854:
vowels are unpredictable and phonemic, while others can be fully predicted by the vowel lengthening rule; writing systems differ in choosing to represent either only the first type or both types as long. This rule does not apply to bisyllabic words, whose vowel lengths seem irregular, and it also does not affect the final syllables of longer words, which show no length distinction. The second accentual system deals with pitch and is simpler: in words without attached clitics, a high pitch tends to fall on the penultimate syllable.
1753:. It does not occur frequently in the elicited data in Cáceres (2011), and it indicates an event for which a probability of its taking place exists, without certainty. The certain future is likewise rarely marked in spontaneous speech. Examples of the probable future given in the grammar include phrases that translate to “you will learn the Ye'kuana language” and “tomorrow it will become red”, contrasted with the certain future examples: “another day I will come and I will see you” (where the second verb is the one marked).
2748:
1026:
384:
their mythology, political structure, and village formation. Schuster 1976 published a wordlist within his ethnography, but otherwise there was not much linguistic study in that time period. Heinen (1983–1984) published a grammar sketch couched in his mostly ethnographic study; Guss (1986) includes some texts in the language in his publication on oral tradition; and Hall (1988) published two volumes on
2210:. In the case of transitive verbs, another argument is added to the valency of the verb, while intransitives maintain their initial valency. This suffix is used relatively rarely with intransitive verbs, and of all the examples given below begin with /e/, so it is theorised that these verbs take this suffix because they are derived from transitives, however this theory has not been proven.
342:, wherein the Ye’kuana all moved closer together, and established semi-regular schedules (including that certain times of day for children were set aside for school). This establishment of solid permanent contact also led to more far-reaching mobilisation and contact with other indigenous communities and the state of Roraima. The Ye’kuana became known as skilled
821:; it is unclear what phonetic environments allow gemination, and similarly unclear whether a distinction exists between geminated consonants and sequences of glottal stop plus consonant. The phoneme /k/ is commonly labialized to when geminated or preceded by /ʔ/, /o/, /u/, or /w/, and occasionally also after /n/ .
383:
works. The early twentieth century saw more wordlists, moving away from works more generally about the
Cariban languages to more specifically focusing on Ye’kuana. Escoriaza (1959 and 1960) provided a grammatical sketch. The 1960s and 70s mostly saw work on the ethnography of the Ye’kuana, including
329:
In 1980, a married
Canadian missionary couple came to live among the Ye’kuana for a while, but they did not like their way of life, and there were disagreements between them and the Ye’kuana, and they left. After this, the Brazilian Ye’kuana decided that they did not want religion, but they did want
853:
There are two separate accentual systems operating simultaneously. One deals with vowel length and is iambic in nature: it causes the vowel in every short-vowelled open syllable preceded by a short-vowelled open syllable to lengthen, applied recursively from the start of the word. Thus, some long
321:
and not on them. They were also more reluctant to convert, having seen their
Venezuelan cousins convert and become (from the Brazilian Ye'kuana perspective) culturally weaker as a result, giving up key elements of their traditional ways of life. On the Venezuelan side of the border, this wave of
2304:
to mark the nominal plural. Cáceres (2011) treats this suffix as a generic plural, while other authors such as
Coutinho (2013) subscribe to the analysis given to other Cariban languages that they distinguish in number between the ‘all’ (i.e. collective) and ‘less-than-the-total’ (i.e.
874:
Several different orthographies are in use. In
Venezuela, the one in widest official use was devised in the 1970s according to the conventions of the Venezuelan Indigenous Languages Alphabet (ALIV) (with some later modifications). It has been widely adopted by speakers in the state of
392:. Later, Hall (1991) looked at transitivity in verbs, amid many more ethnographic studies, and Chavier (1999) studied some further aspects of the morphology. A dictionary was published on CD-ROM, and most recently, Natália Cáceres’ MA thesis is a brief overview of the
839:
in various ways after /i/ and /j/: /t/ and /k/ become , /s/ becomes , /h/ becomes , nasals become , /w/ and /ɾ̠/ ordinarily become , and /ɾ̠/ becomes in certain special cases (at the right border of a word, or sometimes as part of the possessive suffix
316:
camps. Later, another wave of missionaries arrived around the early 1960s. The
Brazilian Ye'kuana decided not to live in the missions established on that side of the border, because the missionaries’ attention in Brazil was focused on the
308:. A rebellion was organised against the Spanish in 1776. The 20th century brought a new wave of exploitation in the form of the colonists looking to capitalise on the discovery of rubber. Whole villages were forced into labour, driven in
1728:. Finally, the adverbialising suffixes include: nominal possessive, participial, abilitive, a form that indicates the destination of a movement, one indicating aptitude, indicating newness of action, potential, and deverbal negative.
262:
and
Venezuela – the majority (about 5,500) in Venezuela. At the time of the 2001 Venezuelan census, there were at 6,523 Ye’kuana living in Venezuela. Given the unequal distribution of the Ye’kuana across two South American countries,
362:
family, which is subdivided into seven subfamilies and one uncategorised language. Ye’kuana is a member of the
Guianan Carib subfamily, along with ten other languages. The Guianan languages are located, for the most part, around the
907:
for /ə/. Long vowels are indicated by doubling the letter. As discussed under
Phonology above, orthographies all represent phonemic long vowels as long, but differ on whether to represent non-phonemic long vowels as long or short.
849:
Syllables have a (C)V(ː/C) structure. Long vowels cannot occur in closed syllables. Syllables codas can only be /w/, /j/, /ʔ/, or a nasal, and the final syllable of a word can only have coda /w/ or /j/ (or no coda at all).
865:
dialect are sometimes differentiated, where some words that have /j/ in Ye'kwana have /ɾ̠/ instead in De'kwana. Sequences of /wɾ̠/ ~ ~ in De'kwana also correspond to /ɾ̠ɾ̠/ in Ye'kwana, and some vowels differ.
831:
Nasals become before /k/, /w/, and /ʔ/, after /i/ and /j/, and before /h/; in this last case the /h/ also assimilates to become an unvoiced . Any nasal can cause nasalization of a preceding short vowel.
396:
profile of the Ye'kuana, while her doctoral dissertation presents a more complete descriptive grammar. Coutinho (2013) has also explored the number system of Ye'kuana, from a typological perspective.
1178:
The first person plural is represented by three forms in Ye'kuana: a dual inclusive form küwü, a dual exclusive form nña, and a plural inclusive form künwanno. There is no plural exclusive form.
2300:
as singular or "general" in number, while some nouns can receive explicit plural marking that distinguishes them from the singular/general-numbered nouns. Ye’kuana generally uses the suffix
1981:
For the most part, the patterning of the allomorphs is phonologically-based, however, some roots have slight differences in meaning depending on the allomorph they receive:
273:
ratings for Ye’kuana: in
Venezuela it is listed as Vigorous (6a), while in Brazil it is classified Moribund (8a) on the Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (GIDS).
2966:
Oramas, Luis (1912–1913). "Contribución al estudio de los dialectos Puinabe y Maquiritare" [Contribution to the studio of the Maqiritare and Puinabe dialects].
