Yanomami - Knowledge (XXG)

1124:, the federal agency representing the rights and interests of indigenous populations, the Yanomami have received little protection from the government against these intrusive forces. In some cases the government can be cited as supporting the infiltration of mining companies into Yanomami lands. In 1978, the militarized government, under pressure from anthropologists and the international community, enacted a plan that demarcated land for the Yanomami. These reserves, however, were small "island" tracts of land lacking consideration for Yanomami lifestyle, trading networks, and trails, with boundaries that were determined solely by the concentration of mineral deposits. In 1990, more than 40,000 1149:. Although Yanomami religious tradition prohibits the keeping of any bodily matter after the death of that person, the donors were not warned that blood samples would be kept indefinitely for experimentation. Several prominent Yanomami delegations have sent letters to the scientists who are studying them, demanding the return of their blood samples. As of June 2010 these samples were in the process of being removed from storage for shipping to the Amazon, pending the decision as to whom to deliver them to and how to prevent any potential health risks in doing so. In 2015 the blood samples were returned and buried by the Yanomami. 365:, the 1970s saw the implementation of development projects within the framework of the "National Integration Plan" launched by the Brazilian military governments of the time. This meant the opening of a stretch of perimeter road (1973–76) and various colonization programs on land traditionally occupied by the Yanomami. During the same period, the Amazonian resources survey project RADAM (1975) detected important mineral deposits in the region. This triggered a progressive movement of gold prospectors, which after 1987 took the form of a real 534: 458:(headman) acts as the leader of each village, but no single leader presides over the whole of those classified as Yanomami. Headmen gain political power by demonstrating skill in settling disputes both within the village and with neighboring communities. A consensus of mature males is usually required for action that involves the community, but individuals are not required to take part. Local descent groups also play important roles in regulating marriages and settling disputes within villages. 1009: 467: 54: 1537: 1565: 1268: 85: 847: 435: 4424: 1551: 940: 104: 574: 3793: 1447:

leaders, established Yanomami schools that teach Portuguese, aiming to aid the Yanomami in their navigation of Brazilian politics and international arenas in their struggle to defend land rights. Additionally, these village schools teach Yanomami about Brazilian society, including money use, good production, and record-keeping.

526:, gather fruit, and hunt animals and fish. Crops compose up to 75% of the calories in the Yanomami diet. Protein is supplied by wild resources obtained through gathering, hunting, and fishing. When the soil becomes exhausted, Yanomami frequently move to avoid areas that have become overused, a practice known as 1249:

In July 2012 the government of Venezuela investigated another alleged massacre. According to Yanomami organizations, a village of eighty people was attacked by a helicopter and the only known survivors of the village were three men who happened to be out hunting while the attack occurred. However, in

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searching for gold in their territory. Malaria, which was first introduced to Yanomami populations by gold miners during the 1980s, is now frequent in Yanomami populations. Without the protection of the government, Yanomami populations declined when miners were allowed to enter the Yanomami territory

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They killed so many. I was weeping for fear and for pity but there was nothing I could do. They snatched the children from their mothers to kill them, while the others held the mothers tightly by the arms and wrists as they stood up in a line. All the women wept... The men began to kill the children;

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I would like my book to help revise the exaggerated representation that has been given of Yanomami violence. The Yanomami are warriors; they can be brutal and cruel, but they can also be delicate, sensitive, and loving. Violence is only sporadic; it never dominates social life for any length of time,

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is not seen as an important time period for male Yanomami children, as it is for females. After menstruating for the first time, the girls are expected to leave childhood, enter adulthood, and take on the responsibilities of a grown Yanomami woman. After a young girl gets her period, she is forbidden

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Although some Yanomami really have been engaged in intensive warfare and other kinds of bloody conflict, this violence is not an expression of Yanomami culture itself. It is, rather, a product of specific historical situations: The Yanomami make war not because Western culture is absent, but because

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described the Yanomami as living in "a state of chronic warfare". Chagnon's account and similar descriptions of the Yanomami portrayed them as aggressive and warlike, sparking controversy amongst anthropologists and creating an enormous interest in the Yanomami. The debate centered around the degree

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and the ritual repeated annually until the ashes are gone. All of the dead person's personal belongings are also burned, because it is believed that they may harbor some evil spirits. In daily conversation, no reference may be made to a dead person except on the annual "day of remembrance", when the

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The Yanomami do not recognize themselves as a united group, but rather as individuals associated with their politically autonomous villages. Yanomami communities are grouped together because they have similar ages and kinship, and militaristic coalitions interweave communities together. The Yanomami

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Ferguson stresses the idea that contrary to Chagnon's description of the Yanomami as unaffected by Western culture, the Yanomami experienced the effects of colonization long before their territory became accessible to Westerners in the 1950s, and that they had acquired many influences and materials

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among Amazonian tribes has also been observed. Many unions are monogamous. Polygamous families consist of a large patrifocal family unit based on one man, and smaller matrifocal subfamilies: each woman's family unit, composed of the woman and her children. Life in the village is centered around the

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and replacing them with new ones that symbolize her womanhood and availability for marriage. During the week of that first menstrual period, the girl is fed with a stick, because she is forbidden from touching the food in any way. While on confinement, she has to whisper when speaking, and she may

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by constructing roads and military bases near Yanomami communities, led to a campaign to defend the rights of the Yanomami to live in a protected area. In 1978 the Pro-Yanomami Commission (CCPY) was established. Originally named the Commission for the Creation of a Yanomami Park, it is a Brazilian

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might be practiced in the event of the death of a spouse. Kin groups tend to be localized in villages and their genealogical depth is rather shallow. Kinship is critical in the arrangement of marriage and very strong bonds develop between kin groups who exchange women. Their kinship system can be

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are a very important part of Yanomami culture. The Yanomami celebrate a good harvest with a big feast to which nearby villages are invited. The Yanomami village members gather large amounts of food, which helps to maintain good relations with their neighbors. They also decorate their bodies with

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In 2000, CCPY sponsored a project to foster a market for Yanomami-grown fruit trees. This project aimed to help the Yanomami as they transition to an increasingly sedentary lifestyle because of environmental and political pressures. In a separate venture, the CCPY, per the request of Yanomami

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Violence is one of the leading causes of Yanomami death. Up to half of all Yanomami males die violent deaths in the constant conflict between neighboring communities over local resources. Often these confrontations lead to Yanomami leaving their villages in search of new ones. Women are often

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between 1987 and 1990. The number of gold miners in the Yanomami area of Roraima was then estimated at 30 to 40 thousand, about five times the indigenous population resident there. Although the intensity of this gold rush has subsided greatly since 1990, gold prospecting continues today in the

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are expected to take responsibility for the children, who are expected to help their mothers with domestic chores from a very young age, and mothers rely very much on help from their daughters. Boys typically become the responsibility of the male members of the community after about age 8.

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ashes of the dead are consumed and people recall the lives of their deceased relatives. This tradition is meant to strengthen the Yanomami people and keep the spirit of that individual alive. Infanticide is also noted amongst the Yanomami for reasons of disability, adultery, and rape.

