58:
115:
1170:
The character of 'divine royalty' is not as marked in all traditions, and what can be seen is an approach by degrees towards another conception, that of 'royalty by divine grace'. This is what occurs in the Indo-European zone, in India and Iran, for example. the sovereign is not personally 'divine'.
447:
were re-interpreted in this mold (Osiris in particular is conspicuous in this as he was a figure of
Egyptian mythology). The sacred king, the human embodiment of the dying and reviving vegetation god, was supposed to have originally been an individual chosen to rule for a time, but whose fate was to
376:
The so-called
British and Scandinavian cult-historical schools maintained that the king personified a god and stood at the center of the national or tribal religion. The English "myth and ritual school" concentrated on anthropology and folklore, while the Scandinavian "Uppsala school" emphasized
1721:
906:'s novels are recognized as being directly influenced by Frazer, depicting individuals accepting the burden of leadership and the ultimate responsibility of personal sacrifice, including
218:
and assuring fertility and good fortune. The king might also be designated to suffer and atone for his people, meaning that the sacral king could be the pre-ordained victim in a
1212:
1714:
2387:
1707:
150:
need not necessarily rule through his religious authority; rather, the temporal position itself has a religious significance behind it. The monarch may
2295:
1130:
That kings are sacred is an anthropological and historical truism, but they are not born so, and must be made sacred by those over whom they reign.
1347:
1450:
1423:
1396:
1256:
1151:. The Matheson monographs. Translated by Polit, Gustavo. London: The Matheson Trust for the study of comparative religion. pp. 26, 28.
2355:
79:
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101:
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997:
2300:
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716:
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2413:
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1357:
1002:
419:. He came into being in the spring, reigned during the summer, and ritually died at harvest time, only to be reborn at the
2260:
1832:
251:
1101:
Gilbert, Michelle (23 April 1992) . "The person of the king: ritual and power in a
Ghanaian state". In Cannadine, David;
2270:
2428:
2044:
1089:
In the land of mythical China, a Divine
Emperor ruled part of the region. His name was Huangdi, or the Yellow Emperor.
72:
66:
1798:
1544:
937:
914:
407:. Frazer seized upon the notion of a substitute king and made him the keystone of his theory of a universal, pan-
1639:
Myth, Ritual, and
Kingship: Essays on the Theory and Practice of Kingship in the Ancient Near East and in Israel
83:
2458:
2443:
1171:
In India, it is royalty that is divine, not the king as an individual. He is revered as a god only because his
1102:
424:
621:—derived from al-Imam, meaning "the one leading the prayer" in Arabic—regnal title of theocratic monarchs of
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1739:
519:
332:
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46:
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was annually replaced. According to Frazer, the sacred king represented the spirit of vegetation, a divine
1856:
1536:
982:
703:
626:
622:
311:
As the mediator between the people and the divine, the sacral king was credited with special wisdom (e.g.
184:
2330:
2323:
2074:
1861:
1838:
920:
536:
279:
35:
829:
191:, or myth-ritualist, theory" is disputed; many scholars now believe that myth and ritual share common
2157:
2092:
2062:
1937:
1920:
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1111:. Past and Present Publications, ISSN 1754-792X. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 298.
1013:
972:
883:
782:
608:
199:
222:, either killed at the end of his term in the position, or sacrificed in a time of crisis (e.g. the
2340:
2318:
2220:
1826:
1765:
874:
852:
659:, and has bequeathed his title to the monarch of a contemporary traditional state of the same name.
612:
444:
215:
1248:
2368:
2345:
1932:
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586:
207:
45:"Priest king" redirects here. For the sculpture belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization, see
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175:
119:
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The
Labyrinth: Further Studies in the Relation Between Myth and Ritual in the Ancient World
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2004:
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This applies more particularly to the more mythical sovereigns, for example: the
Chinese
452:, to be offered back to the earth so that a new king could rule for a time in his stead.
