552:
the good things which it had bestowed upon him. This sentiment was questioned by his wife, who asked, "With a corrupt official like Yan Song in power, how will he allow you to recompense the nation?" Versions of this scene by different writers often portray Madame Zhang as expressing more passive sentiments by simply urging her husband to retire, as Yan Song's position was seemingly unassailable. Regardless, this conversation galvanized Yang
Jisheng into action, as he resolved to submit a second memorial to the throne, this time specifically impeaching the behavior of Yan Song.
738:
539:
individual plots to be rented out for poorer farmers, providing both income for the school and land for the less affluent members of the community. He was successful in opening a coal mine through diplomatic engagement with the residents of the mountain where the mine was located, performing public rituals to appease the local spirits. His tenure in Didao was additionally marked by an anti-corruption campaign against wealthy families that were attempting tax evasion.
438:. The son of Yang Fu and Cao Shi, he was the youngest of three brothers, the elder two being named Jichang and Jimei. His early life was troubled by domestic disputes, as hostility grew between Madame Cao and his father's concubine Chen who had given birth to Jimei. As a result, the Yang family home was split at least once; the situation worsened after his mother's death, during which time Yang Jisheng began working as a cowherd when he was only seven years old.
451:
to care for his family, and shortly before the 1540 exams he was forced to come home and deal with a lawsuit brought by corrupt members of a wealthy family who had succeeded in getting his brother
Jichang thrown in prison. After securing his brother's release and finally passing the provincial exams in 1540, he unsuccessfully attempted the metropolitan exam in 1541, and then began attending the
576:
virtuous and take care of the family. He wrote in particular praise of his wife, asking that she raise their daughter in an exemplary manner and urging her not to commit suicide. These recommendations were probably heeded; the literary tradition of Zhang Zhen killing herself in order to join her husband is not uncommon in fictional accounts but is entirely unsupported by historical documents.
58:
556:
attempt to meddle in court politics, and Yang
Jisheng was arrested for the second time by the Embroidered Uniform Guard. He was imprisoned and beaten severely in order to determine if he was part of some larger conspiracy. The effects of this judicial torture took a heavy toll on Yang Jisheng's body. Although he was sent python's
568:
Several petitions and appeals were made to the
Jiajing Emperor requesting clemency, and it seemed that the emperor was reluctant to execute him given his previous loyal service. However, Yan Song was determined that Yang was to die, and so covertly added his name to the warrant that was used to execute
567:
The continuing imprisonment of Yang
Jisheng was an embarrassment to the Ming court and was widely discussed by literary circles. According to Yang's old friend Wang Shizhen, there were so many copies of the famous memorial condemning Yan Song being circulated that it caused the cost of paper to rise.
522:
highlighting ten reasons why the opening of horse markets was bad for the state, and five fallacies in the common arguments supporting rapprochement with Altan Khan. Although the
Jiajing Emperor was initially in favor of the proposal, it was criticized harshly by the party of Yan Song. Consequently,
450:
In 1536, despite the sudden death of his favorite teacher, Yang
Jisheng placed highly at the county-level exams. He did not pass the provincial exams in 1537 and was unable to make a second attempt for several years. A sudden outbreak of illness in his village caused him to drop his studies in order
446:
for the first time in 1533; while he failed at his first attempt, he successfully passed in the summer, allowing him to apply for and enter the local government school that same year. As a young man he received several offers from wealthy families to marry one of their daughters, but declined all of
788:
heavily damaged, and since 1984 has been officially listed by the city's
Cultural Relics Bureau. Also preserved at the site are historic monuments and the remains of a tree which was said to have been planted by Yang Jisheng while he was in prison, and which was brought down by a powerful storm in
551:
In the early hours of 2 December, 1553, as he recorded in his autobiography, Yang
Jisheng stayed up late thinking about his sudden rush of good fortune. His wife, Madame Zhang, approached him to ask about his thoughts; Yang responded by declaring his intention to somehow repay the state for all of
650:
Following his official posthumous rehabilitation, Yang
Jisheng was the subject of laudatory biographies by former allies Wang Shizhen and Xu Jie, who generally praised his conduct, and was memorialized in an elegy by his wife, who addressed him as a "hero of eternity." He was also the subject of
555:
Although he listed specific examples of crimes and abuses committed by Yan Song which he wished to expose, Yang Jisheng made the unfortunate mistake of advising the emperor to consult with his two sons, the imperial princes, in order to independently confirm the truth. This was interpreted as an
783:
for the city of Beijing. Popular veneration and remembrance of Yang Jisheng took place at multiple shrines and temples across the country, including in his former Beijing home and in his natal village of Beihezhao. In Beijing, the Songyun'an (松筠庵, "Bamboo and Pine Cloister"), where Yang lived,
575:
While waiting for death, Yang Jisheng wrote a set of final instructions containing practical and moral advice for his wife and his two sons. Among his requests were that his concubine, with whom he had not fathered children, be found a worthy husband to support her, and that his sons should be
441:
From an early age, Yang Jisheng received education from a variety of local teachers while simultaneously seeking employment to support his family. At the age of ten, after the death of his father, Yang Jisheng spent the winter managing the finances of a wealthy household, replacing his brother
538:
One of the first things that he did while posted to Didao was to found a school for the promotion of Confucian values. To maintain the school, Yang used his personal funds to purchase considerable land which was divided into a section growing produce for the students and a section composed of
447:
them in order to marry Zhang Zhen, the niece of his father's concubine Chen, who was closer to his social position and whose virtue he personally admired. They were married in November 1534. Their marriage would produce two sons, named Yingwei and Yingji, and a daughter.