3379:
824:
The glottal stop /ʔ/ is always treated as part of the syllable coda for the purposes of assigning stress (see below) and can also be realized as laryngealization (
281:
In Brazil, the Ye’kuana are believed to have settled on the lands they now occupy more than a century ago, coming from the larger population centres in Venezuela.
3804:
2981:
Rondon, Cándido M. S.; De Faria, João Barbosa (1948). "Glossário geral das tribos silvícolas de Mato Grosso e outras da Amazônia e do Norte do Brasil: Tomo I".
2509:
In the Caura dialect studied by Cáceres (2011), a few other nouns exist that some speakers consider ungrammatical with the plural suffix, but others do not:
4677:
2900:
Schomburgk, Robert H. (June 1849). "Remarks to accompany a comparative vocabulary of eighteen languages and dialects of Indian Tribes inhabiting Guiana".
1692:‘telephone’), and nominalisation of a participle. In terms of verbalisation, there is the benefactive ‘give N to someone, bring N to something’, such as
350:
scrapers, all while remaining fairly removed from the intense river traffic and influx of outsiders that had harmed many other indigenous communities.
2885:
Schomburgk, Robert H. (1848). "Remarks to accompany a comparative vocabulary of eighteen languages and dialects of Indian Tribes inhabiting Guiana".
1716:
which can be used to make transitive verbs; -ta which can be used to make intransitive verbs such as vomit and speak; and the occasional suffixes
2305:
non-collective), and therefore treats this morpheme as a collective morpheme. After high-front vowel and approximant , the palatalised variant
3372:
301:
624:
1676:‘that which is here’, etc.; it also has many varieties of verbal nominalisation: intransitivisation, participlisation, agentivisation (
879:. Earlier orthographies designed by missionaries still see some usage, however, and speakers in Brazil and in the Venezuelan state of
3797:
3909:
558:
509:
5049:
4670:
3365:
2789:
742:
737:
155:
2572:
However, in the Auaris dialect, as examined by Coutinho (2013), the plural forms of these nouns and others were all accepted:
2420:
However, there are some restrictions on the distribution of this morpheme, for instance that names of animals cannot take it:
1056:
Ye’kuana's morphology is comparable to that of other Cariban languages. Ye'kuana makes use of the following major grammatical
3015:
Nimuendajú, Curt (1955). "Reconhecimento dos rios Içána, Ayarí, e Uaupés, março a julho de 1927: Apontamentos linguísticos".
3302:
3133:
Arvelo-Jiménez, Nelly (1977). "A study of the process of village formation in Ye'cuana society". In Basso, Ellen B. (ed.).
3750:
836:
705:
700:
1072:. The 'non-past' is used for present, near future, and general truths. As well, probable and definite future aspects are
5054:
3790:
3150:
Dekuana: Beiträge zur Ethnologie der Makiritare (Ergebnisse der Frobenius-Expedition 1954/55 nach Südost-Venezuela, III)
2902:
Notices and Abstracts of Communications to the British Association for the Advancement of Science, at the Oxford Meeting
772:
767:
548:
141:
880:
690:
685:
580:
568:
379:
of Ye’kuana in the nineteenth century consist of several wordlists by Schomburgk, followed by several comparative and
5010:
3924:
3338:
All forms are given in forms so as to make morphology obvious, occasionally the forms given are not the surface forms
857:
Some dialectal variation is found. In some areas speakers (particularly younger city-dwellers) merge /ʃ/ into /s/. A
335:
5059:
4774:
4663:
796:
791:
638:
497:
367:. Ye’kuana and Wayumara form a smaller category within the Guianan subfamily, the Maquiritari-Wayumara subfamily.
4522:
4512:
1064:
and non-past. The 'past' aspect is subdivided into recent and distant (the much more used of the two) as well as
4744:
4171:
4060:
3163:
Heinen, H. Dieter (1983–1984). "Traditional social structure and change among the Ye'kuana Indians of the Upper
4859:
3771:
3537:
1649:
720:
715:
601:
385:
326:, and access to local markets, also creating several relatively large communities centred around the missions.
165:
4548:
4277:
4543:
4156:
3853:
3832:
519:
258:. It is spoken by approximately 5,900 people (c. 2001) around the border of northwestern Brazilian state of
3486:
3388:
2747:
422:
376:
4760:
4398:
3743:
1762:
1073:
462:
452:
4123:
3899:
4990:
4972:
4909:
4837:
4694:
4553:
4527:
4457:
4406:
4342:
4312:
4186:
3827:
1587:
1539:
1396:
1341:
474:
4997:
4966:
4929:
4854:
4792:
4767:
4702:
4507:
4452:
4411:
4317:
4151:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4045:
4007:
4002:
3939:
3813:
3659:
3623:
282:
270:
4332:
4920:
4729:
4579:
4365:
4297:
4287:
4206:
4103:
3959:
3891:
3696:
3651:
3600:
3577:
3461:
3456:
3433:
3402:
1107:
1089:
1057:
412:
389:
331:
5004:
4960:
4940:
4816:
4714:
4477:
4432:
4416:
4272:
4201:
4191:
4166:
4065:
4030:
3954:
3706:
3527:
3446:
876:
45:
4935:
4865:
4686:
4614:
4569:
4462:
4442:
4355:
4292:
4254:
4231:
4216:
4211:
4196:
4161:
4113:
4017:
3969:
3964:
3934:
3929:
3914:
3641:
3557:
3522:
3509:
3471:
3451:
3412:
1061:
757:
752:
439:
429:
359:
300:
activity in Ye'kuana territory, during which they were forced into constructing forts for the
72:
2091:
All classes of verb in Ye’kuana can receive a causative suffix, but each of the two types of
4983:
4977:
4892:
4821:
4749:
4708:
4639:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4447:
4437:
4350:
4264:
4221:
4181:
4108:
4098:
4090:
4070:
4055:
4035:
3992:
3979:
3949:
3919:
3904:
3865:
3848:
3685:
3613:
3585:
3552:
3532:
3499:
3494:
3466:
3268:(CD-ROM). Intercontinental Dictionary Series. Vol. 1. Irvine: University of California.
3199:
3024:
1077:
591:
417:
393:
290:
255:
1092:
aspects are all marked, the latter three being marked periphrastically, rather than with a
4903:
4826:
4754:
4738:
4719:
4644:
4634:
4609:
4589:
4574:
4487:
4482:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4327:
4307:
4282:
4176:
4146:
4080:
4050:
4025:
3997:
3944:
3755:
3738:
3716:
3690:
3664:
3631:
3542:
3441:
3407:
3080:
Escoriaza, Damian de (1959). "Algunos datos lingüisticos mas sobre la lengua Makiritare".
