44:
335:
493: cu ft). Average annual flow rate is around 1,330 cubic metres per second (47,000 cu ft/s). From March to June water levels are low, sometimes to the point of parts of the river drying up. Heavy rainfall inland leads to flooding from July to October, after which the river continues a high flow rate reaching up to 10,400 cubic metres per second (370,000 cu ft/s). Water levels remain high from December to March due to
401:
449:
communities, and a 63,200-hectare (156,000-acre) experimental zone. The reserve completely encompasses three state-owned farms and forestry areas, created before the reserve, which make up 41.8% of the total area, in addition to partially encompassing other state-owned bodies. The division between the protected core area and other portions of the park partially reflects economic needs, especially regarding the oil field.
51:
698:. Wetland restoration efforts begun by the Reserve Administration Bureau in 2002 have reversed the historical degradation of the area. Efforts to supplement water flowing to the Diaokou River estuary began in June 2010. While the main Yellow River is now relatively clean, tributary rivers are affected by industrial pollution. This has caused
683:
and seawater encroachment similarly reduced wetland area. Land reclamation and pollution, especially from oil extraction, are other major sources of potential environmental degradation. Dongying city supported 17 different protection and restoration efforts in the delta as of 2023, including programs
288:
was founded in 1983. The wetland ecosystem was degraded by the impact of economic activity within what became
Dongying, as well as by inland agriculture which reduced water levels in the Yellow River. To preserve the wetland habitats, a process began to establish the YRDNNR, and the reserve was fully
713:
Restoration and rehabilitation efforts have significantly increased bird diversity and populations. Only 187 bird species were recorded in 1993. The
Oriental stork population has grown, with 470 chicks hatched in 2022, many on islands created in the middle of waterways. Overall 2,200 Oriental storks
666:
The
Shandong Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve Administrative Bureau oversees all management activities including conservation and research, as well as coordinating with continuing human activities in the buffer zone. It lies under the authority of the Shandong Provincial Department and the
524:
in the world averaging a concentration of 25.5 kilograms per cubic metre (43.0 lb/cu yd). This leads to large amounts of sediment being deposited in the delta, with land growing at 3,240 hectares (8,000 acres) annually and the delta adding up to 2.2 kilometres (1.4 mi) in length each
444:
with four seasons averaging 11.9 °C (53.4 °F) and an average annual relative humidity of 68%. Most rain occurs in summer, with an average annual precipitation of around 592 millimetres (23.3 in) and an average annual evaporation of 1,962 millimetres (77.2 in). The delta does not
383:
In
December 1990 the Yellow River Delta Municipal Nature Reserve was created, becoming the Dongying Yellow River Delta Provincial Nature Reserve in November 1991 and then the Shandong Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve in October 1992 upon approval by the State Council. The Shandong Yellow
678:
Low water levels in the Yellow River, exacerbated by increased farming inland, began to dry up the wetlands in the mid-1980s, although management actions since then seek to alleviate this pressure. A Yellow River
Protection Law came into force in 2023 to regulate water use along the entire river.
448:
The park is divided into three management areas: a 79,200-hectare (196,000-acre) core area with strict environmental protection, a 10,600-hectare (26,000-acre) buffer zone where some already present human activities continue, such as agriculture, fishing, and other activities carried out by local
436:. There are two unconnected areas making up the park, one at the current river mouth on the city's eastern coast and a smaller area on the city's northern coast. The portion to the north is located at the mouth of the Diaokou River, an older course of the Yellow River. The
391:
Today
Dongying has 4,567.73 square kilometres (1,763.61 sq mi) of wetlands, about 41.58% of the area within the city's jurisdiction. The wetland areas extend beyond the protected reserve, and include both urban and rural inhabited and industrial spaces.
276:
of the Yellow River and one covering wetlands that remain near a former river mouth. In management terms, it is divided into a core area with a high level of protection, and buffer and experimental zones which allow for greater human activity.
758:, which accumulates salts through its roots giving its branches and leaves a red colour. These plants tend to change from green to red in autumn. Wooden walkways have been built through the wetlands to facilitate tourist access.
