819:
1069:, where a population had survived since the glacial period, it was not found as a breeding bird after the 19th century. In Bulgaria, the number of breeding sites fell from 77 between 1950 and 1981 to just 14 in the 1996 to 2006 period, and the number of pairs in the remaining colonies were much smaller. The decline was thought to be due to the loss of former open grasslands which had reverted to scrubby vegetation once extensive cattle grazing ceased. Foraging habitat can also be lost to human activities such as the construction of ski resorts and other tourist development on former alpine meadows. Populations of choughs are stable or increasing in areas where traditional pastoral or other low intensity agriculture persists, but are declining or have become locally extinct where
353:
592:, and red legs. It is slightly smaller than the red-billed chough, at 37–39 centimetres (15–15 inches) length with a 12–14 cm (4.7–5.5 in) tail and a 75–85 cm (30–33 in) wingspan, but has a proportionally longer tail and shorter wings. It has a similar buoyant and easy flight. The sexes are identical in appearance, although the male averages slightly larger than the female. The juvenile is duller than the adult, with a dull yellow bill and brownish legs. The Alpine chough is unlikely to be confused with any other species; although the jackdaw and red-billed chough share its range, the jackdaw is smaller and has unglossed grey plumage, and the red-billed chough has a long red bill.
569:
213:
1038:
42:
91:
345:
780:, showing high partner fidelity in summer and winter and from year to year. Nesting typically starts in early May, and is non-colonial, although in suitable habitat several pairs may nest in close proximity. The bulky nests are composed of roots, sticks and plant stems lined with grass, fine twiglets or hair, and may be constructed on ledges, in a cave or similar fissure in a cliff face, or in an abandoned building. The
66:
671:
915:. Where additional food is available, winter flocks are larger and contain a high proportion of immature birds. The young birds principally frequent the sites with the greatest food availability, such as refuse dumps. Both chough species will hide food in cracks and fissures, concealing the cache with a few pebbles.
809:
A study of three different
European populations showed a mean clutch size of 3.6 eggs, producing 2.6 chicks, of which 1.9 fledged. Adult survival rate varied from 83 to 92%, with no significant difference detected between males and females. Survival of first-year birds was, at 77%, lower than that of
805:
In the western
Italian Alps, the Alpine chough nests in a greater variety of sites than red-billed chough, using natural cliffs, pot-holes and abandoned buildings, whereas the red-billed uses only natural cliffs (although it nests in old buildings elsewhere). The Alpine chough lays its eggs about one
784:
is 3–5 glossy whitish eggs, averaging 33.9 by 24.9 millimetres (1.33 in × 0.98 in) in size, which are tinged with buff, cream or light-green and marked with small brown blotches; they are incubated by the female for 14–21 days before hatching. The chicks hatch with a dense covering of
1061:
around 18,000 years ago, southern Europe was characterised by cold open habitats, and the Alpine chough was found as far as south as southern Italy, well outside its current range. Some of these peripheral prehistoric populations persisted until recently, only to disappear within the last couple of
926:
Movement to lower levels begins after the first snowfalls, and feeding by day is mainly in or near valley bottoms when the snow cover deepens, although the birds return to the mountains to roost. In March and April the choughs frequent villages at valley tops or forage in snow-free patches prior to
918:
This bird always forages in groups, which are larger in winter than summer, and have constant composition in each season. Where food resources are restricted, adults dominate young birds, and males outrank females. Foraging areas change altitudinally through the year, depending on climatic factors,
793:
29–31 days from hatching. The young birds are fed by both parents, and may also be fed by other adults when they have fledged and joined the flock. Breeding is possible in the high mountains because chough eggs have fewer pores than those of lowland species, reducing loss of water by evaporation at
729:
This is a high-altitude species normally breeding between 1,260–2,880 metres (4,130–9,450 ft) in Europe, 2,880–3,900 m (9,450–12,800 ft) in
Morocco, and 3,500–5,000 m (11,500–16,400 ft) in the Himalayas. It has nested at 6,500 m (21,300 ft), higher than any other
1049:
The Alpine chough has an extensive though sometimes fragmented range, estimated at 1–10 million square kilometres (0.4–3.8 million sq mi), and a large population, including an estimated 260,000 to 620,000 individuals in Europe. The
Corsican population has been estimated to comprise
335:
Although it is subject to predation and parasitism, and changes in agricultural practices have caused local population declines, this widespread and abundant species is not threatened globally. Climate change may present a long-term threat, by shifting the necessary Alpine habitat to higher
927:
their return to the high meadows. Feeding trips may cover 20 km (12 mi) distance and 1,600 m (5,200 ft) in altitude. In the Alps, the development of skiing above 3,000 m (9,800 ft) has enabled more birds to remain at high levels in winter.
1050:
about 2,500 birds. Over its range as a whole, the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the global population decline criteria of the IUCN Red List (i.e., declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations), and is therefore evaluated as
930:
Where their ranges overlap, the two chough species may feed together in the summer, although there is only limited competition for food. An
Italian study showed that the vegetable part of the winter diet for the red-billed chough was almost exclusively
1672:
Mourer-Chauviré, C.; Philippe, M.; Quinif, Y.; Chaline, J.; Debard, E.; Guérin, C.; Hugueney, M. (2003). "Position of the palaeontological site Aven I des Abîmes de La Fage, at
Noailles (Corrèze, France), in the European Pleistocene chronology".
944:. Later in the summer, the Alpine chough consumed large numbers of grasshoppers, while the red-billed chough added crane fly pupae, fly larvae and beetles to its diet. In the eastern Himalayas in November, Alpine choughs occur mainly in
806:
month later than its relative, although breeding success and reproductive behaviour are similar. The similarities between the two species presumably arose because of the same strong environmental constraints on breeding behaviour.
327:
to its breeding site, which is usually a cave or crevice in a cliff face. It builds a lined stick nest and lays three to five brown-blotched whitish eggs. It feeds, usually in flocks, on short grazed grassland, taking mainly
734:
at an altitude of 8,200 m (26,900 ft). It usually nests in cavities and fissures on inaccessible rock faces, although locally it will use holes between rocks in fields, and forages in open habitats such as
2644:
618:
The flight of the Alpine chough is swift and acrobatic with loose, deep wing beats. Its high manoeuvrability is accomplished by fanning the tail, folding its wings, and soaring in the
765:
464:
for a jackdaw. The current binomial name of the Alpine chough was formerly sometimes applied to the red-billed chough. The
English word "chough" was originally an alternative
2694:
Delestrade, A. (1993). "Statut, distribution et abondance du chocard à bec jaune
Pyrrhocorax graculus en Corse" [Status, distribution and abundance of the Alpine Chough
952:, differing ecologically from the red-billed choughs in the same region and at the same time of year, which feed by digging in the soil of terraced pastures of villages.
1708:
348:
The red-billed chough (left) has deeper wing "fingers" and tail wedge in flight than the Alpine (on right), and its wings extend to or beyond the tail tip when standing.
308:
and Nepal, and it may nest at a higher altitude than any other bird. The eggs have adaptations to the thin atmosphere that improve oxygen take-up and reduce water loss.
730:
bird species, surpassing even the red-billed chough, which has a diet less well adapted to the highest altitudes. It has been observed following mountaineers ascending
2867:
Pain, Debbie; Dunn, Euan (1996). "The effects of agricultural intensification upon pastoral birds: lowland wet grasslands (The
Netherlands) and transhumance (Spain)".
5246:
5298:
1170:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio duodecima
5404:
2887:
1100:. The local extinction of the Alpine chough and the reduced range of red-billed chough in the islands may have been due to climate change or human activity.
