154:
presumption that there was only one major ash bed within the
Midwestern United States lead to the misclassification of Middle to Early Pleistocene interglacial deposits containing the 602,000 year-old Lava Creek B volcanic ash; the 1,293,000 year-old Mesa Falls volcanic ash, and the 2,003,000 year-old Huckleberry volcanic ash as being the same age. Because it was thought that there was only one significant ash bed, not three of them, any nonglacial deposit containing an ash bed, regardless of its true age, were thought to be the same age. As a result, the nonglacial deposits attributed in the scientific literature as dating to the Yarmouthian (Yarmouth) Interglacial (Stage) consist of an assemblage of sediments deposited during a number of differing interglacial periods, including some dating to 0.60, 1.22, and 2.02 million years ago. An additional problem is that recent research demonstrates that the glacial tills, the Glasford Formation, of the Illinoian Stage are limited in age to Marine Isotope Stage 6. Thus, within Illinois and adjacent parts of Iowa, the Yarmouth Soil (paleosol), which defines the Yarmouthian (Yarmouth) Interglacial (Stage) in Illinois, spans a period of geologic time equivalent to Marine Isotope stages 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11. Elsewhere in North America, as in Illinois, the Yarmouth Soil also has developed over a variable number of multiple glacial - interglacial cycles. Thus, the presumption that the Yarmouth Soil, by which the Yarmouthian (Yarmouth) Interglacial was later defined, represents a single interglacial stage or period has been completely discredited.
158:
recovered from these deposits indicate that the vegetation consisted of a Picea-Larix forest and that climate was full-glacial rather than interglacial during their accumulation. Thus, the criteria, i.e. (1.) its sediments being all of the same age, (2.) it consisting of sediments deposited during a single interglacial period, and (3,) as originally defined by
Leverett in 1898 consist of interglacial sediments, by which the Yarmouthian (Yarmouth) Interglacial (Stage) was defined and recognized have all been found to be false.
1180:
128:
Kansan, Nebraskan, and
Aftonian glacial - interglacial nomenclature was based, was completely wrong. For example, the so-called "Kansan" glacial sediments in which the Yarmouth Soil developed are now known to date to different periods of glaciation depending on where it is examined within the Midwest and other parts of North America. In addition,
141:
Aftonian (interglacial), and
Nebraskan (glacial) nomenclature was originally defined was found to be lacking any scientific basis. As a result, the Yarmouthian (interglacial), Kansan (glacial), Aftonian (interglacial), and Nebraskan (glacial) nomenclature was abandoned by Quaternary geologists North America and merged into the
157:
Also, the "interglacial" deposits used by
Leverett to originally define the Yarmouthian (Yarmouth) Interglacial in 1898 actually consist of interbedded glacial tills, diamictons, peats, sands, and silts, that are part of the Kellerville Till Member of the Glasford Formation. Pollen samples and wood
140:
layer was actually three separate volcanic ash layers, i.e. the 602,000 year-old Lava Creek B volcanic ash; the 1,293,000 year-old Mesa Falls volcanic ash, and the 2,003,000 year-old
Huckleberry volcanic ash. Thus, the basic assumptions, on which the Yarmouthian (interglacial), Kansan (glacial),
110:
in southeast Iowa and east-central
Illinois. At this time, it was incorrectly presumed that the Yarmouth Paleosol formed during a single interglacial stage that separated a younger glacial stage, the Illinoian Glaciation, represented by the sediments of the Glasford Formation in Illinois and the
127:
bed on which the
Yarmouthian, Kansan, Nebraskan, and Aftonian glacial - interglacial nomenclature was originally based. Detailed research by various geomorphologists and Quaternary geologists demonstrated that the two glacial tills and one ash bed stratigraphic model, on which the Yarmouthian,
153:
Because of the flaws with the early conceptual climatic and chronological framework for
Midwestern glacial - interglaciations, the Yarmouthian (Yarmouth) Interglacial (Stage) completely lacks any meaning or usefulness in North American glacial - interglacial nomenclature. First, the incorrect
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Proceedings of the 2007 Governor's
Conference on the Management of the Illinois River System: Our continuing Commitment, 11th Biennial Conference, Oct. 2-4, 2007, 11 p.
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Work Group on Geospatial Analysis of Glaciated Environments (GAGE), INQUA Commission on Glaciation, Emporia State University, Emporia, Kansas.