647:, declared of Yang Jisheng that "his name has no place in literature," and only mentions him in passing to introduce the text of a petition written to the emperor by his wife. This is a minority view, as Yang Jisheng has been the subject of numerous literary works.
542:
Following the failure of the diplomatic response to Altan Khan, Yang Jisheng was recalled from Didao a year after being sent into exile. He received multiple promotions in rapid succession until he was once again appointed to serve the Ministry of War in Beijing.
564:), to mitigate the pain, Yang replied, "I have my own gall, what need is there for this snake's?" Using pieces of broken ceramic, he was able to treat the severe damage that he had received to his legs by piercing his skin and cleaning the pus from his wounds.
792:
A shrine to Yang Jisheng has stood in Beihezhao since 1567, when his name was officially cleared by imperial edict. The original shrine was expanded and maintained over the centuries until it was completely destroyed in 1967 at the hands of the
659:
was widely viewed as an echo of Yang Jisheng's career despite being written prior to his traumatic career and death, as it depicted a young official being silenced by a corrupt senior minister. Its influence can be seen in the later play
402:, on whose initiative he was arrested and eventually executed. His death, widely perceived as unjust, was followed by significant posthumous veneration of his memory during the late imperial era.
1550:
487:, official policy focused on diplomatically engaging with the Mongol nomads by opening horse markets which would hopefully lead to a long-term trade relationship. This strategy was championed by
695:(蚺蛇膽, "The Python's Gall") after the climactic scene in which Yang Jisheng refuses the offered medicine. In 1658, the Shunzhi Emperor commissioned Wu Qi (吳綺) to write another play,
804:
crafted by Yang Jisheng during his years of musical study went up for auction in Beijing. Its quality, and the fact that it was possibly owned at some point by the artist
459:, who mentored him. He was successful in passing both the metropolitan and palace examinations with high marks in 1547 along with such notables as the future statesman
784:
briefly passed into obscurity but received a boost in popularity after a 1786 survey of the city revealed its historical significance. The Songyun'an survived the
1540:
1555:
1465:
1545:
1392:
1373:
668:
is uncertain, although it has traditionally been attributed to Wang Shizhen as he was Yang Jisheng's most prominent contemporary advocate.
594:
The evening before his execution, Yang Jisheng wrote a poem which was preserved on monuments and in later accounts of his life. It reads:
1504:
797:. Funds were raised by the Yang family to establish a smaller building on the spot of the original shrine, which was completed in 1997.
572:. The Jiajing Emperor signed the warrant without reading it thoroughly and thus accidentally authorized the execution of Yang Jisheng.
1499:
1415:
1328:
515:
1445:
643:
383:
139:
153:
1560:
475:
The beginning of Yang Jisheng's career coincided with prolonged debate over the correct response to raids conducted by
737:
1403:
491:, a minister who was now on the ascendant in Ming political circles and who had become hugely influential over the
703:
personally wrote three poems about the life of Yang Jisheng, praising his steadfast loyalty in the face of death.