2056:
1884:
1059:
548:
523:
he depicted a future in which the institution of a sacrificial sacred king is revived.
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30:
This article is about the tradition in general. For the ancient Roman position, see
2167:
1981:
1896:
1747:
1466:
Article about
Rosemary Sutcliff at the Historical Novels Info website; paragraph 15
962:
735:
729:
689:
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472:
455:
Especially in Europe during Frazer's early twentieth century heyday, it launched a
366:
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31:
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135:
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claimed direct descent from
Heracles himself, and served as hereditary priests.
2162:
2104:
1926:
1038:
987:
977:
967:
951:
808:
528:
488:
476:
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and the responsibility to supply food and protection, as well as superiority.
305:
301:
255:
183:. Frazer gives numerous examples, cited below, and was an inspiration for the
1415:Под окриљем светости: култ светих владара и реликвија у средњовековној Србији
1297:
843:). Scandinavian kings in pre-Christian times served as priests at sacrifices.
1142:
449:
386:
370:
316:
304:
in the 3rd millennium BCE. The image of the shepherd combines the themes of
192:
143:
1349:
God and King : The
Devaraja Cult in South Asian Art & Architecture
531:
as a "pagan survival," used Frazer's work to propose the thesis that many
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1999:
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2235:
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2199:
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2130:
1963:
1198:
957:
893:, existing in various European countries in Medieval and later times.
886:(known during the Medieval period as the "dynasty of the Holy King"')
786:
707:
685:
618:
428:
408:
275:
267:
211:
131:
511:
and made it one of the foundations of his own personal mythology in
867:, supernatural powers attributed to the kings of England and France
726:, mainly retained the duties of overseeing certain religious rites.
1770:
871:
834:
678:
540:
436:
411:, and indeed worldwide fertility myth, in which a consort for the
139:
1597:
Rituals of Royalty: Power and Ceremonial in Traditional Societies
1108:
Rituals of Royalty: Power and Ceremonial in Traditional Societies
670:– "heavenly sovereign", and was formerly believed to be a living
423:
to wax and rule again. The spirit of vegetation was therefore a "
2194:
2144:
2020:
1743:
818:
771:
671:
652:
464:
282:
203:
1703:
1618:
Lordship, Kingship, and Empire: The Idea of Monarchy, 1400–1525
1192:
1070:. Chinese Mythology. Minneapolis, Minnesota: ABDO. p. 5.
715:, title of Ancient Egyptian rulers. The pharaoh adopted names
51:
1418:. Српска академија наука и уметности, Балканолошки институт.
547:
that stood at the centre of Frazer's myth. This idea used by
385:
A sacred king, according to the systematic interpretation of
1148:
Sacred Royalty: From the Pharaoh to the Most Christian King
179:(1890–1915), the title of which refers to the myth of the
572:, a righteous king derived from Indian religious thought.
1611:
The Papal Monarchy: The Western Church from 1050 to 1250
262:
is a central religious ritual, reflected in the titles "
681:
was the sacred king of the Magyars in the 9th century.
270:", which became separated from worldly kingship. Thus
1684:
in Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
1653:
Sakrales Königtum im Alten Testament und im Judentum
2311:
2253:
2213:
2143:
2118:
2037:
2013:
1980:
1973:
1784:
1758:
1693:, an ebook on sacred kingship in different cultures
1660:
Studies in Divine Kingship in the Ancient Near East
1323:
The Divine King in England: a study in anthropology
935:also uses the idea of sacred kingship in her novel
173:used the concept of the sacred king in his study
2388:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Royalty and Nobility
1515:The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles
1064:Jean Kuo Lee (2022). "The Most Powerful Ruler".
611:, according to medieval tradition, married the
296:from earliest times, e.g., the term applied to
142:. Divine kingship is related to the concept of
1325:. British Library: London, Faber & Faber.
