2324:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2282:
2271:
2270:
2260:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2182:
2171:
2170:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2042:
1966:Lygodiumsporites
1912:Nanhiungoolithus
1789:Early Cretaceous
1703:
1687:Philip J. Currie
1618:Deinonychosauria
1485:Zanabazar junior
1477:
1461:Troodon formosus
1453:
1429:
1361:
1337:
1313:
1258:
1232:
1176:
1166:
1159:
1114:Hans-Dieter Sues
1036:
1016:
1000:
992:
970:
969:Meckelian groove
962:
955:therizinosaurian
943:
931:
923:
915:
896:
888:
887:secondary palate
876:
856:Life restoration
828:
738:
730:
718:
710:
702:
694:
686:
678:
670:
662:
654:
646:
638:
630:
461:
453:
445:
433:
425:
417:
353:
352:
349:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
287:
283:
241:
234:
221:
142:
141:
120:
110:
40:
29:Temporal range:
21:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3574:
3572:
3562:
3560:
3552:
3550:
3545:
3537:
3532:
3524:
3519:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3491:
3481:
3476:
3448:
3435:
3402:Saurornithoides
3329:
3294:Sinovenatorinae
3288:
3267:Liaoningvenator
3237:
3223:Anchiornithidae
3165:Liaoningvenator
3102:
3081:
3058:
3038:
3011:
2984:
2978:Avemetatarsalia
2963:Avemetatarsalia
2953:
2903:
2902:
2892:
2887:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2786:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2722:
2721:
2714:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2624:
2623:
2612:
2586:
2585:
2576:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2473:
2472:
2465:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2372:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2322:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2284:
2283:
2274:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2208:
2206:
2184:
2183:
2174:
2167:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2044:
2043:
2010:
2005:
1993:
1876:Prismatoolithus
1821:drainage system
1809:braided streams
1730:Prismatoolithus
1722:
1712:suggested that
1705:
1667:therizinosaurid
1658:Thomas R. Holtz
1626:
1596:Late Cretaceous
1559:
1550:
1541:
1532:
1523:
1514:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1300:
1291:
1057:
1038:
1018:
1002:
994:
972:
964:
957:theropods. The
945:
933:
925:
917:
898:
890:
878:
830:
753:
740:
732:
720:
712:
704:
696:
688:
680:
672:
664:
656:
648:
640:
632:
527:
511:braided streams
463:
455:
447:
435:
427:
419:
372:in what is now
367:Late Cretaceous
312:
308:
296:
289:
281:
280:
267:
240:
232:
219:
136:
111:
109:
108:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
35:
34:
31:Late Cretaceous
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3629:
3627:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3570:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3530:
3517:
3501:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3464:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3373:Latenivenatrix
3369:
3362:
3355:
3347:
3339:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3298:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3279:
3271:
3263:
3260:Jinfengopteryx
3256:
3247:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3227:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3195:Sinornithoides
3191:
3183:
3175:
3172:Papiliovenator
3168:
3161:
3153:
3150:Jianianhualong
3146:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3117:
3114:Albertavenator
3109:
3103:
3098:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3007:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2971:
2965:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2940:
2931:
2922:
2916:
2910:
2901:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2842:
2841:External links
2839:
2836:
2835:
2824:(1–2): 53–70.
2808:
2797:(3): 297–305.
2774:
2712:
2685:
2650:
2610:
2599:(2): 477–482.
2574:
2532:
2518:10.1.1.211.684
2491:
2484:
2476:The Dinosauria
2463:
2412:
2383:(3): 763–780.
2360:
2310:
2272:
2215:
2172:
2165:
2147:
2112:(2): 131–142.
2095:
2088:
2070:
2057:(3): 381–388.