569:
524:
699:(忠愍記, "Record of Zhongmin"), which was privately performed for the emperor but not printed. Decades later, the
1348:
706:
Since imperial times, political dissidents have often identified with the memory of Yang Jisheng. Along with
723:
624:
726:, invoked Yang's memory by writing Yang's final poem, modifying the first character of the second line to "
1458:
519:
484:
675:
embraced the history of Yang Jisheng and sought to preserve his memory for their own political ends. The
664:(鳴鳳記, "The Phoenix's Cry"), a straightforward fictionalization of Yang Jisheng's life. The authorship of
510:, where he studied with the elderly statesman and music theorist Han Banqi. By 1551, he had returned to
503:
456:
800:
Many relics of Yang Jisheng's life did not survive the Cultural Revolution. In 2004, a single antique
1535:
1530:
1478:
715:
714:, Yang Jisheng was remembered as one of the "three exceptional men" by the controversial philosopher
443:
785:
583:, or literary chronicle, about his own life. His memoirs were largely modeled after the example of
452:
1352:
518:, where he was privy to discussions on foreign affairs. Shortly after his arrival, he submitted a
1294:
1265:
1473:
1411:
1388:
1369:
1324:
1494:
1286:
700:
435:
349:
326:
296:
273:
243:
220:
176:
72:
676:
492:
420:
395:
115:
40:
26:
197:
1342:
1323:. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. pp. 119–134.
780:
684:
561:
464:
31:
390:; 16 June 1516 – 12 November 1555) was a Chinese court official of the
1524:
1435:
1338:
1298:
776:
638:
584:
528:
460:
406:
455:. He also became closely acquainted during this time with the senior court official
672:
588:
391:
356:
303:
250:
183:
22:
1277:
Hammond, Kenneth J. (2006). "Wang Shizhen as Partisan: The Case of Yang Jisheng".
1440:
809:
707:
434:
Yang Jisheng was born on 16 June, 1516, in the village of Beihezhao, located in
1290:
794:
683:
that he commissioned an adaptation of that play from the author Ding Yaokang (
679:
issued imperial edicts commemorating Yang's life, and was so fond of the play
656:
476:
1406:(1976). "Yang Chi-sheng". In Goodrich, L. Carrington; Fang, Chaoying (eds.).
479:. After factional struggle that led to the ouster and execution of war hawks
1365:
805:
719:
480:
1256:
Franke, Wolfgang (1982). "Some new publications and materials on Li Zhi".
57:
813:
488:
413:
399:
119:
1269:
1362:
Pepper Mountain: The Life, Death, and Posthumous Career of Yang Jisheng
711:
511:
507:
94:
1410:. New York and London: Columbia University Press. pp. 1503–1505.
731:
727:
1319:
by Yang Jisheng (1516-1555)". In Mann, Susan; Cheng, Yu-Yin (eds.).
812:
art dealers to estimate its value as between 600,000 and 1,000,000
801:
736:
532:
76:
1385:
True to Her Word: The Faithful Maiden Cult in Late Imperial China
557:
691:(表忠記, "Record of Manifesting Loyalty") but was better known as
985:
983:
744:
596:
1210:
847:
845:
579:
Yang Jisheng also took the extraordinary step of composing a
442:
Jichang in that job. He was able to participate in the local
886:
884:
1321:
Under Confucian Eyes: Writings on Gender in Chinese History
527:
and beaten before being demoted and sent to Didao (狄道, now
687:). The new play, published in 1657 was officially titled
587:, who had written a similar text while imprisoned by the
535:
province) to serve as a low-ranking judicial official.
759:
Bear righteousness and the Way on a shoulder of iron,
611:
Bear righteousness and the Way on a shoulder of iron,
361:
308:
255:
202:
188:
1551:
People executed by the Ming dynasty by decapitation
1387:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
1098:
1096:
1094:
355:
348:
343:
325:
320:
302:
295:
290:
272:
267:
249:
242:
237:
219:
214:
196:
182:
175:
170:
152:
138:
129:
110:
102:
83:
64:
48:
1408:Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644, Volume 2
467:), the latter of whom became a lifelong friend.
419:(椒山, "Pepper Mountain"). He was also granted the
651:considerable works in Chinese theater. The play
394:who held multiple posts during the reign of the
405:In his lifetime, Yang Jisheng was known by the
398:. He is remembered as a political opponent of
331:
278:
225:
158:
144:
8:
779:recorded that Yang Jisheng was honored as a
106:Yang Zhongfang, Yang Jiaoshan, Yang Zhongmin
989:
962:
851:
340:
287:
234:
167:
56:
45:
655:(寶劍記, "Record of the Precious Sword") by
1222:
1198:
1174:
1162:
1138:
1114:
1085:
1061:
1049:
1037:
1013:
1001:
974:
950:
938:
926:
914:
902:
890:
875:
863:
836:
829:
502:degree, Yang Jisheng was posted to the
114:being executed during the reign of the
1507:from the original on 30 September 2017
1448:from the original on 30 September 2017
1186:
463:and the renowned writer Wang Shizhen (
126:
1436:"Ancient Instrument Going for a Song"
1126:
7:
1234:
1102:
1150:
1073:
1025:
730:" ("skillful") from the original "
14:
1541:Ming dynasty government officials
1500:China Internet Information Center
1211:China Internet Information Center
718:. Before being executed in 1927,
523:Yang Jisheng was arrested by the
1556:16th-century executions by China
1434:Shan, Shan (14 September 2004).