740:
The Yellow River
Estuary Eco-tourism Area has been designated a national 5A-level tourist attraction. Dongying City as a whole has been designated the "Hometown of the Oriental White Storks in China" (
460:, and 31,314 hectares (77,380 acres) of marine waters. Inland, the reserve covers 7,966 hectares (19,680 acres) of wetlands, including man-made wetlands, rivers, and other permanent water bodies.
384:
River Delta
National Nature Reserve Administrative Bureau was then set up in December 1992. The borders that were created sought to minimize overlap with facilities used to exploit the
463:
The flow of the Yellow River varies greatly throughout the year, and between years. While average annual discharge from 1950 to 1985 was around 41.9 billion cubic metres (1.48
650:
species whose populations can reach up to 1 million. The delta is the world's most important breeding ground for
Oriental white storks, and the second largest breeding ground of
43:
554:
1,632 species of animals have been identified in the reserve, including 373 birds species, of which 91 have Grade I or Grade II state protection. Grade I species include the
721:
353:, having previously flowed into the ocean further south. The precise location of the mouth of the river shifted 50 times since then, reaching its current position in 1976.
90:
980:"A Multi-Scale Approach to Investigating the Red-Crowned Crane–Habitat Relationship in the Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve, China: Implications for Conservation"
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725:
1277:
671:. The reserve is divided into 49 management areas, and water diversion to these areas from the Yellow River is controlled through a system of channels and
356:
Human settlement of the current delta began in 1898, with heavy cultivation and population growth beginning in 1934. Local governments used the area for
954:
Sun
Diankuo; Liu Shubo; Zhang Jian; Chen Yonggang; Chen Tao; Wang Juan; Sun Zhiyan; Wang Jinfeng; Guo Tuina; Liu Lang; Yang Yang, eds. (2024).
1267:
609:. There are six main areas of bird habitat in the reserve: farmland and reed ditches, forest, reed and meadow wetlands, salt bush marshes,
602:
516:
10 lb/cu in). Underground water is also salty with high levels of mineral intensity. The river carries 1.049 billion tons of
307:
350:
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887:
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designated in 1992. The reserve now serves as a location for research and tourism, with one attraction being the "carpet" of red
729:
296:
187:
851:
318:, hosting the species' largest breeding population. Other species for which these wetlands form a crucial habitat include
159:
437:
302:
The wetland habitats within Dongying are crucial for bird species, supporting breeding populations as well as birds
724:
in 2013 as Ramsar Site no. 2187. Many migratory species and related habitats fall under the a bilaterial treaties
714:
have hatched in the reserve since 2003, a substantial contribution to a global population of only around 3,000.
819:
694:
420:, between 118°33’-119°20’E and 37°35’-38°12’N. It covers 131 kilometres (81 mi) of coastline, which has a
1245:
587:
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424:
that varies from 0.46 metres (1.5 ft) to 1.78 metres (5.8 ft). This area is the end-point of the
1176:
619:
mudflats occur in intertidal and estuarine areas, and provide habitats to crabs that are eaten by birds.
728:
and Japan. There are plans to expand the reserve into a 3,518 square kilometres (1,358 sq mi)
575:
533:
An estimate 685 species of plants have been found in the reserve. Conservation has seen populations of
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373:
311:
1101:
919:
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The current river delta area only became widely settled in the 20th century. The discovery of the
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has shifted throughout history. The river shifted to its current course depositing silt into the
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The coastal wetland area within the reserve includes 32,772 hectares (80,980 acres) of reed
365:
364:, resulting in some damage to the wetland ecosystem and an eventual loss of farmland due to
210:
685:
680:
178:
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17:
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1253:(Master of Resource Management thesis). Simon Fraser University. Docket Report No. 697.
1014:
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245:
388:, a crucial driver of the local economy and one of China's most important oil fields.
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The YRDNNR lies within the northeast of the administrative boundaries of the city of
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species, including a wintering population of about 200 red-crowned cranes and 1,000
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was created on 1 October 1983, incorporating several existing local jurisdictions.