2007:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1992:
1989:
1978:Osmundacidites
1947:(invertebrate
1721:
1718:
1699:
1625:
1622:
1614:dromaeosaurids
1606:Early Jurassic
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1525:
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1519:
1516:
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1511:
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1506:
1497:
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1465:
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1329:
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1325:
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1311:
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1203:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1164:
1162:
1157:
1147:The following
1056:
1055:Classification
1053:
1032:
1012:
996:
988:
966:
958:
939:
930:lacrimal bones
927:
919:
911:
892:
884:
872:
827:narial opening
824:
815:Sinornithoides
778:Jianianhualong
752:
749:
734:
726:
714:
706:
698:
690:
682:
674:
666:
658:
650:
642:
634:
626:
555:Henan Province
535:Henan Province
526:
523:
457:
449:
441:
429:
421:
413:
382:Henan Province
298:
297:
290:
276:
275:
269:
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253:
230:
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217:
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174:
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102:
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67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
41:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3628:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3581:
3571:
3569:
3559:
3555:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3473:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3446:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3307:
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3304:
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3299:
3297:
3295:
3291:
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3280:
3277:
3276:
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3268:
3264:
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3261:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3248:
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3217:
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3204:
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3188:
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3180:
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3167:
3166:
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3159:
3158:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3080:
3079:
3073:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3049:
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3045:
3041:
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2800:
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2778:
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2756:
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2742:
2738:
2735:(6): e98821.
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2598:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2581:
2579:
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2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2492:
2487:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2339:10.1206/748.1
2336:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2311:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2216:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2071:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1949:trace fossils
1946:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1906:Youngoolithus
1902:
1901:
1900:Dendroolithus
1896:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1857:, an unnamed
1856:
1855:
1854:Zhanghenglong
1851:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1841:alvarezsaurid
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1825:palaeoclimate
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1781:Maastrichtian
1778:
1774:
1770:
1769:dinosaur eggs
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1734:dinosaur eggs
1732:
1731:
1726:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1710:
1704:
1702:blood grooves
1697:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1635:
1630:
1624:Palaeobiology
1623:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1612:, along with
1611:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1594:stage of the
1593:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1554:
1553:
1545:
1544:
1536:
1535:
1527:
1526:
1518:
1517:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1479:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1455:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1431:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1411:
1410:
1402:
1401:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1295:
1294:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1090:independently
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1010:
1006:
1001:
993:
987:did not have
986:
981:
979:
978:
971:
963:
956:
951:
949:
944:
937:
932:
924:
916:
904:
900:
897:
889:
882:
877:
870:
866:
857:
853:
849:
846:
842:
838:
834:
833:cross-section
829:
821:
817:
816:
811:
806:
805:
800:
797:The skull of
795:
793:
792:
791:Archaeopteryx
788:
784:
780:
779:
774:
770:
765:
757:
750:
748:
746:
745:
739:
731:
724:
719:
713:(part of the
711:
703:
695:
687:
679:
671:
663:
655:
647:
639:
631:
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
606:
602:
598:
597:specific name
594:
590:
586:
582:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
536:
531:
524:
522:
520:
519:dinosaur eggs
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
475:
470:
465:
462:
454:
446:
440:did not have
439:
434:
426:
418:
410:
406:
404:
400:
399:
395:
391:
387:
386:central China
383:
379:
375:
371:
368:
364:
361:
357:
351:
306:
305:
294:
288:
286:
277:
274:
273:Binomial name
270:
266:
265:
259:
256:
255:
251:
247:
244:
239:
238:
231:
228:
227:
224:
218:
215:
214:
211:
208:
205:
202:
201:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
140:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
114:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
39:
32:
26:
22:
19:
3496:
3428:
3421:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3394:Philovenator
3392:
3385:
3380:Linhevenator
3378:
3371:
3366:Hypnovenator
3364:
3357:
3351:Byronosaurus
3349:
3342:
3335:Troodontinae
3322:
3315:
3308:
3303:Daliansaurus
3301:
3281:
3275:Philovenator
3273:
3265:
3258:
3250:
3229:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3185:
3179:Paronychodon
3177:
3170:
3163:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3129:Geminiraptor
3127:
3119:
3112:
3100:Troodontidae
3078:Troodontidae
3076:
3044:Troodontidae
2942:
2933:
2924:
2890:Troodontidae
2821:
2817:
2811:
2794:
2790:
2777:
2732:
2728:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2666:(1): 29–34.