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Grenfell P, Fanello CI, Magris M, Goncalves J, Metzger WG, Vivas-Martínez S, Curtis C, Vivas L. Anaemia and malaria in Yanomami communities with differing access to healthcare. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2008 Jul;102(7):645-52. doi: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.02.021. Epub 2008 Apr 10. PMID

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questioned Ferguson's analysis, writing that the character and speed of changes caused by contact with civilization are not well understood, and that diseases, trade items, weapons, and population movements likely all existed as possible contributors to warfare before civilization.

1431:, anthropologist Bruce Albert, and Catholic missionary Carlo Zacquini, CCPY has dedicated itself to the defense of Yanomami territorial rights and the preservation of Yanomami culture. CCPY launched an international campaign to publicize the destructive effects of the 1254:, who had been supporting the Yanomami in this allegation, retracted their support, concluding the report was false after journalists taken to the area by the government found that the area was undisturbed and the local Yanomami had not heard of the alleged massacre. 1896: 1354:

In January 2023, Indigenous health secretary Weibe Tapeba compared the conditions of Yanomami to that of a "concentration camp". Tapeba stated that 20,000 illegal gold miners contaminated the local water supply and fish within and were responsible for causing

1321:, this was the first confirmed Yanomami death and the third death due to COVID-19 in an indigenous tribe, and raised fears over the virus' impact on Brazil's indigenous peoples. Ten Yanomami children were reported to have died from COVID-19 in January 2021. 1438:

Following demarcation of the Yanomami Indigenous Area in 1992, CCPY's health programs, in conjunction with the now-defunct NGO URIHI (Yanomami for "forest"), succeeded in reducing the incidence of malaria among the Brazilian Yanomami by educating Yanomami

1162:, charging that anthropologists had repeatedly caused harm—and in some cases, death—to members of the Yanomami people whom they had studied in the 1960s. This began a heated debate. The book's claims were found to be largely fabricated by Tierney, and the 968:

and long peaceful moments can separate two explosions. When one is acquainted with the societies of the North American plains or the societies of the Chaco in South America, one cannot say that Yanomami culture is organized around warfare as Chagnon does.

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Groups of Yanomami live in villages usually consisting of their children and extended families. Villages vary in size, but usually contain between 50 and 400 people. In this largely communal system, the entire village lives under a common roof called the

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of the Yanomami. CCPY devoted itself to a long national and international campaign to inform and sensitize public opinion and put pressure on the Brazilian government to demarcate an area suited to the needs of the Yanomami. After 13 years the

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was officially demarcated in 1991 and approved and registered in 1992, thus ensuring that indigenous people had the constitutional right to the exclusive use of almost 96,650 square kilometres (37,320 sq mi) located in the States of

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of violence in Yanomami society, and the question of whether violence and warfare were best explained as an inherent part of Yanomami culture, or rather as a response to specific historical situations. Writing in 1985, anthropologist

741:. Yanomami women cultivate until the gardens are no longer fertile, and then move their plots. Women are expected to carry 70 to 80 pounds (32 to 36 kg) of crops on their backs during harvesting, using bark straps and woven 3768: 842:

and dangerous, girls are kept hidden away in a small tent-like screen of leaves. A deep hole is built in the structure over which girls squat, to "rid themselves" of their blood. These structures are regarded as isolation

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to be adopted into the captor's community. Wives may be beaten frequently, so as to keep them docile and faithful to their husbands. Sexual jealousy causes much of the violence. Women are beaten with clubs, sticks,

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In early anthropological studies the Yanomami culture was described as being permeated with violence. The Yanomami people have a history of acting violently not only towards other tribes, but towards one another.

1136:, a campaign that started in the early 1970s. Non-Yanomami people continue to enter the land; the Brazilian and Venezuelan governments do not have adequate enforcement programs to prevent the entry of outsiders. 976:, argued that a culture of violence had evolved among the Yanomami through competition resulting from a lack of nutritional resources in their territory. However, the 1995 study "Yanomami Warfare", by 834:

and the marriage may be consummated only once the girl starts menstruating, though the taboo is often violated, and many girls become sexually active before then. The Yanomami word for menstruation (

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Children stay close to their mothers when young; most of the childrearing is done by women. Yanomami groups are a famous example of the approximately fifty documented societies that openly accept

3171: 2366:"Human Rights Council Opens Forty-Eighth Regular Session, Hearing the High Commissioner's Global Human Rights Update and Her Separate Updates on Venezuela, Afghanistan, Nicaragua and Sri Lanka" 2717: 1650: 1224:

over the land rights of the Yanomami. Alcida Rita Ramos, an anthropologist who worked closely with the Yanomami, says this three-year period "led to charges against Brazil for genocide."

764:, or even look for vines that can be woven into baskets. While some women gather these small sources of food, other women go off and fish for several hours during the day. The women also 2931: 2085: 931:, unrelated to other South American indigenous languages, while others believe the language of the Yanomami to be part of the Macro-jê group. The origins of the language are obscure. 4412: 927:. Many local variations and dialects also exist, such that people from different villages cannot always understand each other. Many linguists consider the Yanomaman family to be a 338:

From approximately 1630 to 1720, the other river-based indigenous societies who lived in the same region were wiped out or reduced as a result of slave-hunting expeditions by the

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victims of physical abuse and anger. Inter-village warfare is common, but does not too commonly affect women. When Yanomami tribes fight and raid nearby tribes, women are often

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to its headwaters; he replied yes, and that he had gone to make war against the Guaharibo Indians, who were very brave ... and who will not be friends with any kind of Indian.

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and I call a "tribal zone", an extensive area beyond state administrative control, inhabited by nonstate people who must react to the far-flung effects of the state presence.

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invasion and promoted a political movement to designate an area along the Brazil-Venezuela border as the Yanomami Indigenous Area. This campaign was ultimately successful.

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against the Yanomami, citing widespread starvation and contamination of water supplies by miners, whose illegal activities were unrestricted under Bolsonaro. The Brazilian

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to dye the baskets, as well as to paint their bodies and dye their loin cloths. After the baskets are painted, they are further decorated with masticated charcoal pigment.

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are built from raw materials from the surrounding rainforest, such as leaves, vines, and tree trunks. They are susceptible to heavy damage from rains, winds, and insect

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Aerial view of a Yanomami shabono in northern Brazil. Outlying buildings are for the privacy of newlywed couples, or may be used for the preparation of game and fish.

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The Haximu massacre, also known as the Yanomami massacre, was an armed conflict in 1993, just outside Haximu, Brazil, close to the border with Venezuela. A group of

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in the end voted 846 to 338 in 2005 to rescind a 2002 report on the allegations of misconduct by scholars studying the Yanomami people. In 2010, Brazilian director

2375: 1820: 870:, and are only responsible for assisting their mothers in household work. When they approach the age of menstruation, they are sought out by males as potential 426:, few have received official title to their territories and the government has announced it will open up large parts of the Amazon rainforest to legal mining. 1400:

The German-based non-governmental organization Yanomami-Hilfe e.V. is building medical stations and schools for the Yanomami in Venezuela and Brazil. Founder

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of Yanomami women does not occur frequently due to constant nursing or child-birthing, and is treated as a very significant occurrence only at this time.