2687:
Even in the Auaris dialect, certain nouns denoting fruit do not accept the plural marker:
2652:
2633:
2132:
1112:
446:
434:
64:
4239:
3327:
Hombres de curiara y mujeres de conuco. Etnografía de los indigenas Ye’kwana de Venezuela
1365:
1290:
3281:
Introduction à la langue des Ye'kwana: Profil sociolinguistique et esquisse phonologique
5030:
5015:
4886:
4831:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4517:
4472:
4467:
4373:
4249:
4040:
3870:
3711:
3701:
3680:
3636:
3608:
3567:
3547:
3517:
3476:
1653:
1556:
1496:
1361:
1319:
811:
313:
2931:
1315:
1307:
1025:
994:- n before k, w, or '; elsewhere, n' (Venezuelan standard) or ng (Brazil and Amazonas)
967:~ (only found in De'kwana dialect) - d (Venezuelan standard), dh (Brazil and Amazonas)
814:
with , and /h/ becomes ~ ; this last change also happens following /o/, /u/, or /w/.
133:
5043:
4799:
4322:
3987:
3164:
3120:
Political relations in a tribal society: A study of the Ye'cuana Indians of Venezuela
2860:
1492:
1357:
1117:
899:. Some writing systems, such as the one in use in Brazil and Amazonas, instead write
667:
364:
1656:, verbalising, and adverbialising suffixes. The system of nominalisation allows for
4244:
3590:
2092:
1069:
825:
529:
3204:
3187:
2829:
1765:
of a verb, primarily a detransitiviser prefix and several causativiser suffixes.
334:
communities in Venezuela. They got one, after negotiating with the leader of the
679:
662:
380:
309:
305:
286:
251:
146:
810:
At the beginning of a word, and after a glottal stop, /ɾ̠/ becomes , /j/ is in
2740:
2735:
1085:
1065:
818:
783:
672:
297:
265:
4302:
2297:
731:
618:
540:
339:
323:
126:
110:
3061:
Escoriaza, Damian de (1959). "Datos lingüisticos de la lengua Makiritare".
318:
3028:
117:
3357:
3042:
Civrieux, Marc de (1959). "Datos antropológicos de los indios Kunuhana".
2953:
The Orinoco and the Caura: Account of Voyages Undertaken in 1886 and 1887
2915:
Schomburgk, Robert H. (1850). "A vocabulary of the Maiongkong language".
2563:
2544:
1412:
1273:
1081:
190:
173:
161:
1378:
1303:
1202:
1189:
3860:
2310:
1510:
842:
489:
259:
169:
3782:
3352:
1620:
1569:
4584:
2949:
L'Orénoque et le Caura: Relation des voyages exécutés en 1886 et 1887
1657:
1093:
347:
4655:
330:
a school, seeing the benefits that that infrastructure had provided
2103:) has their own suffix that they take. Intransitive verbs of type U
1684:‘eater of meat’), deverbal nominalisation of action, instrumental (
1607:
1231:
2500:
2481:
1603:
343:
3221:
The morphosyntax of discourse in De'kwana Carib: Volumes I and II
1480:
Because of you we are like this (= we have adopted your customs).
3264:
Hall, Katherine (2000). "De'cuana". In Key, Mary Ritchie (ed.).
1206:
4659:
3786:
3361:
3329:, Ciudad Bolívar: Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana.
1425:
1286:
1235:
1454:
1450:
1020:
891:
In the standard orthography used in Venezuela, /ɨ/ is written
1773:
The base form detransitiviser is postulated to have the form
2814:
1788:
Transitive verb roots beginning (at the surface level) with
1076:
distinct, there is a distinct imperfective suffix, and the
322:
missionaries brought the establishment of health services,
285:
and oral history, however, tells that the lands around the
2996:
Koch-Grünberg, Theodor (1923). "Vom Roraima zum Orinoco".
2802:(PhD dissertation) (in French). Lumière University Lyon 2.
1761:
The language presents several strategies for changing the
172:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2983:
Publicação 76 do Conselho nacional de proteção dos Indios
2813:
Lewis, Paul; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. (2016).
3137:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. pp. 106–113.
2815:"Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Nineteenth edition"
1741:
The probable future aspect is indicated with the suffix
1311:
817:
All consonants except the glottal stop /ʔ/ can be found
2080:{'to see'} {'to be seen, look like'} {'to see oneself'}
1037:
358:
The Ye’kuana language is situated typologically in the
3236:
Degrees of transitivity in De'kuana (Carib) verb forms
3135:
Carib-speaking Indians: culture, society, and language
3253:(MA thesis thesis). Maracaibo: Universidad del Zulia.
883:
in particular often use a somewhat different system.
3223:(PhD dissertation thesis). University of Washington.
970:~ - j (Venezuelan standard), f (Brazil and Amazonas)
948:- üü (Venezuelan standard), öö (Brazil and Amazonas)
936:- öö (Venezuelan standard), ää (Brazil and Amazonas)
4953:
4919:
4879:
4847:
4809:
4784:
4728:
4693:
4562:
4536:
4500:
4425:
4397:
4364:
4341:
4263:
4230:
4122:
4089:
4016:
3978:
3890:
3881:
3841:
3820:
3764:
3729:
3673:
3650:
3622:
3599:
3576:
3508:
3485:
3432:
3423:
3395:
3099:Civrieux, Marc de (1968). "Mitología Maquiritare".
976:- j (Venezuelan standard), jh (Brazil and Amazonas)
140:
124:
108:
103:
91:
61:
51:
41:
33:
23:
1708:‘undress someone); a general verbalisation suffix
927:- ü (Venezuelan standard), ö (Brazil and Amazonas)
915:- ö (Venezuelan standard), ä (Brazil and Amazonas)
2296:All unmarked nouns in Ye’kuana can be understood
2202:Transitive verbs and intransitive verbs of type U
293:rivers have long been travelled by the Ye’kuana.
3304:O Número Em Ye'kuana: Uma Perspectiva Tipológica
3101:Revista de Cultura de la Universidad de Oriente
2309:is also seen. This suffix is used likewise for
3283:(MA thesis thesis). Université Lumière Lyon 2.
3238:. Tupi-Carib Symposium, 47th ICA. New Orleans.
3122:(PhD dissertation thesis). Cornell University.
2791:Grammaire fonctionelle-typologique du Ye'kwana
1012:~ - y at the start of a syllable, i at the end
4671:
3798:
3373:
3309:Number in Ye'kwana: A Typological Perspective
2985:. Rio de Janeiro: Comissão Rondon. p. 5.
2955:] (in French). Paris: Librairie Hachette.
8:
2012:{'to carry'} {'to be carried'} {'to follow'}
1975:{'to break'} {'to break oneself (fracture)'}
1700:‘read, repeat’; its reverse, the privative (
1009:- w at the start of a syllable, u at the end
296:During the 18th century, there was a lot of
3296:
3294:
3292:
3290:
2859:Moreira-Lauriola, Elaine (September 2003).
2828:Moreira-Lauriola, Elaine (September 2003).
1636:
1335:
4916:
4806:
4678:
4664:
4656:
3887:
3805:
3791:
3783:
3429:
3380:
3366:
3358:
2796:Functional-Typological Grammar of Ye'kwana
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2046:{'to take'} {'to attach oneself'} ???
1393:He is able to kill/throw (during a fight).