937:
bulbs dug from the ground, whilst the Alpine chough took berries and hips. In June, red-billed choughs fed mainly on caterpillars whereas Alpine choughs ate
2477:
Rolando, Antonio; Caldoni, Riccardo; De
Sanctis, Augusto; Laiolo, Paola (2001). "Vigilance and neighbour distance in foraging flocks of red-billed choughs,
2991:
607:, which predicts that the largest birds should be found higher elevations or in colder and more arid regions. The extremities of the body, the bill and
622:
at cliff faces. Even in flight, it can be distinguished from the red-billed chough by its less rectangular wings, and longer, less square-ended tail.
2672:
1623:
Vaskapu-barlang (Bükk-hegység) felső pleisztocén faunájának vizsgálata (Investigation of the Upper-Pleistocene fauna of Vaskapu-Cave (Bükk-mountain))
5220:
1096:
zone to shift to higher, more restricted areas, or locally to disappear entirely. Fossils of both chough species were found in the mountains of the
751:, hotels and other tourist facilities. Its penchant for waiting by hotel windows for food is popular with tourists, but less so with hotel owners.
5259:
2291:"Feeding observations of the western Yellow-breasted Chat in the south Okanagan valley British Columbia, Canada during a seven-year study period"
1188:
Ornithologia Britannica: seu Avium omnium Britannicarum tam terrestrium, quam aquaticarum catalogus, sermone Latino, Anglico et Gallico redditus
818:
352:
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2361:
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1948:
1798:
1606:
1524:
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1244:
516:
in 1833, is larger and has stronger feet than the nominate race. It breeds in the rest of the depicted Asian range, mainly in the Himalayas.
5429:
2795:
907:. The chough will readily supplement its winter diet with food provided by tourist activities in mountain regions, including ski resorts,
599:
averages slightly larger than the nominate form, weighing 191–244 g (6.7–8.6 oz) against 188–252 g (6.6–8.9 oz) for
568:
2378:
5168:
3028:
2083:
1659:
2421:
5424:
2257:
1622:
1348:
5181:
2447:
1401:
480:
and known initially as the "Cornish chough", eventually became just "chough", the name transferring from one genus to another.
1294:"Inter-generic relationships of the crows, jays, magpies and allied groups (Aves: Corvidae) based on nucleotide sequence data"
984:" behaviour may be play activity to give practice for when genuine defensive measures may be needed to protect eggs or young.
5264:
1722:
1647:
5285:
650:, and a variety of quiet warbles and squeaks given by resting or feeding birds. In a study of chough calls throughout the
505:
5368:
5106:
3180:
810:
adults. The availability or otherwise of human food supplied from tourist activities did not affect breeding success.
1748:
Laiolo, Paola; Rolando, Antonio (2000). "Ecogeographic correlates of morphometric variation in the Red-billed Chough
90:
5199:
5303:
1856:
893:, and domesticated crops such as apples, grapes and pears where available. It has been observed eating flowers of
5212:
4658:
4649:
3419:
1832:
1815:
5414:
5048:
3359:
4585:
3605:
2934:
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in the mountain soils, heavy rain, shooting and other human disturbances, but a longer-term threat comes from
1423:
1293:
1085:
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5419:
5093:
5010:
3548:
3410:
3311:
3021:
1308:
427:
5111:
1541:
5350:
5337:
4280:
3428:
3240:
1702:
185:
3680:
2059:
A field guide to the nests, eggs and nestlings of European birds: with North Africa and the Middle East
332:
prey in summer and fruit in winter; it will readily approach tourist sites to find supplementary food.
315:, a yellow beak, red legs, and distinctive calls. It has a buoyant acrobatic flight with widely spread
1143:
5409:
5155:
5075:
5057:
4883:
4567:
4144:
3737:
3539:
3530:
3368:
3289:
3280:
2902:
2833:
2215:
2029:
1973:
1682:
851:
659:
1313:
4724:
4469:
4029:
3984:
3888:
3782:
3728:
3521:
3437:
3350:
3231:
2565:
1590:
1058:
777:
560:, despite its similar bill shape and black plumage, is only distantly related to the true choughs.
553:
526:
55:
4955:
4937:
4910:
4892:
4337:
4310:
4162:
4038:
3834:
3689:
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3401:
3377:
2926:
2849:
2664:
2547:
2144:
2136:
1989:
1904:
Rolando, Antonio; Laiolo, Paola (April 1997). "A comparative analysis of the diets of the chough
1879:
1837:
1405:
1183:
969:
846:
840:
534:
385:
225:
85:
5342:
2353:
2347:
822:
A chough probably looking for supplementary food is perching on a railing alongside visitors to
604:
5355:
5251:
2195:
Blanco, Guillermo; Fargallo, Juan A.; Tella, José Luis Cuevas; Jesús A. (February–March 1997).
1377:
1371:
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4594:
4244:
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3870:
3861:
3662:
3652:
3134:
3014:
2918:
2738:
2734:
2707:
2591:
2539:
2510:"Protective association and breeding advantages of choughs nesting in lesser kestrel colonies"
2357:
2092:
2062:
1944:
1794:
1655:
1602:
1520:
1455:
1381:
1272:
1240:
1070:
1037:
608:
393:
41:
5062:
2645:"Mallophaga from birds (mostly Corvidae and Phasianidae) of India and neighbouring countries"
5329:
4901:
4823:
4760:
4691:
4576:
4217:
4153:
3924:
3843:
3249:
2965:
in the Canary Islands: hypotheses to explain its extinction and current narrow distribution"
2910:
2841:
2771:
2726:
2656:
2529:
2521:
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2451:
2398:
2328:
2231:
2223:
2175:
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2037:
1981:
1921:
1871:
1827:
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1690:
1594:
1572:
1318:
1138:
961:
879:
651:
501:
252:
5363:
5098:
2196:
678:
The Alpine chough breeds in mountains from Spain eastwards through southern Europe and the
615:. Temperature seems to be the most important cause of body variation in the Alpine chough.
5311:
4796:
4778:
4393:
4383:
4253:
4226:
3755:
3746:
3484:
3213:
3204:
1651:
1066:
655:
373:
2820:
Rolando, Antonio; Patterson, Ian James (1993). "Range and movements of the Alpine Chough
2425:
612:
2906:
2837:
2794:
Stoyanov, Georgi P.; Ivanova, Teodora; Petrov, Boyan P.; Gueorguieva, Antoaneta (2008).
2599:
2290:
2219:
2033:
1977:
1686:
1427:
1120:
212:
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5194:
4841:
4612:
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3493:
3258:
3171:
2332:
1925:
1769:
1236:
1097:
1093:
1089:
919:
food availability and food quality. During the breeding season, birds remain above the
711:
703:
619:
589:
545:
form from Europe was similar to the extant subspecies, and is sometimes categorised as
442:
316:
5381:
2272:
2227:
5398:
5272:
4946:
4928:
4235:
4208:
4056:
3954:
3852:
3080:
2914:
2727:
2509:
1447:
1336:
1322:
1165:
1129:
1051:
1010:
949:
895:
885:
781:
769:
736:
731:
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between body size and frequency, being higher-pitched in smaller-bodied populations.
626:
368:
202:
75:
70:
3006:
2930:
2853:
2668:
2551:
2455:
2197:"Role of buildings as nest-sites in the range expansion and conservation of choughs
2148:
1993:
1841:
1476:
17:
5134:
4832:
4769:
4516:
4289:
4183:
4126:
4074:
4002:
3963:
3906:
3879:
3719:
3475:
3341:
3222:
2886:
Sekercioglu, Cagan H; Schneider, Stephen H.; Fay, John P. Loarie; Scott R. (2008).