1344:A History of Chinese Literature
644:A History of Chinese Literature
412:(仲芳), but frequently used the
387:
362:
332:
309:
279:
256:
226:
203:
189:
159:
145:
1:
1471:[Li Dazhao's Motto].
1360:Hammond, Kenneth J. (2012) .
1546:Executed Ming dynasty people
761:Write with a skillful hand.
560:by his friend, Wang Zhigao (
613:Write with a peppery hand.
1577:
1495:"The Yang Memorial Temple"
1466:"Lǐ Dàzhāo de Zuòyòumíng"
1315:Bossler, Beverly (2001). "
1291:10.1179/014703706788762590
977:, pp. 35–36, 109–110.
444:civil service examinations
20:
1349:D. Appleton & Company
525:Embroidered Uniform Guard
373:
339:
286:
233:
166:
134:
55:
1467:
1201:, pp. 126–127, 133.
671:The early rulers of the
140:Traditional Chinese
1404:Goodrich, L. Carrington
990:Sun & Goodrich 1976
963:Sun & Goodrich 1976
852:Sun & Goodrich 1976
724:Chinese Communist Party
154:Simplified Chinese
1464:Shen, Chun 申春 (2006).
757:
748:
742:
741:Li Dazhao's final poem
609:
600:
520:memorial to the throne
514:to take a post at the
1088:, pp. xxix–xxxi.
965:, pp. 1503–1504.
740:
641:, in his 1901 review
504:Ministry of Personnel
1383:Lu, Weijing (2008).
722:, co-founder of the
1561:Deified Chinese men
1225:, pp. 125–137.
1177:, pp. 124–126.
1165:, pp. 116–117.
1076:, pp. 278–279.
893:, pp. 122–123.
786:Cultural Revolution
498:Upon achieving the
453:National University
1317:Final Instructions
743:
1481:on 31 August 2017
1394:978-0-8047-5808-6
1375:978-0-415-54189-3
1339:Giles, Herbert A.
1153:, pp. 45–46.
1016:, pp. 71–73.
953:, pp. 28–33.
941:, pp. 20–24.
774:
773:
631:
630:
377:
376:
369:
368:
350:Standard Mandarin
316:
315:
297:Standard Mandarin
263:
262:
244:Standard Mandarin
210:
209:
177:Standard Mandarin
125:
124:
16:Chinese statesman
1568:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1477:. Archived from
1457:
1455:
1453:
1421:
1402:Sun, Yüen-king;
1398:
1379:
1364:. New York, NY:
1356:
1334:
1302:
1273:
1264:(1/2): 137–147.
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
948:
942:
936:
930:
924:
918:
912:
906:
900:
894:
888:
879:
873:
867:
861:
855:
849:
840:
834:
745:
701:Qianlong Emperor
597:
436:Rongcheng County
389:
365:
364:
341:
335:
334:
312:
311:
288:
282:
281:
259:
258:
235:
229:
228:
206:
205:
192:
191:
168:
162:
161:
148:
147:
127:
118:for criticizing
103:Other names
90:
87:12 November 1555
73:Rongcheng County
60:
46:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1510:
1508:
1493:
1484:
1482:
1469:
1463:
1451:
1449:
1433:
1424:
1418:
1401:
1395:
1382:
1376:
1359:
1337:
1331:
1314:
1305:
1276:
1258:Oriens Extremus
1255:
1246:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1161:
1157:
1149:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1092:
1084:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1012:
1008:
1000:
996:
992:, p. 1504.
988:
981:
973:
969:
961:
957:
949:
945:
937:
933:
925:
921:
913:
909:
905:, pp. 6–8.
901:
897:
889:
882:
874:
870:
862:
858:
854:, p. 1503.