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272:. The reserve is split geographically into two portions, one covering the current
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879:
Coastal Wetlands of the World: Geology, Ecology, Distribution and Applications
707:
505:
473: cu ft), this fluctuated from 79.31 billion cubic metres (2.801
295:
plants in autumn. There are plans to expand the reserve and convert it into a
978:
Mingchang Cao; Haigen Xu; Zhifang Le; Mingchang Zhu; Yun Cao (11 June 2015).
876:
David B. Scott; Jennifer Frail-Gauthier; P. J. Mudie; Petra J. Mudie (2014).
105:
92:
750:
417:
347:
257:
59:
1023:
732:, which would be China's first national park covering both land and water.
545:, and various reed species expand over the past few years. The threatened
852:"Wetlands of the Yellow River Delta: a heritage to conserve and treasure"
703:
635:
409:
377:
357:
285:
249:
141:
Shandong Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve Administrative Bureau
77:
73:
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Natural features in the reserve include the "red carpet", formed by the
601:
The wetlands are an important stopover point for migrating birds in the
58:
The Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve lies on the coast of the
638:
species, including a wintering (November to April) population of 2,000
494:
457:
253:
1247:
Valuation and Management of Mudflats in the Yellow River Delta, China
672:
646:
populations grow to over 10,000, including representatives of the 48
508:
of 2.16-5.56, and a mineral intensity of 0.2–0.6 grams per litre (7.2
906:
Guotao Dong; Kui Huang; Suzhen Dang; Xiaowei Gu; Wenli Yang (2014).
1042:
284:
brought significant economic activity to the area, and the city of
1233:"Scenery at Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve in E China"
647:
595:
453:
399:
333:
50:
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became separated from the main Yellow River in 1976. The city of
517:
261:
1149:
Jim Best; Stephen Darby; Luciana Esteves; Carol Wilson (2024).
1102:"Yellow River Protection Law of the People's Republic of China"
958:. Information Office of Dongying Municipal People's Government.
908:"Advanced Materials Research Vols. 864-867 (2014) pp 2403-2407"
428:, and the park's 153,000 hectares (380,000 acres) includes the
675:. Lijin hydrological station is situated at the river mouth.
654:. It also supports the second largest wintering population of
914:. 864–867. Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland: 2403–2407.
658:, and is the southern breeding limit of red-crowned cranes.
501:
314:. It is an especially important location for the protected
702:
in the sea water near the river mouth, the appearance of
956:
The Estuarine City of the Yellow River – Dongying, China
483: cu ft) to 9.15 billion cubic metres (323
445:
receive snow. There are 210 frost-free days each year.
1203:"Shandong to build Yellow River Estuary National Park"
260:. These wetlands are formed through the deposition of
1177:"Shandong Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve"
820:"Shandong Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve"
222:
242:
Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve (YRDNNR)
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32:
224:huáng hé sān jiǎo zhōu guó jiā jí zì rán bǎo hù qū
1152:The World Atlas of Rivers, Estuaries, and Deltas
1077:"Yellow river delta protection drive stepped up"
1075:Sun Shangwu; Li Jing; Zhao Ruixue (9 May 2023).
456:, 38,534 hectares (95,220 acres) of intertidal
669:National Forestry and Grassland Administration
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1155:. Princeton University Press. p. 315.
1125:"Yellow River protection efforts bolstered"
920:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.864-867.2403
882:. Cambridge University Press. p. 227.
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33:Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve
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404:The Yellow River delta on 24 October 2020
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717:Parts of the reserve were designated a
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1043:"Shandong Yellow River Delta Wetland"
7:
818:Chen Kelin; Yuan Jun; Yan Chenggao.
706:, and pollutants entering the local
520:to the ocean each year, the highest
338:The delta shifting from 1989 to 2009
68:
1278:Protected areas established in 1992
722:Wetland of International Importance
25:
27:Protected area in Dongying, China
692:, and to eliminate the invasive
582:. Many of these, along with the
551:is also present in the reserve.
125:154,000 hectares (380,000 acres)
49:
42:
1123:Zhao Ruixue (19 January 2023).