2595:
1563:
Vaurie, Charles (1954). "Systematic notes on Palearctic birds. No. 4, The choughs (
973:
965:
831:
786:
706:
throughout its range, although Moroccan birds have established a small colony near
683:
647:
573:
523:
465:
419:
329:
305:
301:
5186:
5121:
2992:
Ageing and sexing (PDF; 0.86 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
2102:
1429:
Manuel d'ornithologie; Tableau systématique des oiseaux qui se trouvent en Europe
5290:
5233:
5042:
4859:
4742:
4636:
4621:
4525:
4346:
4135:
4117:
4083:
4065:
4011:
3773:
3195:
2569:
2258:"Winter movements of the Alpine Chough: implications for management in the Alps"
1642:
1443:
1228:
1021:
863:
859:
799:
542:
382:
292:
2776:
2759:
2085:
Avian growth and development. Evolution within the altricial precocial spectrum
1814:
Laiolo, Paola; Rolando, Antonio; Delestrade, Anne; de Sanctis, Augusto (2001).
923:, although they may use food provided by tourists at refuges and picnic areas.
764:
400:. The closest relatives of the choughs were formerly thought to be the typical
5376:
4977:
4787:
4706:
4673:
4554:
4507:
4498:
4262:
4047:
3993:
3508:
3162:
3074:
3068:
3002:
2494:
2042:
2013:
1694:
938:
904:
873:. The diet in autumn, winter and early spring becomes mainly fruit, including
823:
789:— in contrast to those of the red-billed chough, which are almost naked — and
748:
643:
vocalisations of the jackdaw and the red-billed chough. It also has a rolling
491:
324:
297:
5033:
2711:
4919:
4874:
4850:
4814:
4733:
4451:
4328:
4319:
4271:
3915:
2315:
Delestrade, Anne (1994). "Factors affecting flock size in the Alpine Chough
1964:
Baumgart, W. (1967). "Alpendohlenkolonien in Felsschächten des Westbalkan".
1292:
Ericson, Per G. P.; Jansén, Anna-Lee; Johansson, Ulf S.; Ekman, Jan (2005).
1081:
920:
900:
744:
715:
687:
476:, based on its call. The red-billed chough, formerly particularly common in
320:
142:
102:
5173:
2922:
2525:
2180:
2163:
976:
will take nestlings. Alpine choughs have been observed diving at a Tibetan
707:
584:
The adult of the nominate subspecies of the Alpine chough has glossy black
2760:"Weichselian and Holocene bird remains from Komarowa Cave, Central Poland"
2660:
2543:
2119:
Rahn, H.; Ar, A. (1974). "The avian egg: incubation time and water loss".
5027:
4682:
4426:
4364:
3637:
3466:
3392:
3096:
3056:
3050:
3038:
1601:. Vol. 2. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. p. 598.
1074:
1015:
908:
890:
477:
435:
300:
breed in high mountains from Spain eastwards through southern Europe and
152:
122:
5316:
5085:
2960:
747:
or lower, and in winter will often congregate around human settlements,
344:
5225:
5070:
4374:
3570:
3152:
2845:
2534:
2236:
2140:
1985:
1883:
1546:
Stray Feathers: A Journal of Ornithology for India and Its Dependencies
1477:</a> "Systematic notes on Asian birds. 45. Types of the Corvidae"
1003:
981:
977:
945:
719:
695:
691:
636:
calls of the Alpine chough are quite different from the more typically
585:
520:
469:
410:
312:
3811:
3709:
3331:
3116:
1576:
1475:
Dickinson, E C; Dekker, R. W. R. J.; Eck, S.; Somadikarta S. (2004).
1063:
912:
835:
795:
790:
723:
357:
162:
112:
5238:
5147:
5004:
2132:
1875:
670:
1233:
Crows and jays: a guide to the crows, jays and magpies of the world
5142:
2824:
in relation to human developments in the Italian Alps in summer".
2800:) in western Stara Planina and western Predbalkan Mts. (Bulgaria)"
1373:
The Englishman's pocket Latin-English and English-Latin dictionary
1036:
933:
874:
870:
855:
817:
763:
740:
699:
669:
577:
567:
533:, but this has not been widely accepted and is usually treated as
461:
351:
343:
5160:
3801:
3062:
2888:"Climate change, elevational range shifts, and bird extinctions"
1042:
988:
941:
679:
637:
494:
in Europe, north Africa, Turkey, the Caucasus and northern Iran.
401:
287:
283:
132:
5008:
4423:
3634:
3093:
3010:
2570:"Playing with fire? alpine choughs play with a Tibetan red fox"
1517:
The Birds of the Western Palearctic concise edition (2 volumes)
4544:
4488:
3456:
2796:"Past and present breeding distribution of the alpine chough (
2379:"Ecological and behavioural divergence by foraging Red-billed
1271:. London: British Museum (Natural History). pp. 151–158.
1114:
1112:
867:
415:
258:
2256:
Laiolo, Paola; Rolando, Antonio; Carisio, Lorendana (2001).
1833:
10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0287:GVITCO]2.0.CO;2
529:
separated the Himalayan population as a third subspecies,
1621:(Hungarian with English abstract) Válóczi, Tibor (1999) "
1080:
Choughs can be locally threatened by the accumulation of
261:
802:
with a genetically determined high affinity for oxygen.
674:
Cliffs with nearby alpine pasture provide nesting sites.
1519:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1464–1466.
603:, and it has stronger feet. This is in accordance with
1941:
Nature's champions: the biggest, the fastest, the best
1077:, England, south-west Portugal and mainland Scotland.
798:
of bird species that breed at high altitude also have
1172:(in Latin). Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). p. 158.
392:, along with the only other member of the genus, the
264:
2616:
Georgiev B. B.; Kornyushin, VV.; Genov, T. (1987). "
2601:
Fleas, flukes and cuckoos. A study of bird parasites
2164:"Oxygen transport in the avian egg at high altitude"
2014:"Breeding biology and survival of the Alpine Chough
1816:"Geographical variation in the calls of the choughs"
1410:
Coloured figures of the birds of the British islands
5017:
4968:
4872:
4704:
4671:
4634:
4552:
4542:
4496:
4486:
4449:
4440:
4372:
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3339:
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3193:
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3151:
3114:
3107:
2508:Blanco, Guillermo; Tella, José Luis (August 1997).
1542:"Letter to the Editor, 10 September 1873, Camp Leh"
1515:Snow, David; Perrins, Christopher M., eds. (1998).
987:The Alpine chough is a host of the widespread bird
255:
1939:Silverstein Alvin; Silverstein, Virginia (2003).
1454:. London: Chatto & Windus. pp. 406–408.
1144:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22705921A87386602.en
830:In the summer, the Alpine chough feeds mainly on
2251:
2249:
2247:
2162:Black, Craig Patrick; Snyder, Gregory K (1980).
2091:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 7.
2082:Starck, J Matthias; Ricklefs, Robert E. (1948).
2007:
2005:
2003:
690:to western China. There are also populations in
1857:"The avian egg: incubation time and water loss"
710:in southern Spain, and wanderers have reached
3022:
2620:sp. n. (Cestoda, Dilepididae), a parasite of
2574:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
2289:McKibbin, René; Bishop, Christine A. (2008).
1707:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
483:The Alpine chough has two extant subspecies.
290:family, one of only two species in the genus
8:
377:in 1766. It was moved to its current genus,
49:Adult of nominate subspecies in Switzerland
2789:
2787:
2012:Delestrade, Anne; Stoyanov, Georgi (1995).