815:Kings in pre-Christian Scandinavia and England
365:derived much of the religion described in the
126:In many historical societies, the position of
1715:
954:, glorification of a subject to divine level.
341:(1890–1915); sacral kingship plays a role in
195:, but not that one developed from the other.
8:
1558:, 3rd ed., 12 vol. (1911–15, reprinted 1990)
1211:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1197:. Bartleby.com: New York: The Macmillan Co.
847:Monarchies carried sacral kingship into the
543:, whose deaths were the re-enactment of the
1529:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
1391:. Szegedi Középkorász Műhely. p. 136.
927:In addition to its appearance in her novel
797:The pre-colonial emperors and kings of the
2210:
2115:
2034:
1977:
1970:
1722:
1708:
1700:
851:, encouraging the idea of kings installed
578:, cult of divine kings in Southeast Asia.
463:survivals" in such things as traditional
369:from cults of sacral kingship in ancient
134:meaning and was identical with that of a
102:Learn how and when to remove this message
1298:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Vicar of Christ"
1014:Monarchy of Thailand – Ayutthayan period
162:divinity to a greater or lesser extent.
113:
65:This article includes a list of general
1272:Meletinsky, Eleazar Moiseevich (2000).
1051:
752:, according to legend first enacted by
722:The last vestige of Athenian monarchy,
331:Study of the concept was introduced by
1388:Hungarian History in the Ninth Century
1204:
1570:Religion in Essence and Manifestation
1445:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 35.
1346:Sengupta, Arputha Rani (Ed.) (2005).
439:and many other familiar figures from
27:Monarch with a religious significance
7:
2356:List of current constituent monarchs
198:According to Frazer, the notion has
805:, and their contemporary successors
2351:List of current sovereign monarchs
1805:Imperial and Most Faithful Majesty
1199:http://www.bartleby.com/196/1.html
1191:Frazer, James George, Sir (1922).
817:claimed descent from gods such as
776:Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist
71:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2226:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
1731:Imperial, royal, and noble styles
1587:The Divinity of the Roman Emperor
1010:– Eschatological-Apocalyptic King
655:," meaning "heavenly one" in the
998:Jaguars in Mesoamerican cultures
535:who died as kings, most notably
274:described himself as "deputy of
56:
38:. For Sinosphere tradition, see
1669:, 2nd ed. (1948; English 1970).
1321:Murray, Margaret Alice (1954).
1243:Myth: A Very Short Introduction
746:– a title adopted by the papacy
475:. It was widely influential in
237:flogged a newly selected king (
2341:Defender of the Holy Sepulchre
1527:William Smith, D.C.L., LL.D.,
1247:. Oxford: Oxford UP. pp.
1003:Jesus in comparative mythology
604:ruled as a heavenly sovereign.
380:
1:
1352:. National Museum Institute.
403:in a periodically re-enacted
34:. For Western tradition, see
527:, the principal theorist of
2045:Imperial and Royal Highness
1572:(1933, English 1938, 1986)
1145:(2011) . "Sacred Royalty".
699:became deities after death.
252:Bronze Age in the Near East
2480:
1799:Imperial and Royal Majesty
1478:The Quest for Saint Camber
1276:. Routledge. p. 117.
938:The Quest for Saint Camber
915:The Mark of the Horse Lord
778:, Islamic concepts in Iran
118:Figure of Christ from the
44:
29:
2383:
1737:
1579:(1969), pp. 360–393.
1439:Sima M. Cirkovic (2008).
1239:Segal, Robert A. (2004).
539:, were secret pagans and
459:of amateurs looking for "
202:and occurs worldwide, on
2409:Anthropology of religion
1595:and Simon Price (eds.),
666:is known in Japanese as
395:(published 1890), was a
335:in his influential book
2424:Mythological archetypes
1577:Religionsphänomenologie
1545:Encyclopædia Britannica
1412:Даница Поповић (2006).