2663:
2659:
2653:
2634:
2630:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2552:
2548:
2535:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2475:
2429:
2425:
2415:
2380:
2376:
2363:
2330:
2326:
2313:
2294:
2290:
2232:
2228:
2218:
2207:. Retrieved
2190:
2156:
2150:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2079:
2073:
2054:
2050:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1942:
1933:
1927:
1921:crocodilians
1910:
1904:
1898:
1894:Placoolithus
1892:
1886:
1882:Ovaloolithus
1880:
1874:
1863:ankylosaurid
1852:
1850:hadrosauroid
1843:
1805:
1757:Byronosaurus
1756:
1752:
1740:
1739:
1728:
1708:
1691:Dong Zhiming
1684:
1639:
1599:
1585:
1578:
1574:Daliansaurus
1572:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1500:
1499:
1483:
1482:
1459:
1458:
1435:
1434:
1384:
1383:
1367:
1366:
1343:
1342:
1319:
1318:
1277:
1276:
1264:GM 100/1126
1263:
1239:
1237:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1197:
1196:
1183:MPC-D 100/44
1181:
1170:Troodontidae
1152:
1146:
1133:
1130:Byronosaurus
1129:
1125:
1107:
1101:
1097:
1081:
1074:Byronosaurus
1073:
1069:
1060:
1058:
1041:
1029:Byronosaurus
1028:
1024:
1020:
1008:
1005:Byronosaurus
1004:
984:
982:
975:
952:
948:Byronosaurus
947:
935:
909:
881:Byronosaurus
880:
869:Byronosaurus
868:
861:
840:
837:Byronosaurus
836:
813:
810:Byronosaurus
809:
804:Byronosaurus
802:
798:
796:
789:
776:
769:maniraptoran
763:
762:
742:
722:
701:phalanx bone
661:dentary bone
622:
620:
615:
592:
589:generic name
580:
551:Xixia County
540:
498:
494:
474:Byronosaurus
472:
468:
466:
437:
432:dentary bone
416:frontal bone
408:
407:
397:
396:
378:Xixia County
303:
302:
301:
292:
284:
279:
263:
262:
245:
236:
235:
223:Troodontidae
203:
190:
177:
24:
18:
3601:Troodontids
3497:Xixiasaurus
3359:Gobivenator
3324:Sinusonasus
3317:Sinovenator
3216:Xixiasaurus
3209:Tochisaurus
3136:Harenadraco
3032:Maniraptora
3017:Maniraptora
2853:Xixiasaurus
2589:Tylestheria
2511:: 159–166.
2193:(1): 1–73.
1972:Cyathidites
1944:Tylestheria
1940:clam shrimp
1929:Plicatounio
1859:spinosaurid
1829:subtropical
1753:Xixiasaurus
1741:Xixiasaurus
1709:Xixiasaurus
1663:herbivorous
1650:middle-ears
1568:Sinusonasus
1563:Xixiasaurus
1241:Almas ukhaa
1153:Xixiasaurus
1126:Xixiasaurus
1118:sister taxa
1103:Sinovenator
1098:Xixiasaurus
1070:Xixiasaurus
1061:Xixiasaurus
1021:Xixiasaurus
1009:Xixiasaurus
985:Xixiasaurus
936:Xixiasaurus
841:Xixiasaurus
799:Xixiasaurus
764:Xixiasaurus
751:Description
744:Gobivenator
729:premaxillae
723:Xixiasaurus
693:metacarpals
669:articulated
623:Xixiasaurus
616:Xixiasaurus
601:troodontids
585:Lü Junchang
559:Xixia Basin
499:Xixiasaurus
495:Xixiasaurus
491:herbivorous
483:carnivorous
469:Xixiasaurus
438:Xixiasaurus
409:Xixiasaurus
304:Xixiasaurus
237:Xixiasaurus
25:Xixiasaurus
3590:Categories
3460:See also:
3387:Pectinodon
3053:see below↓
2929:Dinosauria
2920:Sauropsida
2297:: 98–110.
2209:2018-12-04
2003:References
1845:Xixianykus
1793:sandstones
1761:Cenomanian
1672:omnivorous
1601:Anchiornis
1120:to a more
1035:heterodont
991:serrations
487:omnivorous
444:serrations
360:troodontid
197:Saurischia
184:Dinosauria
3568:Dinosaurs
3430:Zanabazar
3423:Urbacodon
3344:Borogovia
3005:Theropoda
2990:Theropoda
2938:Theropoda
2906:Kingdom:
2680:129048918
2527:0871-5424
2513:CiteSeerX
2432:: e7247.