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Work Group on Geospatial Analysis of Glaciated Environments (GAGE), INQUA Commission on Glaciation, Emporia State University, Emporia, Kansas.
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Boellstorff, J., 1978b, North American Pleistocene stages reconsidered in the light of probable Pliocene-Pleistocene continental glaciation.
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431:, jpg version 844 KB. Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
86:(glacial) stages. The Yarmouthian (Yarmouth) Interglacial was defined first on the basis of "interglacial" sediments encountered in
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Optical ages spanning two glacial-interglacial cycles from deposits of the ancient Mississippi River, north-central Illinois.
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to subdivide glacial and nonglacial deposits within the United States of America. From youngest to oldest, they were the
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Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
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in W.C. Mahaney, ed., pp. 73-90. Correlation of Quaternary Chronologies. Norwich, United Kingdom, Geo Books.
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Pre-Wisconsin glacial stratigraphy of the Central Plains region in Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, and Missouri
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Glacial stratigraphy and paleomagnetism of late Cenozoic deposits of the north-central United States
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Glacial stratigraphy and paleomagnetism of late Cenozoic deposits of the north-central United States
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Six Rivers, Five Glaciers, and an Outburst Flood: the Considerable Legacy of the Illinois River.
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Chronology of some Late Cenozoic deposits from the central United States and the Ice Ages.
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102:(Soil) developed in the surface of what were thought at that time to be "Kansan" glacial
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Global chronostratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.7 million years v. 2007b.
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Paleomagnetism and Chronology of Early Pleistocene Tills in the Central United States.
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Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, Vol. 40, No. 5, p. 78 with
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Illinoian and Pre-Illinoian stratigraphy of southeast Iowa and adjacent Illinois.
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Yarmouth Revisited: Midwest Friends of the Pleistocene 27th Field Conference.
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deposits was found to be far more complex than the two glacial tills and one
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Since the Yarmouthian (Yarmouth) interglacial was named, the stratigraphy of
452:
Roy, M., P.U. Clark, R.W. Barendregt, J.R., Glasmann, and R.J. Enkin, 2004,
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Yarmouth Revisited: Midwest Friends of the Pleistocene 27th Field Conference
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Roy, M., P.U. Clark, R.W. Barendregt, J.R., Glasmann, and R.J. Enkin, 2004,
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glacial deposits of an older glacial stage, called the "Kansan Glaciation".
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Hallberg, G. R., T. E. Fenton, T. J. Kemmis, and G. A. Miller, 1980,
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Hallberg, G. R., T. E. Fenton, T. J. Kemmis, and G. A. Miller, 1980,
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Summation of Quaternary glaciations in the United States of America
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Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Science. vol 6, pp. 35–49
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Obsolete geologic period of the early Quaternary of North America
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Gibbard, P.L., S. Boreham, K.M. Cohen and A. Moscariello, 2007,
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This climatic and chronological framework was composed of four
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410:Pre-Wisconsin Glaciation of Central North America.
299:. Quaternary Science Reviews. vol. 5, pp. 183-196.
54:stages. It was developed between 1894 and 1909 by
136:analysis demonstrated what was thought to be one
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243:, Quaternary Science Reviews. vol. 5, pp. 11-15.
178:John Wiley & Sons, New York. 553 p. New York
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204:
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967:Withrow Moraine and Jameson Lake Drumlin Field
437:Pleistocene stratigraphy in east-central Iowa.
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419:Global correlation tables for the Quaternary.
277:Easterbrook, D.J., and J. Boellstorff, 1984,
106:and buried by Illionian glacial tills of the
8:
94:. Later the Yarmouth (Yarmouthian) stage in
961:Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area
401:Glacial Map of North-Central United States.
392:Regional Glaciation of Kansas and Nebraska.
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395:Emporia State University, Emporia, Kansas.
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176:Glacial Geology and the Pleistocene Epoch.
295:Richmond, G.M. and D.S. Fullerton, 1986,
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74:(glacial), Yarmouthian (interglacial),
895:Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail
859:Chippewa Moraine State Recreation Area
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901:Ice Age National Scientific Reserve
323:McKay, E.D., and R.C. Berg, 2008,
196:Boreas. vol. 20, no. 4,pp. 297-314
14:
889:Horicon Marsh State Wildlife Area
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834:Origin of the Oak Ridges Moraine
98:was defined on the basis of the
267:Science. vol. 202, pp. 305–307.
