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by all these paintings as they were taking lessons from him, the lack of artistic perfection probably did not register. It was the sheer existence of these works in which you could almost hear the characters speak – or scream – in
Yiddish, just like their families did, that mattered. ...Pen's gift to them was not a particular style of painting but a much-needed assurance that, as Jews, they could still be serious, respected artists who did not have to shy away from Jewish subjects. In short, he gave them a role model...
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320:. His subjects included craftsmen, scholars, and scenes of religious and family life. Notable works include "A Letter to America" (1920s), "Children Refugees" (1915), "Get" (Divorce, 1907), "Der Fraynd" (A Friend) and "Haynt" (Today). While not stylistically innovative, Pen was groundbreaking in his consistent focus on contemporary Jewish subjects. Pen is compared to and sometimes called "the
444:, also his former student, who became the director of the Leningrad Jewish Historical and Ethnographical Museum, tried to convince Pen to give his paintings to the permanent collection of the museum. Pen also corresponded with other students; Ossip Zadkine sent him a letter when he served in France during the World War I. He also had many years of correspondence with Elena Kabisher-Yakerson.
511:
140:, who encouraged Pen to pursue formal art education. In 1879, at age 24, Pen moved to St. Petersburg to study at the Imperial Academy of Arts. Pen failed to pass the entry exams from the first attempt, and, as a Jew, he wasn't allowed to live in the capital. He had to bribe officials to stay illegally, and spent a year studying works in the
435:
In the 1920s and 1930s, Pen participated in several exhibitions in Minsk and Moscow. While he continued to focus on Jewish subjects, some of his works acquired a Soviet veneer, such as "A Komsomol
Shoemaker Reading a Newspaper" (1925). In 1930, he was invited to exhibit in Berlin, but was not allowed
299:
Pen was no genius. His paintings are often static and rather lifeless. His palette seems to lack subtle shades of color. Where
Chagall’s art creates lyrical poetry, Pen’s seemingly just recreates simple and prosaic everyday existence. ... Yet to his young and impressionable pupils who were surrounded
439:
Pen had a two-room apartment in
Vitebsk. One room served as his workshop and study, while the other was his living room. Pen never married; he lived with his sister, who died in 1931. Out of all his students, Chagall was especially fond of his old teacher, and sent him letters from Paris even in the
541:
Fate has thrown me far from my native ruins. But no matter how different our art is, I will never forget his trembling figure. He lives in my memory as a father. And often when I think about the deserted streets of my town, he appears now here, now there … And I cannot help begging you: do remember
412:
Pen often draw inhabitants of
Vitebsk, he was especially fond of drawing young women. According to Chagall, "here was not a single beautiful young woman whom Pen, once she had reached the age of 20, did not invite to pose for him in any way she wished. If it was possible to include her breasts – so
563:
An alternative version suggests that Pen was killed by the
Vitebsk NKVD chief who had convicted his relatives. According to this account, the motive stemmed from Pen's refusal "to sell him a painting of a nude" that he particularly desired. Some versions of this theory claim "the nude in question"
201:
In 1897, Pen opened an art school in
Vitebsk, mainly for Jewish children, many of whom didn't know Russian and spoke only in Yiddish. The school was closed in Shabbat, and was under a patronage of Adolf Livenson, "the director of a large beer brewery". Pen taught many poor children for free. Pen
232:
193:
80:, and several years after graduation he opened an art school in Vitebsk, where he taught many poor, mainly Jewish children, often for free. Pen was murdered in 1937; though officially called a robbery, his students believed that he was killed by
49:, (5 June 1854 - 28 February 1937) was a Jewish artist and art teacher active in the Russian Empire and Soviet Union. He is best known for founding an influential art school in Vitebsk and teaching notable avant-garde artists like
489:
330:
440:
1930s, when it was not encouraged by the
Soviets and was risky for the Soviet citizens. Chagall tried to convince Pen to emigrate and settle in Paris, or at least to send his works there "for safekeeping". In 1928,
124:
education. Despite religious prohibitions against creating images, Pen showed an early talent for drawing and painting, that wasn't encouraged by his mother, who condemned the portraits he painted as "idolatry".
474:
243:
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30:
269:
360:
254:
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Pen became mostly forgotten, and not widely known outside
Belarus. Many of Pen's estimated 800 paintings were lost during World War II. The surviving works are split between the
552:
Pen was murdered with an axe in his own home during the night of
February 28/March 1, 1937. While officially attributed to robbery, his students believed that he was killed by
144:
before being admitted to the academy. Pen graduated with a silver medal, having been trained in the academic traditions of Realist art. Among his teachers in the academy were
689:
602:
89:
560:. His niece, some other relative, and a former student were arrested and convicted for the murder. None of the painting were stolen from his house, and Pen had no money.