5635: 4405: 3722:"Os enviados de Dom Bosco entre os Masiripiwëiteri. O impacto missionário sobre o sistema social e cultural dos Yanomami ocidentais (Amazonas, Brasil.)" 2306:

Brazil: Anthropological Perspectives, Essays in Honor of Charles Wagley. M. Margolis and W. Carter (eds.) pp. 121–32. New York Columbia University Press

1757:"Os enviados de Dom Bosco entre os Masiripiwëiteri. O impacto missionário sobre o sistema social e cultural dos Yanomami ocidentais (Amazonas, Brasil.)" 1520:

features the Yanomami in a documentary/drama, depicting their way of life and struggles with gold prospectors. It notably features indigenous activist

5640: 3155: 1542: 411: 2406: 593:. Often the Yanomami will cut down palms in order to facilitate the growth of grubs. The traditional Yanomami diet is very low in edible salt. Their 5625: 2709: 570:, “In a word, everyone in Yanomamo society is called by some kinship term that can be translated into what we would call blood relatives.” 4390: 597:

is characteristically among the lowest of any demographic group. For this reason, the Yanomami have been the subject of studies seeking to link

1678: 838:) translates literally as "squatting" in English, as they use no pads or cloths to absorb the blood. Due to the belief that menstrual blood is 5620: 4398: 3657: 3615: 2921: 693:. The ashes are then mixed with a kind of soup made from bananas, which is consumed by the entire community. The ashes may be preserved in a 346:. How this affected the Yanomami is unknown. Sustained contact with the outside world began in the 1950s with the arrival of members of the 2600: 1163: 589:

in gardens as their main crops. Men do the heavy work of clearing areas of forest for the gardens. Another food source for the Yanomami is

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Ramos, A. R. (1987), Reflecting on the Yanomami: Ethnographic Images and the Pursuit of the Exotic. Cultural Anthropology, 2: 284–304.

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in how to diagnose and treat malaria. Between 1998 and 2001 the incidence of malaria among Brazilian Yanomami Indians dropped by 45%.

685:, in which they consume the bones of deceased kinsmen. The body is wrapped in leaves and placed in the forest some distance from the 3714: 3643: 3629: 3281: 2353: 1743: 158: 3024: 2574: 858:

is notified immediately, and she, along with the elder female friends of the girl, are responsible for disposing of her old cotton

4338: 4281: 4219: 4213: 1397:. It tells of Yanomami tribesmen/tribeswomen living in the Amazon and has been performed by many drama groups around the world. 1070:, to assess the inability of the government to protect their constitutional rights. On September 13, 2021, in her report to the 577:

Interior of Yanomami shabono, showing circular structure with separate divisions for each family around a central communal space

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The Brazilian-based Yanomami formed their own indigenous organization Hutukara Associação Yanomami and accompanying website.

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declared a national emergency following reports of deaths among Yanomami children due to malnutrition and disease exposure.

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is the Indians' self-denomination ... the term refers to communities disseminated to the south of the Orinoco, the variant

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Alcida Rita Ramos (1995). Sanuma Memories: Yanomami Ethnography in Times of Crisis. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

4317: 4188: 2994: 2773: 1427:) is a Brazilian NGO focused on improving health care and education for the Yanomami. Established in 1978 by photographer 1368: 794:, Yanomami women weave and decorate baskets. They use these baskets to carry plants, crops, and food to bring back to the 395: 383: 674:, spirits that are believed to govern many aspects of the physical world. Women do not engage in this practice, known as 5630: 4428: 2365: 1336: 1330: 1318: 1153: 38: 3297:

Macauley, Cameron (2005). "Aggressive active case detection: a malaria control strategy based on the Brazilian model".

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The first report of the Yanomami is from 1654, when a Spanish expedition under Apolinar Diaz de la Fuente visited some

5187: 3073: 1834: 1348: 2869: 1412:, in 1992 on a self-made bamboo raft in order to draw attention to the continuing oppression of the Yanomami people. 1012:

Percentage of male deaths due to warfare in two Yanomami subgroups, as compared to other indigenous ethnic groups in

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have a characteristic oval shape, with open grounds in the center measuring an average of 100 yards (91 m). The

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small, matrilocal family unit, whereas the larger patrilocal unit has more political importance beyond the village.

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feathers and flowers. During the feast, the Yanomami eat a lot, and the women dance and sing late into the night.

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was created in 1993 with the objective of preserving the traditional territory and lifestyle of the Yanomami and

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settled, they killed members of the Yanomami tribe in conflict over land. In addition, mining techniques by the

5476: 5036: 4369: 3054: 1129: 4016: 2774:"A boy from a remote Amazonian tribe has died, raising concerns about Covid-19's impact on indigenous people" 2330:

Lawrence H. Keeley (1996). War Before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage. Oxford University Press.

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Men of the Yanomami are said to commit significant intervals of bride service living with their in-laws, and

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then after insects have consumed the soft tissue (usually about 30 to 45 days), the bones are collected and

650: 1049:, a Brazilian woman kidnapped by Yanomami warriors in the 1930s, witnessed a Karawetari raid on her tribe: 5534: 4266: 3509: 3246: 2396: 1521: 1440: 1375: 1251: 1133: 705:

and killing game for food. Although the women do not hunt, they do work in the gardens and gather fruits,

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Harris, Marvin. 1984. "A cultural materialist theory of band and village warfare: the Yanomamo test". in

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has arisen about Yanomami blood taken for study by scientists such as Napoleon Chagnon and his associate

1074:, Michelle Bachelet declared that she was "alarmed by recent attacks against members of the Yanomami and 496:

Under the roof, divisions exist marked only by support posts, partitioning individual houses and spaces.

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Human Impacts On Amazonia: The Role Of Traditional Ecological Knowledge In Conservation And Development

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river and moved to the highlands of Brazil and Venezuela, the location the Yanomami currently occupy.

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has created global awareness-raising campaigns on the human rights situation of the Yanomami people.

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Following the increase in threats and attacks against the uncontacted Yanomami, member of parliament

924: 527: 2397:"Environmental crisis: High Commissioner calls for leadership by Human Rights Council member states" 5265: 4879: 4374: 4271: 4198: 4125: 4093: 3682: 3391: 1713:

Nelly Arvelo-Jiminez and Horacio Biord Castillo, eds., 1989. Iquitos, Peru: IIAP-CETA; pp. 171–172.

1588: 1583: 1409: 1382: 908: 903: 830:. Girls typically start menstruation around the ages of 12 to 13. Girls are often betrothed before 377:

Increasing pressure from farmers, cattle ranchers, and gold miners, as well as those interested in

263: 125: 31: 5410: 5260: 4364: 4312: 4307: 4287: 4261: 4227: 4165: 4145: 3741: 2926: 1776: 1462: 1311: 1132:, demarcated an indigenous Yanomami area on the recommendations of Brazilian anthropologists and 1001: 748:

In the mornings, while the men are off hunting, the women and young children go off in search of

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nests and other grubs, which will later be roasted at the family hearths. The women also pursue

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Life Among the Yanomami: The Story of Change Among the Xilixana on the Mucajai River in Brazil

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corresponds to a dialect reserved for a cultural subgroup, much influenced by the neighboring

162: 5122: 369:. Hundreds of clandestine runways were opened by gold miners in the major tributaries of the 5560: 5514: 5345: 5335: 5315: 5235: 5230: 5145: 5056: 4869: 4826: 4755: 4687: 4652: 4241: 3838: 3733: 3526: 3502: 3306: 3239: 2518: 2498: 2276: 2241: 1768: 1570: 1303: 955: 928: 757: 582: 567: 563: 423: 351: 295: 237: 2304:

Marvin Harris. 1979. "The Yanomamö and the cause of war in band and village societies." In

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Central University of Venezuela, Faculty of Social and Scientific Economics, Caracas, 1975.