850:
843:
835:
831:
827:
822:
763:
760:
754:
751:
734:" ("peppery"):
677:Shunzhi Emperor
636:
625:Kenneth Hammond
615:
612:
606:
603:
549:
516:Ministry of War
493:Jiajing Emperor
473:
432:
421:posthumous name
396:Jiajing Emperor
116:Jiajing Emperor
98:
92:
88:
79:
69:
51:
44:
41:generation name
17:
12:
11:
5:
1574:
1572:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1491:
1474:People's Daily
1461:
1430:
1423:
1422:
1416:
1399:
1393:
1380:
1374:
1357:
1335:
1329:
1311:
1304:
1303:
1274:
1252:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1227:
1215:
1203:
1191:
1189:, p. 144.
1179:
1167:
1155:
1143:
1141:, p. 115.
1131:
1129:, p. 297.
1119:
1107:
1090:
1078:
1066:
1054:
1042:
1030:
1018:
1006:
994:
979:
967:
955:
943:
931:
929:, pp. 19.
919:
907:
895:
880:
868:
856:
841:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
781:tutelary deity
772:
771:
769:
765:
764:
755:
635:
632:
629:
628:
621:
620:—Yang Jisheng
617:
616:
607:
548:
545:
472:
469:
431:
428:
375:
374:
371:
370:
367:
366:
359:
353:
352:
346:
345:
344:Transcriptions
337:
336:
329:
323:
322:
318:
317:
314:
313:
306:
300:
299:
293:
292:
291:Transcriptions
284:
283:
276:
270:
269:
265:
264:
261:
260:
253:
247:
246:
240:
239:
238:Transcriptions
231:
230:
223:
217:
216:
212:
211:
208:
207:
204:Yang Chi-sheng
200:
194:
193:
186:
180:
179:
173:
172:
171:Transcriptions
164:
163:
156:
150:
149:
142:
136:
135:
132:
131:
123:
122:
112:
111:Known for
108:
107:
104:
100:
99:
93:
91:(aged 39)
85:
81:
80:
70:
66:
62:
61:
53:
52:
49:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1573:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1462:
1460:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1419:
1417:0-231-03833-X
1413:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1330:0-520-22276-8
1326:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1120:
1117:, p. 85.
1116:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1067:
1064:, p. 67.
1063:
1058:
1055:
1052:, p. 76.
1051:
1046:
1043:
1040:, p. 61.
1039:
1034:
1031:
1028:, p. 44.
1027:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1007:
1004:, p. 69.
1003:
998:
995:
991:
986:
984:
980:
976:
971:
968:
964:
959:
956:
952:
947:
944:
940:
935:
932:
928:
923:
920:
917:, p. 53.
916:
911:
908:
904:
899:
896:
892:
887:
885:
881:
877:
872:
869:
865:
860:
857:
853:
848:
846:
842:
838:
833:
830:
824:
819:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
798:
796:
790:
787:
782:
778:
777:Henri Maspero
770:
767:
766:
762:
756:
753:
747:
746:
739:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
669:
667:
663:
658:
654:
648:
646:
645:
640:
639:Herbert Giles
633:
626:
622:
619:
618:
614:
608:
605:
599:
598:
595:
592:
590:
586:
585:Wen Tianxiang
582:
577:
573:
571:
565:
563:
559:
553:
546:
544:
540:
536:
534:
530:
526:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
470:
468:
466:
462:
461:Zhang Juzheng
458:
454:
448:
445:
439:
437:
429:
427:
425:
422:
418:
415:
411:
408:
407:courtesy name
403:
401:
397:
393:
385:
381:
372:
360:
358:
354:
351:
347:
342:
338:
330:
328:
324:
319:
307:
305:
301:
298:
294:
289:
285:
277:
275:
271:
266:
254:
252:
248:
245:
241:
236:
232:
224:
222:
218:
213:
201:
199:
195:
187:
185:
181:
178:
174:
169:
165:
157:
155:
151:
143:
141:
137:
133:
128:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
96:
86:
82:
78:
74:
67:
63:
59:
54:
47:
42:
38:
34:
33:
28:
24:
19:
1509:. Retrieved
1498:
1483:. Retrieved
1479:the original
1472:
1459:Original URL
1450:. Retrieved
1439:
1426:
1425:
1407:
1384:
1361:
1347:. New York:
1343:
1320:
1316:
1307:
1306:
1285:(1): 51–71.