128:
857:. World Fish Center. July 2010
603:East Asian–Australasian Flyway
308:East Asian–Australasian Flyway
268:, forming a large and growing
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1:
500:The water in the river has a
256:habitats on the shore of the
1268:1992 establishments in China
1005:10.1371/journal.pone.0129833
912:Advanced Materials Research
438:monsoon continental climate
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497:floes impeding discharge.
18:Yellow River Delta Wetland
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642:. During migration, many
615:mudflats, and water. The
234:
200:
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37:
1273:Nature reserves in China
695:Sporobolus alterniflorus
622:The reserve supports 10
188:Traditional Chinese
412:, where the city meets
160:Simplified Chinese
1104:. FAO. 24 January 2023
405:
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252:, China, which covers
588:Nordmann's greenshank
576:scaly-sided merganser
403:
337:
504:of 8.0-8.3, a total
1244:Tao Ya Gui (2018).
996:2015PLoSO..1029833C
688:and populations of
634:present include 30
607:West Pacific Flyway
312:West Pacific Flyway
138:Governing body
102: /
1239:. 27 October 2022.
580:white-tailed eagle
406:
340:
106:37.900°N 118.950°E
719:Ramsar Convention
592:white-naped crane
572:red-crowned crane
542:Tamarix chinensis
386:Shengli Oil Field
342:The route of the
282:Shengli Oil Field
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827:. Retrieved
755:Suaeda salsa
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712:
693:
690:Suaeda salsa
689:
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598:Appendix 1.
564:hooded crane
556:golden eagle
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548:Glycine soja
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536:Suaeda salsa
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292:Suaeda salsa
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239:
218:Hanyu Pinyin
1207:China Daily
1181:China Daily
1129:China Daily
1081:China Daily
612:Suaeda vera
522:stream load
430:river mouth
422:tidal range
414:Laizhou Bay
368:increasing
130:Established
109: /
85:Coordinates
1262:Categories
762:References
708:food chain
662:Management
590:, and the
578:, and the
330:Background
306:along the
751:halophyte
704:red tides
648:shorebird
644:waterfowl
632:Waterfowl
442:temperate
418:Bohai Sea
396:Geography
348:Bohai Sea
304:migrating
258:Bohai Sea
60:Bohai Sea
1213:1 August
1134:1 August
1045:. Ramsar
1024:26065417
984:PLOS ONE
825:. Ramsar
743:中国东方白鹳之乡
636:Anatidae
605:and the
529:Wildlife
506:hardness
458:mudflats
410:Dongying
378:Dongying
358:forestry
322:and the
310:and the
286:Dongying
250:Dongying
97:118°57′E
78:Shandong
74:Dongying
70:Location
1187:30 July
1108:31 July
1086:31 July
1049:31 July
1015:4465972
992:Bibcode
861:31 July
829:29 July
736:Tourism
673:sluices
512:10–2.17
495:sea ice
454:marshes
362:farming
351:in 1855
264:by the
254:wetland
94:37°54′N
80:, China
1237:Xinhua
1159:
1022:
1012:
886:
617:Suaeda
574:, the
570:, the
566:, the
562:, the
558:, the
525:year.
1251:(PDF)
855:(PDF)
823:(PDF)
624:crane
596:CITES
434:delta
274:mouth
270:delta
244:is a
1215:2024
1189:2024
1157:ISBN
1136:2024
1110:2024
1088:2024
1051:2024
1020:PMID
884:ISBN
863:2024
831:2024
518:silt
360:and
262:silt
240:The
133:1992
122:Area
1010:PMC
1000:doi
916:doi
746:).
179:保护区
173:国家级
170:三角洲
1264::
1235:.
1205:.
1179:.
1127:.
1079:.
1059:^
1032:^
1018:.
1008:.
998:.
988:10
986:.
982:.
964:^
928:^
910:.
898:^
839:^
770:^
710:.
630:.
586:,
539:,
502:pH
487:10
477:10
467:10
326:.
299:.
176:自然
167:黄河
76:,
1217:.
1191:.
1165:.
1138:.
1112:.
1090:.
1053:.
1026:.
1002::
994::
922:.
918::
892:.
865:.
833:.
514:×
510:×
491:^
485:×
481:^
475:×
471:^
465:×
20:)
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