5586: 5565: 5340: 5285: 5079: 4949: 4119: 4072: 4067: 3513: 3250: 3093: 2985: 1467: 1457: 1428: 1233: 891: 682: 640: 466: 53: 5443: 5438: 5428: 5270: 5207: 4770: 3916: 3664:"Os Yanomami e a morte," Doctoral Thesis, University of Sao Paulo, Dept. of Anthropology. 3451: 1167: 709:, nuts and other wild foodstuffs. The garden plots are sectioned off by family, and grow 3804: 2514: 2173:

Noble Savages: My Life Among Two Dangerous Tribes – the Yanomamo and the Anthropologists

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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The Xilixana Yanomami of the Amazon: History, Social Structure, and Population Dynamics

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By interlocution of an Uramanavi Indian, I asked Chief Yoni if he had navigated by the

269: 255: 3827:"mtDNA variation in the Yanomami: evidence for additional New World founding lineages" 5609: 5570: 5448: 5370: 5365: 5330: 5310: 5280: 5275: 5163: 5107: 5084: 5074: 4760: 4722: 4692: 4612: 4587: 4514: 4509: 4481: 4348: 4041: 4001: 3991: 3961: 3745: 3570: 1780: 1556: 1491:

featured one of the Yanomami in the telling of the history and culture of his people.

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brought disease, alcoholism, and violence. Yanomami culture was severely endangered.

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The Yanomami are known as hunters, fishers, and horticulturists. The women cultivate

222: 3310: 1976:(Chagnon 1968; Chagnon 1977; Chagnon 1983; Chagnon 1992; Chagnon 1998; Chagnon 2012) 1645:[Yanomami go to war with strangers in exchange for women, says researcher]. 1108:(small independent gold-diggers) started to enter the Yanomami country. Where these 489:

shelter constitutes the perimeter of the village, if it has not been fortified with

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Hutukara.org, official website of the Yanomami Indians and the Hutukara Association

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The Yanomami can be classified as foraging horticulturalists, depending heavily on

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Cambridge Studies in Social Anthropology, Cambridge University Press, Worcester;

3271: 2604: 2428:"Davi Yanomami warns uncontacted Yanomami in Brazil "could soon be exterminated"" 2344: 1502:, a 27-minute documentary of his two-months stay in the Amazon with the Yanomami. 1393:, to convey what is happening to the people and their natural environment in the 1242:

killed approximately 16 Yanomami. In turn, Yanomami warriors killed at least two

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stick occurs often, and symbolizes a male's strength or dominance over his wife.

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was found in Yanomami territory in the early 1970s and the resulting influx of

1062:, Dario Kopenawa Yanomami and some other Brazilian indigenous leaders met with 5390: 5320: 5155: 5137: 5007: 4776: 4750: 4732: 4552: 4466: 4021: 3358: 3154:

Spreter, Jona; AFP; KNA, KNA Katholische Nachrichten-Agentur (April 3, 2020).

2891:"Brazil declares emergency over deaths of Yanomami children from malnutrition" 1532: 1371:, created The Good Project to help support the future of the Yanomami people. 1146: 1013: 512: 4921: 4851: 3167: 2824:"Covid deaths of Yanomami children fuel fears for Brazil's indigenous groups" 1690: 980:, examined all documented cases of warfare among the Yanomami and concluded: 863:

speak only to close kin, such as sisters or her mother, but never to a male.

294:

are variant spellings. Supporters of the work on the tribe of anthropologist

5418: 5112: 4979: 4959: 4901: 4801: 4637: 4486: 4233: 3936: 2799:"First Yanomami Covid-19 death raises fears for Brazil's indigenous peoples" 1830: 1643:"Ianomamis vão à guerra com estranhos em troca de mulheres, diz pesquisador" 1139: 1075: 1045:

Yanomami men have been known to kill children while raiding enemy villages.

939: 884: 880: 839: 827: 769: 714: 690: 631: 619: 542: 366: 166: 137: 90: 5519: 5295: 5212: 4992: 4786: 4765: 4632: 4557: 4294: 4011: 3754:

Darkness in El Dorado: How Scientists and Journalists Devastated the Amazon

3721: 3318: 2530: 1756: 1310:

and was admitted to the intensive care unit at Roraima General Hospital in

985:

it is present, and present in certain specific forms. All Yanomami warfare

573: 3852: 3792: 3769:

Yanoama: The Story of Helena Valero, a Girl Kidnapped by Amazonian Indians

3549:

Into The Heart: One Man's Pursuit of Love and Knowledge Among the Yanomami

3331: 2859: 2345:

Sexual Paradox: Complementarity, Reproductive Conflict and Human Emergence

2116:

Into the Heart: One Man's Pursuit of Love and Knowledge Among the Yanomami

374:

Yanomami land, spreading violence and serious health and social problems.

5395: 5199: 5066: 4997: 4896: 4821: 4677: 4672: 4597: 4567: 4547: 4501: 4006: 3931: 1578: 1471: 1344: 1307: 1128:

had entered the Yanomami land. In 1992, the government of Brazil, led by

867: 859: 831: 701:

The women are responsible for many domestic duties and chores, excluding

546: 490: 200:, signifies "human beings." This expression is opposed to the categories 182: 17: 5542: 5400: 5375: 5012: 4944: 4931: 4874: 4841: 4742: 4707: 4662: 4577: 4529: 4524: 3971: 3956: 3465: 2895: 1220:, then president of Brazil, also supported the economic venture of the 1189: 1046: 1035: 963:, who had lived among the Yanomami for more than twenty years, stated: 875: 765: 749: 730: 702: 586: 477: 448: 400: 362: 331: 3809: 2198:

Yanoama: The Narrative of a Young Woman Kidnapped by Amazonian Indians

1484:, a musical entertainment published by Josef Weinberger, London (1983) 5300: 5250: 4911: 4846: 4791: 4781: 4712: 4682: 4617: 4607: 4562: 4432: 4423: 3966: 3921: 3737: 3490:

Growing Up Yanomam'o: Missionary Adventures in the Amazon Rainforest,

3068: 1825: 1772: 1405: 855: 742: 726: 710: 634:

as part of healing rituals for members of the community who are ill.

608: 602: 523: 170: 109: 3859: 1188:

From 1987 to 1990, the Yanomami population was severely affected by

2981:"Return to the rainforest: A son's search for his Amazonian mother" 2922:"Calls for action as Brazil Yanomami Indigenous people face crisis" 5240: 5048: 4954: 4627: 3996: 3772:. An eyewitness account of a captive who came of age in the tribe. 2545:"Brazil: Blood samples returned to Yanomami after nearly 50 years" 1205: 1121: 1007: 938: 871: 845: 772:, then roasting the flour to make flat cakes (known in Spanish as 734: 718: 706: 694: 590: 572: 532: 465: 433: 2953: 3470: 2487:

6th edition, Wadsworth Publishing, January 1, 2012; pp. 231–232.