1067:Huangdi: Yellow Emperor
651:. He was addressed as "
640:, ruler of the defunct
520:Seven Days in New Crete
517:, and in the fictional
389:developed by Frazer in
381:Frazer's interpretation
353:) and some currents of
333:Sir James George Frazer
285:takes the role of the "
254:, the enthronement and
171:Sir James George Frazer
86:more precise citations.
47:Priest-king (sculpture)
2346:Great Catholic Monarch
1857:Most Excellent Majesty
1833:Most Christian Majesty
983:Great Catholic Monarch
717:symbolizing holy might
507:used Frazer's work in
479:, being alluded to by
425:dying and reviving god
319:) or vision (e.g. via
278:", just as the modern
185:myth and ritual school
123:
2454:William II of England
2414:Comparative mythology
2331:Defender of the Faith
2324:Divine right of kings
2075:Ducal Serene Highness
1897:Most Eminent Highness
1862:Most Gracious Majesty
1839:Most Faithful Majesty
1646:"Scandinavian school"
1604:Kingship and the Gods
1589:(1931, reprint 1981).
1554:James George Frazer,
1517:, (Blackwell, 1993):
1385:Gyula Kristó (1996).
921:Sun Horse, Moon Horse
501:, among other works.
471:, and folk arts like
377:Semitological study.
214:-kings credited with
117:
36:Divine right of kings
2158:Duli Yang Maha Mulia
2093:Illustrious Highness
2063:Grand Ducal Highness
1921:Illustrious Highness
1565:(1927, reprint 1969)
1540:, (A.J. Place, 2006)
1537:The Oldest Europeans
1229:(Oxford 2009) p. 651
973:Dying-and-rising god
609:High King of Ireland
292:Kings are styled as
2319:By the Grace of God
1274:The Poetics of Myth
853:by the Grace of God
631:West African rulers
613:sovereignty goddess
445:classical antiquity
2429:Mythological kings
2369:Translatio imperii
1637:S.H. Hooke (ed.),
1568:G. van der Leeuw,
1543:Claus Westermann,
1534:J.F. del Giorgio,
1492:, 1986, p 360-363.
1366:on 9 December 2012
830:House of Knýtlinga
768:, East Asian title
587:Holy Roman Emperor
399:who represented a
208:sub-Saharan Africa
124:
2396:
2395:
2249:
2248:
2241:Sultanic Highness
2139:
2138:
2114:
2113:
2051:Imperial Highness
2033:
2032:
2029:
2028:
1851:Britannic Majesty
1822:Catholic Monarchs
1816:Apostolic Majesty
1630:S.H. Hooke (ed.),
1602:Henri Frankfort,
1476:Katherine Kurtz,
1452:978-1-4051-4291-5
1425:978-86-7179-044-4
1398:978-963-482-113-7
1302:www.newadvent.org
1258:978-0-19-280347-4
1019:Mythological king
904:Rosemary Sutcliff
582:Germanic kingship
514:The White Goddess
363:Pan-Babylonianism
361:). The school of
200:prehistoric roots
112:
111:
104:
40:Mandate of Heaven
16:(Redirected from
2471:
2221:Amir al-Mu'minin
2211:
2119:Specific culture
2116:
2035:
1978:
1971:
1938:Most Illustrious
1903:Exalted Highness
1845:Orthodox Majesty
1827:Catholic Majesty
1810:Imperial Majesty
1740:Forms of address
1724:
1717:
1710:
1701:
1682:Rex Sacrificulus
1667:King and Messiah
1662:, 2nd ed. (1967)
1625:"English school"
1583:Lily Ross Taylor
1575:Geo Widengren,
1556:The Golden Bough
1531:, (London, 1875)
1493:
1490:Ballantine Books
1474:
1468:
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1456:
1436:
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1409:
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1376:
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1371:
1362:. Archived from
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1336:
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1309:
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1269:
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1227:The Golden Bough
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1194:The Golden Bough
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1125:
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1084:
1056:
875:Nemanjić dynasty
860:Capetian Miracle
793:King of Thailand
743:Pontifex Maximus
664:Emperor of Japan
533:kings of England
457:cottage industry
392:The Golden Bough
338:The Golden Bough
298:Sumerian princes
187:. However, "the
176:The Golden Bough
120:Ghent Altarpiece
107:
100:
96:
93:
87:
82:this article by
73:inline citations
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2444:Human sacrifice
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2081:Serene Highness
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2009:
1969:
1960:(The Much Hon.)