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1092:, which would cause the species' preferred
611:, are longer in warmer areas, in line with
451:
445:
5005:
4549:
4493:
4446:
4437:
4420:
4369:
3806:
3714:
3657:
3648:
3631:
3593:
3461:
3336:
3157:
3111:
3104:
3090:
3029:
3015:
3007:
2758:Tomek, Teresa; Bocheński, Zygmunt (2005).
2725:Yalden, Derek; Albarella, Umberto (2009).
1943:. Courier Dover Publications. p. 17.
1627:Folia historico naturalia musei Matraensis
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1190:(in Latin). London, J. Dixwell. p. 2.
408:, especially the jackdaws in the subgenus
211:
64:
40:
31:
2997:Alpine chough videos, photos & sounds
2775:
2533:
2235:
2179:
2041:
1831:
1729:. Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1432:. Paris: Sepps & Dufour. p. 122.
1312:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1142:
363:The Alpine chough was first described as
1412:. Vol. 2. R. H. Porter. p. 56.
1267:Goodwin, Derek; Gillmor, Robert (1976).
772:to light-green, and have brown speckles.
220:Approximate distribution shown in green
2698:in Corsica, Mediterranean France].
2352:. University of Chicago Press. p.
1654:(Part 1: Europe). Ninox Press, Prague.
1108:
434:), diverged early from the rest of the
1700:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1073:methods have been introduced, such as
500:, described by the German naturalists
2961:"New fossil records of choughs genus
2643:Kellogg, V. L.; Paine, J. H. (1914).
2057:Harrison, Colin James Oliver (1975).
1599:Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide
960:Predators of the choughs include the
7:
5213:4f0c5493-d581-4df9-9c2f-b048d366b635
2733:. Oxford University Press. pp.
5405:IUCN Red List least concern species
2604:. London: Collins. pp. 89, 95.
2424:. Birdwatch Ireland. Archived from
1130:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2333:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1994.tb08135.x
1926:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1997.tb04639.x
1770:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2001.tb04888.x
1408:; Keulemans, Gerrard John (1897).
1404:; Salvin, Osbert; Newton, Alfred;
1370:Woodhouse, Sidney Chawner (1982).
1351:from the original on 11 April 2016
794:the low atmospheric pressure. The
588:, a short yellow bill, dark brown
25:
2959:Reyes, Juan Carlos Rando (2007).
1481:Leiden Zoologische Verhandelingen
1347:. British Trust for Ornithology.
2915:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00852.x
2568:; Foggin, J. Marc (March 1993).
2346:Wall, Stephen B. Vander (1990).
1376:. Taylor & Francis. p.
1323:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2001.03409.x
877:such as the European Hackberry (
834:collected from pasture, such as
251:
89:
2999:on the Internet Bird Collection
2422:"A year in the life of Choughs"
1402:Lilford, Thomas Littleton Powys
1119:BirdLife International (2016).
658:in the Alpine chough showed an
456:, "raven". The species epithet
441:The genus name is derived from
1057:At the greatest extent of the
994:, two specialist chough fleas
776:The Alpine chough is socially
422:analysis shows that the genus
1:
3181:Black racket-tailed treepie (
2228:10.1016/S0006-3207(96)00118-8
1540:Stoliczka, Ferdinand (1874).
980:. It seems likely that this "
506:Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg
2729:The history of British birds
2649:Records of the Indian Museum
2397:(2): 273–277. Archived from
1723:"ITIS Standard Report Page:
356:In-flight in northern Alps,
5430:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
4659:White-throated Magpie-jay (
4650:Black-throated magpie-jay (
3420:Yellow-billed blue magpie (
2764:Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia
2265:Journal of Mountain Ecology
1789:. London: Granada. p.
1644:Cenozoic birds of the world
948:forests where they feed on
311:This bird has glossy black
5446:
3360:Indochinese green magpie (
2869:Wader Study Group Bulletin
2777:10.3409/173491505783995743
4436:
4419:
3647:
3630:
3103:
3089:
3045:
3037:Extant species of family
2495:10.1017/S095283690100019X
2043:10.1080/00063659509477171
1912:coexisting in the Alps".
1855:Bahn, H.; Ab, A. (1974).
1697:(inactive 25 April 2024).
1695:10.1080/03009480310003405
1569:American Museum Novitates
1341:[Linnaeus, 1758]"
1009:, and various species of
903:, perhaps as a source of
597:P. g. digitatus
231:
224:
219:
210:
191:
184:
86:Scientific classification
84:
62:
53:
48:
39:
34:
3411:Red-billed blue magpie (
3312:Ratchet-tailed treepie (
2807:Acta Zoologica Bulgarica
2349:Food hoarding in animals
2061:. Collins. p. 316.
1966:Journal für Ornithologie
1750:Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
1424:Temminck, Coenraad Jacob
1301:Journal of Avian Biology
1137:: e.T22705921A87386602.
896:Crocus vernus albiflorus
850:have been recorded from
826:, high in the Swiss Alps
768:Eggs vary from cream to
666:Distribution and habitat
601:P. g. graculus
531:P. g. forsythi
450:, "flame-coloured", and
5425:Birds described in 1766
4586:Woodhouse's scrub jay (
4281:Hispaniolan palm crow (
3606:Stresemann's bushcrow (
3429:Sri Lanka blue magpie (
3241:White-bellied treepie (
2479:Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
2381:Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
2271:: 21–30. Archived from
2208:Biological Conservation
2199:Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
1906:Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
1783:Burton, Robert (1985).
1641:Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002)
1339:Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
1231:; Burn, Hilary (1994).
992:Ceratophyllus vagabunda
654:it was found that call
558:Corcorax melanorhamphos
390:Ornithologia Britannica
27:Bird in the crow family
4884:Silvery-throated jay (
4568:California scrub jay (
4145:Eastern carrion crow (
3738:Yellow-billed magpie (
3540:Turkestan ground jay (
3531:Mongolian ground jay (
3369:Bornean green magpie (
3290:Bornean black magpie (
3281:Malayan black magpie (
2826:Journal of Ornithology
2526:10.1006/anbe.1996.0465
2377:Laiolo, Paola (2003).
2298:British Columbia Birds
1908:and the alpine chough
1752:and the Alpine Chough
1046:
996:Frontopsylla frontalis
827:
773:
704:non-migratory resident
675:
581:
452:
446:
428:ratchet-tailed treepie
360:
349:
323:for life and displays
5351:Paleobiology Database
5338:Paleobiology Database
4725:Purplish-backed jay (
4470:Azure-winged magpie (
4030:Eastern jungle crow (
3985:Slender-billed crow (
3889:New Caledonian crow (
3783:Black-rumped magpie (
3729:Black-billed magpie (
3522:Xinjiang ground jay (
3438:White-winged magpie (
3351:Common green magpie (
3232:Black-faced treepie (
2661:10.5962/bhl.part.5626
2618:Choanotaenia pirinica
1040:
1007:Choanotaenia pirinica
883:) and Sea-buckthorn (
821:
767:
755:Behaviour and ecology
673:
571:
547:P. g. vetus
355:
347:
5382:Pyrrhocorax-graculus
5208:Fauna Europaea (new)
5063:Pyrrhocorax_graculus
5049:Pyrrhocorax graculus
5019:Pyrrhocorax graculus
4956:White-collared jay (
4938:Black-throated jay (
4911:White-throated jay (
4893:Black-collared jay (
4338:Thick-billed raven (
4311:White-necked raven (
4163:Brown-necked raven (
4039:Indian jungle crow (
3690:Kashmir nutcracker (
3681:Clark's nutcracker (
3672:Spotted nutcracker (
3549:Iranian ground jay (
3402:Taiwan blue magpie (
3378:Javan green magpie (
2895:Conservation Biology
2822:Pyrrhocorax graculus
2809:. Suppl. 2: 119–132.