1936:. New Haven, Connecticut: Human Relations Area Files. p. 3. 1092: 1026: 791: 753: 738: 5469: 5184: 5033: 4443: 4394: 3863: 1881:. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. p. 4. 236:

is used to refer to communities north of the Orinoco. The term

3688:

In Trouble Again: A Journey Between the Orinoco and the Amazon

3506: 3243: 2990: 2864: 2778: 1470:, and were engaged in tribal warfare against the neighbouring 1261: 648:, derived from a different plant with hallucinogenic effects ( 3825:

Easton RD, Merriwether DA, Crews DE, Ferrell RE (July 1996).

3564:

They Eat your Ash to Save your Soul – Yanomami Death Culture'

2860:"Brazil airlifts starving Yanomami tribal people from jungle" 1212:

denied that the sharp increase in Yanomami deaths was due to

302:, while those who oppose his work or are neutral usually use 3810:

Jointhegoodproject.com, official website of The Good Project

3222: 1958:

Yanomamö Warfare, Social Organization And Marriage Alliances

972:

Anthropologists working in the ecologist tradition, such as

3814: 3575:

Tales of the Yanomami: Daily Life in the Venezuelan Forest,

389:

dedicated to the defense of the territorial, cultural, and

2295:, R.B. Ferguson (ed.) pp. 111–40. Orlando: Academic Press. 2002:

Tales of the Yanomami: Daily Life in the Venezuelan Forest

998:

from Western culture through trade networks much earlier.

654:), is usually cultivated in the garden by the shaman. The 454:

Mature men hold most political and religious authority. A

3670:

Sanuma Memories: Yanomami Ethnography in Times of Crisis.

3608:

El banquete humano. Una historia cultural del canibalismo

1456:

The Yanomami's reputation for violence was dramatized in

1367:

David Good, son of Yarima and her husband anthropologist

188:

was produced by anthropologists on the basis of the word

3551:. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company; (January 17, 1997) 2696:

Sanuma Memories: Yanomami Ethnography in Times of Crisis

2102:. NY: Harcourt Brace College Publishers. Fourth edition. 1856:"Venezuelan tribes protest against violent mining gangs" 3192: 2698:. Madison, WI: University Wisconsin Press. p. xvi. 2683:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 103. 3587:

Le Cercle des feux: Faits e dits des Indiens yanomami,

3359:"Cannibal Holocaust--The One That Goes All The Way!!!" 2628:

Seduced and Abandoned: The Taming of Brazilian Indians

2460:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 96. 2014:

Le Cercle des feux: Faits e dits des Indiens yanomami,

244:. Other denominations applied to the Yanomami include 2954:"Helping the future leaders of the Amazon rainforest" 2499:"Researchers to Return Blood Samples to the Yanomamö" 1509:

featured the Yanomami in his 1997 television feature

866:

Until the time of menstruation, girls are treated as

2741:"Campaign group retracts Yanomami 'massacre' claims" 1737:

Spirit of the Rainforest: A Yanomamo Shaman's Story.

5579: 5551: 5533: 5505: 5487: 5409: 5221: 5198: 5154: 5136: 5093: 5065: 5047: 4978: 4930: 4860: 4741: 4538: 4500: 4457: 4357: 4331: 4174: 4112: 4081: 4060: 3897: 3705:

Spirit of the Rainforest: A Yanomamo Shaman's Story

3347:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 241. 1054:

little ones, bigger ones, they killed many of them.

