26:
242:. Fabric covering on the fuselage and wings was replaced with a transparent plastic material, called ''Cellon'' or ''Rhodoid'', and the opaque structure was painted with a white paint mixed with aluminium powder. Trials with ground and airborne observations confirmed Kozlov's theories, with the bonus of excellent visibility for the crew. After the initial success, the film was found to become opaque through dirt collection and the effects of the sun, diminishing the ''invisibility effect''.
215:
227:
245:
Kozlov proposed an invisible single-seat reconnaissance aircraft using the transparent plastic material, but doubts about structural strength of the material precluded development. Further studies into transparent aircraft were ordered from the experimental institute headed by
320:. Covered with a transparent plastic sheeting and with the interior structure and opaque parts painted silver, the PS was found to be very difficult to see at first, but accumulation of dirt and the sheeting turning opaque diminished the effect fairly rapidly.
296:— mechanised wings). For research into high lift systems for approach control, a single AIR-4 (regn. CCCP-E-31) was modified with full-span split flaps, with floating wingtips rotating around transverse axles for roll control.
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165:, a young-communist newspaper, which had raised funds for the construction from its readership. On 6 September 1929 the aircraft was flown non-stop between
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Military liaison variant with an 85 hp (63 kW) Siemens engine, fitted with a constant chord wing with greater area. One AIR-8 was built.
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A single AIR-4 was modified by Sergei G. Kozlov to demonstrate his theory on low-visibility aircraft, making it in effect an early
601:
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195:. Floating wingtips, which provided roll control, were added to release as much trailing edge as possible for the flaps.
282:
Improved variant fitted with increased fuel capacity and modified landing gear. At least five AIR-4 aircraft were built.
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147:, where he designed the AIR-3, which was similar to the earlier AIR-2 biplane but with a strut-braced high
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173:, a distance of 1835 km, achieving two light aircraft world records.
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D.A Koshits (r) and his mechanic B.N. Podlensky in front of their AIR-3
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An alternative designation for the AIR-4MK taken from the registration.
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but no more transparent aircraft were built using Kozlov's methods.
202:, was also produced in 1934, fitted with an 85 hp (63 kW)
213:
590:
466:
Gordon, Yefim; Komissarov, Dmitry; Komissarov, Sergey (2005).
184:, wider cockpits fitted with entrance doors and extra fuel.
87:(AIR-3) 17 August 1929 (AIR-4) September 1930, (AIR-8) 1934
234:, modified a Yakovlev AIR-4, in 1935, to produce the
143:
and AIR-2, Yakovlev was taken on as a student at the
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1000:
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264:Two-seat monoplane with a 60 hp (45 kW)
155:radial piston engine, the AIR-3 was also known as
206:engine and constant chord wings of greater area.
1260:1920s Soviet and Russian civil utility aircraft
232:Nikolai Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy
145:Nikolai Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy
398:radial piston engine , 45 kW (60 hp)
602:
198:A military liaison variant of the AIR-4, the
8:
419:1,835 km (1,144 mi, 994 nmi)
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525:The History of Soviet Aircraft from 1918
343:The History of Soviet Aircraft from 1918
268:radial piston engine developed from the
1265:1920s Soviet and Russian sport aircraft
548:
546:
544:
503:. Orbis Publishing. 1985. p. 3098.
491:
489:
487:
437:
413:146 km/h (91 mph, 79 kn)
222:After a preliminary experiment using a
151:. Powered by a 60 hp (45 kW)
176:In 1930 the design was refined as the
15:
553:Gordon, Yefim; Gunston, Bill (2000).
527:. London: Willow Books. p. 245.
7:
500:Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft
139:Following his design of the earlier
218:The Kozlov PS (invisible airplane)
14:
376:16.5 m (178 sq ft)
370:7.1 m (23 ft 3 in)
191:in 1933 to test nearly full-span
364:11 m (36 ft 1 in)
97:(AIR-3) 1, (AIR-4) 5, (AIR-8) 1
24:
1280:Single-engined tractor aircraft
187:One AIR-4 was modified as the
129:Aleksandr Sergeyevich Yakovlev
78:Aleksandr Sergeyevich Yakovlev
1:
425:4,200 m (13,776 ft)
1285:Aircraft first flown in 1929
388:587 kg (1,294 lb)
272:. Only one AIR-3 was built.
1301:
123:two-seat general aviation
382:392 kg (864 lb)
294:Mekhanizeerovannoye Krylo
228:Sergei Grigorevich Kozlov
32:
23:
18:
523:Nemecek, Vaclav (1986).
496:"Part Work 1982–1985".