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428:, Pen briefly taught at the Vitebsk People's Art College by invitation from Chagall. He resigned in 1920 due to ideological conflicts he and Chagall had with
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282:. According to Alexandra Shatskih, Pen always called himself by a Russified name "Yury Moiseevich". Pen often used German-Jewish magazine
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in Kreitsburg. He stayed there for five years, and was "mostly unhappy because he had to paint from photographs". He visited
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After World War I, Pen visited his students Zadkine and Chagall in Paris, but he did not want to move there from Vitebsk.
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116:, Lithuania), to a poor Jewish family. His father, Movsha (or Moisei), died when Pen was four, leaving his
773:. Yehuda is a Hebrew name, though it's very unlikely that Pen himself used it. Yury is a Russified name,
164:
198:, who offered him "a room at his governor’s mansion". Pen would spend the rest of his life in Vitebsk.
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88:. A lot of his paintings were lost during the World War II. The surviving works are split between the
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to go by the Soviet authorities, even after his students and friends tried to help him.
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his easel is no more. An evil monster killed him, having slyly appeared at his place.
456:
Professors at the People's Art School in Vitebsk, July 26, 1919. From left to right:
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316:". Pen primarily created realist paintings depicting everyday Jewish life in the
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Chagall could not attend the funeral; he wrote a short poem about Pen's murder:
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61:. Pen was one of the first painters to consistently depict Jewish life in the
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288:"as a manual". It was the first Jewish art school in the Pale of Settlement.
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As a young man, Pen worked for five years as a house painter in Dvinsk (now
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Pen was a Realist painter, and even though his students became known for
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1084:"Marc Chagall and the People's Art School in Vitebsk Reunion"
571:
Pen's funeral in Vitebsk was attended by thousands of people.
295:
notes the importance of Pen's art school for his students:
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1032:
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After graduation, Pen worked as a court painter for Baron
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taught in the academic manner in his school. In 1906,
112:
Yudel Pen was born in 1854 in Novo-Aleksandrovsk (now
187:. In 1891, he was invited to Vitebsk by the governor
596:took this old rebbe somewhere to the other world.
529:"A Komsomol Shoemaker Reading a Newspaper", 1925
539:
297:
912:Ars Judaica the Bar Ilan Journal of Jewish Art
826:"Пэн Юдаль (Іегуда) Моўшавіч (Юрый Майсеевіч)"
564:was actually a depiction of the chief's wife.
908:"Yehuda Pen, The Sholem Aleichem of Painting"
8:
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94:Vitebsk Regional Museum of Local History
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108:"The house where I was born", 1886-1890
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1124:Витебск. Жизнь искусства. 1917–1922
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408:Portrait of an unknown woman, 1900s
120:mother with ten children. He had a
72:Born in a poor Jewish family in a
25:
696:Self-portrait with Muse and Death
1159:Painters from the Russian Empire
906:Diment, Galya (1 January 2021).
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214:. Among his students were also
626:An old man with a basket, 1892
138:St. Petersburg Academy of Arts
78:St. Petersburg Academy of Arts
65:; he is sometimes called "the
34:Yudel Pen, self-portrait, 1922
1:
832:. Беларусь у асобах i падзеях
638:Portrait of Lidzija Kon, 1903
27:Belarusian artist (1854-1937)
1121:Шатских, Александра (2001).
517:Pen with his students, 1920s
136:, a Jewish student from the
1210:
1051:Rajner, Mirjam (2004). "A
505:Pen in his workshop, 1920s
426:October Revolution of 1917
156:was his favourite artist.
786:
778:
770:
757:Yudel is a Yiddish name,
592:And a black horse forever
420:Later life and Soviet era
132:, Latvia), where he met
100:Early life and education
710:Portrait of a man, 1925
1127:(in Russian). Litres.
1069:10.2143/SR.37.0.583408
580:My teacher is no more,
572:
544:
409:
308:, he did not approve "
302:
183:, who lived nearby in
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109:
35:
973:"YIVO | Pen, Yehudah"
725:, self-portrait, 1932
584:his beard is no more,
570:
407:
306:avant-garde paintings
167:
107:
33:
1057:Studia Rosenthaliana
977:yivoencyclopedia.org
924:10.3828/aj.2021.17.4
1194:People from Zarasai
603:National Art Museum
547:—Marc Chagall, 1927
367:Reading a Newspaper
337:Letter from America
90:National Art Museum
971:Kazovsky, Hillel.