1038:, and other blunt or sharp objects. Burning with a 131: 119: 100: 81: 76: 63: 2681:Brazil's Indians and the Onslaught of Civilization 2674: 2672: 2458:Brazil's Indians and the Onslaught of Civilization 638:also refers to the tree from which it is derived, 213: 207: 201: 195: 189: 3537:) Holt McDougal; 3rd edition (December 12, 1984) 3332:The work of URIHI in the Yanomami Area, 2000–2004 2597:"AAA Rescinds Acceptance of the El Dorado Report" 1196:, malnutrition, and violence due to an influx of 1078:," in Brazil, "by illegal miners in the Amazon." 1068:United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 3756:. W. W. Norton & Company (January 17, 2002) 3596:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (January 15, 1999) 2485:Yanomamo: Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology. 2472:Anthropology: the exploration of human diversity 1724:Red Gold: The Conquest of the Brazilian Indians, 27:Indigenous people who live in the Amazonas basin 3507:"Savages, The Life And Killing of the Yanomami" 3244:"Savages, The Life And Killing of the Yanomami" 2266:. Santa Fe: School for American Research Press. 2166: 2164: 2141:Vanishing Peoples Yanomami People of The Amazon 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 1051: 982: 965: 850:A Yanomami girl at Xidea, Brazil in August 1997 776:), which they cook over a small pile of coals. 422:recognizes indigenous peoples’ rights to their 328: 227: 2772:Kaur, Harmeet; Alberti, Mia (April 10, 2020). 1726:Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978. 670:. The drugs facilitate communication with the 4406: 3875: 3195:[EXPANSION OF YANOMAMI RADIOPHONIA]. 2143:. New York: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Books. 1960:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms. 954:An influential ethnography by anthropologist 8: 3434:"The Laughing Alligator | www.li-ma.nl" 1917:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 46: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2237: 2235: 2221: 2219: 2217: 1821:"UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory" 5484: 5466: 5195: 5181: 5044: 5030: 4454: 4440: 4413: 4399: 4391: 3882: 3868: 3860: 2474:, 10th ed., p. 464, New York: McGraw-Hill. 2139:Schwartz, David M, with Victor Englebert. 1969: 1967: 1516:In 2021, “The Last Forest” directed by 1339:accused the government of his predecessor 350:as well as Catholic missionaries from the 52: 45: 3842: 3585:; pp. xiv–xv. Original volume in French: 2653:"Roraima: Brazil's Northernmost Frontier" 2338: 2336: 2032:Good, Kenneth, with David Chanoff (1988) 2012:; pp. xiv–xv. Original volume in French: 1986:"Yanomami Indians in the INTERSALT study" 1649:(in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from 1620:"Yanomami - Indigenous Peoples in Brazil" 1543:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal 1201:frequently throughout this 3-year span. 768:, shredding the roots and expressing the 412:Alto Orinoco-Casiquiare Biosphere Reserve 212:(invisible or nameless beings), but also 161:who live in some 200–250 villages in the 3672:Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 2248:. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. 2229:. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. 2126: 2124: 1996: 1994: 1641:Criado, Miguel Ángel (29 October 2014). 1466:, in which natives apparently practiced 1425:Comissão pela Criação do Parque Yanomami 1404:crossed the Atlantic Ocean in 1987 in a 3726:Journal de la Société des Américanistes 3104:from the original on September 21, 2023 2822:Milhorance, Flávia (February 8, 2021). 2409:from the original on September 18, 2021 2378:from the original on September 15, 2021 2342:Christine Fielder, Chris King (2006). " 2110: 2108: 1761:Journal de la Société des Américanistes 1606: 1374:UK-based non-governmental organization 58:Yanomami woman and her child, June 1997 3805:Survival International's Yanomami page 3720:Smiljanic, Maria Inês (January 2002). 3081:from the original on January 24, 2018. 2960:from the original on December 16, 2023 2739:Watts, Jonathan (September 11, 2012). 2665:from the original on January 27, 2023. 1910: 1866:from the original on December 1, 2023. 1755:Smiljanic, Maria Inês (January 2002). 1614: 1612: 1610: 1302:, a 15-year-old Yanomami boy from the 157:, are a group of approximately 35,000 3820:Indigenous Peoples of Brazil—Yanomami 3709:Island Lake Press; (January 1, 2000) 3652:. University of Toronto Press, 1998. 3610:. Siglo XXI de España, Madrid, 2008. 3174:from the original on January 27, 2023 3156:"Abenteurer: Rüdiger Nehberg ist tot" 2934:from the original on January 24, 2023 2872:from the original on January 24, 2023 2840:from the original on February 8, 2021 2753:from the original on October 31, 2013 2319:Yanomami Warfare: A political history 2264:Yanomami Warfare: A Political History 2155:Faces of the Rainforest: The Yanomami 2044: 2042: 2036:. London: The Ulverscroft Foundation. 1890: 1888: 883:and must keep herself covered with a 69: 7: 3547:Good, Kenneth; with Chanoff, David. 3516:Macfarlane Walter & Ross (1992) 3270:Kopenawa, Davi (November 15, 2013). 3253:Macfarlane Walter & Ross (1992) 2997:from the original on August 29, 2013 2786:from the original on April 10, 2020. 2601:American Anthropological Association 2061:from the original on April 24, 2024. 2049:Leveratto, Yuri (December 5, 2023). 1164:American Anthropological Association 681:The Yanomami people practice ritual 508:are constructed every 4 to 6 years. 77:Regions with significant populations 3203:from the original on April 21, 2024 3027:from the original on April 22, 2024 2979:Kremer, William (August 29, 2013). 2555:from the original on April 30, 2023 2438:from the original on March 31, 2024 2402:United Nations Human Rights Council 2371:United Nations Human Rights Council 2171:Changon, Napoleon (February 2013). 2088:from the original on June 24, 2018. 1072:United Nations Human Rights Council 3592:Milliken, William; Albert, Bruce. 2720:from the original on March 3, 2016 1932:Hames, R. B.; Beierle, J. (1995). 1895:Hames, Beierle, Raymond B., John. 1809:from the original on May 18, 2006. 1029:, beaten, and brought back to the 1020:and to some industrialized nations 25: 5636:Indigenous peoples of the Guianas 3452:"David Blaine - Magic Man (1997)" 3378:"Endocannibalism of the Yanomami" 3193:"EXPANSÃO DA RADIOFONIA YANOMAMI" 2903:from the original on May 13, 2023 2858:Gozzi, Laura (January 24, 2023). 2497:Couzin-Frankel, Jennifer (2010). 2293:Warfare, Culture, and Environment 1795:"C C P Y - Comissão Pró-Yanomami" 5641:Indigenous peoples of the Amazon 4422: 3791: 3492:Grace Acres Press, May 1, 2009. 2797:Phillips, Tom (April 10, 2020). 2630:. Iowa City: University of Iowa. 1563: 1549: 1535: 1266: 798:. They use a red berry known as 438:Location of the Yanomami peoples 102: 83: 5626:Indigenous peoples in Venezuela 3311:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.05.025 2196:Biocca, Ettore (October 1969). 1489:Yai Wanonabälewä: The Enemy God 1363:Groups working for the Yanomami 1174:controversy in his documentary 810:Female puberty and menstruation 564:Iroquois classificatory pattern 443:have common historical ties to 218:(enemy, stranger, non-Indian). 3638:. Lunverg-RTVE, Madrid, 1990. 2470:Kottak, Conrad Phillip (2004) 2072:Toledo, Marcelo (2016-01-06). 1494:In 1979, Chilean video artist 1325:2023 national emergency decree 911:comprise four main varieties: 658:also mix the powdered bark of 447:speakers who resided near the 1: 3692:Penguin Books Limited, 2012. 3299:Social Science & Medicine 2523:10.1126/science.328.5983.1218 2281:10.1525/can.1987.2.3.02a00020 2225:Chagnon, Napoleon A. (1992). 2157:. New York: PowerHouse Books. 1709:Francisco Michelena y Rojas, 1665:Diccionario Yanomami-Espanol, 1298:On April 3, 2020, during the 379:securing the Brazilian border 5621:Indigenous peoples in Brazil 3535:Ya̧nomamö: The Fierce People 3276:. Harvard University Press. 2098:Napoleon A. Chagnon (1992). 2051:"The origin of the Yanomami" 1974:Ya̦nomamö: the fierce people 1946:Starkweather and Hames, 2012 1419:Comissão Pró-Yanomami (CCPY) 1331:Yanomami humanitarian crisis 1319:Brazilian Ministry of Health 1314:, before dying on April 10. 826:symbolizes the beginning of 418:peoples. However, while the 39:Yanomami humanitarian crisis 3668:Ramos, Alcida Rita (1995). 3624:, Edelvives, Madrid, 1990. 