20:
3203:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2214:
2139:
1331:ah 2SG 2-with-INTENS 3S.DIS-COP-PDI=COLL
1103:
653:
405:Consonants, adapted from Cáceres (2011)
403:
254:people of Venezuela and Brazil. It is a
3017:Journal de la Société des Américanistes
2917:Proceedings of the Philological Society
2728:
166:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
3188:"Keeping it oral: a yekuana ethnology"
189:
3251:Aspectos de la morfología del Yekwana
1648:There is an extensive and productive
90:
7:
1477:2SG 2-willingness thus 1+3 therefore
1328:aaa amödö a-jadö-:ne kün-a'ja-akö=to
655:Vowels, adapted from Cáceres (2011)
18:Indigenous language in South America
3325:Monterrey, Nalúa Rosa Silva (2012)
3152:(in German). Munich: Klaus Renner.
2388:{'medicine'} {'several medicines'}
2336:{'ye'kuana'} {'several ye'kuanas'}
1586:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
1538:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
1395:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
1340:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
1244:ewü w-ütö(mö)-a sü'na jadö-'da-nñe
14:
3301:Coutinho Costa, Isabella (2013).
2933:Elements of comparative philology
2621:'calabash' {'several calabashes'}
1845:{'to paint'} {'to paint oneself'}
1250:I'm going there without the dogs.
795:
790:
771:
766:
756:
751:
741:
736:
719:
714:
704:
699:
689:
684:
637:
623:
600:
579:
567:
557:
547:
528:
518:
508:
496:
473:
461:
451:
338:. So began a process of becoming
304:, and coerced into converting to
2919:. No. IV. pp. 217–223.
2746:
1918:Transitive roots beginning with
1859:where the second vowel is take
1851:Transitive roots beginning with
1745:, composed of the future marker
1533:3O-write-ABIL=also 2PL therefore
1024:
3266:South American Indian Languages
2968:Gaceta de los Museos Nacionales
1819:{'to bite'} {'to bite oneself'}
1779:öt-, ö-, ö’-, ot-, o’-, o-, at-
1530:i-mennö-jai=mmaja önwanno yaawö
336:Evangelical Mission of Amazônas
57:6,000 (2000 – 2001 census)
3118:Arvelo-Jiménez, Nelly (1971).
2930:Latham, Robert Gordon (1862).
2904:. No. 18. pp. 96–99.
2889:. No. 15. pp. 46–64.
2206:can take the causative suffix
1660:to be converted, for instance
1639:we are family of one another).
1474:amödö o-woije mödöje nña yaawö
1471:Amödö owoijie mödöje nña yaawö
1325:Aaa, amödö ajadööne küna'ja'to
1247:1SG 1S-go-NPST dog with-NEG-PL
1:
3205:10.1525/ae.1986.13.3.02a00010
2970:. No. I. pp. 20–27.
2936:. London: Walton and Maberly.
1968:'to break oneself (fracture)'
1912:{'to lie'} {'to be mistaken'}
1792:take the detransitive prefix
1635:We are from the same family (
3219:Hall, Katherine Lee (1988).
2595:'manioc' {'several maniocs'}
2414:{'house'} {'several houses'}
1777:, and has eight allomorphs:
991:- ñ (Venezuela), nh (Brazil)
3148:Schuster, Meinhard (1976).
2887:Simmond's Colonial Magazine
2313:nouns and inanimate nouns:
1886:{'to measure'} {'to fight'}
762:⟨ö, öö/ä, ää⟩
710:⟨ö, öö/ü, üü⟩
5076:
2272:
2258:
2244:
2230:
2183:
2169:
2155:
1696:‘language, word’ becoming
1527:Ñennöjaimmaja önwanno yawö
1165:
1154:
1143:
1132:
1122:
828:) on the preceding vowel.
5024:
4523:Paulista General Language
3353:Documentation of Ye'kwana
3279:Cáceres, Natalia (2007).
2947:Chaffanjon, Jean (1889).
2865:Povos Indígenas no Brasil
2834:Povos Indígenas no Brasil
2788:Cáceres, Natalia (2011).
1241:Ewü wüta sü'na jadö'danñe
152:
28:
3772:Venezuelan Sign Language
3234:Hall, Katherine (1991).
1749:and the irrealis marker
1390:3O-throw-ABIL-INTENS 3SG
1334:Ah, you were with them (
3833:Brazilian Sign Language
3186:Guss, David M. (1986).
2559:kankudu (*)kankudu=komo
2362:{'man'} {'several men'}
2269:'to calm oneself down'
2131:), and the result is a
2065:'to be seen, look like'
1949:{'to drop'} {'to fall'}
1668:‘that which is black’,
1644:Derivational morphology
250:is the language of the
5050:Languages of Venezuela
3389:Languages of Venezuela
2681:'jug' {'several jugs'}
2496:kaduwai *kaduwai=chomo
2333:ye'kwana ye'kwana=komo
2107:can take the suffixes
1156:First + Second person
154:This article contains
4528:Portunhol fronteiriço
3029:10.3406/jsa.1955.2598
2678:tukuudi tukuudi=chomo
2194:'finalise something'
1680:‘eat (meat)’ becomes
1167:First + Third person
895:, and /ə/ is written
801:⟨a, aa⟩
777:⟨o, oo⟩
747:⟨e, ee⟩
725:⟨u, uu⟩
695:⟨i, ii⟩
563:⟨s, sh⟩
283:Traditional mythology
3249:Chavier, M. (1999).
3192:American Ethnologist
2861:"History of Contact"
2817:. SIL International.
2618:kankudu kankudu=komo
2614:'several calabashes'
1536:You can also write .
1338:They were with you).
573:⟨j/jh⟩
479:⟨ñ/nh⟩
269:lists two different
5055:Languages of Brazil
3814:Languages of Brazil
2381:'several medicines'
2329:'several ye'kuanas'
2043:ajöi a-ajöi at-ajöi
2031:'to attach oneself'
1632:RECP-family-POS 1PL
1629:öö-jimmö-Ø künwanno
656:
406:
4278:Gavião of Jiparaná
3842:Regional languages
2698:'several bananas'
2655:' {'several yams'}
2359:yanwaa yanwaa=komo
2277:'to wash oneself'
2235:'to help oneself'
1909:enku'to ot-onku'to
1838:'to paint oneself'
1652:system, including
1584:They were shamans.
1387:Ø-ema-jai-:ne tüwü
1036:. You can help by
654:
514:⟨ch⟩
404:
390:discourse analysis
191:[jeʔkwana]
5060:Cariban languages
5037:
5036:
5031:extinct languages
4949:
4948:
4875:
4874:
4687:Cariban languages
4653:
4652:
4496:
4495:
4182:Laklãnõ (Xokléng)
3821:Official language
3780:
3779:
3725:
3724:
3396:Official language
2744:(19th ed., 2016)
2718:
2717:
2706:'several sokwas'
2588:'several maniocs'
2287:
2286:
2255:'to be expelled'
2198:
2197:
2123:(with allomorphs
2111:(with allomorphs
1812:'to bite oneself'
1578:juwai=je tünwanno
1489:i-mennö-jai=mmaja
1176:
1175:
1096:like the others.