1282:
1279:Ming Studies
1278:
1261:
1257:
1248:
1247:
1230:
1223:Hammond 2012
1218:
1206:
1199:Hammond 2012
1194:
1182:
1175:Hammond 2012
1170:
1163:Hammond 2012
1158:
1146:
1139:Hammond 2012
1134:
1122:
1115:Hammond 2012
1110:
1086:Hammond 2012
1081:
1069:
1062:Hammond 2006
1057:
1050:Hammond 2012
1045:
1038:Hammond 2006
1033:
1021:
1014:Hammond 2012
1009:
1002:Hammond 2012
997:
975:Hammond 2012
970:
958:
951:Hammond 2012
946:
939:Hammond 2012
934:
927:Hammond 2012
922:
915:Hammond 2006
910:
903:Hammond 2012
898:
891:Bossler 2001
878:, p. 5.
876:Hammond 2012
871:
866:, p. 4.
864:Hammond 2012
859:
839:, p. 2.
837:Hammond 2012
832:
799:
791:
775:
758:
749:
705:
696:
692:
689:Biaozhong ji
688:
680:
673:Qing dynasty
670:
665:
661:
652:
649:
642:
637:
610:
601:
593:
589:Yuan dynasty
580:
578:
574:
566:
554:
550:
541:
537:
499:
497:
474:
449:
440:
433:
423:
416:
409:
404:
392:Ming dynasty
380:Yang Jisheng
379:
378:
357:Hanyu Pinyin
304:Hanyu Pinyin
251:Hanyu Pinyin
190:Yáng Jìshèng
184:Hanyu Pinyin
130:Yang Jisheng
89:(1555-11-12)
68:16 June 1516
50:Yang Jisheng
36:
30:
23:Chinese name
18:
1536:1555 deaths
1531:1516 births
1441:China Daily
1187:Franke 1982
810:Rongbaozhai
768:—Li Dazhao
708:Fang Xiaoru
697:Zhongmin ji
681:Mingfeng ji
666:Mingfeng ji
662:Mingfeng ji
71:Beihezhao,
27:family name
1525:Categories
1351:. p.
1127:Giles 1901
820:References
808:, led the
795:Red Guards
693:Ranshe dan
657:Li Kaixian
653:Baojian ji
570:Zhang Jing
477:Altan Khan
430:Early life
198:Wade–Giles
1485:31 August
1452:31 August
1366:Routledge
1299:155034937
1235:Shan 2004
1103:Shen 2006
825:Citations
806:Zheng Xie
720:Li Dazhao
627:(trans.)
481:Zeng Xian
410:Zhongfang
257:Zhòngfāng
215:Zhongfang
35: and
1505:Archived
1446:Archived
1427:Webpages
1341:(1901).
1270:24047251
1249:Articles
547:Downfall
489:Yan Song
424:Zhongmin
417:Jiaoshan
414:art name
400:Yan Song
363:Zhōngmǐn
321:Zhongmin
310:Jiāoshān
268:Jiaoshan
120:Yan Song
21:In this
1511:18 July
1468:李大釗的座右銘
1244:Sources
1151:Lu 2008
1074:Lu 2008
1026:Lu 2008
712:Yu Qian
512:Beijing
508:Nanjing
485:Xia Yan
384:Chinese
327:Chinese
274:Chinese
221:Chinese
97:, Zhili
95:Beijing
1414:
1391:
1372:
1327:
1297:
1268:
789:1953.
752:妙手著文章
716:Li Zhi
685:zh:丁耀亢
634:Legacy
604:辣手著文章
581:nianpu
562:zh:王之誥
529:Lintao
500:jinshi
471:Career
465:zh:王世贞
457:Xu Jie
426:(忠愍).
386::
25:, the
1308:Books
1295:S2CID
1266:JSTOR
802:guqin
750:鐵肩擔道義
602:鐵肩擔道義
533:Gansu
77:Zhili
39:is a
1513:2017
1487:2017
1454:2017
1412:ISBN
1389:ISBN
1370:ISBN
1325:ISBN
1283:2006
814:yuan
710:and
558:gall
483:and
84:Died
65:Born
32:Yang
1353:297
1287:doi
506:in
388:楊繼盛
160:杨继盛
146:楊繼盛
29:is
1527::
1503:.
1497:.
1444:.
1438:.
1368:.
1293:.
1281:.
1262:29
1260:.
1093:^
982:^
883:^
844:^
816:.
591:.
531:,
495:.
333:忠愍
280:椒山
227:仲芳
75:,
37:Ji
1515:.
1489:.
1456:.
1420:.
1397:.
1378:.
1355:.
1333:.
1301:.
1289::
1272:.
1237:.
1213:.
1105:.
732:辣
728:妙
623:—
382:(
43:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