3199:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 3074:Music Theatre International 3017:"YANOMAMI HEALTH EMERGENCY" 1801:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 1683:The New York Times Magazine 1679:"Who Are the Real Savages?" 1677:Eakin, Emily (2013-02-17). 1595:Yanomamö: The Fierce People 1306:area was confirmed to have 1120:. Despite the existence of 662:with the powdered seeds of 537:Yanomami women in Venezuela 194:, which, in the expression 5657: 5471:Indigenous peoples of the 5186:Indigenous peoples of the 5035:Indigenous peoples of the 4445:Indigenous peoples of the 3094:"Campaigns & Projects" 2317:Ferguson, R. Brian. 1995. 2262:R. Brian Ferguson (1995). 1988:(accessed 14 January 2007) 1897:"Culture Summary: Yanoama" 1478:Peter Rose and Anne Conlon 1391:Peter Rose and Anne Conlon 1328: 1231: 1085: 901: 813: 566:. To quote anthropologist 391:civil and political rights 36: 29: 5483: 5465: 5194: 5180: 5043: 5029: 4453: 4439: 3594:Yanomami: A Forest People 3420:"Yai Wanonabälewä review" 3363:www.cannibalholocaust.net 3286:– via Google Books. 3125:"Bamboo raft trip (1992)" 3021:survivalinternational.org 2549:survivalinternational.org 2432:survivalinternational.org 2118:. NY: Simon and Schuster. 1860:survivalinternational.org 1487:The 2008 Christian movie 1385:(WWF) funded the musical 1337:Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 1275:This section needs to be 1118:environmental degradation 420:constitution of Venezuela 221:According to ethnologist 136: 124: 68: 51: 3662:Ramalho, Moises (2008). 3622:Amazonas, último destino 2175:. Simon & Schuster. 1934:Culture Summary: Yanoama 1899:. New Haven, Connecticut 1130:Fernando Collor de Mello 396:Yanomami indigenous land 3343:Posey, Darrell (2006). 1956:Chagnon, N. A. (1967). 1441:community health agents 786:Using small strings of 651:Anadenanthera peregrina 630:, are used by Yanomami 214: 208: 202: 196: 190: 30:For the languages, see 3702:Ritchie, Mark Andrew. 3422:. Focus on the family. 3406:"Yanomamo Chorus Book" 3123:Haverkamp, Christina. 3092:Haverkamp, Christina. 3047:"Musicals for Schools" 2694:Ramos, Alcida (1995). 2679:Rabben, Linda (2004). 2626:Ramos, Alcida (1995). 2603:. 2005. Archived from 2456:Rabben, Linda (2004). 2000:Lizot, Jacques. 1985. 1735:Ritchie, Mark Andrew. 1624:pib.socioambiental.org 1522:Davi Kopenawa Yanomami 1500:The Laughing Alligator 1460:'s controversial film 1376:Survival International 1252:Survival International 1246:and wounded two more. 1134:Survival International 1056: 1021: 995: 970: 947: 851: 578: 562:described in terms of 538: 471: 439: 387:nonprofit organization 356:Salesians of Don Bosco 336: 285: 165:on the border between 3800:at Wikimedia Commons 2405:. 13 September 2021. 2374:. 13 September 2021. 2246:Studying the Yanomamo 2200:. Allen & Unwin. 2153:Cruz, Valdir (2002). 2114:Kenneth Good (1991). 1381:In 1988 the US-based 1329:Further information: 1172:Darkness in El Dorado 1159:Darkness in El Dorado 1011: 942: 849: 576: 536: 469: 437: 37:Further information: 3394:. Rose-Conlon Music. 3376:Andrew N. Woznicki. 2930:. January 24, 2023. 2899:. January 22, 2023. 2242:Chagnon, Napoleon A. 1877:Early, John (2000). 1711:Exploracion Oficial, 1343:of having committed 1177:Secrets of the Tribe 528:shifting cultivation 515:resources; they use 5631:Uncontacted peoples 5188:Central-West Region 3648:Peters, John Fred. 3408:. Josef Weinberger. 3380:. The Summit Times. 2515:2010Sci...328.1218C 2348:". LULU PR. p.156. 1589:Yanomaman languages 1584:Visual anthropology 1410:Christina Haverkamp 1408:and, together with 1383:World Wildlife Fund 1335:In 2023, President 1184:Population decrease 989:occurs within what 909:Yanomaman languages 904:Yanomaman languages 666:to create the drug 504:. As a result, new 206:(game animals) and 126:Yanomaman languages 48: 32:Yanomaman languages 5411:Mato Grosso do Sul 4429:Indigenous peoples 3752:Tierney, Patrick. 3512:2019-09-26 at the 3249:2019-09-26 at the 3129:Yanomami-Hilfe e.V 3098:Yanomami-Hilfe e.V 3057:on April 14, 2015. 2927:Al Jazeera English 2716:. 30 August 2012. 2579:insidehighered.com 2551:. April 13, 2015. 2434:. March 24, 2020. 1799:proyanomami.org.br 1463:Cannibal Holocaust 1451:In popular culture 1349:Ministry of Health 1102:In the mid-1970s, 1022: 987:that we know about 948: 852: 579: 539: 472: 440: 348:New Tribes Mission 5603: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5477:Southeast Regions 5461: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5176: 5175: 5172: 5171: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5020: 4388: 4387: 3891:Venezuelan people 3831:Am. J. Hum. Genet 3796:Media related to 3683:O'Hanlon, Redmond 3658:978-1-55111-193-3 3616:978-84-323-1341-7 3533:(formerly titled 3527:Chagnon, Napoleon 3503:Berwick, Dennison 3466:"The Last Forest" 3240:Berwick, Dennison 2986:BBC News Magazine 2321:. SAR Press. p. 6 2082:Folha de S. Paulo 1862:. June 18, 2015. 1653:on March 8, 2016. 1630:on June 19, 2018. 1395:Amazon rainforest 1357:mercury poisoning 1317:According to the 1300:COVID-19 pandemic 1296: 1295: 1258:COVID-19 pandemic 1194:mercury poisoning 1064:Michelle Bachelet 978:R. Brian Ferguson 879:from showing her 758:terrestrial crabs 583:cooking plantains 559:sororate marriage 424:ancestral domains 163:Amazon rainforest 159:indigenous people 143: 142: 16:(Redirected from 5648: 5485: 5467: 5196: 5182: 5045: 5037:Northeast Region 5031: 4455: 4441: 4427: 4426: 4415: 4408: 4401: 4392: 4297: 4290: 4236: 4222: 4135: 4128: 3884: 3877: 3870: 3861: 3856: 3846: 3795: 3766:Valero, Helena. 3749: 3738:10.4000/jsa.2763 3634:Pancorbo, Luis. 3620:Pancorbo, Luis. 3606:Pancorbo, Luis. 3476: 3475: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3402: 3396: 3395: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3340: 3334: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3267: 3261: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3179: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3131:. Archived from 3120: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3053:. Archived from 3043: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2908: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2877: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2845: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2676: 2667: 2666: 2664: 2657: 2648: 2642: 2638: 2632: 2631: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2581:. Archived from 2573:Jaschik, Scott. 2570: 2564: 2563: 2561: 2560: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2494: 2488: 2481: 2475: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2444: 2443: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2415: 2414: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2384: 2383: 2362: 2356: 2340: 2331: 2328: 2322: 2315: 2309: 2302: 2296: 2289: 2283: 2273: 2267: 2260: 2249: 2239: 2230: 2223: 2212: 2211: 2193: 2187: 2186: 2168: 2159: 2158: 2150: 2144: 2137: 2131: 2128: 2119: 2112: 2103: 2096: 2090: 2089: 2069: 2063: 2062: 2046: 2037: 2030: 2017: 1998: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1971: 1962: 1961: 1953: 1947: 1944: 1938: 1937: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1916: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1892: 1883: 1882: 1874: 1868: 1867: 1852: 1846: 1845: 1843: 1842: 1837:on March 9, 2007 1833:. Archived from 1817: 1811: 1810: 1791: 1785: 1784: 1773:10.4000/jsa.2763 1752: 1746: 1733: 1727: 1720: 1714: 1707: 1701: 1700: 1698: 1697: 1674: 1668: 1661: 1655: 1654: 1638: 1632: 1631: 1626:. Archived from 1616: 1573: 1571:Venezuela portal 1568: 1567: 1566: 1559: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1545: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1304:Uraricoera River 1291: 1288: 1282: 1270: 1269: 1262: 1060:Joenia Wapichana 956:Napoleon Chagnon 929:language isolate 568:Napoleon Chagnon 384:non-governmental 352:Society of Jesus 296:Napoleon Chagnon 217: 211: 205: 199: 193: 108: 106: 105: 89: 87: 86: 71: 64:Total population 56: 49: 21: 5656: 5655: 5651: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5646: 5645: 5606: 5605: 5604: 5591: 5575: 5547: 5529: 5501: 5479: 5453: 5405: 5217: 5190: 5168: 5150: 5132: 5089: 5061: 5039: 5017: 4974: 4926: 4856: 4737: 4534: 4496: 4449: 4435: 4421: 4419: 4389: 4384: 4353: 4327: 4293: 4286: 4232: 4218: 4170: 4131: 4124: 4108: 4077: 4056: 3893: 3888: 3824: 3789: 3784: 3732:(88): 137–158. 