771:Юдаль Моўшавіч Пэн
573:
413:much the better."
410:
318:Pale of Settlement
173:
150:Nikolay Laveretsky
110:
63:Pale of Settlement
36:
1134:978-5-04-099198-3
1107:, pp. 12–19.
1082:Sharlin, Shifra.
1041:, pp. 12–15.
1026:, pp. 16–19.
681:Letter to America
605:in Minsk and the
397:House with a Goat
189:Vladimir Levashov
134:Borukh Gershovich
92:in Minsk and the
16:(Redirected from
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142:Hermitage Museum
41:, also known as
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1174:Lithuanian Jews
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1055:as a Picture".
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558:Stalin's purges
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458:Lazar Lissitzky
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442:Solomon Yudovin
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322:Sholem Aleichem
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224:Solomon Yudovin
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86:Stalin's purges
67:Sholem Aleichem
28:
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787:Юрый Майсеевіч
779:Юрий Моисеевич
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485:Alexander Romm
470:David Yakerson
462:Vera Ermolaeva
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324:of painting".
280:Polia Chentoff
239:David Yakerson
228:Elena Kabisher
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69:of painting".
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1014:, p. 18.
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999:, p. 16.
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212:Ossip Zadkine
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59:Ossip Zadkine
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1138:. Retrieved
1123:
1105:Шатских 2001
1100:
1088:. Retrieved
1077:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1039:Шатских 2001
1024:Шатских 2001
1019:
1012:Шатских 2001
997:Шатских 2001
992:
980:. Retrieved
976:
935:. Retrieved
918:(1): 61–86.
915:
911:
834:. Retrieved
829:
753:
737:
722:
695:
680:
665:
650:
600:
578:
574:
562:
551:
545:
540:
479:, Yury Pen,
466:Marc Chagall
438:
434:
423:
415:
411:
396:
381:
366:
351:
336:
303:
298:
293:Galya Diment
290:
285:Ost und West
283:
208:El Lissitzky
204:Marc Chagall
200:
177:Nikolai Korf
174:
169:Marc Chagall
168:
127:
111:
71:
55:El Lissitzky
51:Marc Chagall
46:
42:
38:
37:
1189:1937 deaths
1184:1854 births
1063:: 193–222.
738:Torah Study
556:during the
488: [
473: [
268: [
265:Lev Leitman
253: [
242: [
231: [
192: [
84:during the
1153:Categories
830:bis.nlb.by
797:References
783:Belarusian
767:Belarusian
542:his name.
481:Nina Kogan
424:After the
382:Clockmaker
352:Old Tailor
291:Historian
261:Ilya Mazel
220:Efim Minin
216:Zair Azgur
181:Ilya Repin
130:Daugavpils
43:Yehuda Pen
18:Yehuda Pen
932:2516-4252
763:יודל פּען
723:Breakfast
668:, c. 1916
666:Farmstead
354:, c. 1910
276:Abel Pann
250:Lev Zevin
185:Zdrawneva
171:, c. 1915
154:Rembrandt
39:Yudel Pen
1086:. Tablet
1053:Parokhet
314:Futurism
118:Orthodox
47:Yury Pen
1140:23 June
1115:Sources
1090:24 June
982:23 June
937:23 June
836:23 June
775:Russian
759:Yiddish
683:, 1920s
651:Divorce
613:Gallery
399:, 1920s
369:, 1910s
114:Zarasai
1131:
930:
698:, 1925
653:, 1907
483:, and
384:, 1914
339:, 1903
310:Cubism
160:Career
122:cheder
74:shtetl
57:, and
745:Notes
492:]
477:]
272:]
257:]
246:]
235:]
196:]
1142:2024
1129:ISBN
1092:2024
984:2024
939:2024
928:ISSN
838:2024
554:NKVD
312:and
210:and
148:and
82:NKVD
1065:doi
920:doi
45:or
1155::
1061:37
1059:.
1031:^
1004:^
975:.
947:^
926:.
916:17
914:.
910:.
846:^
828:.
805:^
785::
781:,
777::
769::
765:,
761::
609:.
490:ru
475:ru
468:,
464:,
460:,
432:.
278:,
274:,
270:be
263:,
259:,
255:ru
248:,
244:ru
237:,
233:ru
226:,
222:,
218:,
194:ru
152:.
96:.
53:,
1144:.
1094:.
1071:.
1067::
986:.
941:.
922::
840:.
789:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