349:General characteristics
240:— transparent aircraft)
335:Specifications (AIR-3)
219:
180:with a new split-axle
127:designed and built by
1275:Parasol-wing aircraft
217:
557:. Hinkley, Midland.
470:. Hinkley, Midland.
248:Pyotr I. Grokhovskii
238:Prozrachnyy Samolyot
220:
163:Pionerskaya Pravda
158:Pionerskaya Pravda
1270:Yakovlev aircraft
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423:Service ceiling:
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318:stealth aircraft
189:Yakovlev AIR-4MK
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46:Type of aircraft
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167:Mineralnye Vody
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53:National origin
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19:Yakovlev AIR-3
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954:Reconnaissance
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555:SovietX-Planes
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178:Yakovlev AIR-4
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117:Yakovlev AIR-3
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108:Yakovlev AIR-2
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386:Gross weight:
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380:Empty weight:
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84:First flight
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64:Manufacturer
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1132:Experimental
751:
746:
684:
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659:
554:
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468:OKB Yakovlev
467:
428:
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396:Walter NZ-60
391:
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266:Walter NZ-60
244:
237:
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226:, Professor
221:
199:
197:
188:
186:
182:landing gear
177:
175:
157:
156:
153:Walter NZ-60
149:parasol wing
138:
119:was a 1920s
116:
114:
93:Number built
58:Soviet Union
1083:Yak-50 (II)
1073:Yak-30 (II)
980:Helicopters
843:Yak-25 (II)
404:Performance
392:Powerplant:
236:Kozlov PS (
193:split flaps
135:Development
1254:Categories
1214:Yak-50 (I)
1179:Yak-30 (I)
1169:Yak-25 (I)
893:Transports
432:References
374:Wing area:
161:after the
368:Wingspan:
340:Data from
311:Kozlov PS
230:, of the
210:Kozlov PS
125:monoplane
74:Designer
43:monoplane
41:Two-seat
1239:Yak-1000
1001:Trainers
801:Fighters
620:aircraft
618:Yakovlev
254:Variants
68:Yakovlev
1234:Yak-201
1229:Yak-141
1224:Yak-140
1123:Yak-210
1118:Yak-200
1113:Yak-152
1108:Yak-130
992:Yak-100
940:Yak-112
920:Yak-18T
862:Bombers
362:Length:
287:AIR-4MK
204:Siemens
1219:Yak-60
1209:Yak-46
1204:Yak-45
1199:Yak-44
1194:Yak-43
1189:Yak-41
1184:Yak-36
1174:Yak-26
1164:Yak-19
1159:Yak-16
1154:Yak-13
1103:Yak-55
1098:Yak-54
1093:Yak-53
1088:Yak-52
1078:Yak-32
1068:Yak-28
1063:Yak-21
1058:Yak-20
1053:Yak-18
1048:Yak-17
1043:Yak-11
987:Yak-24
971:Pchela
966:Yak-27
961:Yak-25
935:Yak-58
930:Yak-42
925:Yak-40
915:Yak-14
910:Yak-12
905:Yak-10
884:Yak-35
879:Yak-28
853:Yak-38
848:Yak-28
838:Yak-23
833:Yak-17
828:Yak-15
730:AIR-18
725:AIR-17
720:AIR-16
715:AIR-15
710:AIR-14
705:AIR-12
700:AIR-11
695:AIR-10
643:AVF-34
638:AVF-20
633:AVF-10
561:
531:
474:
417:Range:
292:(MK –
171:Moscow
121:Soviet
1149:Yak-8
1144:Yak-5
1038:Yak-7
1033:UT-23
1028:UT-21
1023:UT-15
900:Yak-6
874:Yak-4
869:Yak-2
823:Yak-9
818:Yak-7
813:Yak-3
808:Yak-1
792:Ya-23
787:Ya-22
782:Ya-21
777:Ya-20
772:Ya-19
767:Ya-10
690:AIR-9
685:AIR-8
680:AIR-7
675:AIR-6
670:AIR-5
665:AIR-4
660:AIR-3
655:AIR-2
650:AIR-1
356:Crew:
325:AIR-8
277:AIR-4
259:AIR-3
141:AIR-1
38:Role
1018:UT-3
1013:UT-2
1008:UT-1
762:Ya-7
757:Ya-6
752:Ya-4
747:Ya-3
742:Ya-2
737:Ya-1
559:ISBN
529:ISBN
498:The
472:ISBN
394:1 ×
301:E-31
169:and
115:The
358:two
1256::
1139:EG
543:^
509:^
486:^
440:^
131:.
610:e
603:t
596:v
567:.
537:.
480:.
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