1948:Hochwohlgeboren
1915:Serene Highness
1780:
1754:
1733:
1728:
1697:
1676:
1651:Geo Widengren,
1593:David Cannadine
1549:sacred kingship
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993:Greek hero cult
947:
933:Katherine Kurtz
909:Sword at Sunset
900:
824:House of Wessex
724:Archon basileus
647:in present-day
566:
552:Katherine Kurtz
545:human sacrifice
525:Margaret Murray
509:The Greek Myths
441:Greek mythology
421:winter solstice
417:John Barleycorn
383:
329:
287:Vicar of Christ
272:Sargon of Akkad
220:human sacrifice
189:myth and ritual
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2057:Royal Highness
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1933:Most Excellent
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1885:Royal Highness
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473:morris dancing
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657:Igbo language
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592:Imperial cult
590:
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568:
567:
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561:
559:
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554:in her novel
553:
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537:William Rufus
534:
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505:Robert Graves
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92:November 2010
85:
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1982:Ancient Rome
1696:
1690:Sacred Kings
1689:
1681:
1666:
1659:
1652:
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1631:
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1616:J.H. Burns,
1610:
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1535:
1528:
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1477:
1472:
1461:
1441:
1434:
1414:
1407:
1387:
1380:
1370:14 September
1368:. Retrieved
1364:the original
1348:
1341:
1322:
1316:
1305:. Retrieved
1301:
1292:
1273:
1267:
1242:
1234:
1226:
1221:
1193:
1186:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1162:. Retrieved
1147:
1137:
1129:
1122:. Retrieved
1107:
1103:Price, Simon
1096:
1088:
1081:. Retrieved
1066:
1054:
963:Chakravartin
936:
929:Lammas Night
928:
926:
919:
913:
907:
901:
846:
838:
828:
822:
741:
736:Rex Sacrorum
734:
730:King of Rome
667:
570:Chakravartin
557:Lammas Night
555:
518:
512:
508:
503:
496:
454:
448:suffer as a
390:
384:
375:
367:Hebrew Bible
351:Julius Evola
336:
330:
310:
291:
249:
238:
232:
197:
174:
169:
159:
155:
151:
147:
125:
98:
89:
70:
32:Rex Sacrorum
2363:Sacred king
2271:Netherlands
2047:(HI&RH)
2038:Middle Ages
1953:Wohlgeboren
1943:Hochgeboren
1891:Monseigneur
1801:(HI&RM)
1179:are divine.