2798:Pyrrhocorax graculus
2696:Pyrrhocorax graculus
2622:Pyrrhocorax graculus
2566:Blumstein, Daniel T.
2317:Pyrrhocorax graculus
2181:10.1093/icb/20.2.461
2108:on 16 December 2008.
2016:Pyrrhocorax graculus
1910:Pyrrhocorax graculus
1754:Pyrrhocorax graculus
1591:Rasmussen, Pamela C.
1239:. pp. 132–133.
1123:Pyrrhocorax graculus
1045:, Innsbruck, Austria
886:Hippophae rhamnoides
660:inverse relationship
319:. The Alpine chough
279:Pyrrhocorax graculus
274:yellow-billed chough
195:Pyrrhocorax graculus
18:Yellow-billed chough
4806:Bushy-crested jay (
4752:Plush-crested jay (
4716:Black-chested jay (
4604:Transvolcanic jay (
4595:Florida scrub jay (
4245:White-necked crow (
4109:Mesopotamian crow (
4021:Large-billed crow (
3934:White-billed crow (
3871:Bougainville crow (
3862:Brown-headed crow (
3135:Red-billed chough (
2907:2008ConBi..22..140S
2838:1993JOrni.134..338R
2383:and Alpine Choughs
2220:1997BCons..79..117B
2034:1995BirdS..42..222D
1978:1967JOrni.108..341B
1687:2003Borea..32..521D
1650:20 May 2011 at the
1406:Thorburn, Archibald
1059:last glacial period
554:white-winged chough
527:Ferdinand Stoliczka
492:nominate subspecies
398:P. pyrrhocorax
237:Linnaeus, 1766
56:Conservation status
4902:Azure-hooded jay (
4824:White-tailed jay (
4761:Curl-crested jay (
4577:Island scrub jay (
4218:Chihuahuan raven (
4154:Fan-tailed raven (
3925:Long-billed crow (
3844:Australian raven (
3250:Sumatran treepie (
2846:10.1007/BF01640430
2675:on 27 January 2021
2592:Rothschild, Miriam
2483:Journal of Zoology
2168:American Zoologist
1986:10.1007/BF01671883
1269:Crows of the world
1062:centuries. In the
1047:
970:Eurasian eagle-owl
847:Otiorhynchus morio
841:Selatosomus aeneus
828:
774:
676:
582:
386:Marmaduke Tunstall
361:
350:
5392:
5391:
5325:Open Tree of Life
5011:Taxon identifiers
5002:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4797:Azure-naped jay (
4779:White-naped jay (
4538:
4537:
4482:
4481:
4415:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4359:
4358:
4254:Cuban palm crow (
4247:C. leucognaphalus
4227:Tamaulipas crow (
4211:C. brachyrhynchos
3795:
3794:
3756:Oriental magpie (
3747:Eurasian magpie (
3702:
3701:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3583:
3582:
3485:Lanceolated jay (
3450:
3449:
3413:U. erythrorhyncha
3324:
3323:
3214:Bornean treepie (
3205:Andaman treepie (
3147:
3146:
2744:978-0-19-921751-9
2448:"Know Your Crows"
2387:in the Himalayas"
2363:978-0-226-84735-1
2098:978-0-19-510608-4
2068:978-0-00-219249-1
1950:978-0-486-42888-8
1800:978-0-246-12440-1
1608:978-84-87334-67-2
1526:978-0-19-854099-1
1461:978-0-7011-6907-7
1387:978-0-7100-9267-0
1278:978-0-565-00771-3
1246:978-0-7136-3999-5
1071:intensive farming
652:Palearctic region
426:, along with the
420:cytochrome b
394:red-billed chough
243:
242:
79:
16:(Redirected from
5437:
5385:
5384:
5372:
5371:
5359:
5358:
5346:
5345:
5333:
5332:
5320:
5319:
5307:
5306:
5294:
5293:
5291:NHMSYS0000533739
5281:
5280:
5268:
5267:
5255:
5254:
5242:
5241:
5229:
5228:
5216:
5215:
5203:
5202:
5190:
5189:
5177:
5176:
5164:
5163:
5151:
5150:
5138:
5137:
5125:
5124:
5115:
5114:
5102:
5101:
5089:
5088:
5079:
5078:
5076:45B512E2ECC3DB1D
5066:
5065:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5006:
4980:G. cyanocephalus
4842:Violaceous jay (
4808:C. melanocyaneus
4643:
4613:Unicolored jay (
4561:
4550:
4494:
4461:Iberian magpie (
4447:
4438:
4431:
4421:
4370:
4340:C. crassirostris
4307:
4303:Tropical African
4205:
4201:Central American
4180:
4105:
4023:C. macrorhynchos
3981:
3951:
3898:Torresian crow (
3864:C. fuscicapillus
3831:
3807:
3765:Maghreb magpie (
3715:
3692:N. multipunctata
3674:N. caryocatactes
3658:
3649:
3642:
3632:
3594:
3515:
3462:
3337:
3259:Rufous treepie (
3172:Hooded treepie (
3158:
3112:
3105:
3091:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3008:
2980:
2979:
2969:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2939:
2933:. Archived from
2892:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2804:
2791:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2732:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2671:. Archived from
2640:
2634:
2633:
2626:Vestnik Zoologii
2612:
2606:
2605:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2537:
2514:Animal Behaviour
2505:
2499:
2498:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2454:. Archived from
2452:Operation Chough
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2428:on 11 April 2016
2418:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2295:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2262:
2253:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2214:(2–3): 117–122.
2205:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2101:. Archived from
2090:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2009:
1998:
1997:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1901:
1888:
1887:
1861:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1835:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1706:
1698:
1669:
1663:
1639:
1633:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1512:
1489:
1488:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1452:Birds Britannica
1440:
1434:
1433:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1345:BTOWeb BirdFacts
1333:
1327:
1326:
1316:
1298:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1264:
1251:
1250:
1225:
1192:
1191:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1146:
1116:
962:peregrine falcon
899:, including the
880:Celtis australis
502:Wilhelm Hemprich
455:
449:
447:πύρρος (purrhos)
271:
270:
267:
266:
263:
260:
257:
238:
215:
197:
177:P. graculus
94:
93:
73:
68:
67:
44:
32:
21:
5445:
5444:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5415:Birds of Europe
5395:
5394:
5393:
5388:
5380:
5375:
5367:
5362:
5354:
5349:
5341:
5336:
5328:
5323:
5315:
5312:Observation.org
5310:
5302:
5297:
5289:
5284:
5276:
5271:
5263:
5258:
5250:
5245:
5237:
5232:
5224:
5219:
5211:
5206:
5198:
5193:
5185:
5180:
5172:
5167:
5159:
5154:
5146:
5141:
5133:
5128:
5120:
5118:
5110:
5105:
5097:
5092:
5084:
5082:
5074:
5069:
5061:
5056:
5047:
5046:
5041:
5032:
5031:
5026:
5013:
5003:
4986:
4964:
4947:Turquoise jay (
4929:Beautiful jay (
4868:
4835:C. sanblasianus
4763:C. cristatellus
4700:
4692:Steller's jay (
4667:
4641:
4640:
4630:
4597:A. coerulescens
4559:
4558:
4534:
4528:P. internigrans
4478:
4442:
4432:
4429:
4403:
4394:Western jackdaw
4384:Daurian jackdaw
4355:
4300:
4290:Sinaloan crow (
4236:Jamaican crow (
4220:C. cryptoleucus
4209:American crow (
4194:
4173:
4094:
4057:Collared crow (
4032:C. levaillantii
3974:
3955:Hawaiian crow (
3944:
3891:C. moneduloides
3853:Bismarck crow (
3820:
3791:
3708:
3698:
3643:
3640:
3614:
3589:
3579:
3557:
3513:
3512:
3502:
3446:
3422:U. flavirostris
3386:
3330:
3320:
3298:
3267:
3189:
3143:
3126:Alpine chough (
3099:
3085:
3041:
3035:
2988:
2983:
2967:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2943:
2941:
2940:on 19 July 2015
2937:
2890:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2802:
2793:
2792:
2785:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2678:
2676:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2459:
2458:on 14 July 2014
2446:
2445:
2441:
2431:
2429:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2404:
2402:
2401:on 12 June 2012
2376:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2278:on 5 July 2007.