897:, Idaho, Oregon and Washington
1:
1141:Huelmo–Mascardi Cold Reversal
562:Glacial history of Minnesota
434:Hallberg, G.R., ed., 1980a,
341:Hallberg, G. R., ed., 1980,
30:were part of a now obsolete
925:Kettle Moraine State Forest
828:Lion's Head Provincial Park
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1071:Penultimate Glacial Period
798:Big Rock (glacial erratic)
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1136:Late Glacial Interstadial
915:, Minnesota and Wisconsin
792:Arrowhead Provincial Park
567:List of prehistoric lakes
1091:Holocene glacial retreat
883:Glacial Lakes State Park
822:Foothills Erratics Train
252:Boellstorff, J., 1978a,
1131:Bølling–Allerød warming
871:Devil's Lake State Park
840:Ovayok Territorial Park
529:Continental glaciations
331:powerpoint presentation
973:Yosemite National Park
877:Glacial Lake Wisconsin
816:Eskers Provincial Park
804:Cypress Hills (Canada)
602:Timeline of glaciation
491:Timeline of glaciation
239:Hallberg, G.R., 1986,
194:Glaciations of Kansas.
1116:Quaternary glaciation
1051:Quaternary glaciation
949:Mill Bluff State Park
913:Interstate State Park
727:Giant current ripples
542:Cordilleran ice sheet
60:Quaternary geologists
28:Yarmouth Interglacial
1126:Wisconsin glaciation
1081:Last Glacial Maximum
597:Post-glacial rebound
552:Last Glacial Maximum
547:Laurentide ice sheet
130:fission track dating
90:dug in southeastern
82:(interglacial), and
1111:Pre-Illinoian Stage
1076:Last Glacial Period
865:Coteau des Prairies
776:Greenland ice sheet
486:Last glacial period
308:McKay, E.D., 2007,
174:Flint, R.F., 1957,
143:Pre-Illinoian Stage
1156:4.2 kiloyear event
1151:8.2 kiloyear event
1086:Mousterian Pluvial
818:, British Columbia
389:Aber, J.S., 2006,
372:2010-07-13 at the
350:2010-07-13 at the
192:Aber, J.S., 1991,
108:Glasford Formation
38:of North America.
32:geologic timescale
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1096:Oldest Dryas
1066:Interstadial
1061:Interglacial
1044:Time periods
975:, California
969:, Washington
710:Glacifluvial
659:Depositional
582:Lake Chicago
577:Lake Agassiz
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149:Reassessment
138:volcanic ash
125:volcanic ash
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64:Wisconsinian
52:interglacial
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21:Yarmouthian
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1205:Pleistocene
1106:Pleistocene
1101:Older Dryas
963:, Wisconsin
955:Oneida Lake
951:, Wisconsin
927:, Wisconsin
909:, Wisconsin
903:, Wisconsin
891:, Wisconsin
885:, Minnesota
879:, Wisconsin
873:, Wisconsin
861:, Wisconsin
747:Outwash fan
742:Kettle hole
635:Ribbon lake
592:Teays River
134:geochemical
121:Pleistocene
78:(glacial),
68:Sangamonian
42:Development
1199:Categories
1025:Antarctica
1018:Antarctica
1004:Monte Rosa
957:, New York
737:Kame delta
696:Till plain
587:Lake Tight
162:References
36:Quaternary
945:, Montana
842:, Nunavut
836:, Ontario
830:, Ontario
824:, Alberta
812:, Ontario
800:, Alberta
794:, Ontario
618:Erosional
611:Landforms
115:Conflicts
84:Nebraskan
72:Illinoian
1184:Category
1009:Svalbard
939:, Nevada
717:Diluvium
470:See also
370:Archived
348:Archived
96:Illinois
80:Aftonian
26:and the
987:Eurasia
676:Moraine
666:Drumlin
535:General
476:Ice age
48:glacial
933:, Utah
921:, Ohio
852:States
850:United
785:Canada
752:Sandur
76:Kansan
722:Esker
625:Fjord
104:tills
88:wells
23:stage
732:Kame
132:and
92:Iowa
58:and
50:and
19:The
460:doi
218:doi
1201::
286:^
228:^
201:^
183:^
145:.
522:e
515:t
508:v
462::
220::
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