1054:
1053:
905:⟨ä⟩
901:⟨ö⟩
897:⟨ö⟩
893:⟨ü⟩
808:
807:
652:
651:
643:⟨y⟩
629:⟨w⟩
606:⟨d⟩
585:⟨j⟩
553:⟨s⟩
534:⟨'⟩
524:⟨k⟩
502:⟨t⟩
467:⟨n⟩
457:⟨m⟩
194:), also known as
180:
179:
162:rendering support
158:phonetic symbols.
5067:
4917:
4807:
4785:Venezuelan Carib
4680:
4673:
4666:
4657:
3888:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3784:
3430:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3359:
3351:ELAR archive of
3339:
3336:
3330:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3315:(in Portuguese).
3314:
3298:
3285:
3284:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3012:
3006:
3005:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2856:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2785:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2733:
2714:'several canes'
2692:
2691:
2407:'several houses'
2215:
2140:
2077:ene ö-öne öt-öne
2073:'to see oneself'
2009:adö a-adö at-adö
1946:a'dojo at-a'dojo
1905:'to be mistaken'
1883:ooneja ot-ooneja
1704:‘clothes’ ->
1664:‘black’ becomes
1638:
1626:Ööjimmö künwanno
1622:
1609:
1605:
1591:
1575:Juwaije tünwanno
1571:
1558:
1543:
1512:
1498:
1494:
1456:
1452:
1427:
1414:
1400:
1380:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1345:
1337:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1292:
1288:
1275:
1237:
1233:
1208:
1204:
1191:
1104:
1049:
1046:
1028:
1021:
906:
902:
898:
894:
835:Most consonants
802:
799:
794:
778:
775:
770:
763:
760:
755:
748:
745:
740:
726:
723:
718:
711:
708:
703:
696:
693:
688:
657:
644:
641:
630:
627:
607:
604:
586:
583:
574:
571:
564:
561:
554:
551:
535:
532:
525:
522:
515:
512:
503:
500:
480:
477:
468:
465:
458:
455:
407:
256:Cariban language
193:
188:
136:
120:
113:
67:
21:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5033:
5020:
5011:Waimirí Atroarí
4945:
4915:
4871:
4860:Mapoyo-Yawarana
4848:Mapoyo–Tamanaku
4843:
4805:
4780:
4724:
4689:
4684:
4654:
4649:
4558:
4532:
4492:
4421:
4393:
4360:
4337:
4259:
4226:
4118:
4085:
4012:
3974:
3883:
3877:
3837:
3816:
3811:
3781:
3776:
3760:
3731:
3721:
3669:
3646:
3618:
3595:
3572:
3538:Mapoyo-Yabarana
3504:
3481:
3425:
3419:
3391:
3386:
3348:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3324:
3320:
3312:
3300:
3299:
3288:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3014:
3013:
3009:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2869:
2867:
2858:
2857:
2848:
2838:
2836:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2799:
2787:
2786:
2755:
2745:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2685:
2676:
2668:
2659:
2646:
2638:
2625:
2616:
2608:
2599:
2590:
2582:
2570:
2557:
2552:(*)kankudu=komo
2549:
2536:
2527:
2519:
2507:
2494:
2486:
2473:
2466:mado *mado=komo
2464:
2456:
2447:
2440:süna *süna=komo
2438:
2430:
2418:
2409:
2401:
2392:
2383:
2375:
2366:
2357:
2349:
2340:
2331:
2323:
2294:
2283:'to be washed'
2263:'to calm down'
2241:'to be helped'
2205:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2095:verbs (termed U
2089:
2084:
2075:
2067:
2059:
2050:
2041:
2033:
2025:
2016:
2007:
1999:
1997:'to be carried'
1991:
1979:
1970:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1936:
1916:
1907:
1899:
1890:
1881:
1873:
1849:
1840:
1832:
1823:
1814:
1806:
1771:
1759:
1757:Valency marking
1739:
1734:
1672:‘here’ becomes
1646:
1641:
1624:
1611:
1593:
1585:
1581:shaman=ATRB 3PL
1573:
1560:
1545:
1537:
1525:
1514:
1501:
1482:
1469:
1458:
1441:
1430:
1416:
1402:
1394:
1382:
1369:
1347:
1339:
1323:
1300:kün-a'ja-akö=to
1294:
1277:
1264:
1252:
1239:
1221:
1210:
1193:
1102:
1074:morphologically
1050:
1044:
1041:
1034:needs expansion
1019:
958:
904:
900:
896:
892:
889:
872:
800:
776:
761:
746:
724:
709:
694:
642:
628:
605:
584:
572:
562:
552:
533:
523:
513:
501:
478:
466:
456:
424:
402:
394:sociolinguistic
373:
356:
279:
186:
160:Without proper
132:
116:
109:
87:
68:
65:Language family
63:
54:
53:Native speakers
19:
12:
11:
5:
5073:
5071:
5063:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5042:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5001:
4994:
4987:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4963:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4925:
4923:
4914:
4913:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4889:
4883:
4881:
4877:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4869:
4862:
4857:
4851:
4849:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4813:
4811:
4804:
4803:
4796:
4788:
4786:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4771:
4764:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4734:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4705:
4699:
4697:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4675:
4668:
4660:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4600:Haitian Creole
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4544:Brazilian Sign
4540:
4538:
4537:Sign languages
4534:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4504:
4502:
4501:Interlanguages
4498:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4403:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4370:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4347:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4269:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4236:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4128:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4095:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4022:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3984:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3896:
3894:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3863:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3787:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3768:
3766:
3765:Sign languages
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3735:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3688:
3683:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3656:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3628:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3605:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3582:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3514:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3491:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3438:
3436:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3347:
3346:External links
3344:
3341:
3340:
3331:
3318:
3286:
3271:
3256:
3241:
3226:
3211:
3198:(3): 413–429.
3178:
3167:, Venezuela".