2275:
2260:
2255:
2254:
2245:
2203:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2133:10.2307/1366724
2118:
2117:
2113:
2105:
2099:
2088:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2011:
2010:
2001:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1903:
1902:
1891:
1876:10.2307/1366724
1859:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1732:
1730:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1699:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1652:Wayback Machine
1640:
1636:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1514:
1513:
1492:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1352:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1314:10.1.1.493.5531
1296:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1266:
1265:
1254:
1247:
1237:A & C Black
1227:
1226:
1195:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1149:
1147:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1106:
1067:Tatra Mountains
1035:
958:
956:Natural threats
950:juniper berries
816:
762:
757:
668:
605:Bergmann's rule
595:The subspecies
566:
552:The Australian
524:palaeontologist
510:P. alpinus
498:P. g. digitatus
474:Corvus monedula
374:Systema Naturae
365:Corvus graculus
342:
317:flight feathers
254:
250:
236:
234:Corvus graculus
206:
199:
193:
180:
88:
80:
69:
65:
58:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5443:
5441:
5433:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5397:
5396:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5373:
5360:
5347:
5334:
5321:
5308:
5295:
5282:
5269:
5256:
5243:
5230:
5217:
5204:
5195:Fauna Europaea
5191:
5178:
5165:
5152:
5139:
5126:
5116:
5103:
5090:
5080:
5067:
5054:
5039:
5023:
5021:
5015:
5014:
5009:
5000:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4974:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4958:C. viridicyana
4953:
4944:
4935:
4926:
4917:
4908:
4899:
4890:
4886:C. argentigula
4880:
4878:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4862:C. yucatanicus
4857:
4848:
4839:
4833:San Blas jay (
4830:
4821:
4812:
4803:
4794:
4785:
4776:
4770:Purplish jay (
4767:
4758:
4749:
4740:
4731:
4722:
4712:
4710:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4689:
4679:
4677:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4656:
4646:
4644:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4619:
4610:
4606:A. ultramarina
4601:
4592:
4588:A. woodhouseii
4583:
4574:
4570:A. californica
4564:
4562:
4547:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4523:
4517:Siberian jay (
4514:
4504:
4502:
4491:
4484:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4467:
4457:
4455:
4444:
4434:
4433:
4424:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4391:
4380:
4378:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4344:
4335:
4326:
4317:
4308:
4297:
4296:
4287:
4278:
4269:
4260:
4251:
4242:
4238:C. jamaicensis
4233:
4224:
4215:
4206:
4191:
4190:
4184:Common raven (
4181:
4170:
4169:
4160:
4151:
4142:
4133:
4127:Carrion crow (
4124:
4115:
4106:
4091:
4090:
4081:
4075:Banggai crow (
4072:
4063:
4054:
4045:
4036:
4027:
4018:
4009:
4003:Palawan crow (
4000:
3991:
3982:
3977:Tropical Asian
3971:
3970:
3964:Mariana crow (
3961:
3957:C. hawaiiensis
3952:
3947:Pacific island
3941:
3940:
3931:
3922:
3913:
3907:Forest raven (
3904:
3895:
3886:
3880:Little raven (
3877:
3868:
3859:
3850:
3841:
3832:
3817:
3815:
3804:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3785:P. bottanensis
3780:
3771:
3767:P. mauritanica
3762:
3753:
3744:
3735:
3725:
3723:
3712:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3687:
3678:
3668:
3666:
3655:
3645:
3644:
3635:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3608:Z. stresemanni
3602:
3600:
3598:Zavattariornis
3591:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3567:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3546:
3537:
3528:
3518:
3516:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3491:
3487:G. lanceolatus
3482:
3476:Eurasian jay (
3472:
3470:
3459:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3435:
3426:
3417:
3408:
3398:
3396:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3375:
3366:
3357:
3347:
3345:
3334:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3308:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3287:
3283:P. leucopterus
3277:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3256:
3252:D. occipitalis
3247:
3243:D. leucogastra
3238:
3229:
3223:Grey treepie (
3220:
3216:D. cinerascens
3211:
3201:
3199:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3178:
3168:
3166:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3137:P. pyrrhocorax
3132:
3122:
3120:
3109:
3101:
3100:
3094:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3053:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2987:
2986:External links
2984:
2982:
2981:
2951:
2901:(1): 140–150.
2878:
2859:
2832:(3): 338–344.
2812:
2783:
2770:(1–2): 43–65.
2750:
2743:
2717:
2686:
2635:
2624:in Bulgaria".
2607:
2583:
2557:
2520:(2): 335–342.
2500:
2489:(2): 225–232.
2469:
2439:
2413:
2369:
2362:
2338:
2307:
2281:
2243:
2187:
2174:(2): 461–468.
2154:
2127:(2): 147–152.
2111:
2097:
2074:
2067:
2049:
2028:(3): 222–231.
1999:
1972:(3): 341–345.
1956:
1949:
1931:
1920:(2): 388–395.
1889:
1870:(2): 147–152.
1847:
1826:(2): 287–297.
1806:
1799:
1786:Bird behaviour
1775:
1764:(3): 602–616.
1740:
1714:
1681:(3): 521–531.
1664:
1634:
1614:
1607:
1595:Anderton J. C.
1582:
1555:
1532:
1525:
1490:
1467:
1460:
1448:Mabey, Richard
1435:
1415:
1393:
1386:
1362:
1328:
1307:(3): 222–234.