3719: 3636:Plumas y Lanzas 3514:Wayback Machine 3484: 3482:Further reading 3479: 3464: 3463: 3459: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3432: 3431: 3427: 3418: 3417: 3413: 3404: 3403: 3399: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3375: 3374: 3370: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3342: 3341: 3337: 3330: 3326: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3284: 3273:The Falling Sky 3269: 3268: 3264: 3251:Wayback Machine 3238: 3234: 3221: 3220: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3191: 3190: 3186: 3177: 3175: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3138: 3136: 3135:on May 12, 2013 3122: 3121: 3117: 3107: 3105: 3091: 3090: 3086: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3030: 3028: 3015: 3014: 3010: 3000: 2998: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2963: 2961: 2952: 2951: 2947: 2937: 2935: 2920: 2919: 2915: 2906: 2904: 2889: 2888: 2884: 2875: 2873: 2857: 2856: 2852: 2843: 2841: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2796: 2795: 2791: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2756: 2754: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2723: 2721: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2678: 2677: 2670: 2662: 2655: 2651:Hemming, John. 2650: 2649: 2645: 2639: 2635: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2610: 2608: 2595: 2594: 2590: 2572: 2571: 2567: 2558: 2556: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2482: 2478: 2469: 2465: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2441: 2439: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2412: 2410: 2395: 2394: 2390: 2381: 2379: 2364: 2363: 2359: 2341: 2334: 2329: 2325: 2316: 2312: 2303: 2299: 2290: 2286: 2274: 2270: 2261: 2252: 2240: 2233: 2224: 2215: 2208: 2195: 2194: 2190: 2183: 2170: 2169: 2162: 2152: 2151: 2147: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2122: 2113: 2106: 2097: 2093: 2078:worldcrunch.com 2071: 2070: 2066: 2048: 2047: 2040: 2031: 2020: 1999: 1992: 1984: 1980: 1972: 1965: 1955: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1931: 1930: 1926: 1909: 1902: 1900: 1894: 1893: 1886: 1876: 1875: 1871: 1854: 1853: 1849: 1840: 1838: 1819: 1818: 1814: 1793: 1792: 1788: 1767:(88): 137–158. 1754: 1753: 1749: 1734: 1730: 1721: 1717: 1708: 1704: 1695: 1693: 1676: 1675: 1671: 1663:Jacques Lizot, 1662: 1658: 1640: 1639: 1635: 1618: 1617: 1608: 1604: 1569: 1564: 1562: 1555: 1550: 1548: 1541: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1468:endocannibalism 1458:Ruggero Deodato 1453: 1429:Claudia Andujar 1423:CCPY (formerly 1421: 1402:Rüdiger Nehberg 1365: 1333: 1327: 1292: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1271: 1267: 1260: 1250:September 2012 1236: 1234:Haximu massacre 1230: 1216:invasions, and 1186: 1154:Patrick Tierney 1090: 1084: 1002:Lawrence Keeley 937: 906: 900: 892:menstrual cycle 818: 812: 766:prepare cassava 683:endocannibalism 660:Virola elongata 641:Virola elongata 464: 432: 326:. Diaz wrote: 320:Ye'kuana people 316: 250:Waica, Guiaca, 242:Ye'kuana people 179: 149:, also spelled 103: 101: 84: 82: 59: 44: 41: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5654: 5652: 5644: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5608: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5597: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5589: 5583: 5581: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5557: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5545: 5539: 5537: 5535:Santa Catarina 5531: 5530: 5528: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5511: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5499: 5493: 5491: 5489:Espírito Santo 5481: 5480: 5470: 5463: 5462: 5459: 5458: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5424:Guarani-Kaiowá 5421: 5415: 5413: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5351:Kĩsêdjê (Suyá) 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5227: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5215: 5210: 5204: 5202: 5192: 5191: 5185: 5178: 5177: 5174: 5173: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5166: 5160: 5158: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5148: 5142: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5130: 5128:Gavião-Pykobjê 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5099: 5097: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5071: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5059: 5053: 5051: 5041: 5040: 5034: 5027: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4984: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4936: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4924: 4919: 4917:Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4888: 4883: 4877: 4872: 4866: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4747: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4544: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4506: 4504: 4498: 4497: 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3787:External links 3785: 3783: 3782: 3776:Wallace, Scott 3773: 3764: 3750: 3717: 3700: 3680: 3666: 3660: 3646: 3632: 3618: 3604: 3590: 3568: 3559: 3545: 3524: 3500: 3488:Dawson, Mike. 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3477: 3457: 3443: 3425: 3411: 3397: 3383: 3368: 3350: 3335: 3324: 3305:(3): 563–573. 3289: 3282: 3262: 3232: 3214: 3184: 3146: 3115: 3084: 3077:. 2016-03-31. 3060: 3038: 3008: 2971: 2945: 2913: 2882: 2850: 2834:Rio de Janeiro 2814: 2809:Rio de Janeiro 2789: 2764: 2731: 2701: 2686: 2668: 2643: 2633: 2618: 2607:on 4 July 2015 2588: 2585:on 2005-08-23. 2565: 2536: 2509:(5983): 1218. 2489: 2476: 2463: 2448: 2419: 2388: 2357: 2332: 2323: 2310: 2297: 2284: 2268: 2250: 2231: 2213: 2207:978-0045720187 2206: 2188: 2182:978-0684855110 2181: 2160: 2145: 2132: 2120: 2104: 2091: 2064: 2038: 2034:Into the Heart 2018: 1990: 1978: 1963: 1948: 1939: 1924: 1884: 1869: 1847: 1812: 1786: 1747: 1728: 1722:John Hemming, 1715: 1702: 1685:. p. 32. 1669: 1656: 1633: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1598: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1575: 1574: 1560: 1546: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1525: 1518:Luiz Bolognesi 1514: 1503: 1492: 1485: 1475: 1452: 1449: 1420: 1417: 1364: 1361: 1341:Jair Bolsonaro 1326: 1323: 1294: 1293: 1274: 1272: 1265: 1259: 1256: 1232:Main article: 1229: 1226: 1185: 1182: 1170:revisited the 1083: 1080: 991:Neil Whitehead 936: 933: 902:Main article: 899: 896: 816:Yanomami women 814:Main article: 811: 808: 780:Yanomami women 723:sweet potatoes 595:blood pressure 517:slash-and-burn 463: 460: 431: 428: 322:living on the 315: 312: 197:yanõmami thëpë 178: 175: 141: 140: 134: 133: 129: 128: 122: 121: 117: 116: 113: 98: 97: 94: 93:(southeastern) 79: 78: 74: 73: 66: 65: 61: 60: 57: 42: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5653: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5588: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5578: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5550: 5544: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5532: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5504: 5498: 5495: 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3627: 3623: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3571:Jacques Lizot 3569: 3567: 3565: 3561:Jacob, Frank 3560: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3508: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3486: 3481: 3473: 3472: 3467: 3461: 3458: 3453: 3447: 3444: 3439: 3435: 3429: 3426: 3421: 3415: 3412: 3407: 3401: 3398: 3393: 3387: 3384: 3379: 3372: 3369: 3364: 3360: 3354: 3351: 3346: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3328: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3293: 3290: 3285: 3283:9780674726116 3279: 3275: 3274: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3233: 3228: 3224: 3218: 3215: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3188: 3185: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3162:(in German). 3161: 3157: 3150: 3147: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3119: 3116: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3088: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3075: 3070: 3064: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3042: 3039: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3012: 3009: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2987: 2982: 2975: 2972: 2959: 2955: 2949: 2946: 2933: 2929: 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