3155:
3140:
3125:
3110:
3091:
3072:
3053:
3034:
3007:
2988:
2973:
2958:
2939:
2922:
2907:
2892:
2877:
2846:
2820:
2805:
2753:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2695:*faduudu=komo
2674:'several jugs'
2669:
2661:
2660:
2648:natö natö=komo
2644:'several yams'
2639:
2627:
2626:
2609:
2601:
2600:
2583:
2575:
2574:
2550:
2538:
2537:
2520:
2512:
2511:
2489:*kaduwai=chomo
2487:
2475:
2474:
2457:
2449:
2448:
2431:
2423:
2422:
2402:
2394:
2393:
2376:
2368:
2367:
2350:
2342:
2341:
2324:
2316:
2315:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2088:
2085:
2068:
2060:
2052:
2051:
2034:
2026:
2018:
2017:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1983:
1963:
1955:
1954:
1937:
1929:
1928:
1900:
1892:
1891:
1874:
1866:
1865:
1842:eicha öt-öicha
1833:
1825:
1824:
1807:
1799:
1798:
1770:
1767:
1758:
1755:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1690:w-a’deuwü-tojo
1645:
1642:
1612:
1595:
1594:
1561:
1547:
1546:
1515:
1502:
1484:
1483:
1459:
1442:
1431:
1417:
1404:
1403:
1384:Emajainñe tüwü
1370:
1349:
1348:
1295:
1278:
1265:
1254:
1253:
1222:
1211:
1194:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1134:Second person
1131:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1101:
1098:
1052:
1051:
1031:
1029:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
957:
954:
953:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
888:
885:
871:
868:
812:free variation
806:
805:
803:
788:
786:
780:
779:
764:
749:
734:
728:
727:
712:
697:
682:
676:
675:
670:
665:
660:
650:
649:
647:
645:
635:
633:
631:
621:
615:
614:
612:
610:
608:
598:
596:
594:
588:
587:
577:
575:
565:
555:
545:
543:
537:
536:
526:
516:
506:
504:
494:
492:
486:
485:
483:
481:
471:
469:
459:
449:
443:
442:
437:
432:
427:
420:
415:
410:
401:
398:
377:documentations
372:
369:
355:
352:
278:
275:
228:De’kwana Carib
178:
177:
164:, you may see
150:
149:
144:
138:
137:
130:
122:
121:
114:
106:
105:
104:Language codes
101:
100:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
86:
85:
84:
83:
71:
69:
62:
59:
58:
55:
52:
49:
48:
43:
39:
38:
35:
34:Native to
31:
30:
26:
25:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5072:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5032:
5028:
5023:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4952:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4880:Guianan Carib
4878:
4868:
4867:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4810:Pemóng–Panare
4808:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4681:
4676:
4674:
4669:
4667:
4662:
4661:
4658:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4121:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3880:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3808:
3803:
3801:
3796:
3794:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3745:
3744:Colonia Tovar
3742:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3728:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3422:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3383:
3378:
3376:
3371:
3369:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3319:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3275:
3272:
3267:
3260:
3257:
3252:
3245:
3242:
3237:
3230:
3227:
3222:
3215:
3212:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3169:Antropológica
3166:
3159:
3156:
3151:
3144:
3141:
3136:
3129:
3126:
3121:
3114:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3082:Antropológica
3076:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3063:Antropológica
3057:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3044:Antropológica
3038:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3011:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2992:
2989:
2984:
2977:
2974:
2969:
2962:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2940:
2935:
2934:
2926:
2923:
2918:
2911:
2908:
2903:
2896:
2893:
2888:
2881:
2878:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2821:
2816:
2809:
2806:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2729:
2722:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2671:tukuudi=chomo
2667:
2664:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2637:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2607:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2581:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2548:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:uu (*)uu=komo
2526:
2523:
2518:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2485:
2483:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2455:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2429:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2400:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2385:öji öji=chomo
2382:
2379:
2374:
2371:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2355:'several men'
2353:
2348:
2345:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2326:ye'kwana=komo
2322:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2291:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2166:'make sleep'
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2143:Intransitive
2142:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2094:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2032:
2029:
2024:
2021:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2003:
1998:
1995:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1961:
1958:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1898:
1895:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1831:
1828:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1736:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1688:‘talk’ gives
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1643:
1640:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1601:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1564:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1490:
1487:
1486:Ñennöjaimmaja
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1373:
1368:
1355:
1354:Ø-ema-jai-:ne
1352:
1346:
1343:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1284:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1209:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1145:Third person
1144:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1124:First person
1123:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1048:
1045:December 2017
1039:
1035:
1032:This section
1030:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
959:
955:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
910:
909:
903:for /ɨ/, and
886:
884:
882:
878:
869:
867:
864:
860:
855:
851:
847:
845:
844:
838:
833:
829:
827:
822:
820:
815:
813:
804:
798:
793:
789:
787:
785:
782:
781:
774:
769:
765:
759:
754:
750:
744:
739:
735:
733:
730:
729:
722:
717:
713:
707:
702:
698:
692:
687:
683:
681:
678:
677:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
658:
648:
646:
640:
636:
634:
632:
626:
622:
620:
617:
616:
613:
611:
609:
603:
599:
597:
595:
593:
590:
589:
582:
578:
576:
570:
566:
560:
556:
550:
546:
544:
542:
539:
538:
531:
527:
521:
517:
511:
507:
505:
499:
495:
493:
491:
488:
487:
484:
482:
476:
472:
470:
464:
460:
454:
450:
448:
445:
444:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
408:
399:
397:
395:
391:
387:
382:
378:
370:
368:
366:
365:Guiana Shield
361:
353:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
327:
325:
320:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
292:
288:
284:
276:
274:
272:
268:
267:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
192:
184:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
157:
151:
148:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
129:
128:
123:
119:
115:
112:
107:
102:
96:
95:
94:
82:
79:
78:
77:Guianan Carib
76:
75:
74:
70:
66:
60:
56:
50:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
16:
5026:
5003:
4996:
4989:
4982:
4965:
4954:Unclassified
4928:
4908:
4898:
4891:
4864:
4836:
4798:
4791:
4773:
4766:
4759:
4737:
4707:
4563:Non-official
4549:Ka'apor Sign
4132:Akwẽ-Xerénte
4075:
3925:Enawenê-Nawê
3693:(Maku-Auari)
3562:
3487:Arutani-Sape
3334:
3326:
3321:
3308:
3303:
3280:
3274:
3265:
3259:
3250:
3244:
3235:
3229:
3220:
3214:
3195:
3191:
3181:
3172:
3168:
3158:
3149:
3143:
3134:
3128:
3119:
3113:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3001:
2998:Ethnographie
2997:
2991:
2982:
2976:
2967:
2961:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2932:
2925:
2916:
2910:
2901:
2895:
2886:
2880:
2868:. Retrieved
2864:
2837:. Retrieved
2833:
2823:
2808:
2795:
2790:
2739:
2731:
2711:*ashiichadu
2703:*sokwa=komo
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2665:
2662:
2657:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2631:
2628:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2611:kankudu=komo
2610:
2605:
2602:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2579:
2576:
2571:
2568:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2542:
2539:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2516:
2513:
2508:
2505:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2479:
2476:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2453:
2450:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2427:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2411:nma nma=komo
2410:
2406:
2403:
2398:
2395:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2372:
2369:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2346:
2343:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2317:
2306:
2301:
2298:semantically
2295:
2207:
2201:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2093:intransitive
2090:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2064:
2061:
2056:
2053:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2019:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1996:
1993:
1988:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1972:aiyo at-aiyo
1971:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1933:
1930:
1923:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1871:'to measure'
1870:
1867:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1829:
1826:
1821:
1818:
1816:eeka öt-ööka
1815:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1800:
1793:
1789:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1772:
1769:Detransitive
1760:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1740:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1654:nominalising
1647:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1428:-willingness
1424:
1421:
1418:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1229:
1227:jadö-'da-nñe
1226:
1223:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1177:
1070:imperfective
1055:
1042:
1038:adding to it
1033:
890:
873:
862:
858:
856:
852:
848:
841:
834:
830:
826:creaky voice
823:
816:
809:
386:morphosyntax
381:ethnographic
374:
357:
328:
295:
280:
264:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
182:
181:
153:
125:
80:
15:
4991:Paravilyana
4575:Vlax Romani
4554:Terena Sign
4518:Macarrônico
4399:Nambikwaran
4157:Djeoromitxí
3023:: 149–178.