1284:
1277:
1252:
1245:
1193:
1175:
1157:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1098:Canary Islands
1094:Alpine climate
1090:global warming
1034:
1031:
1013:in the genera
1000:F. laetus
957:
954:
815:
812:
761:
758:
756:
753:
737:alpine meadows
712:Czechoslovakia
667:
664:
565:
562:
518:
517:
495:
488:P. g. graculus
341:
338:
241:
240:
229:
228:
222:
221:
217:
216:
208:
207:
200:
189:
188:
182:
181:
174:
172:
168:
167:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
82:
81:
63:
60:
59:
54:
51:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
35:Alpine chough
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5442:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5420:Birds of Asia
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5383:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5117:
5113:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5081:
5077:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5059:
5055:
5050:
5044:
5040:
5035:
5029:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5007:
4983:
4981:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4967:
4961:
4959:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4927:
4925:
4923:
4918:
4916:
4914:
4909:
4907:
4905:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4871:
4865:
4863:
4860:Yucatan jay (
4858:
4856:
4854:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4826:C. mystacalis
4822:
4820:
4818:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4781:C. cyanopogon
4777:
4775:
4773:
4772:C. cyanomelas
4768:
4766:
4764:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4743:Cayenne jay (
4741:
4739:
4737:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4703:
4697:
4695:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4670:
4664:
4662:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4642:(Magpie-Jays)
4639:
4638:
4633:
4627:
4625:
4624:A. wollweberi
4622:Mexican jay (
4620:
4618:
4616:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4557:
4556:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4541:
4531:
4529:
4526:Sichuan jay (
4524:
4522:
4520:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4510:P. canadensis
4506:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4485:
4475:
4473:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4445:
4439:
4435:
4428:
4422:
4418:
4399:
4395:
4392:
4389:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4352:
4350:
4347:Somali crow (
4345:
4343:
4341:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4313:C. albicollis
4309:
4306:
4304:
4299:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4274:C. ossifragus
4270:
4268:
4266:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4165:C. ruficollis
4161:
4159:
4157:
4156:C. rhipidurus
4152:
4150:
4148:
4147:C. orientalis
4143:
4141:
4139:
4138:C. frugilegus
4134:
4132:
4130:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4118:Hooded crow (
4116:
4114:
4112:
4111:C. capellanus
4107:
4104:
4102:
4101:North African
4098:
4093:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:Violet crow (
4082:
4080:
4078:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4066:Piping crow (
4064:
4062:
4060:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4041:C. culminatus
4037:
4035:
4033:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4012:Flores crow (
4010:
4008:
4006:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3996:C. samarensis
3992:
3990:
3988:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3909:C. tasmanicus
3905:
3903:
3901:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3846:C. coronoides
3842:
3840:
3838:
3835:Little crow (
3833:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3798:
3788:
3786:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3774:Asir magpie (
3772:
3770:
3768:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3705:
3695:
3693:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3683:N. columbiana
3679:
3677:
3675:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3639:
3633:
3629:
3611:
3609:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3586:
3576:
3574:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3533:P. hendersoni
3529:
3527:
3525:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3514:(Ground jays)
3511:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3497:
3494:Lidth's jay (
3492:
3490:
3488:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3478:G. glandarius
3474:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3453:
3443:
3441:
3440:U. whiteheadi
3436:
3434:
3432:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3380:C. thalassina
3376:
3374:
3372:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3327:
3317:
3315:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3293:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3262:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3140:
3138:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3081:Passeriformes
3078:
3076:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3032:
3027:
3025:
3020:
3018:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2978:(2): 185–195.
2977:
2973:
2966:
2964:
2955:
2952:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2863:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2816:
2813:
2808:
2801:
2799:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2751:
2746:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2730:
2721:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2702:(in French).
2701:
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2596:Clay, Theresa
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2250:
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2209:
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2023:
2019:
2017:
2008:
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1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1968:(in German).
1967:
1960:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1923:
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1911:
1907:
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1660:80-901105-3-8
1657:
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1638:
1635:
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1628:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1571:(1658): 6–7.
1570:
1566:
1559:
1556:
1552:(4): 461–463.
1551:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1533:
1528:
1522:
1518:
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1126:
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1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1052:Least Concern
1044:
1039:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
990:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
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955:
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951:
947:
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936:
935:
928:
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922:
916:
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906:
902:
898:
897:
892:
888:
887:
882:
881:
876:
872:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
848:
843:
842:
837:
833:
832:invertebrates
825:
820:
813:
811:
807:
803:
801:
797:
792:
788:
783:
779:
771:
766:
759:
754:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
733:
732:Mount Everest
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
672:
665:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
646:
642:
639:
635:
632:and whistled
631:
628:
623:
621:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
593:
591:
587:
579:
575:
570:
563:
561:
559:
555:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
525:
522:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
496:
493:
489:
486:
485:
484:
481:
479:
475:
471:
468:name for the
467:
463:
459:
454:
453:κόραξ (korax)
448:
444:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
412:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
384:
383:ornithologist
381:, by English
380:
376:
375:
370:
366:
359:
354:
346:
339:
337:
333:
331:
326:
322:
318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
294:
289:
285:
281:
280:
275:
269:
248:
247:Alpine chough
239:
235:
230:
227:
223:
218:
214:
209:
204:
198:
196:
190:
187:
186:Binomial name
183:
179:
178:
173:
170:
169:
166:
165:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
143:Passeriformes
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
97:
92:
87:
83:
77:
72:
71:Least Concern
61:
57:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
5018:
4979:
4978:Pinyon jay (
4969:
4957:
4948:
4939:
4930:
4921:
4913:C. mirabilis
4912:
4904:C. cucullata
4903:
4895:C. armillata
4894:
4885:
4873:
4861:
4852:
4844:C. violaceus
4843:
4834:
4825:
4816:
4807:
4799:C. heilprini
4798:
4789:
4788:Tufted jay (
4780:
4771:
4762:
4753:
4744:
4736:C. caeruleus
4735:
4726:
4717:
4705:
4693:
4684:
4672:
4660:
4651:
4635:
4623:
4614:
4605:
4596:
4587:
4579:A. insularis
4578:
4569:
4560:(Scrub jays)
4553:
4527:
4519:P. infaustus
4518:
4509:
4508:Canada jay (
4497:
4471:
4462:
4450:
4441:Azure-winged
4397:
4388:C. dauuricus
4387:
4373:
4348:
4339:
4330:
4321:
4312:
4302:
4301:
4291:
4282:
4273:
4264:
4263:Cuban crow (
4255:
4246:
4237:
4229:C. imparatus
4228:
4219:
4210:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4185:
4175:
4174:
4164:
4155:
4146:
4137:
4128:
4119:
4110:
4100:
4096:
4095:
4086:C. violaceus
4085:
4076:
4067:
4059:C. torquatus
4058:
4050:C. splendens
4049:
4048:House crow (
4040:
4031:
4022:
4014:C. florensis
4013:
4004:
3995:
3994:Small crow (
3986:
3976:
3975:
3965:
3956:
3946:
3945:
3936:C. woodfordi
3935:
3926:
3917:
3908:
3899:
3890:
3881:
3872:
3863:
3855:C. insularis
3854:
3845:
3836:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3810:
3784:
3776:P. asirensis
3775:
3766:
3757:
3748:
3739:
3730:
3718:
3691:
3682:
3673:
3661:
3607:
3597:
3588:Stresemann's
3572:
3562:
3550:
3541:
3532:
3524:P. biddulphi
3523:
3507:
3495:
3486:
3477:
3465:
3439:
3430:
3421:
3412:
3403:
3391:
3379:
3370:
3362:C. hypoleuca
3361:
3353:C. chinensis
3352:
3340:
3313:
3303:
3292:P. aterrimus
3291:
3282:
3272:
3261:D. vagabunda
3260:
3251:
3242:
3234:D. frontalis
3233:
3224:
3215:
3206:
3194:
3182:
3174:C. cucullata
3173:
3161:
3136:
3127:
3125:
3115:
3073:Superorder:
2975:
2971:
2962:
2954:
2942:. Retrieved
2935:the original
2898:
2894:
2881:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2815:
2806:
2797:
2767:
2763:
2753:
2728:
2720:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2677:. Retrieved
2673:the original
2652:
2648:
2638:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2600:
2586:
2577:
2573:
2560:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2460:. Retrieved
2456:the original
2442:
2430:. Retrieved
2426:the original
2416:
2403:. Retrieved
2399:the original
2394:
2390:
2384:
2380:
2372:
2348:
2341:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2301:
2297:
2284:
2273:the original
2268:
2264:
2211:
2207:
2198:
2190:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2103:the original
2084:
2077:
2058:
2052:
2025:
2021:
2015:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1940:
1934:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1867:
1863:
1850:
1823:
1819:
1809:
1785:
1778:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1731:. Retrieved
1724:
1717:
1703:cite journal
1678:
1674:
1667:
1643:
1637:
1629:
1626:
1617:
1598:
1585:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1549:
1545:
1535:
1516:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1451:
1444:Cocker, Mark
1438:
1428:
1418:
1409:
1396:
1372:
1365:
1353:. Retrieved
1344:
1338:
1331:
1304:
1300:
1287:
1268:
1232:
1187:
1184:Tunstall, M.