2407:129939153
2347:2246/6352
2333:: 1–206.
2235:: 14972.
2199:1567-2158
1935:Sphaerium
1867:sauropods
1833:C3 plants
1797:siltstone
1777:Santonian
1773:Coniacian
1592:Campanian
1149:cladogram
1134:Urbacodon
1082:Urbacodon
1047:(where a
1025:Urbacodon
977:Urbacodon
820:processes
773:raptorial
653:dentition
645:braincase
608:dinosaurs
547:Zhengzhou
525:Discovery
424:braincase
257:Species:
210:Theropoda
157:Kingdom:
151:Eukaryota
3526:13871423
3512:Q2417324
3506:Wikidata
3472:Category
3462:Timeline
3157:Koparion
2914:Chordata
2912:Phylum:
2908:Animalia
2769:24901454
2729:PLOS ONE
2701:(1): 1.
2458:31333906
2355:83572446
2267:28463233
2203:Archived
2142:13920021
2134:24441791
1991:See also
1938:and the
1925:bivalves
1837:isotopic
1801:mudstone
1765:Turonian
1680:raccoons
1676:primates
1321:Mei long
1086:radiated
1045:tubercle
865:foramina
808:less in
737:maxillae
605:theropod
537:of China
390:holotype
363:dinosaur
216:Family:
171:Chordata
167:Phylum:
161:Animalia
147:Domain:
126:Holotype
36:86
3554:Portals
3416:Troodon
3283:Tamarro
2947:Paraves
2918:Class:
2760:4047018
2737:Bibcode
2695:Zootaxa
2557:Bibcode
2501:Troodon
2449:6626525
2258:5418581
2237:Bibcode
2114:Bibcode
1917:turtles
1817:Yunmeng
1785:bivalve
1634:sutures
1610:Paraves
1122:derived
1063:to the
1015:alveoli
999:carinae
914:rostrum
787:avialan
629:frontal
578:species
562:exposes
460:maxilla
452:carinae
394:species
354:) is a
282:†
261:†
229:Genus:
105:↓
3539:173882
2767:
2757:
2678:
2525:
2515:
2482:
2456:
2446:
2405:
2353:
2265:
2255:
2197:
2163:
2140:
2132:
2086:
1981:, and
1909:, and
1871:ootaxa
1865:, and
1848:, the
1799:, and
1745:period
1696:enamel
1132:, and
1065:family
1049:tendon
845:suture
717:palate
677:radius
593:saurus
370:Period
295:, 2010
293:et al.
246:et al.
3580:China
3252:Almas
3202:Talos
2943:Clade
2934:Clade
2925:Clade
2787:(PDF)
2676:S2CID
2545:(PDF)
2426:PeerJ
2403:S2CID
2373:(PDF)
2351:S2CID
2323:(PDF)
2138:S2CID
1819:Lake
1714:basal
1646:avian
1080:with
1078:clade
942:orbit
721:) of
709:vomer
637:nasal
574:genus
568:. In
553:, in
479:clade
384:, in
374:China
356:genus
204:Clade
191:Clade
178:Clade
3030:see
3003:see
2976:see
2765:PMID
2699:2413
2523:ISSN
2505:GAIA
2480:ISBN
2454:PMID
2263:PMID
2195:ISSN
2161:ISBN
2130:PMID
2084:ISBN
1932:and
1919:and
1811:and
1771:; a
1759:. A
1689:and
1678:and
1577:and
1106:and
685:ulna
681:and
612:taxa
576:and
570:2010
564:the
541:The
513:and
403:2010
250:2010
44:PreꞒ
3521:EoL
3310:Mei
2826:doi
2799:doi
2755:PMC
2745:doi
2703:doi
2668:doi
2639:doi
2601:doi
2565:doi
2503:".
2444:PMC
2434:doi
2393:hdl
2385:doi
2343:hdl
2335:doi
2331:371
2299:doi
2253:PMC
2245:doi
2122:doi
2110:101
2059:doi
1775:to
1763:to
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