2736:Maquiritari
2532:'manioc' {}
2352:yanwaa=komo
2249:'to leave'
2238:e'wa'to-jo
2191:edenna-mjü
2180:'make dry'
2177:sedena-mjü
2149:Transitive
2005:'to follow'
1199:w-ütö(mö)-a
1090:terminative
870:Orthography
346:makers and
310:chain gangs
306:Catholicism
240:Maquiritare
196:Maquiritari
168:instead of
81:Maquiritari
24:Maquiritari
5044:Categories
4998:Pawishiana
4793:Tiverikoto
4768:Pimenteira
4703:Hixkaryana
4695:Parukotoan
4513:Lanc-Patuá
4412:Nambikwara
4343:Chapacuran
4318:Tenetehara
4192:Mẽbêngôkre
4152:Chiquitano
4061:Pará Arára
4046:Hixkaryana
3882:Indigenous
3854:Pomeranian
3828:Portuguese
3730:Non-Native
3424:Indigenous
3175:: 263–297.
2830:"Ye'kwana"
2741:Ethnologue
2723:References
2606:'calabash'
2592:uu uu=komo
2522:(*)uu=komo
2469:'tiger' {}
2459:*mado=komo
2433:*süna=komo
2373:'medicine'
2321:'ye'kuana'
2266:eta'jü-jo
2224:Causative
2218:Base form
2133:transitive
1989:'to carry'
1960:'to break'
1902:ot-onku'to
1879:'to fight'
1855:, or with
1830:'to paint'
1682:t-önöö-nei
1650:derivation
1600:öö-jimmö-Ø
1297:küna'ja'to
1283:a-jadö-:ne
1224:jadö'danñe
1086:inchoative
1066:perfective
1017:Morphology
956:Consonants
837:palatalize
375:The first
371:Literature
332:indigenous
298:missionary
291:Uraricoera
266:Ethnologue
236:Maquiritai
5029:indicate
4709:Katxúyana
4580:Hungarian
4303:Nheengatu
4298:Munduruku
4288:Kagwahiva
4207:Rikbaktsa
4104:Kashinawa
3960:Wapishana
3900:Asháninka
3884:languages
3732:languages
3697:Nheengatu
3624:Jirajaran
3462:Paraujano
3457:Mandawaca
3426:languages
3413:Maracucho
3050:: 85–146.
2870:1 October
2839:1 October
2641:natö=komo
2378:öji=chomo
2292:Plurality
2252:ja'ka-jo
2163:nün-nöjü
2087:Causative
2023:'to take'
1942:'to fall'
1939:at-a'dojo
1934:'to drop'
1876:ot-ooneja
1804:'to bite'
1706:i-womü-ka
1666:judum-ato
1523:therefore
1467:therefore
1351:Emajainñe
1162:künwanno
1151:tünwanno
1078:iterative
819:geminated
541:Fricative
400:Phonology
340:sedentary
244:Maiongong
187:Ye'kuana:
127:Glottolog
111:ISO 639-3
42:Ethnicity
37:Venezuela
4973:Japréria
4936:Karihona
4921:Taranoan
4910:Wayumara
4899:Ye'kuana
4887:Kari'nja
4866:Tamanaku
4838:Purukotó
4730:Pekodian
4615:Romanian
4570:Japanese
4463:Katawixi
4458:Kanamarí
4407:Mamaindê
4366:Tukanoan
4313:Tapirapé
4212:Tapayúna
4187:Maxakalí
4162:Kaingang
4124:Macro-Jê
4114:Yaminawa
4076:Ye'kuana
3993:Jamamadí
3965:Warekena
3935:Mehinaku
3930:Mapidian
3915:Barawana
3892:Arawakan
3652:Timotean
3642:Jirajara
3601:Guahiban
3578:Chibchan
3563:Ye'kuana
3558:Tamanaku
3523:Japreria
3472:Warekena
3452:Caquetio
3434:Arawakan
3107:: 30–33.
3088:: 61–70.
2580:'manioc'
2564:calabash
2545:calabash
2517:'manioc'
2443:'dog' {}
2404:nma=komo
2318:ye'kwana
2280:e'ji-jo
2232:e'wa'tö
2227:English
2221:English
2171:seedeta
2160:'sleep'
2152:English
2146:English
2057:'to see'
1897:'to lie'
1835:öt-öicha
1698:a’deu-tö
1617:künwanno
1614:künwanno
1606:-family-
1566:tünwanno
1563:tünwanno
1552:juwai=je
1280:ajadööne
1140:önwanno
1113:Singular
1100:Pronouns
1084:(past),
1082:durative
881:Amazonas
863:De'kwana
859:Ye'kwana
425:alveolar
418:Alveolar
413:Bilabial
354:Typology
271:vitality
252:Ye'kuana
224:De'cuana
220:Kunuhana
208:Ye'cuana
204:Ye'kwana
183:Ye'kuana
174:Help:IPA
134:maqu1238
97:Wayumara
92:Dialects
46:Ye'kuana
5027:Italics
4978:Kuikuro
4967:Boanarí
4930:Akuriyo
4893:Palmela
4822:Makushi
4750:Bakairí
4640:Chinese
4630:Turkish
4625:Tagalog
4620:Russian
4508:Cafundó
4453:Kadiwéu
4448:Irantxe
4438:Arutani
4351:Oro Win
4232:Nadahup
4222:Xavante
4217:Timbira
4172:Kĩsêdjê
4142:Arikapú
4137:Apinajé
4109:Shipibo
4099:Amawaka
4071:Sikiana
4056:Macushi
4036:Bakairi
4018:Cariban
4008:Zuruahá
4003:Paumarí
3950:Tariana
3940:Palikúr
3905:Atorada
3866:Italian
3861:Hunsrik
3751:Italian
3660:Mucuchí
3614:Guahibo
3553:Sikiana
3533:Macushi
3510:Cariban
3495:Arutani
3467:Piapoco
3408:Llanero
3403:Spanish
3165:Erebato
3069:: 7–46.