1178:
1169:
1166:Linnaeus, C.
1160:
1148:. Retrieved
1134:
1128:
1122:
1086:heavy metals
1079:
1056:
1048:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1011:chewing lice
1006:
999:
995:
991:
986:
974:common raven
972:, while the
966:golden eagle
959:
932:
929:
925:
917:
913:picnic areas
909:refuse dumps
894:
884:
878:
864:caterpillars
860:grasshoppers
845:
839:
829:
808:
804:
775:
741:scree slopes
728:
684:Central Asia
677:
644:
640:
633:
629:
624:
617:
613:Allen's rule
600:
596:
594:
583:
574:North Sikkim
557:
551:
546:
538:
530:
519:
513:
509:
497:
487:
482:
473:
466:onomatopoeic
457:
440:
431:
423:
409:
405:
397:
389:
388:in his 1771
378:
372:
364:
362:
334:
330:invertebrate
310:
306:Central Asia
302:North Africa
291:
278:
277:
273:
246:
244:
233:
232:
194:
192:
176:
175:
163:
29:
5410:Pyrrhocorax
5234:iNaturalist
5043:Wikispecies
4970:Gymnorhinus
4920:Dwarf jay (
4851:Green jay (
4815:Brown jay (
4754:C. chrysops
4734:Azure jay (
4727:C. beecheii
4694:C. stelleri
4685:C. cristata
4615:A. unicolor
4430:(continued)
4398:C. monedula
4331:C. capensis
4329:Cape crow (
4320:Pied crow (
4292:C. sinaloae
4283:C. palmarum
4272:Fish crow (
4077:C. unicolor
4005:C. pusillus
3916:Grey crow (
3837:C. bennetti
3740:P. nuttalli
3731:P. hudsonia
3653:Nutcrackers
3641:(continued)
3563:Ptilostomus
3404:U. caerulea
3371:C. jefferyi
3314:T. temnurus
3273:Platysmurus
3225:D. formosae
3196:Dendrocitta
3128:P. graculus
3117:Pyrrhocorax
2963:Pyrrhocorax
2706:(1): 9–17.
2679:22 February
2655:: 217–243.
2535:10261/58091
2385:P. graculus
2237:10261/58104
1565:Pyrrhocorax
1426:(1815–40).
1150:19 November
1027:Philopterus
1022:Menacanthus
905:carotenoids
800:haemoglobin
749:ski resorts
656:frequencies
564:Description
543:Pleistocene
424:Pyrrhocorax
379:Pyrrhocorax
336:altitudes.
293:Pyrrhocorax
164:Pyrrhocorax
5399:Categories
5377:Xeno-canto
4949:C. turcosa
4931:C. pulchra
4790:C. dickeyi
4745:C. cayanus
4718:C. affinis
4707:Cyanocorax
4683:Blue jay (
4674:Cyanocitta
4661:C. formosa
4652:C. colliei
4555:Aphelocoma
4543:New World
4499:Perisoreus
4349:C. edithae
4265:C. nasicus
4256:C. minutus
4068:C. typicus
3966:C. kubaryi
3927:C. validus
3918:C. tristis
3882:C. mellori
3827:Melanesian
3823:Australian
3758:P. sericea
3551:P. pleskei
3542:P. panderi
3455:Old World
3207:D. bayleyi
3163:Crypsirina
3075:Neognathae
3069:Neornithes
3067:Subclass:
2614:(Russian)
2580:: 513–515.
2432:6 February
2411:(abstract)
2121:The Condor
2022:Bird Study
1864:The Condor
1820:The Condor
1733:5 February
1355:6 February
1104:References
1082:pesticides
824:Gornergrat
778:monogamous
702:. It is a
648:alarm call
620:updraughts
535:synonymous
298:subspecies
296:. Its two
4940:C. pumilo
4875:Cyanolyca
4637:Calocitta
4472:C. cyanus
4452:Cyanopica
4176:Holarctic
4129:C. corone
4120:C. cornix
3707:Holarctic
3663:Nucifraga
3571:Piapiac (
3496:G. lidthi
3431:U. ornata
3049:Kingdom:
2712:0002-4619
2327:: 91–96.
2201:in Spain"
1577:2246/3595
1309:CiteSeerX
1229:Madge, S.
939:crane fly
921:tree line
891:rose hips
745:tree line
716:Gibraltar
688:Himalayas
638:crow-like
539:digitatus
514:digitatus
171:Species:
109:Kingdom:
103:Eukaryota
5278:22705921
5252:11193007
5161:45515241
5099:22705921
5094:BirdLife
5083:BioLib:
5028:Wikidata
4817:C. morio
4463:C. cooki
4427:Corvidae
4365:Jackdaws
4322:C. albus
4186:C. corax
4097:Eurasian
3873:C. meeki
3638:Corvidae
3590:bushcrow
3467:Garrulus
3393:Urocissa
3329:Oriental
3304:Temnurus
3183:C. temia
3153:Treepies
3097:Corvidae
3057:Chordata
3055:Phylum:
3051:Animalia
3039:Corvidae
2931:36864195
2923:18254859
2875:: 59–65.
2854:21498755
2669:81701158
2598:(1953).
2552:38852266
2304:: 24–25.
2149:27372255
1994:41532963
1842:85866352
1725:Corcorax
1648:Archived
1597:(2006).
1450:(2005).
1349:Archived
1337:"Chough
1186:(1771).
1168:(1766).
1075:Brittany
1016:Brueelia
760:Breeding
686:and the
634:sweeeooo
627:rippling
521:Moravian
478:Cornwall
458:graculus
436:Corvidae
432:Temnurus
369:Linnaeus
340:Taxonomy
325:fidelity
226:Synonyms
203:Linnaeus
153:Corvidae
149:Family:
123:Chordata
119:Phylum:
113:Animalia
99:Domain:
76:IUCN 3.1
5226:2482553
5148:yebcho1
5122:yebcho1
5071:Avibase
5034:Q191386
4922:C. nana
4853:C. ynca
4443:magpies
4425:Family
4375:Coloeus
4305:species
4203:species
4178:species
4103:species
3987:C. enca
3979:species
3949:species
3900:C. orru
3829:species
3749:P. pica
3710:magpies
3636:Family
3573:P. afer
3509:Podoces
3332:magpies
3108:Choughs
3095:Family
3079:Order:
3061:Class:
2972:Ardeola
2903:Bibcode
2834:Bibcode
2544:9268465
2216:Bibcode
2141:1366724
2030:Bibcode
1974:Bibcode
1884:1366724
1683:Bibcode
1632:: 79–96
1041:In the
1004:cestode
982:mobbing
978:red fox
946:juniper
901:pistils
875:berries
852:pellets
836:beetles
814:Feeding
796:embryos
743:to the
720:Hungary
696:Corsica
692:Morocco
682:across
641:chee-ow
586:plumage
470:jackdaw
430:(genus
411:Coloeus
371:in the
313:plumage
286:in the
282:) is a
205:, 1766)
159:Genus:
139:Order:
129:Class:
74: (
5343:365957
5330:140440
5265:562652
5182:EURING
5112:119640
4136:Rook (
3812:Corvus
2944:24 May
2929:
2921:
2852:
2741:
2710:
2700:Alauda
2667:
2632:: 3–7.
2550:
2542:
2462:5 July
2405:2 June
2360:
2147:
2139:
2095:
2065:
1992:
1947:
1882:
1840:
1797:
1675:Boreas
1662:p. 238
1658:
1605:
1523:
1487:: 121.
1458:
1384:
1311:
1275:
1243:
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