1029:Rajamandala
865:Royal touch
849:Middle Ages
645:Nri Kingdom
627:Futa Jallon
493:T. S. Eliot
485:James Joyce
401:solar deity
355:Neopaganism
347:Esotericism
343:Romanticism
321:oneiromancy
240:Ashantehene
158:divine, or
148:sacred king
136:high priest
84:introducing
2403:Categories
2163:Great king
2105:Excellency
1966:(Millourt)
1927:Excellency
1500:References
1359:8189233262
1307:2017-08-23
1143:Hani, Jean
1039:Winged sun
988:Great King
978:Euhemerism
968:Coronation
952:Apotheosis
898:In fiction
809:Madkhalism
529:witchcraft
489:Ezra Pound
477:literature
306:leadership
302:Lugalbanda
256:anointment
245:enthroning
216:rainmaking
130:carried a
67:references
2254:Countries
1974:Antiquity
1442:The Serbs
1207:cite book
881:Hungarian
623:Futa Toro
491:, and in
450:sacrifice
387:mythology
371:Babylonia
317:Gilgamesh
294:shepherds
250:From the
243:) before
193:paradigms
160:represent
144:theocracy
18:Year-King
2434:Paganism
2419:Monarchy
2312:See also
2301:Scotland
2276:Portugal
2185:Maharaja
2153:Baghatur
2095:(HIll.H)
2087:Serenity
2069:Highness
2000:Sebastos
1995:Augustus
1923:(HIll.H)
1909:Highness
1794:Holiness
1752:nobility
1680:article
1563:Kingship
1175:and his
1164:5 August
1124:5 August
1105:(eds.).
1083:5 August
1008:Katechon
945:See also
902:Many of
811:in Islam
759:Augustus
576:Devaraja
564:Examples
469:maypoles
433:Dionysus
409:European
359:Theodism
300:such as
280:Catholic
154:divine,
128:kingship
2439:Priests
2266:Georgia
2214:Islamic
2014:Georgia
2005:Dominus
1873:Majesty
1786:Western
1776:Pharaoh
1748:royalty
1655:(1955).
1641:(1958).
1634:(1935).
1620:(1992).
1613:(1989),
1599:(1987).
1547:, s.v.
1505:General
1034:Sceptre
872:Serbian
855:. See:
840:Yngling
833:) and
754:Romulus
713:Pharaoh
706:of the
649:Nigeria
638:Eze Nri
598:Omukama
541:witches
413:Goddess
313:Solomon
264:Messiah
260:monarch
235:Ashanti
228:Domalde
210:, with
166:History
122:(1432).
80:improve
2464:Inanna
2296:Canada
2286:Sweden
2281:Serbia
2261:France
2236:Sharif
2231:Hadrat
2200:Shogun
2190:Mikado
2173:Khagan
2131:Senhor
2077:(HDSH)
2065:(HGDH)
1964:Milord
1899:(HMEH)
1893:(Msgr)
1835:(HMCM)
1759:Africa
1750:, and
1521:
1484:
1449:
1422:
1395:
1356:
1329:
1280:
1255:
1155:
1115:
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958:Avatar
918:, and
801:, the
787:Sparta
708:papacy
690:Ashina
686:Khagan
619:Almamy
602:Kitara
429:Osiris
349:(e.g.
276:Ishtar
268:Christ
266:" or "
212:shaman
206:as in
156:become
132:sacral
69:, but
2145:Asian
2099:Grace
2083:(HSH)
2059:(HRH)
2053:(HIH)
1917:(HSH)
1905:(HEH)
1887:(HRH)
1879:Grace
1869:(HRM)
1853:(HBM)
1847:(HOM)
1841:(HFM)
1829:(HCM)
1818:(HAM)
1812:(HIM)
1771:Nkosi
1744:popes
1173:state
1046:Notes
835:Freyr
783:kings
679:Kende
668:Tennō
465:fairs
461:pagan
437:Attis
327:Study
258:of a
247:him.
140:judge
2195:Shah
2168:Khan
2107:(HE)
2101:(HG)
2089:(HS)
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2021:Mepe
1929:(HE)
1911:(HH)
1881:(HG)
1875:(HM)
1742:for
1519:ISBN
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1447:ISBN
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1393:ISBN
1372:2012
1354:ISBN
1327:ISBN
1278:ISBN
1253:ISBN
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1177:role
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1153:ISBN
1126:2024
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879:The
870:The
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803:Obas
781:The
774:and
772:Shah
702:The
695:The
684:The
677:The
672:kami
662:The
653:Igwe
642:Igbo
636:The
629:and
607:The
596:The
443:and
397:king
345:and
283:Pope
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204:Java
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