2663:tukuudi
2603:kankudu
2585:uu=komo
2540:kankudu
2477:kaduwai
2454:'tiger'
2399:'house'
2311:animate
2260:eta'jü
2246:eja'ka
2188:'stop'
2185:edenna
2036:at-ajöi
1965:at-aiyo
1894:enku'to
1809:öt-ööka
1763:valency
1732:Aspects
1686:a’deuwü
1674:eeto-no
1658:adverbs
1597:Ööjimmö
1555:shaman=
1549:Juwaije
1507:önwanno
1504:önwanno
1495:-write-
1422:o-woije
1419:owoijie
1360:-throw-
1058:aspects
1000:- sh, s
877:Bolívar
668:Central
490:Plosive
440:Glottal
430:Palatal
360:Cariban
324:schools
312:to the
302:Spanish
277:History
260:Roraima
216:Cunuana
212:Yekuana
200:Dekwana
170:Unicode
147:Yekuana
73:Cariban
29:Dekwana
5005:Sapará
4961:Apalaí
4941:Tiriyo
4904:Wayana
4855:Kumaná
4827:Panare
4817:Kapóng
4775:Yarumá
4755:Ikpéng
4739:Apingi
4720:Waiwai
4715:Salumá
4645:Slovak
4635:Korean
4610:Polish
4590:French
4585:Arabic
4488:Xukuru
4483:Ticuna
4478:Pirahã
4433:Aikanã
4426:Others
4417:Sabanê
4389:Wanano
4384:Tuyuca
4379:Tukano
4328:Xipaya
4308:Omagua
4283:Juruna
4273:Akwáwa
4265:Tupian
4202:Panará
4177:Krenak
4167:Karajá
4147:Bororo
4091:Panoan
4081:Waiwai
4066:Salumá
4051:Ikpeng
4031:Apalaí
4026:Amonap
3998:Kulina
3980:Arawan
3955:Terêna
3945:Paresi
3910:Baniwa
3871:Talian
3849:German
3756:Romani
3739:German
3717:Yaruro
3707:Sanumá
3691:Jukude
3665:Timote
3632:Ayoman
3543:Panare
3528:Kapóng
3447:Baniwa
3442:Arawak
3311:]
2798:]
2555:
2525:
2492:
2462:
2436:
2344:yanwaa
2307:=chomo
2174:'dry'
2157:ünükü
2135:verb:
2119:) and
2070:öt-öne
2028:a-ajöi
2002:at-adö
1931:a'dojo
1868:ooneja
1781:, and
1737:Future
1724:, and
1662:judume
1436:mödöje
1433:mödöje
1366:INTENS
1291:INTENS
1289:-with-
1137:amödö
1118:Plural
1108:Person
1094:suffix
887:Vowels
592:Rhotic
348:manioc
319:Sanumá
314:rubber
232:Pawana
5016:Yukpa
4832:Pemón
4745:Arara
4605:Greek
4595:Dutch
4473:Ninam
4468:Kwaza
4443:Guató
4374:Cubeo
4356:Wariʼ
4293:Kaiwá
4255:Nadëb
4250:Kakwa
4197:Ofayé
4041:Carib
3970:Waurá
3712:Warao
3702:Ninam
3681:Betoi
3674:Other
3637:Gayon
3609:Cuiba
3568:Yukpa
3548:Pemon
3518:Carib
3477:Wayuu
3313:(PDF)
3307:[
2951:[
2800:(PDF)
2794:[
2666:'jug'
2501:macaw
2482:macaw
2428:'dog'
2347:'man'
2302:=komo
2274:e'ji
2121:-nöjü
2109:-nüjü
2099:and U
2062:ö-öne
1994:a-adö
1922:take
1827:eicha
1694:a’deu
1520:yaawö
1499:=also
1464:yaawö
1461:yaawö
1409:amödö
1406:Amödö
1270:amödö
1267:amödö
1230:with-
1216:sü'na
1213:sü'na
1159:küwü
1148:tüwü
964:~ - d
680:Close
663:Front
619:Glide
447:Nasal
435:Velar
423:Post-
344:canoe
287:Auari
246:, or
4984:Opón
4800:Yaio
4761:Juma
4333:Zo'é
4323:Xeta
3988:Deni
3920:Baré
3686:Hodï
3586:Barí
3500:Sapé
2872:2017
2841:2017
2629:natö
2566:' {}
2503:' {}
2451:mado
2425:süna
2129:-nö’
2127:and
2125:-mjü
2117:-nü’
2115:and
2113:-mjü
2020:ajöi
1957:aiyo
1801:eeka
1743:-tai
1726:-’ñö
1702:womü
1678:önöö
1670:eetö
1637:lit.
1604:RECP
1588:help
1557:ATRB
1540:help
1517:yawö
1497:ABIL
1439:thus
1397:help
1375:tüwü
1372:tüwü
1362:ABIL
1342:help
1336:lit.
1320:COLL
1256:Aaa,
1207:NPST
1205:-go-
1196:wüta
1170:nña
1127:ewü
1068:and
1062:past
982:- kw
961:- ch
951:- uu
945:- oo
942:- ii
939:- ee
933:- aa
861:and
784:Open
673:Back
388:and
289:and
248:Soto
4245:Hup
4240:Dâw
3591:Uwa
3200:doi
3025:doi
3002:III
2738:at
2653:yam
2634:yam
2396:nma
2370:öji
2208:-jo
2054:ene
2039:???
1986:adö
1924:at-
1861:ot-
1794:öt-
1785:-.
1775:öt-
1747:-ta
1722:-wü
1718:-dö
1714:-nö
1710:-ma
1621:1PL
1608:POS
1570:3PL
1511:2PL
1447:nña
1444:nña
1413:2SG
1379:3SG
1316:PDI
1312:COP
1308:DIS
1274:2SG
1259:aaa
1232:NEG
1219:dog
1190:1SG
1186:ewü
1183:Ewü
1040:.
1006:- '
1003:- t
997:- s
988:- n
985:- m
979:- k
973:- j
930:- u
924:- o
921:- i
918:- e
912:- a
846:).
843:-dü
732:Mid
156:IPA
142:ELP
118:mch
5046::
3289:^
3196:13
3194:.
3190:.
3173:59
3171:.
3103:.
3086:10
3084:.
3065:.
3046:.
3021:44
3019:.
3000:.
2863:.
2849:^
2832:.
2756:^
2577:uu
2514:uu
1926::
1863::
1796::
1751:-i
1720:,
1712:;
1590:);
1542:);
1493:3O
1399:);
1358:3O
1344:);
1304:3S
1262:ah
1236:PL
1203:1S
1088:,
1080:,
1060::
797:aː
773:oː
758:əː
743:eː
721:uː
706:ɨː
691:iː
602:ɾ̠
510:tʃ
242:,
238:,
234:,
230:,
226:,
222:,
218:,
214:,
210:,
206:,
202:,
198:,
4679:e
4672:t
4665:v
3806:e
3799:t
3792:v
3381:e
3374:t
3367:v
3208:.
3202::
3105:3
3067:6
3048:8
3031:.
3027::
3004:.
2874:.
2843:.
2651:'
2636:'
2632:'
2562:'
2547:'
2543:'
2499:'
2484:'
2480:'
2204:A
2105:P
2101:A
2097:P
1920:a
1857:e
1853:o
1790:e
1783:a
1455:3
1453:+
1451:1
1426:2
1364:-
1318:=
1314:-
1310:-
1306:.
1287:2
1234:-
1047:)
1043:(
792:a
768:o
753:ə
738:e
716:u
701:ɨ
686:i
639:j
625:w
581:h
569:ç
559:ʃ
549:s
530:ʔ
520:k
498:t
475:ɲ
463:n
453:m
185:(
176:.
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